Zeitschriftenartikel: „Idle operation“

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Kakuma, Yojiro, Kenji Kishimoto, Keiichi Hasegawa, Ryuichi Sekita, and Yukio Koyari. "Idle mode operation of LE-5A engine." Acta Astronautica 22 (January 1990): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(90)90022-d.

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Kustyshev, A. V. "IDLE WELLS REHABILITATION IN THE FIELDS OF EXTREME NORTH." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2015-3-66-71.

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3

Radzevich, Stephen P. "About Hob Idle Distance in Gear Hobbing Operation." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 4 (2002): 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1517561.

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This study is focused on some features of geometry and kinematics of gear hobbing operation. The principal goal is to determine minimal hob idle distance required for complete generation of the gear teeth. This task is of importance in two aspects: to cut hobbing time and to reduce axial size of a hobbed cluster gear, gear with shoulder etc. The necessity of cutting hobbing time is evident. Reduction of axial size of a hobbed gear cluster leads to reduction of size and weight of the gear cluster itself and of the gear train housing, and therefore its necessity is also evident. Methods of analytical mechanics of gear are applied to determine an exact minimal length of the gear hob idle distance. The resultant formulas obtained have been derived based on graphical solution of the problem under consideration using methods of descriptive geometry. The results reported in the paper are applicable for manufacturing of spur and helical involute gears. Their application allows one to cut hobbing time and to reduce axial size and weight of gear train and gear train housing. Although the consideration below is focused on hobbing of involute gears, slightly modified results obtained are applicable for hobbing of spline, sprockets, ratchets, and other form tooth profiles. The results obtained are of prime importance for application of multi-start hobs of small diameter.

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Peng, Mei Chun, Bin Feng, Jie Song Zhang, and Quan Zhen Lin. "The Construction of Bus Operation Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1541.

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This paper is involved in the construction of bus operation cycle, through the vehicle test on road to gain the data of bus practical operation mode, using statistical analysis in data processing to construct the operation cycle, and analyze the cycle characteristics. Through the analysis of bus operation characteristics, firstly it was found there were 4 big category modes, namely the idle, constant speed, acceleration and deceleration. Then according to the speed interval of 10 km/h and the acceleration interval of 0.5m/s2, each big category mode including of constant speed, acceleration and deceleration can be divided into small interval modes. Finally, bus operation cycle was constructed, which has 4 big category modes,78 small interval modes. The idle time of the operation cycle constructed constitutes 23.03%, the acceleration time and deceleration time constitute 73.64%, the constant speed time constitutes a little. The average speed is 22.7km/h. The characteristics of bus operation cycle above fits the bus operation rule. The operation cycle modes constructed mainly concentrate on the idle and (20-50) km/h, and acceleration and deceleration range from -1.0 m/s2to 1.0m/s2.

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Moussavi Nadoushani, Zahra Sadat, Ali Akbarnezhad, and David Rey. "Optimization of concrete placing operation based on competing carbon footprint, cost and production rate objectives." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 25, no. 7 (2018): 938–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-05-2017-0080.

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Purpose Due to considerable contributions of the construction industry to the global carbon emissions, a great deal of attention is placed on possible incorporation of carbon footprint minimization as an important objective in the planning of construction operations. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework to estimate and minimize the carbon emissions of the concrete placing operation through identifying the optimal number of pumps and the inter-arrival time of truck mixers. Design/methodology/approach The proposed framework integrates discrete event simulation and multi-objective optimization to estimate and minimize the carbon emission, costs and production rate of the concrete placing operation. An actual construction project is used to demonstrate the application of the proposed framework. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the sensitivity of the results to variations in modeling parameters including the ratio of idle to non-idle emission rates of equipment and the activity duration distributions. Findings The results of the case study highlight that variations in the number of pumps and inter-arrival time of truck mixers significantly affect the carbon emissions, cost and production rate of the concrete placing operation. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity analysis show that variations in the ratio of idle to non-idle emission rates for pumps and truck mixers have little effects on the selected setting for the project. This is contrary to the effect of uncertainty in the activity duration distributions, which was found to be significant. Originality/value Results of this study provide an insight into the trade-off between carbon emissions, cost and production rate of the concrete placing operation.

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Md Salleh, Salihatun, Erween Abdul Rahim, Imran H. Ghazali, et al. "Hand-Arm Vibration Analysis of Palm Oil Fruit Harvester Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.621.

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The objective of this study is to determine the vibration value of Palm Oil Harvester Machine or CANTAS motorized cutter profile. The CANTAS machines have been divided into twelve nodes and hand arm vibration measurements are taken for idle and full throttle operation. Three cutting heads provided by MPOB have been measured for comparison purposes. The hand-arm vibration values for Type A Cutting head achieves (3.89±1.10) m/s2 for idle condition and (10.71±2.88) m/s2 for full throttle condition. Meanwhile Type B Cutting Head achieves (3.63±0.87) m/s2 for idle condition and (11.22±1.74) m/s2 for full throttle condition. Type C of Cutting Head yields (3.51±0.82) m/s2 for idle condition and (15.54±3.81) m/s2 for full throttle condition along the structure. The results also shows which points depicted highest vibration level during idle (no operation, ideally from tree to tree) and full throttle (overuse operation). These values present the maximum and minimum vibration levels that will be received by the user in daily usage of the machine. design in reducing vibration to the hand-arm of the user.

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Vos, Kalen R., Gregory M. Shaver, Mrunal C. Joshi, and James McCarthy. "Implementing variable valve actuation on a diesel engine at high-speed idle operation for improved aftertreatment warm-up." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 7 (2019): 1134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419880639.

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Aftertreatment thermal management is critical for regulating emissions in modern diesel engines. Elevated engine-out temperatures and mass flows are effective at increasing the temperature of an aftertreatment system to enable efficient emission reduction. In this effort, experiments and analysis demonstrated that increasing the idle speed, while maintaining the same idle load, enables improved aftertreatment “warm-up” performance with engine-out NOx and particulate matter levels no higher than a state-of-the-art thermal calibration at conventional idle operation (800 rpm and 1.3 bar brake mean effective pressure). Elevated idle speeds of 1000 and 1200 rpm, compared to conventional idle at 800 rpm, realized 31%–51% increase in exhaust flow and 25 °C–40 °C increase in engine-out temperature, respectively. This study also demonstrated additional engine-out temperature benefits at all three idle speeds considered (800, 1000, and 1200 rpm, without compromising the exhaust flow rates or emissions, by modulating the exhaust valve opening timing. Early exhaust valve opening realizes up to ~51% increase in exhaust flow and 50 °C increase in engine-out temperature relative to conventional idle operation by forcing the engine to work harder via an early blowdown of the exhaust gas. This early blowdown of exhaust gas also reduces the time available for particulate matter oxidization, effectively limiting the ability to elevate engine-out temperatures for the early exhaust valve opening strategy. Alternatively, late exhaust valve opening realizes up to ~51% increase in exhaust flow and 91 °C increase in engine-out temperature relative to conventional idle operation by forcing the engine to work harder to pump in-cylinder gases across a smaller exhaust valve opening. In short, this study demonstrates how increased idle speeds, and exhaust valve opening modulation, individually or combined, can be used to significantly increase the “warm-up” rate of an aftertreatment system.

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Shubenko, Aleksandr, Vladimir Goloshchapov, Daria Senetska, and Oleksandr Senetskyi. "Determination of the Idle Mode of the Stage of Axial Turbine during Operation at Partial Loads." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 65, no. 1 (2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.17359.

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On the basis of the one-dimensional theory of calculating the operation of steam turbine stages the method for determining the idle mode, the initial data for which are the geometric characteristics of the blade rows is proposed. Formulas have been obtained that make it possible to calculate the efficiency in the proximity of Rotor Blades (RB) at operating modes from nominal to the idle mode, depending on the flow rate of the stage and taking into account the use of kinetic energy with the runaway velocity and losses arising at off-design angles of flow on the Rotor Blade (RB). The results of possible computational studies and their comparison for an incompressible working fluid with the results of experimental studies showed the good possibilities of the proposed method for determining the idle mode in a wide range of the characteristics of stages.

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Kirsanov, Vladimir V., Andrey Y. Izmaylov, Yakov P. Lobachevsky, Oksana A. Tareeva, Sergey N. Strebulyaev, and Roman F. Filonov. "Models and Algorithms of Adaptive Animal Flow Control in Rotary Milking Parlors." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 6 (2019): 1465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967061465.

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The study addresses the influence of milking duration of individual cows on the performance of conveyor-like rotary milking parlors and seeks to optimize their operation parameters and operating modes. The observational experiment was conducted in the Zhdanovsky Farm in Nizhny Novgorod Region, Russia. The dairy farm had a herd of 600 cows, divided into 10 groups by physiological characters and milk yield, and operated a 36 point milking parlor. Distribution of milking time of individual cows was studied using statistical analysis methods. The cyclogram of parlor operation and the functional connection of main parameters were analyzed using Maple analytical computing system, including its standard libraries and functions. The trends in idle time, which occurs due to undermilking of animals in one turn of the parlor, were studied. The idle time can result in overestimation of the number of stalls or decrease in the nameplate performance of the milking parlor by 30–40% from 120 to 93 cows per hour. Mathematical models, taking into account the influence of the milking time of individual animals (2 to 17 minutes) on the parameters of parlor operation, were developed. The algorithms of adaptive control over the rotational speed were proposed to minimize idle time in parlor operation and maintain the nameplate performance. The mathematical models, control algorithms and developed software can serves as a scientific basis for new designs of high-performance rotary milking parlors.

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Yang, Hong An, Jin Yuan Li, and Liang Liang Qi. "An Improved Genetic Algorithm For Just-In-Time Job-Shop Scheduling Problem." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 2462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2462.

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This paper studies a just-in-time job-shop scheduling problem (JITJSSP) in which each operation has an earliness cost or a tardiness cost if it is completed before or after its due date and the objective function is to minimize the total earliness and tardiness costs of all operations. In order to solve this problem, an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is introduced in this paper. IGA utilizes an operation-based scheme to represent schedules as chromosomes. Then, each chromosome is processed through a three-stage mechanism. Firstly, the semi-active decoding process is employed to expand the search space of solutions and guarantee comprehensive solutions. Secondly, the greedy insertion mechanism for tardy operations is executed to move the tardy operations left to the appropriate idle time to reduce the tardiness costs. Finally, the greedy insertion mechanism for early operations is proposed to shift the early operations right to the suitable idle time to decrease the earliness costs. After the maximum number of generations is reached, IGA continues with selection, crossover and mutation. The experimental results finally show that most of solutions on the benchmarks are improved by our algorithm.

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Verbiskiy, V. S., L. V. Iqrevskiy, and A. B. Dengayev. "Development, testing and operation of idle and low-yield wells." "Proceedings" of "OilGasScientificResearchProjects" Institute, SOCAR, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20120300124.

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Wu, Caicong, Zhibo Chen, Dongxu Wang, et al. "A Cloud-Based In-Field Fleet Coordination System for Multiple Operations." Energies 13, no. 4 (2020): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040775.

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In large-scale arable farming, multiple sequential operations involving multiple machines must be carried out simultaneously due to restrictions of short time windows. However, the coordination and planning of multiple sequential operations is a nontrivial task for farmers, since each operation may have its own set of operational features, e.g., operating width and turning radius. Taking the two sequential operations—hoeing cultivation and seeding—as an example, the seeder has double the width of the hoeing cultivator, and the seeder must remain idle while waiting for the hoeing cultivator to finish two rows before it can commence its seeding operation. A flow-shop working mode can coordinate multiple machines in multiple operations within a field when different operations have different implement widths. To this end, an auto-steering-based collaborative operating system for fleet management (FMCOS) was developed to realize an in-field flow-shop working mode, which is often adopted by the scaled agricultural machinery cooperatives. This paper proposes the structure and composition of the FMCOS, the method of operating strip segmenting, and a new algorithm for strip state updating between successive field operations under an optimal strategy for waiting time conditioning between sequential operations. A simulation model was developed to verify the state-updating algorithm. Then, the prototype system of FMCOS was combined with auto-steering systems on tractors, and the collaborative operating system for the server was integrated. Three field experiments of one operation, two operations, and three operations were carried out to verify the functionality and performance of FMCOS. The results of the experiment showed that the FMCOS could coordinate in-field fleet operations while improving both the job quality and the efficiency of fleet management by adopting the flow-shop working mode.

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Ramesh, Aswin K., Troy E. Odstrcil, Dheeraj B. Gosala, et al. "Reverse breathing in diesel engines for aftertreatment thermal management." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 8-9 (2018): 862–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418783118.

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Approximately 40% of typical heavy-duty vehicle operation occurs at loaded idle during which time conventional diesel engines are unable to maintain aftertreatment component temperatures in a fuel-efficient manner. Fuel economy and thermal management at this condition can be improved via reverse breathing, a novel method in which exhaust gases are recirculated, as needed, from exhaust to intake manifold via one or more cylinders. Resultant airflow reductions increase exhaust gas temperatures and decrease exhaust flow rates, both of which are beneficial for maintaining desirable aftertreatment component temperatures while consuming less fuel via reduced pumping work. Several strategies for implementation of reverse breathing are described in detail and are compared to cylinder deactivation and internal exhaust gas recirculation operation. Experimental data demonstrate 26% fuel consumption savings compared to conventional stay-warm operation, 60 °C improvement in turbine outlet temperature and 28% reduction in exhaust flow compared to conventional best fuel consumption operation at the loaded idle condition (800 r/min, 1.3 bar brake mean effective pressure). The incorporation of reverse breathing to more efficiently maintain desired aftertreatment temperatures during idle conditions is experimentally demonstrated to result in fuel savings of 2% over the heavy-duty federal test procedure drive cycle compared with conventional operation.

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Ivana, Amilia Lalita, and Hary Moetriono. "Optimasi Waktu Sandar Kapal Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Pelayanan Di Terminal Jamrud Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak Surabaya." MoDuluS: Media Komunikasi Dunia Ilmu Sipil 3, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32585/modulus.v3i1.1801.

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Transportasi laut merupakan sarana penting diberbagai bidang, antara lain adalah bidang ekonomi, sosial, keamanan, dan lain-lain. Prasarana paling penting dalam keberlangsungan transportasi laut adalah pelabuhan. Terminal Jamrud Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak merupakan terminal barang yang melayani domestik dan internasional. Dalam menjaga pelayanan pelabuhan agar berjalan tetap optimal, maka perlu menghindari waktu tunggu kapal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat strategi optimasi waktu sandar kapal dengan mengoptimalkan pelayanan pengangkutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan dan mengevaluasi data bongkar muat selama 6 tahun terakhir (tahun 2011 sampai 2017). Analisa pelayanan di terminal Jamrud pelabuhan Tanjung Perak dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pemrograman linier dan model metode model antrian. Hasil output yang utama adalah optimasi waktu sandar kapal. Hasil hasil analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dengan tujuan untuk meminimalkan waktu sandar kapal mendapatkan solusi yaitu dengan penambahan 50% NOT (Not Operation Time), 75% NOT (Not Operation Time), dan 100% NOT (Not Operation Time) pada ET (Efektif Time), maka efektivitas untuk semua jenis muatan di semua dermaga di Terminal Jamrud sesuai dengan SOP yaitu 70%. Dan juga dengan penambahan 50% IT (Idle Time) dan 50% NOT (Not Operation Time) pada ET (Efektif Time), penambahan 75% IT (Idle Time) dan 75% NOT (Not Operation Time) pada ET (Efektif Time) dan penambahan 100% IT (Idle Time) dan 100% NOT (Not Operation Time) pada ET (Efektif Time) efektivitas sudah sesuai dengan SOP yaitu 70%

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Sakanko, Musa Abdullahi, Abubakar Ijoko, and Inuwa Yaqoub Mohammed. "The Dynamic Impacts of Idle Cash on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1985 – 2018)." Empirical Economic Review 2, no. 2 (2019): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/eer/22/020103.

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The study investigated the dynamic effect of idle cash on economic growth in Nigeria from 1985 to 2018 employing a mixed methodology. The qualitative result revealed that political affluence, social status, treasury single account, asset declaration, biometric verification number, whistle-blower programme, and the empowering operation of economic and financial crime commission for anti-corruption crusade determine idle cash in Nigeria. On the other hand, the quantitative result revealed that idle cash has an inverse effect on economic growth in the short run. However, the long run result revealed a positive, and statistically significant effect on the economic growth, and it was found that idle cash Granger causes economic growth. We recommend that the government should provide a policy regulation framework that will regulate, track and checkmate the superfluousness of idle cash.

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Lala, Nisar A., G. M. Mir, Altaf A. Balkhi, and N. A. Sofi. "Fuzzy Rule based Quality of Service Provisioning in Cognitive Radio Network." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 11, no. 1 (2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst11.01.10.

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Cognitive radio (CR) is a novel technology to resolve the issue of under-utilization of wireless spectrum. Quality of service (QoS) provisioning in CR networks to large number of traffic as per their need is not an easy task since no wireless spectrum is available on permanent basis for its operation. In this paper, few critical QoS parameters namely dynamic-availability-of-idle-channels (avail-idle-channel), expected-holding-time-of-idle-channel (HT-idle-channel) and user-mobility are chosen to analyze their impact over quality of service of the communicating cognitive users using rule-based fuzzy decision-making system. The results indicate the relationship of chosen parameters over the QoS of the communicating cognitive users.

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Zhang, Fan, Senjing Yao, Xiankai Zeng, et al. "Operation Strategy for Electric Vehicle Battery Swap Station Cluster Participating in Frequency Regulation Service." Processes 9, no. 9 (2021): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091513.

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Idle batteries in the battery swap stations (BSSs) of electric vehicles (EVs) can be used as regulated power sources. Considering the battery swap service and the frequency regulation (FR) service, this paper establishes a model of BSS cluster participating in the FR service and formulates a two-stage operation strategy. The day-ahead strategy arranges the battery charging plan and FR plan with the goal of the optimal operating economy on the next day. The intra-day strategy aims at maximizing the satisfaction degree of battery swap, minimizing the loss of planned revenue and ensuring the coordination of battery swap service and FR service by regulating the charging and discharging status of each battery in real-time. The simulation case shows that, under the prerequisite of gratifying the battery swap demand, the strategy improves the operating economy by making full use of idle batteries which bear a part in the FR service.

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Wang, Dan, Zhong Chang Liu, and Jing Tian. "Control Strategies for Safe Diesel Particulate Filter Uncontrolled Regeneration during Idle." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.366.

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For diesel particulate filter (DPF) drop-to-idle uncontrolled regeneration, a regular regeneration is initiated following a vehicle stop while the engine switches to idle. The increase in oxygen concentration and the decrease in exhaust flow rate can result in a sharp exotherm in the filter and high temperature to damage the substrate. In this paper, control solutions for the idle thermal protection of the filter was proposed and validated experimentally. At high idle speed of 2200rpm, increasing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) combined with intake throttling was a practical way to reduce available oxygen content to control the exothermal reaction rate. A much lower peak temperature was obtained for safe DPF regeneration during idle. The research would provide based information for optimizing the regeneration management strategy in order to avoid DPF failure in real world operation.

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Gosala, Dheeraj B., Aswin K. Ramesh, Cody M. Allen, et al. "Diesel engine aftertreatment warm-up through early exhaust valve opening and internal exhaust gas recirculation during idle operation." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 7 (2017): 758–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417730240.

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A large fraction of diesel engine tailpipe NOx emissions are emitted before the aftertreatment components reach effective operating temperatures. As a result, it is essential to develop technologies to accelerate initial aftertreatment system warm-up. This study investigates the use of early exhaust valve opening (EEVO) and its combination with negative valve overlap to achieve internal exhaust gas recirculation (iEGR), for aftertreatment thermal management, both at steady state loaded idle operation and over a heavy-duty federal test procedure (HD-FTP) drive cycle. The results demonstrate that implementing EEVO with iEGR during steady state loaded idle conditions enables engine outlet temperatures above 400 °C, and when implemented over the HD-FTP, is expected to result in a 7.9% reduction in tailpipe-out NOx.

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Bernatt, Jakub. "Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars." Archives of Electrical Engineering 59, no. 1-2 (2010): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10171-010-0006-z.

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Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars The paper describes high output induction motors driving large applications of heavy starting conditions. Heavy start is characterised by long accelerating time and occures in drives of hudge inertia torque, esspecially when performed at full load. The reliable operation of the motors depends on proper design and quality of rotor's cage. The aspects of thermal behaviour and electrodynamic forces have to be considered during the design of the motor for hard working conditions. In the paper the rotor with idle bars is investigated.

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Chol, Michael. "Vibration-based NVH control during idle operation of an automobile powertrain." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 2 (2007): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2771319.

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Gutarevych, Yurii, Vasyl Mateichyk, Jonas Matijošius, et al. "Improving Fuel Economy of Spark Ignition Engines Applying the Combined Method of Power Regulation." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051076.

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One of the disadvantages of spark ignition engines, whose power is regulated by throttling, is the increased fuel consumption at low loads and when the engine is idle. The combined method of engine power regulation by switching off the cylinder group and throttling working cylinders is one of the effective ways to improve fuel economy in the above-mentioned modes. This article presents the research results of the combined method of engine power regulation which can be realized by minor structural changes in operating conditions. The method implies the following: at low loads and at idle speed of the engine. Fuel supply to the group of cylinders is switched off with the simultaneous increase of the cyclic fuel supply in the working cylinders. The adequacy of the calculated results has been checked by the indication of operating processes in switched off and working cylinders. The research results of a six-cylinder spark ignition engine with the distributed gasoline injection using the combined power regulation system have been shown. The angles of opening the throttle which provides a non-shock transition from the operation with all cylinders to the operation with the cylinder group switched off have been determined.

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Hu, Teng, Guofu Yin, and Mingnan Sun. "Model Based Research of Dynamic Performance of Shaft-Bearing System in High-Speed Field." Shock and Vibration 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/478270.

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Dynamic performance of the high-speed running shaft-bearing system (SBS) is different from that of idle state system due to the high-speed effects (HSE), including shaft centrifugal force, gyroscopic moment, and nonlinear bearing operational stiffness. In this paper, aiming at improving the operation stability, dynamic performance of SBS operating in high-speed field is investigated based on a finite element (FE) dynamic model. Firstly, the Timoshenko beam elements are applied to develop the SBS FE model with full consideration of HSE. Secondly, idle state frequency response function at the front tip is obtained analytically and experimentally to validate that the FE model can illustrate the system dynamic behaviors in static condition. Finally, by substituting various rotational velocities into the FE model, the HSE on system natural frequencies are studied one by one as well as together. The results show that, when bearing is being extremely light preloaded, SBS frequencies are affected by the HSE of shaft more than bearing, especially where the gyroscopic moment effect of shaft is the most influential factor. Moreover, the nonmonotonic variation of bearing operational stiffness is analyzed. The “stiffen” phenomenon explained in this paper provides a more comprehensive understanding of the nonlinear bearing operational stiffness.

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Kostov, Ivelin. "THE ROLE OF THE TRAINING IN THE AUTOMOBILE DRIVING THE PRESENCE OF FORCED IDLE MOTION." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, no. 1 (2018): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2018.07.005.

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The work involves a study of the use of the mode of forced idle movement of the car and its necessity at certain moments. Building skills and habits in the process of training of the drivers for the purpose of application of this mode of operation. The opportunities provided by the forced idle mode for safer movement, general economy and permanent control on the vehicle. On the basis of the studies, the results are shown in charts and analyzed.

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Bolshanin, Georgy. "Idle operation of two-wire transmission lines under decreased electric power quality." Energy-Safety and Energy-Economy 5 (October 2017): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2017-5-50-54.

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26

Ciuffoletti, Augusto. "Stateless IoT." Information 11, no. 2 (2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11020085.

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Energy consumption is a relevant matter in the design of IoT applications. Edge units—sensors and actuators—save energy by operating intermittently. When idle, they suspend their operation, losing the content of the onboard memory. Their internal state, needed to resume their work, is recorded on external storage: in the end, their internal operation is stateless. The backend infrastructure does not follow the same design principle: concentrators, routers, and servers are always-on devices that frustrate the energy-saving operation of edge devices. In this paper, we show how serverless functions, asynchronously invoked by the stateless edge devices, are an energy-saving option. We introduce a basic model for system operation and energy footprint evaluation. To demonstrate its soundness, we study a simple use case, from the design to a prototype.

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Lin, Kuan-Po, and Hung-Yu Wei. "Paging and Location Management in IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relay Network." Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications 2010 (2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/916569.

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IEEE 802.16j is an emerging wireless broadband networking standard that integrates infrastructure base stations with multihop relay technology. Based on the idle mode operation in IEEE 802.16j, we propose a novel location management and paging scheme. It integrates the paging area-based and the timer-based location update mechanism. In paging area-based scheme, an idle mode mobile station updates when it moves to a new paging area. In timer-based scheme, an idle mode MS updates when the location update timer expires. In this work, we formulate the mathematical model to evaluate the performance of the proposed paging scheme. A new random walk mobility model that is suitable for modeling in multihop relay network is created. Optimization of location update timer is also investigated.

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Nekrasov, Anton, Valeriy Kharchenko, and Alexey Nekrasov. "Evaluation of Damages Due to Failures of Electric Motors in Technological Equipment of Enterprises." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 10, no. 1 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2021010101.

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The subject of the study is electric equipment system of milk farms at agricultural enterprises. The purpose of this work was the enhancement of operational reliability of electric equipment designed for technological process at milk farms based on the use of results of calculations made for the value of expected economic damage caused by failures of electric motors, and owing to the advancement of technical maintenance system. Effectiveness of the work is defined by evaluation of damage and, therefore, reducing the idle time period for technological equipment involved in various processes, at milk farms, as well as increasing lifetime of electric equipment, at agricultural enterprises. Application of the results of these studies may increase the operational reliability of electric equipment and ensure economical savings owing to the reduction of idle time of technological equipment, at milk farms, making it possible to reduce assets for operation and maintenance purposes by 10% to 15% and to decrease electric power consumption as a result of effective use of electrified machinery.

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Srinivasan, S., S. Manikandan, D. Govindaswamy, and K. Ravichandran. "A Modulation Technique for Sensorless Control of Switched Reluctance Motor." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 3 (2019): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.14409.

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The switched reluctance motor (SRM) uniquely bears several merits with respect to other motor configurations. Especially, the construction of the rotor is simple in the sense that it neither contains copper not contains permanent magnets. Because of this construction, likelihood of rotor’s failure is less than the other motor configurations. This makes this motor more suitable for harsh environments. On the flip side, this motor cannot directly operate with AC or DC power source and needs electronic commutation. For commutation, the information on instantaneous orientation of the rotor is essential. Since inclusion of appropriate sensor adds to the cost and complexity of the system, sensor-less commutation of SRM gained interest among the researchers and has been studied extensively in literature. The techniques for sensorless control of SRM can be broadly classified into Active phase and Idle phase techniques. Idle phase techniques are generally believed to be not suitable for high speed operation beause of tail current in a phase, i.e., because of inductive nature of the phase, it takes time for flow of current to stop. This paper proposes a novel idle phase technique that is conducive for high speed operation of switched reluctance motor.

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Li, Qing, Fengxiang Qiao, Lei Yu, Shuyan Chen, and Tiezhu Li. "Digital Signal Processing Approach to Identify the Boundary of Vehicle Idle Status during Operation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 25 (2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118791614.

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The MOVES is a tool to estimate on- and off-road emissions, in which 23 operating mode identification bins were defined based on vehicles’ specific power, speed, and acceleration. Bin 1 indicates an idling mode with the speed within 1.0 mph. However, the speed boundary in an earlier model of MOBILE 6.2 was 2.5 mph. Neither the change in the idling definition of the two models nor the speed boundary were investigated and discussed. This study proposed a method to theoretically redefine the idle boundary by characterizing vehicle emission rates. Vehicle speeds close to 0 mph were carefully studied based on 10,000-mile on-board emission tests in the state of Texas. A portable emission measurement system was used to detect real-time emissions from a 12-year-old gasoline light-duty vehicle, while the vehicle’s activity information was collected from an On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) II port. Power spectral density analysis was conducted on the collected emission and fuel consumption rates to identify a cut-off point that separates the frequency period with higher and lower energy. A Chebeshev I filter was designed to remove the high-frequency component to visualize the variables of emissions and fuel consumption on the vehicle’s moving trend lines. Based on observation and analysis results, 2.26 mph was identified as a boundary for an idle mode at an acceptance level of 95% significant change. It is recommended that the proposed method be applied to the emissions of more different types of vehicles with a wide range of mileages to validate the newly defined idle boundary.

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Kodavasal, Janardhan, Christopher P. Kolodziej, Stephen A. Ciatti, and Sibendu Som. "Effects of injection parameters, boost, and swirl ratio on gasoline compression ignition operation at idle and low-load conditions." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 8 (2016): 824–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416675709.

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In this work, we study the effects of injector nozzle inclusion angle, injection pressure, boost, and swirl ratio on gasoline compression ignition combustion. Closed-cycle computational fluid dynamics simulations using a 1/7th sector mesh representing a single cylinder of a four-cylinder 1.9 L diesel engine, operated in gasoline compression ignition mode with 87 anti-knock index (AKI) gasoline, were performed. Two different operating conditions were studied—the first is representative of idle operation (4 mg fuel/cylinder/cycle, 850 r/min), and the second is representative of a low-load condition (10 mg fuel/cylinder/cycle, 1500 r/min). The mixture preparation and reaction space from the simulations were analyzed to gain insights into the effects of injection pressure, nozzle inclusion angle, boost, and swirl ratio on achieving stable low-load to idle gasoline compression ignition operation. It was found that narrower nozzle inclusion angles allow for more reactivity or propensity to ignition (determined qualitatively by computing constant volume ignition delays) and are suitable over a wider range of injection timings. Under idle conditions, it was found that lower injection pressures helped to reduce overmixing of the fuel, resulting in greater reactivity and ignitability (ease with which ignition can be achieved) of the gasoline. However, under the low-load condition, lower injection pressures did not increase ignitability, and it is hypothesized that this is because of reduced chemical residence time resulting from longer injection durations. Reduced swirl was found to maintain higher in-cylinder temperatures through compression, resulting in better ignitability. It was found that boosting the charge also helped to increase reactivity and advanced ignition timing.

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Wang, Li, and Xiaoning Zhu. "Rail Mounted Gantry Crane Scheduling Optimization in Railway Container Terminal Based on Hybrid Handling Mode." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/682486.

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Rail mounted gantry crane (RMGC) scheduling is important in reducing makespan of handling operation and improving container handling efficiency. In this paper, we present an RMGC scheduling optimization model, whose objective is to determine an optimization handling sequence in order to minimize RMGC idle load time in handling tasks. An ant colony optimization is proposed to obtain near optimal solutions. Computational experiments on a specific railway container terminal are conducted to illustrate the proposed model and solution algorithm. The results show that the proposed method is effective in reducing the idle load time of RMGC.

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Vulpio, Alessandro, Alessio Suman, Nicola Casari, and Michele Pinelli. "Dust Ingestion in a Rotorcraft Engine Compressor: Experimental and Numerical Study of the Fouling Rate." Aerospace 8, no. 3 (2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8030081.

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Helicopters often operate in dusty sites, ingesting huge amounts of contaminants during landing, take-off, hover-taxi, and ground operations. In specific locations, the downwash of the rotor may spread soil particles from the ground into the environment and, once ingested by the engine, may stick to the compressor airfoils. In the present work, the Allison 250 C18 engine’s multistage axial-flow compressor is employed to study the fouling rate on rotor blades and stator vanes from both numerical and experimental standpoints. The compressor is operated in a typical ground-idle operation, in terms of the rotational regime and contaminant concentration, in laboratory-controlled conditions. The mass of deposits is collected from the airfoil surfaces at the end of the test and compared to that estimated through the numerical model. The experimental test shows that the airfoils collect almost 1.6% of the engine’s total mass ingested during a ground-idle operation. The capability of numerical methods to predict the fouling rate on the rotating and stationary airfoils of a multistage compressor is tested through the implementation of literature based deposition models. Sticking models show a good agreement in terms of the relative results; nevertheless, an overestimation of the deposited mass predicted is observed.

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Clenci, Adrian, Adrian Bîzîiac, Pierre Podevin, Georges Descombes, Michael Deligant, and Rodica Niculescu. "Idle Operation with Low Intake Valve Lift in a Port Fuel Injected Engine." Energies 6, no. 6 (2013): 2874–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en6062874.

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Hsu, D. J., H. L. Huang, H. Y. Lin, and T. S. Lin. "Potential Volatile Organic Compound Exposure from Dry Process Photocopiers in Operation-Idle Mode." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 76, no. 6 (2006): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-006-1006-y.

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Amirinasab Nasab, Mehdi, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Anthony Chronopoulos, Amir Mosavi, and Narjes Nabipour. "Energy-Efficient Method for Wireless Sensor Networks Low-Power Radio Operation in Internet of Things." Electronics 9, no. 2 (2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020320.

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The radio operation in wireless sensor networks (WSN) in Internet of Things (IoT) applications is the most common source for power consumption. Consequently, recognizing and controlling the factors affecting radio operation can be valuable for managing the node power consumption. Among essential factors affecting radio operation, the time spent for checking the radio is of utmost importance for monitoring power consumption. It can lead to false WakeUp or idle listening in radio duty cycles and ContikiMAC. ContikiMAC is a low-power radio duty-cycle protocol in Contiki OS used in WakeUp mode, as a clear channel assessment (CCA) for checking radio status periodically. This paper presents a detailed analysis of radio WakeUp time factors of ContikiMAC. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight CCA (LW-CCA) as an extension to ContikiMAC to reduce the Radio Duty-Cycles in false WakeUps and idle listening though using dynamic received signal strength indicator (RSSI) status check time. The simulation results in the Cooja simulator show that LW-CCA reduces about 8% energy consumption in nodes while maintaining up to 99% of the packet delivery rate (PDR).

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Ulizar, Inaki, and Pericles Pilidis. "Handling of a Semiclosed Cycle Gas Turbine With a Carbon Dioxide-Argon Working Fluid." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 3 (2000): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287497.

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This paper outlines the handling of a semi-closed cycle gas turbine, its working fluid is carbon dioxide and the fuel is low heating value gas from coal; however, at startup air and natural gas are used. The objective of the machine is to produce clean electricity with the smallest efficiency penalty. Many aspects of the operation of the engine are examined in this paper; these include starting requirements, stator vane and bleed valve scheduling, and the working fluid transition from air to carbon dioxide. Other features highlighted are the compressor operating lines and surge margins. The present paper describes the salient features of the three main stages into which the engine operation has been divided. These stages are: startup to synchronous idle, change of working fluid (from air to Carbon Dioxide-Argon) and fuel (from natural gas to coal synthetic gas) at synchronous idle, and part load operation. Preliminary findings show that engine handling can be carried out effectively with variable stators. This is possible because of the two-shaft gas generator. Another point of interest is the large increase of corrected speed relative to rotational speed experienced when the working fluid changes from air to carbon dioxide. In general the control of the engine does not seem to present any insurmountable problems despite the complexities arising from the need to change working fluid and fuel. [S0742-4795(00)02903-3]

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Pojawa, Bogdan. "Operational Tests Results of the Naval Gas Turbines Operated by the Polish Navy." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej 212, no. 1 (2018): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjpna-2018-0005.

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Abstract This article is a continuation to the theme of the article Operational diagnostics synthesis of the naval gas turbines operated by the Polish Navy published in SJ of PNA No. 1/2017. This article presents examples of results of energy research carried out by the Polish Naval Academy in the years 1985–2016, for the purpose of operational diagnostics of this type of engine, operated by the Polish Navy. The research conducted since 1985 covered four types of naval gas turbines (DE 59, DR 76, DR 77 and LM 2500), with a total of 24 engines. Currently in operation there are four LM 2500 type engines. In the near future, another LM 2500 engine will commence operations, along with a project 661M patrol ship. The energy research covers the engine start-up process, their operation in idle mode and within the whole range of load variations, as well as the process of engine stopping. The article presents examples of characteristics specific to the above processes, determined based on the results of studies of individual types of engines. Currently ongoing studies allow for constructing strategies for naval gas turbines, operated in the Polish Navy, according to technical condition.

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Warguła, Łukasz, Mateusz Kukla, Piotr Krawiec, and Bartosz Wieczorek. "Impact of Number of Operators and Distance to Branch Piles on Woodchipper Operation." Forests 11, no. 5 (2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050598.

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Branch chipping machines with low-power engines are distinguished with an intermittent operation due to a periodical supply of branches. A conventional drive speed control of these machines is not adapted to adjust the operating mode depending on frequency of material supply for shredding. This article discusses the issues related to the assessment of the application of adaptive systems similar in design to start–stop systems used in vehicles, as necessary in the driving of this type machine. During testing, an impact of a distance between a branch pile from the woodchipper, a number of operators on frequency of drive unit operating condition changes, and the mass and volume output (productivity) were considered. A percentage ratio of the active and passive (idle) operation in selected conditions of use was also determined. A low-power 9.5 kW engine-powered cylindrical-type woodchipper was used for testing. Material chopped in the chipper was freshly cut branches of oaks (Quercus L. Sp. Pl. 994. 1753) with a diameter in the largest cross-section ca. 80 mm and moisture content ca. 25%. Piles of branches were located at three different distances from the chipper, i.e., 3 m, 9 m and 15 m. Branches to the chipper were fed by one or two operators. It was demonstrated that the idle run time in tested conditions with one operator could be from 43% to 71% of the entire operating time. Frequency of operating condition changes when only one operator worked and fluctuated from ca. 6 to 2 times per minute. Increasing the number of operators from one to two had a slight impact on the frequency of operating condition changes (by ca. 7%) at the shortest distance from the chipper (3 m). However, at larger distances, the additional operator may increase the frequency of operating condition changes of the chipper by 77% for 9 m distance and 85% for 15 m distance. The mass and volumetric output of the cylindrical chipper in the most advantageous case is equal to 0.66 t/h and 3.5 m3/h, respectively. The increase of the branch pile distance from the chipper causes a drop in mass output by 32%, and volumetric output by 33.5%. The results of the tests confirmed the necessity for the development of low-power chipping machines designed for clearing operations rather than industrial production of biomass. A direction for development could be systems that adapt driving units to operating conditions, depending on a demand for the chipping process.

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Md Salleh, Salihatun, E. A. Rahim, Mohd Nazrul Roslan, et al. "Hand-Arm Vibration of Unskilled Oil Palm Motorised Cutter Operator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.695.

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The portable petrol driven oil palm motorised cutter or CANTAS has been identified as a type of machine that generates hand-arm vibration. These vibrations can cause complex vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal disorder known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) when over exposure of daily usage. The objective of this study is to investigate the vibration level at different angles during the operational of the CANTAS including idle and full throttle conditions. The CANTAS vibration experiments were carried out at a farm in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. A student participated as the unskilled worker and was assisted by two technical staffs to conduct the vibration measurements. The measurement was taken during the operations of cutting first fronds, second fronds and a fruit bunch during idle and full throttle conditions and by varying the inclination angle. The inclinations of cutting angle were varied from 45º, 60º and 75º. The hand-arm vibration value, ahv achieved 10.93 ±1.2 m/s2 and 7.94 ± 1.0 m/s2 for unskilled user during operation of two bunches and one pruning frond for all angles at point 1 and point 2 handle respectively. Mean vibration values at both point of handles resulted in vibration values of 10.12±3.8m/s2 at 450, 9.15±3.0m/s2 at 600 and 9.03±1.8m/s2 at 750. Increasing the angle overall results in decreasing the level of vibration at both handle points.

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Zajíček, Václav, Jaromír Mareš, and Jaroslav Talár. "Application Of Modern Tools In The Effectiveness Evaluation Of Vehicles Operation." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 2 (2015): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0064.

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Abstract The authors reviewed the current traditional approaches to evaluating the operation effectiveness of ground military equipment. The article is focused on the role and possibilities of commanders and executives from traffic. The authors describe the experiences with the application a modern system in selected fleet of vehicles in ACR. Research has shown the possibility to identify the causes of overconsumption. The vehicles were analyzed causes of exceeding the norm. The fundamental aspect of crossing the established standards were idle vehicles and irregular decrease of fuel.

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Farrahi, Amir H., Gustavo E. Téllez, and Majid Sarrafzadeh. "Exploiting Sleep Mode for Memory Partitioning and Other Applications." VLSI Design 7, no. 3 (1998): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/50491.

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Sleep mode operation and exploiting it to minimize the average power consumption are of great importance in modern VLSI circuits. In general, sleep mode refers to the mode in which part(s) of the system are idle. In this paper, we study the problem of partitioning a circuit according to the activity patterns of its elements such that circuit elements with similar activity patterns are packed into the same partition. Then a partition can be placed in sleep mode during the time intervals all elements contained in that partition are idle. We formulate the partitioning problem to exploit sleep mode operation and show that the problem is NP-complete. We present polynomial time algorithms for practical classes of the problem. Applications of the problem to memory and module partitioning and clock gating are discussed. The experimental data confirm that a careful partitioning allows upto 40% more sleep time which could be exploited to minimize the average power consumption.

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Li, Ye Ni, Shui Xuan Chen, and Hu Xiu Xu. "Speed Control System Research on Hydraulic Torque Forklift." Applied Mechanics and Materials 666 (October 2014): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.666.188.

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By researching the characteristics of hydraulic torque forklifts, developed a device which achieved inching function. It can detect position of the handle, using Delta PLC controlled stepper motor driven screw movement, to achieve the control of the engine speed, and modify the control parameters via touch-screen on-site commissioning, to achieve a truck at idle operation, through the manipulation of the handle can Smooth and stable pan, lift or tilt operation, making operation more convenient forklift and reduces the operator's labor intensity, a high value market applications.

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POJAWA, Bogdan. "Energetic state parameters measurements of LM 2500 naval gas turbine for modeling and simulation purposes." Combustion Engines 171, no. 4 (2017): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-437.

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This article presents examples of results of energetic state parameters measurements of LM 2500 naval gas turbines operated by the Polish Navy. Currently in operation there are four LM 2500-type engines. In the near future, another LM 2500 engine will commence operations, along with a project 661M patrol ship. The energetic state parameters measurements covers the engine start-up process, their operation in idle mode and within the whole range of load variations, as well as stoppage of engine process. The article presents examples of characteristics specific to the above processes, determined based on the results of studies of this kind of engines. The results of these studies will be used to verify the modeling and simulation results of the internal energy processes occurring in this kind of engine.

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Ivanov, Igor. "Diesel efficiency improvement strategy." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021011010.

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This thesis presents the author's method of analyzing the indicator diagrams of a diesel engine at idle mode, which have a two-peak nature, based on the theory of catastrophes in order to improve the operation process in this mode, and offers suggestions for improving this process.

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Yu, JiangYou, Le Cao, Hao Fu, and Jun Guo. "A method for optimizing stencil cleaning time in solder paste printing process." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 31, no. 4 (2019): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-10-2018-0037.

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PurposeStencil cleaning is an important operation in solder paste printing process. Frequent cleaning may interrupt printing process and increase idle time, as well as loss for performing cleaning. This paper aims to propose a method to optimize the stencil cleaning time and reduce unnecessary cleaning operations and losses.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a discrete-time, discrete-state homogeneous Markov chain to model the stencil printing performance degradation process, and the quality loss during the stencil printing process is estimated based on this degradation model. A stencil cleaning decision model based on renewal reward theorem is established, and the optimal cleaning time is obtained through a balance between quality loss and the loss on idle time.FindingsA stencil cleaning decision model for solder paste printing is established, and numerical simulation results show that there exists an optimal stencil cleaning time which minimizes the long-term loss.Originality/valueStencil cleaning control is very important for solder paste printing. However, there are very few studies focusing on stencil cleaning control. This research contributes to developing a model to optimize the stencil cleaning time in solder paste printing process.

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Kim, Kyungtae, and Younghwan Yoo. "Beacon-Less Operation and Idle Ping Slot Control for Low Power Communication in LoRaWAN." KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems 6, no. 5 (2017): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/ktccs.2017.6.5.231.

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Chen, Tao, Hui Xie, Le Li, Lianfang Zhang, Xinyan Wang, and Hua Zhao. "Methods to achieve HCCI/CAI combustion at idle operation in a 4VVAS gasoline engine." Applied Energy 116 (March 2014): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.044.

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Andromeda, Vega F., and Sri Purwantini. "OPTIMIZATION ACTIVITIES IN A CONTAINER TERMINAL TO REDUCE IDLE TIME IN LOADING-UNLOADING OPERATION." JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI MARITIM 21, no. 2 (2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.33556/jstm.v21i2.274.

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In line with the implementation of development in Indonesia, whose main target is in the field of economic development, trade activities are one of the sectors of economic development, constantly developing their role. Therefore, it is necessary to have adequate transportation facilities, both by land, sea, and air. The dynamics of the construction can be seen clearly both in terms of the number of high-rise buildings, vehicles, activity facilities, residential areas, and other infrastructure. This condition requires careful, fast, and precise anticipation from the Regional Governent and various policies in a spatial structure feasibility plan that considers the ability of transportation support as one of the main supports. This study seeks to study and analyze the related handling of idle time at PT Samudera Indonesia Jakarta by optimizing loading and unloading activities on container ships. By using descriptive qualitative methods and samples taken from PT Samudera Indonesia Jakarta, the following results are obtained: Problems in the system The cargodoring are: Difficult to direct the location of container dropping from the ship, The slow process of container dropping from the ship, Limited number of cranes, The occurrence of transportation queues, Limited ability to carry containers for each transport, Required trucks in large quantities, There was a clash between trucks that carry out the process of loading and unloading containers, the difficulty of directing the location of containers if it must be stacked with other containers, the development idea is to make a cargodoring handling system using a headless semi-automatic train, which utilizes seawater power and the conveyor system. Keywords : Idle time,Optimization, Loading, Container, Samudra Indonesia

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GRABOWSKI, Łukasz, Paweł KARPIŃSKI, and Damian RUDZIK. "Study on operating load of the compression ignition engine." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (2017): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-127.

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Operation of car engines definitely shows varied values of parameters such as crankshaft speed or load. This paper presents the research and results on load and crankshaft speed in a compression ignition engine. Therefore, the research focused on an operation of a passenger car under urban and non-urban conditions. Our NI Diadem Analysis-based research referred to the data acquired by an OBD-II system. The results obtained enabled some layered charts to depict a frequency of operating states as specified by engine load and speed as well as histograms of these parameters in individual rides. Our investigation showed that operating conditions have an impact on engine operating states. In urban conditions, our engine operated within the range of 700-2000 rpm but idle was more than 50% of the time and load in most cases was not higher than 20%. In non-urban conditions, our engine operated within the range from 700 to 3000 rpm and load was up to 70%.

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