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Vakhitov, Rustem R. „Russia – Turkey relations in the XIXth – first half of the XXth century. Peacefulness of conservatism and conflictogenity of liberalism“. Civilization studies review 5, Nr. 1 (2023): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2713-1483-2023-5-1-90-113.
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This article is dedicated to the Russia-Turkey relations from the first half of the XIXth to the first half of XXth century (including Russian Empire, RSFSR, USSR and Ottoman Empire, Turkish Republic). During this time the countries faced periods of confrontation, peace and striving for peace. These periods are considered on the basis of the theory of modernization. It helps author to discover the remarkable consistent pattern. Periods of conservative modernization were peaceful or at least had peaceful initiatives, while conflicts generally took place during the periods of liberalization and westernization both in Russia and in Turkey. Author also notice that liberalization coincided with domination of such ideologies as Pan-Slavism in Russia and Pan-Turkism in Turkey, both of them held the potential to conflicts. Author explains this fact through the correlation between liberal views and nationalistic ideas that was discovered by Russian philosopher K.N. Leontiev. Moreover, during the periods of conservatism Russia and Turkey faced the confrontation of Western countries (mostly Great Britain and France) that spur two “Eurasian Empires” to rapprochement.
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Kolchinsky, Eduard I. „Failed revival: some results of the development of Russian evolutionary theory in the second half of the XX century“. Science management: theory and practice 2, Nr. 1 (2020): 117–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2020.2.1.6.
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The historical and scientific narrative about the August 1948 session of Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, portrayed for more than half a century in historiography as a triumph of pseudoscience, has undergone significant changes in recent decades. People who participated in those events are increasingly envisioned as representatives of various scientific clans competing for the authorities’ protection, finances, materials and human resources. The confrontations among biologists of those years are also explained by the interference of ideologists from the US state Department and the Central Committee of the CPSU in the clash two scientific concepts. Based on the analysis of August session’s causes and consequences, the author considers its role in the development of Russian evolutionary theory in the second half of the XXth – early XXI centuries. In those years the state became the sole customer of scientific research and tried to use it effectively to raise economic and military power, to justify its ideological policy and increase its international status. The confrontation between supporters of Michurin’s biology (lysenkoists) and their opponents on both sides involved scientists who already shared the morals, plans, and worldview of the party and government apparatus. Realizing that only the state can provide funds for their research projects, they sought to reach an understanding with the authorities, emphasizing the “ideological correctness” of their research and its great ideological significance. But at the same time, Lysenko’s opponents sought to stay in the mainstream of world science, follow its standards, and therefore were sensitive to the interference of the authorities in determining the strategy of scientific search. As a result, ethical and political compromises were inevitable. Scientists engaged in a dialogue with the authorities in a language they understood, using ideologies they understood, demonstrating loyalty to the party’s policy and official philosophy, but at the same time demanding not only financial and material resources, but also non-interference in science itself. As a result, even after the official collapse of Lysenko’s dominance, the evolutionary theory in the Russian-speaking regions could not regain its leading position in the knowledge of the evolution’s laws and ways.
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MIHAILESCU, Clementina Alexandra. „AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO RUTA SEPETYS’ I MUST BETRAY YOU VIA LACAN“. Revista Economica 74, Nr. 1 (01.04.2022): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56043/reveco-2022-0010.
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The XXth century, known among others as a “culture of controversial ideologies,” was a time of accelerated technology and engineering feats, for stimulating the quick recovery of post-war industries in western countries, on the one hand and, of implementing the communist ideology in eastern countries, on the other. For approaching Ruta Sepetys’ novel “I Must Betray You,” where the writer is travelling back to the period of time previous to the 1989 Revolution in Romania, Lacan’s theory based on tackling the three registers of reality: the imaginary, approached in terms of the “spectacular,” the symbolic, referred to in terms of the meanings attached to those things around us, and the real, which paradoxically represents “precisely what is excluded from our reality, the margin of what is without meaning and which we fail to situate or explore” (60) will be employed as a methodological device to decode its intricate meaning. Bohn’s quantum theory will be also employed to enrich the previously mentioned interpretative grid, due to his approach to reality built of levels, “each level being comprised between two levels of reality” (qtd. in Sandu 2011: 164, our translation). Bohn’s highlighting the duality that exists “between the apparent multiplicity and the plenitude of the world” and the concept of “wrapped up order” (in Sandu 2011: 165, our translation) and Patapievici’s opinion that “the substance of the world being identical in every part of it and at any formal level, the differences appear through the degree of the wrapping and unfolding of the plenitude” (in Sandu 2011: 165, our translation) have been addressed in our article together with Bohn’s argument that the implicit order is meaningful only in relation to conscience, having “an ontological substation” (165).
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Шаф, Ольга. „«Матеревбивство» як симптом мутації національної психіки під колоніально-тоталітарним пресингом (на матеріалі української лірики 1920–1930-х років)“. Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe 7, Nr. 4 (2022): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppusn.2022.04.17.
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The article deals with the specific art representation of moral, ethic, psychical shifts of the national masculine character in Ukrainian lyrics of the first third of XXth century. They are conveyed in particular through the masculine intention to destroy the maternal figure of Motherland. Sometimes aggressiveness and hostility expressed in the poetic texts are equal to symbolical “killing of the Mother”, if taking into consideration a convergence of the images of Mother and Motherland in poetic consciousness. The article employs analytical and structural as well as historical and typological literary techniques. The theoretical base of the investigation is postcolonial theory integrated with psychoanalysis as well as gender studies to deal effectively with such concepts as maternal figure of the Motherland, national colonial masculinity, masculine art consciousness, the notions of trauma, aggression and others as well. This theoretical direction can provide help with outlining of the “killing of the Mother” symptom as Ukrainian poets’ destructive gesture toward their Motherland represented in the 1920th proletarian poetry (Vasyl Ellan-Blakytnyi, Volodymyr Sosiura, Heo Shkurupii) and also in a number of works of emigrant poets between two World Wars (Yevhen Malaniuk, Ostap Tarnavskii and others). Diverse lyric tendencies to express the urge to kill the Mother extrapolated on the image of Ukraine are highlighted. Ethic transformation of Ukrainians poets’ patriotic feelings is predicated upon different reasons, but the common one is that they had equally suffered colonial and totalitarian pressure of Soviet Russia. The moods of depiction of Ukraine’s “death” are, on the contrary, differentiate; in the 1920th, proletarian Ukrainian poets defused the tension between Bolshevistic and nationalistic ideologies through splitting the image of Ukraine into the negative “bourgeois” one and the positive “proletarian” one. In some works of emigrant poets devaluated image of Ukraine acquires demonic “deathly” features and is dishonored as “a betrayer”.
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Ortega López, Teresa M;aría. „Contra el feminismo. Movilización, represión y sublimación del modelo femenino tradicional en la primera mitad del siglo XX en España“. Revista de Humanidades, Nr. 41 (30.12.2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdh.41.2020.24030.
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Resumen: Este artículo se propone dar a conocer el discurso de género construido por los intelectuales y las culturas políticas conservadoras, tradicionalistas y confesionales españolas en las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX. Aquel discurso se insertó en las profundas transformaciones políticas, sociales y culturales que se estaban registrando en aquellos años, tanto en España como en los países de su entorno. Con ese discurso, escritores, políticos y pensadores liberales, antiliberales, tradicionalistas y católicos buscaban respuestas al desasosiego que les producían aquellos movimientos y prácticas sociales que eran percibidos como amenazas a la superioridad viril, a la vigencia de los valores supuestamente masculinos, y a la supremacía y la honorabilidad varonil. Las derechas españolas, especialmente del período de entreguerras, mostraron claras afinidades en lo que respecta a la construcción discursiva de la mujer. Tanto los teóricos del tradicionalismo carlista como los monárquicos, cedistas y falangistas elaboraron un discurso de género y unas identidades de masculinidad y feminidad que se forjaron tanto en las ideas reaccionarias y tradicionalistas del siglo XIX, como en las nuevas corrientes de pensamiento antiliberal de los comienzos del XX. En los años siguientes, aquel discurso de género sería asimilado por la dictadura franquista.Abstract: The main target of this article is to explain the leading features of the gender discourse, built both by the intellectuals such as by the conservatives, traditionalists and confessional Spanish political cultures, during the first three decades of the twentieth century. This mentioned discourse was inserted in the profound political, social and cultural changes that were in course of implantation those years, both in Spain and in the countries of their geographical environment. With that discourse a wide range of liberal, anti-liberal, Catholics or traditionalist thinkers and politicians were seeking answers to the unrest which the movements and social practices perceived as threats to the virile superiority, or to the validity of the manliness values, produced to all them. Both the Spanish conservatives as the Rights in general showed clear affinities in their efforts toward the discursive construction of women. The main theorists of the traditionalism, the monarchism and the fascism created a gender discourse and a symbolic reconstruction of the values of masculinity and femininity that were forged in the reactionary and anti-liberal ideologies of the nineteenth century, as in the new currents of illiberal thought that emerged from the beginnings of the XXth. In the following years, the above mentioned gender discourse would be assimilated by the Franco´s dictatorship.
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Ruiz-Domènec, José Enrique. „Heidegger and XXth Century“. Enrahonar. Quaderns de filosofia 34 (07.01.2002): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.390.
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Neklessa, A. „Requiem to XXth Century“. World Economy and International Relations, Nr. 1 (2000): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2000-1-3-13.
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Carvalho, Ana P., M. Fatima Vaz, Maria J. Samora und João Pires. „Characterisation of Ceramic Pastes of Portuguese Ancient Tiles“. Materials Science Forum 514-516 (Mai 2006): 1648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1648.
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Portuguese ceramic tiles of different origins from XVIth century to XXth century were studied. In this work we describe microstructural, mechanical and mineralogical characterisation and water absorption studies. Microstructural features (pore size) were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Mechanical tests (four point bending) were performed and the bending strength was determined from the fracture loads. From water absorption essays the absorption coefficient and the total amount of water retained were obtained and the open porosity was estimated. The maximum water absorbed tends to decrease from XVIth century until XXth century, showing a more pronounced drop for the tiles of the XIXth and XXth centuries. This evolution is also observed in the open porosity values. From image analysis data we also observed that porosity decreases progressively with time and an important drop is observed for XXth century tiles. The bending resistance of tiles from XVIIth to XXth century is almost constant and higher than that of XVIth century samples. This evolution does not correlate with porosity. Advances in ceramic processing, such as higher firing temperatures may lead to the appearance of quartz as almost the only crystalline phase. We consider that an increase in the bending strength is due to a more effective vitrification and a lower porosity.
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Marchuk, Oxana. „The Problems of the Youth Education and Up-Bringing on the Volin Territory of the Nineteenth - the First Half of the Twentieth Century in Scientific Research“. Professional Education: Methodology, Theory and Technologies, Nr. 10 (19.11.2019): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2415-3729-2019-10-127-142.
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The article examines the historiography of the problem of education and upbringing children and youth living in the Volyn province and the Volyn region in the XIXth – the first half of XXth century. The purpose of the article is to analyse the publications and scientific works about the children and youth education and upbringing at the territory of Volyn in the XIXth- the first half of the XXth century and to make recommendations about their using in the educational institutions of today. Three groups of the scientific works were distinguished: a) the publications of the late XIXth – the early XXth centuries; b) the scientific works of the mid-XXth century; c) the scientific books written at the period of the independent Ukraine. It is noted that scientists of the late XIXth – the early XXth centuries analysed the education and upbringing of children and young people, they emphasized the need for the formation of the children’s scientific worldview, bringing them up in the Christian spirit. The scientific works of the early XXth century were nationally oriented so the researchers highlighted the issues of the children national mentality fostering. The monographs written in the mid-XXth century are politically influenced but they provide the information about the number of the educational institutions, students in schools and analyse the patterns of the educational process. In the dissertations of the late XXth – the early XXIth centuries the scientists have objectively explored the various aspects of the education and upbringing of Volyn youth in the XIXth – the first half of the XXth century. The article provides the recommendations of these research using in modern educational institutions.
The author analysed the scientific works of M. Barsov about public schools, schools in the Volyn and Podilia. The article describes in detail the scientific books by M. Teodorovich, which described the schools of the Volyn province and church-parish schools, their numbers and students. The researcher described the activities of Prince K. Ostrozky and gave the positive assessment of the work of A. Bludova, who founded schools in Ostroh in the mid-XXth century.
The analysis of scientific explorations of different historical epochs has led to the following conclusions: a) the process of the children’s and youth’s education and upbringing in Volyn of the XIX th - at the beginning of the XXth century was the object of scientific searches since the middle of the XIXth century to the present day; b) education and up-bringing were covered in light of educational policy and socio-cultural status; c) the researchers of different historical epochs provided information about the number of schools, their types, the material and technical base of schools. It is explained that teachers must study scientific works about the education and upbringing of children in the territory of Volyn. The author of the article believes that the proper studying of scientific research about education in different regions of Ukraine contributes the deeper understanding of the studying process and provides the opportunities for better using of pedagogical achievements in the context of reforming the modern education system.
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Rogacheva, Yelena. „American Makarenko and soviet Dewey: a search for pedagogical renewal“. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 8, Nr. 2 (23.12.2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.539.
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The paper deals with educational legacies of John Dewey and Anton Makarenko – two outstanding educators who were named by Otto Anweiler the best in the XXth Century alongside with Maria Montessori and Georg Kershenshteiner. Having got the title of the «Teacher of Soviet teachers» Anton Makarenko, as well as John Dewey who was called «The Teacher of Teachers», both educators thought of a new concept of school and a new type of a teacher for the XXth century that still keep relevance in the XXI century. John Dewey’s democratic concept of school and its international significance as well as his new concept of teacher training are compared to Anton Makarenko’s ideas. The man of the XXth century, John Dewey (1859-1952) has made great impact on the development of world pedagogy. The educational legacy of A. Makarenko is also the subject of international study and an international phenomenon. The connection of Dewey and Makarenko with Maxim Gorky is touched upon in the paper too.
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Matsevko-Bekerska, L. V. „M. Bulgakov and XXth century lyterary process“. Fìlologìčnì traktati 12, Nr. 2 (2020): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2020.12(2)-18.
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Sánchez Ron, José M. „Alan Turing: person of the XXth century?“ Arbor 189, Nr. 764 (30.12.2013): a085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2013.764n6008.
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Neklessa, A. „Requiem to the XXth Century (the end)“. World Economy and International Relations, Nr. 2 (2000): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2000-2-3-14.
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Altynbaeva, G. M. „A.P. Chekhov’s novel «In the Gully» in the Perception of the XXth Century Writers“. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 10, Nr. 3 (2010): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2010-10-3-76-81.
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In the article the estimations of the novel “In the gully” by A.P. Chekhov by the XXth century writers are examined (L. Tolstoy, M. Gorkiy, Ye. Zamyatin, V. Nabokov, I. Bunin, B. Zaitsev, K. Chukovskiy, A. Solzhenitsyn). The writers are firstly interested in the literary nature of the novel, they focus on the peculiarities of the style most important and closest to them. As a result, the conclusion is drawn on the multifaceted nature of A.P. Chekhov’s novel, as well as on the impact of Chekhov’s literary style on the XXth century literature.
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Voloshina, O. A. „Two essays about E. D. Polivanov’s linguistic activity (to the 130th anniversary of the birth)“. Russian language at school 82, Nr. 6 (20.11.2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2021-82-6-92-100.
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Abstract. The paper analyses two episodes of the Russian and Soviet scientist Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov’s versatile activity: his opposition to N. Ya. Marr’s ‘science of language’ and attempts to standardise the nomenclature of the linguistics of the beginning of the XXth century in a dictionary of linguistic terms. The research presents E. D. Polivanov’s arguments made against the erroneous doctrine which dominated Soviet linguistics in the 1930–40s. At that time, N. Ya. Marr’s theory was advanced as the only correct direction of scientific development in national linguistics. E. D. Polivanov’s pioneering work to organise national science resulted in the compilation of a new dictionary of linguistic and literary criticism terms. This book was not published and only came out at the end of the XXth century. The paper analyses the definitions of several terms obtained from the edition. Additionally, it is suggested that in E. D. Polivanov’s dictionary one can see a ‘snapshot’ of the evolution of the national linguistics at the beginning of the XXth century.
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БЕРЕСТЕННИКОВА, Елена Александровна. „РАЗВИТИЕ КООПЕРАЦИИ НА РОССИЙСКОМ ДАЛЬНЕМ ВОСТОКЕ В НАЧАЛЕ XX в.“ Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке, Nr. 1 (22.03.2024): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2024-1/68-74.
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The cooperative form of economic management in Russia is formed with the emergence of capitalist relations, being in turn an indicator of economy’s transition to a new level of development. This state of affairs was typical for the Russian Far East at the beginning of the XXth century, when cooperative societies started to play a special role in the development of the economic and social life of the region. The article presents an overview of the main activities of cooperative enterprises in the Russian Far East on the eve of political and economic cataclysms at the beginning of the XXth century.
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Lanteri, P., und R. Longeray. „Chemometrics: Tools of XXth century, methods of XXIst century? (in French).“ Analusis 26, Nr. 8 (Oktober 1998): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/analusis:199826080015.
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Azarova, Valentina Vladimirovna. „Themes of Christian Spirituality, New Plastic Forms and Perception of Visual Formulas in the XXth Century French Musical and Theatrical Works“. Культура и искусство, Nr. 2 (Februar 2023): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2023.2.39800.
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For the first time, the author of this article considered a set of themes related to Christian spirituality in the works by P. Claudel, A. Honegger and O. Messiaen which were created for the XXth century French synthetic theater and offered a new reading into the holiness and Christian behavior. New plastic forms of stage movement and dance, which depicted modern ways of organizing stage space, have been defined as an integral part of French works for musical theatre. What has also been found is the results of perceiving visual formulas in some of the XIIIth and XVth cenury paintings. Special plastic forms, which are subject to the laws of dance, shaped about a concept of "dancing form" in the XXth century French musical and theatrical works. In synthetic musical and theatrical works, a game of form, proportions, light and color was designed. Some XXth century French playwrights and musicians perceiving visual formulas in the XIIIth and XVth century paintings led to expanding the range of interacting elements pertaining to various arts in several musical and theatrical works. Those by P. Claudel, A. Honegger and O. Messiaen play a significant role on the stage and reveal both a “considerate attitude towards the past” and “mediation with modern life”, as H. G. Gadamer said.
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Kali, Gergely, und Anil K. Bhowmick. „Special Issue “Green Synthesis Processes of Polymers & Composites”“. Processes 9, Nr. 4 (02.04.2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040628.
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Oglezneva, Elena A. „RUSSIAN DIALECTS IN CHINA IN THE XXth CENTURY“. Proceedings of the V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute 12 (Juni 2017): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31912/pvrli.2017.12.21.
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Swiggers, Pierre. „XXth-century theories of language: an epistemological diagnosis“. Linguistica 36, Nr. 1 (01.12.1996): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.36.1.3-16.
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This article id intended as a study in the methodology and epistemology of linguistics, a field which developed out of theoretical linguistics in the past thirty years.Methodology and epistemology (or philosophy) 1 of linguistics can be subsumed underthegeneral domain of "philosophical linguistics" (cfr. Kasher - Lappin 1977), whichalsoincludes a theory of meaning and reference, a theory of linguistic (or, moregenerallysemiotic) communication, and - in some cases - a formalization of linguisticsubsystems. The specific contribution of methodology and epistemology of linguistics liesinthe definition of the object of linguistics, in the determination and justification of itsre search techniques, in the appreciation of its results with respect to a broader field ofin vestigation, in the reflection on the nature, status, and variability of approaches tolan guage.
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Boiko, Olga A. „XXTH CENTURY VISUAL ARTS: THE GREAT MOTHER ARCHETYPE“. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, Nr. 34 (Juni 2019): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/34/2.
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Brdar, Milan. „Heidegger as a delusion of XXth century philosophy“. Theoria, Beograd 65, Nr. 4 (2022): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2204111b.
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The author presents the basic idea of fundamental ontology through a critique of Heidegger in Being and Time (1927), the lecture ?What is Metaphysics? (1929) and the book Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (1929), including the stances after the turn (Kehre) wen is needed,. The elaboration was carried out concretely by overcoming Heidegger?s strategic shortcomings, due to which Being and Time is a conceptually and methodologicaly unsuccessful book. This is explained by presenting four theses: first, that existential analysis in Being and Time is made impossible by the determination of authenticity; secondly, that the elaboration of fundamental ontology is not possible with the meaning of being as the goal. This one must be temporarily abandoned, in order for it to be possible as an ?ontology of all ontologies?. Thirdly, the fundamental ontology is the ontology of the meaningful-existential foundation of human existence, that elaborates how the world in which a man can exist is constituted. And fourth, further elaboration of fundamental ontology of existential variant is not possible by linking it to the Critique of Pure Mind, what Heidegger attempted in Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (1929). Thus it is explained why Heidegger was unable to provide full explication of fundamental ontology. If he had done so, it would be enough to recognitize him as an important and original philosopher, because fundamental ontology as the ?metaphysics of metaphysics? woul be only possible ?first philosophy? (prote philosophia) in the age of late modernity and the situation of the decline of transcendence.
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GAL'PERIN, E. M. „ABOUT THE DEMAND FOR RELIABILITY VALUES OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS“. Urban construction and architecture 1, Nr. 1 (15.02.2011): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.01.12.
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It has been studied that major drawbacks in formulating the requirements for the reliability of water supply and sewerage systems in existing regulations are related to the fact of their being formulated in the first part of the XXth century. These regulations dont take into account the latest achievements in the reliability theory appeared and developed successfully in the second part of the XXth century. Among these achievements there is a methodologically correct selection of indices for estimating the reliability of complex technical systems. The selection of science-based reliability indices for water supply and sewerage systems and their introduction in the existing regulations is the task of primary importance.
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Kolodnyi, Anatolii M., und Liudmyla O. Fylypovych. „"Russian world" – theological doctrine and religious ideology that ruin the humanity“. Ukrainian Religious Studies, Nr. 76 (01.12.2015): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2015.76.608.
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The XXth century has provided numerous examples of different forms of religious extremism, in particular the Orthodox Christian extremism. XXIth century demonstrates an explosion of neo-pagan and Orthodox extremist views in Russia grounded on syncretic theory of «Russian World»
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SYSOEVA, E. A. „WООDEN ARCHITECTURE OF SYZRAN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXth CENTURY“. Urban construction and architecture 1, Nr. 2 (15.07.2011): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.02.12.
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The article is devoted to the problems of the wood and brick-wood architecture in Syzran at the beginning of the XXth century. It deserves our attention the unique one time construction of the city. The stages and Conditions of the formation of the wood architecture of Syzran are looked through in this article. We have got acquainted with the list of peculiarities of of peculiarities of the wooden construction of the three parts of city: central, zasyzransky and zakrymzensky areas. The basic architectural styles of construction of Syzran at the end of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth centuries are looked through in the article (eclecticism, russian style, modern) and also the elements of the decorative design of facades (platbands, attics, sheds).
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Markov, A. D. „PRODIGAL SON IN THE CITY: INTERPRETATIVE POTENTIAL OF THE IMAGE“. Culture and Text, Nr. 43 (2020): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2305-4077-2020-4-170-177.
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The transformations of the image of the prodigal son in Russian culture show a transition from the naive and idyllic atmosphere of poetry at the beginning of the XXth century to the novel detailing of the late XXh century. The image of the prodigal son as presented by S. S. Averintsev, who criticized any spontaneous fiction about the Gospel, was enriched with a number of details taken from urban imaginary in the XXth-century family novel and Pasternak’s poetry. This new form of religious fiction was justified by the approach to the novel, introduced by M. M. Bakhtin, who opposed the effects of the sublime in the idyll and the effects of the beautiful in the family romance. The story of the prodigal son then explicates these effects, actualizing urban chronotope for a new type of cultural reflection on the Gospel parables.
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Markova, Ekaterina A. „Notes from Underground by F.M. Dostoevsky in XXth Century English Criticism“. RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, Nr. 3 (15.12.2021): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-3-479-489.
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The article is devoted to the issue of the critical reception of F.M. Dostoevskys Notes from Underground in the XXth century. Some letters, as well as books on philosophy and literary criticism by such writers as D.H. Lawrence, J.M. Murry, C. Wilson and I. Murdoch are analysed. The reviews by the given authors correspond to two waves of interest in Dostoevsky - the first one took place at the turn of the XXth century followed by the second one in the middle of the century. The writers name the key characteristics of the Underground Man: vanity, egoism, self-division, desire for suffering and inability to act. Some critics of Dostoevskys Notes see the Underground Man as recurrent image and note his relevance to the ideas of existentialism, especially the one about inability to apprehend truth in a rational way.
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Эзри, Г. К. „Европейский теизм XIX в. и диалогическая интенция в европейской персоналистической философии XX в.“ Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке 53, Nr. 3 (2020): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2020-3/174-182.
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В статье исследуется влияние европейского теизма XIX в. на становление диалогизма в европейской персоналистической философии XX в. в контексте антропологического поворота. Автор прослеживает диалогическую интенцию в европейском теизме XIX в. и в европейском персонализме XX в., а также рассматривает аксиологическую сторону диалога Я и Ты, субъекты и объекты диалога в европейской персоналистической философии XX в. Данная проблематика изучается в контексте анализа антропологического поворота Хайдеггером: в европейском теизме XIX в. и европейском персонализме XX в. можно обнаружить индивидуально-субстанциальное Я, диалогизм, ценностность. Автор приходит к выводу, что полноценное раскрытие диалогической и ценностной сущности личности состоялось в европейском теизме XIX в., а исследование социальной сущности личности – только в европейском персонализме XX в. Ключевые слова: европейский теизм, европейский персонализм, личность, монада, субстанция, ценность, диалогизм, антропологический поворот The article examines the influence of European theism of the XIXth century on the formation of dialogism in the European personalism of the XXth century in the context of the anthropological turn. The author traces the dialogical intention in both intellectual stances and considers the axiological side of the dialogue between I and You, the subjects and objects of dialogue in the XXth century European personalism. The issue is studied in the context of Heidegger’s analysis of the anthropological turn. The author comes to the conclusion that the full disclosure of the dialogical and value essence of personality took place in the European theism of the XIXth century, and the study of the social essence of personality took place only in the European personalism of the XXth century. Keywords: European theism, European personalism, personality, monad, substance, value, dialogism, anthropological turn
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Эзри, Г. К. „Европейский теизм XIX в. и диалогическая интенция в европейской персоналистической философии XX в.“ Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке 53, Nr. 3 (2020): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2020-3/174-182.
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В статье исследуется влияние европейского теизма XIX в. на становление диалогизма в европейской персоналистической философии XX в. в контексте антропологического поворота. Автор прослеживает диалогическую интенцию в европейском теизме XIX в. и в европейском персонализме XX в., а также рассматривает аксиологическую сторону диалога Я и Ты, субъекты и объекты диалога в европейской персоналистической философии XX в. Данная проблематика изучается в контексте анализа антропологического поворота Хайдеггером: в европейском теизме XIX в. и европейском персонализме XX в. можно обнаружить индивидуально-субстанциальное Я, диалогизм, ценностность. Автор приходит к выводу, что полноценное раскрытие диалогической и ценностной сущности личности состоялось в европейском теизме XIX в., а исследование социальной сущности личности – только в европейском персонализме XX в. Ключевые слова: европейский теизм, европейский персонализм, личность, монада, субстанция, ценность, диалогизм, антропологический поворот The article examines the influence of European theism of the XIXth century on the formation of dialogism in the European personalism of the XXth century in the context of the anthropological turn. The author traces the dialogical intention in both intellectual stances and considers the axiological side of the dialogue between I and You, the subjects and objects of dialogue in the XXth century European personalism. The issue is studied in the context of Heidegger’s analysis of the anthropological turn. The author comes to the conclusion that the full disclosure of the dialogical and value essence of personality took place in the European theism of the XIXth century, and the study of the social essence of personality took place only in the European personalism of the XXth century. Keywords: European theism, European personalism, personality, monad, substance, value, dialogism, anthropological turn
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Popova, Kristina. „The First Research of the Social History of Tuberculosis in Bulgaria“. Balkanistic Forum 30, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i2.23.
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Golovan, Ievgeniia. „The latest approaches to piano interpretation in chamber and ensemble creativity of V. Silvestrov (the case of the "Drama" cycle for violin, cello and piano)“. Culturology Ideas, Nr. 20 (2'2021) (2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37627/2311-9489-20-2021-2.107-114.
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The article overviews a set of issues related to the latest interpretation of the piano in the second half of the XXth century, the use of non-specific techniques of playing the instrument and the peculiarities of its use in the chamber ensemble. It describes the main elaboration direction of compositional methods and techniques, their objectification in the ensemble work of Ukrainian artists. V. Silvestrov's "Drama" for violin, cello and piano is analyzed as a unique example of synthesis of traditional and avant-garde tendencies in the music of the XXth century, which combines music making with elements of instrumental theater. The article outlines main parameters, notes the stylistic and timbre diversity of the work. The compositional methods and techniques used in the trio are considered, including sonorism, aleatory, pointillism, happening. The role of the prepared piano at sound color is established, and other sound, noise and stage effects in creation of a sound image of a composition. The significance of the latest sound formation principles laid down in the work, the urgency and influence of the author's innovations on modern chamber music are revealed. The proposed analysis should contribute to a fuller understanding of avant-garde trends and their manifestation in chamber music of the second half of the XXth century and a wider introduction of V. Silvestrov's works to the chamber and ensemble repertoire of modern performers.
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Ivanović, Darko. „Ecclesiastical court of Diocese of Branicevo in XXth century“. Sabornost, Nr. 12 (2018): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sabornost1812151i.
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Kholbekov, Mukhammadjon. „EVOLUTIONARY INTERPRETATION OF MODERNIST PROSE OF THE XXTH CENTURY“. International journal of word art 1, Nr. 1 (02.02.2018): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2018-1-1.
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Padyan, Yu Yu. „PERFORMANCE AS A CONTEMPORARY ART PHENOMENON“. Arts education and science 1, Nr. 1 (2021): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202101017.
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The end of the XIXth — beginning of the XXth centuries is a special period in the history of world art culture, characterized by the emergence of such trends as modernism, post-impressionism, avant-gardism, abstractionism, cubism, surrealism and many others. The motto of XXth-century art was "Art into Life". Often new trends became a response to the demand of the mass consumer. One of them was the art of performance. Appearing as a rejection of traditional practices of painting, sculpture and theater, performance organically incorporated wellknown and new approaches and technologies that caused an alternative way of working with space and time. It should be noted that historiography focuses on materials that explore the origins of performance and installation on a global scale. The most significant are the works by American, Western European and Polish authors. At the same time, the historiographic review showed a lack of a large scientific heritage of Russian artists in the field of performance: the process of forming modern art criticism, which would reflect the later history of performance than the first half of the XXth century, is still out of the researchers' sight.
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ISLEEVA, S. Ya. „CITY AS AN OBJECT OF ARCHITECTURAL pHOTORGApHY IN THE ХХth CENTURY“. Urban construction and architecture 1, Nr. 2 (15.07.2011): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.02.6.
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In the article the progression of architectural photographys development in urban environments genre context as a commerce-free art creating friendly conditions for aesthetic value of architecture and space in the city in XXth century is viewed.
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Petrukhina, Natalia M. „Russian Historiosophy of the ХXth Century in the Context of the Tradition of the Moral and Psychological Novel by F. Dostoevsky“. RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, Nr. 3 (15.12.2021): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-3-363-374.
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The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the receptive influence of the moral and psychological novel by F. Dostoevskys on the development of the Russian historiosophical novel of the XXth century. The relevance of the problem is in the identification of an ideological dominant connected with the key problems associated with the moral attitudes of Dostoevsky's novelistics. The novelty of this study lies in considering, taking into account new ideological assessments of the role and status of a historical person, a historical novel about the narodovoltsy of the 50-60s of the ХХth century. The novels about the narodovoltsy of the 50-60s of ХХth century were chosen as an object of research to reflect the ideological concept of F. Dostoevsky in the receptive field of the searches of the XXth century writers and as a determinant of the moral coordinates of modern phenomena of reality. It is proved that the development of the moral and psychological historical novel in the 60-70s takes place under the strongest influence of the tradition of F. Dostoevsky. The receptive correlation of the genre coordinate system, subjective organization, historiosophical ideologism of the XXth century with the traditions of the moral and psychological historiosophy of Dostoevskys contextual field, on the one hand, forms a new Tynyanov-Forsh tradition, and on the other, develops the traditions of the writer's polyphonic ideological novel on a new level and determines the expansion of the moral polyphonism of the historical novel in its value and psychoanalytic orientation, when the principle of internal ethics begins to dominate the ideological and political fields.
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Volynska, O. S. „The contents of an education Galichiny in the beginning of XX century“. Educational Dimension 16, Nr. 1 (14.12.2006): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/educdim.6079.
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Volynska, O. S. „The contents of an education Galichiny in the beginning of XX century“. Educational Dimension 16, Nr. 1 (14.12.2006): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/educdim.6079.
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Prilutskiy, V. V. „AMERICAN-MEXICAN BORDER CONFLICTS IN THE 1870–1910S“. Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 03, Nr. 07 (27.09.2021): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2021-05-03-139-147.
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The article analyzes the border conflicts between Mexico and the United States at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries. American-Mexican relations were an important factor in the development of the regional subsystem of international relations in the Western Hemisphere. Historically, Mexico and the United States have had a complicated relationship. Mexico in the late XIXth – early XXth centuries was a secondary peripheral state, which was mainly agrarian in nature. There were both phases of acute confrontation (almost the entire XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century), as well as periods of good neighborliness, relatively good, friendly, stable relationships and constructive cooperation. In relations with the United States at that time, it remained rather not a subject, but an object of influence. The extreme American expansionists proposed in the middle of the XIXth century to capture all of Mexico. In response to the aggressive aspirations of America, the Mexican radicals put forward their territorial claims to the neighboring country. They hoped to regain the vast northern region, that was lost during the wars of 1835-1848, which included Upper California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona and Texas (which was called the "New Philippines" during the era of Spanish colonization). There are two stages of confrontation between the two countries: the 1870s – 1890s and the 1910s – 1920s. The most serious exacerbations on the border occurred in 1876, 1877, 1891-1893, 1896, 1906 and 1910-1919. Both government troops and irregular (militias, partisans, rebels) formations took part in the regional armed conflict. As a result, the situation stabilized for almost a century.
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Guseva, Olga, Andrey Babanov und Viktoriya Mushchinskaya. „Fairy Tales of Angel Karaliychev in Russian Translations“. Bulgarski Ezik i Literatura-Bulgarian Language and Literature 64, Nr. 4 (02.08.2022): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/bel2022-4-2-gm-a.
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The article is devoted to the work of the Bulgarian writer of the XXth century, Angel Karaliychev. In the second half of the XXth century, his most famous fairy tales and stories for children were translated into Russian, including the collection “Bulgarian Folk Talesˮ in two volumes. In the Soviet Union, Karaliychev’s fairy tales were included in collections of fairy tales of Slavic peoples and represented Bulgarian folklore in collections of fairy tales of the peoples of the world published in Russian. Despite the fact that the last book edition of Karaliychev’s fairy tales in Russian appeared in the 1980s, his works continue their life in the new century in electronic format, on the Internet. Karaliychev’s fairy tales, addressed to children 4 – 10 years old, tell about eternal values in a language understandable for children, they also introduce to children and adults the realities of Bulgarian life, the heroes of Bulgarian folk tales, expanding the horizons of the Russian reader.
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Egamqulova, Nodira. „National press, literature and literary language in Turkestan“. Uzbekistan: language and culture 4, Nr. 2 (10.06.2022): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.uzlc.2022.4.2/ozov2227.
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Abstract. Any literary process operates the connection of existing social conditions, political system. The socio-political changes and historical conditions that occurred in Turkestan at the beginning of the XXth century at the end of the XIXth century had the stronger impact on literature than usual. The creators of this period vividly depicted the themes of national freedom, national identity, and enlightenment in their works. This article covers the issues of historical conditions, influence of socio – political factors, which played an important role in the development of the process of Uzbek literature – intensive literature of the beginning of the XXth century. The Manifesto adopted by the tsarist government in 1905 and its importance and essence are discussed based on the sources. Press and printing works in Turkestan were stopped. Important updates in Jadid literature, the method of artistic representation, literary relations, comments on the attitude to the national language have been reflected.
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V. D. Mishalov, T. V. Khokholieva, О. O. Hurina, H. A. Zazyts’kyi und A. Yu. Petroshak. „An analysis of the number and causes of air crashes with numerous people’s victims on the territory of the Ukranian Soviet Socialist Republic in the 70s of the XXth century“. Bukovinian Medical Herald 17, Nr. 3 (67) p.1 (02.08.2013): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xvii.3.67.2013.153.
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Markevych, Larysa. „Development of Choreographic Language of the Ukrainian Ballet Performance in the First Half of the XXth Century“. Culturology Ideas, Nr. 15 (1'2019) (2019): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37627/2311-9489-15-2019-1.144-151.
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The publication analyses the features of the choreographic language of the Ukrainian ballet performance in the first half of the XXth century. The publication aims to analyse peculiar features of the development of choreographic language of the Ukrainian ballet performance, relevant in terms of modern art, in the first half of the XXth century. Scientific novelty is in considering the choreographic language of the Ukrainian ballet in indissoluble communication with the modernist style era as dominating in world culture during the first half of the XXth century. Research methodology. While conducting the research, the need for involvement of a comparative-historical method fixing similarity between the cultural phenomena as certificates of community of their origin caused the use of the integrated approach. Application of cultural science methodology including a sociocultural approach that focuses attention on unity of culture and sociality, considering scientific achievements of choreology, cultural science, ethnography, psychology, history, etc. became necessary. Following the results of the research, we came to the following conclusions. At a present stage choreographic language needs to be considered as a mirror of culture, as its objective image, model as it accompanies its development. At the same time, when the surrounding cultural matrix changes, art language of the ballet passes through transformations too. Speaking about dance terminology at the present stage of development, a number of researchers claim to use the terms borrowed from the classical ballet.
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Minhalov, Pavlo. „Five preludes of Mykola Roslavets in the reflection of academic and avant-garde trends of his time“. Culturology Ideas, Nr. 20 (2'2021) (2021): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37627/2311-9489-20-2021-2.179-187.
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The article considers a set of problems related to the study of piano art of the early XXth century and, in particular, the piano work of Mykola Roslavets. It provides the characteristic of the main vectors of piano miniature development, its genre and construction diversity. It emphasizes the composers' creative search in the early XXth century, the desire to embody new, not yet tested compositional techniques. The article notes the influence of traditional and avant-garde trends on the compositional style of that time and their synthesis in a single author's style. It describes five preludes for piano by Mykola Roslavets as one of the most significant achievements of the mature period of the artist's work, which fully reveals the key features of the composer's sense and desire for syntheticity and a new, intellectual, system of sound organization. The five preludes are stated to not have an accidental cycle structure reflecting the influence of many styles and compositional techniques, accumulating the achievements of previous musical epochs and sprouts of the latest, quite important musical trends in piano music. The author notes undoubted influence of Mykola Roslavets' work on the further development of musical art, its relevance and modernity. The proposed analysis should contribute to a more complete understanding of the history of piano music of the first third of the XXth century, elucidate the origins of innovative composers, undeservedly overlooked by musicologists, performers and listeners, and replenish the performing repertoire with piano works by Mykola Roslavets.
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Dolinskaya, Elena B. „INNOVATIVE WAYS OF RUSSIAN MUSICOLOGICAL PEDAGOGY IN THE XXTH – EARLY XXIST CENTURIES“. Arts education and science 2, Nr. 35 (2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202302006.
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This article focuses on the evolution of Russian music history teaching in higher educational institutions of the XXth century. It defines the limits of the influence of general social factors of history on the concept of textbooks and the selectivity of programs. Examples of national pedagogical historiography are given. The main typological characteristics of the textbooks in the system children’s music school — college — higher educational institution are revealed. The article emphasizes the typology of their structure in monographic form of presentation and points out some peculiarities of such presentation in the three stages of education in the first half of the XXth century. The role of material review in university textbooks of the last third of XXth – early XXIst centuries is briefly characterized. They note a significant expansion of issues and personalities both in style reviews and in the description of the genre system, which allows a deeper understanding of the individual contribution of the leading masters of the era. It is recommended that the pedagogical literature relies both on recent literature and the reliability of archival sources, epistolary, diaries. The article aims to broaden the research interest of educational historians in writing new textbooks that expand the idea of defining their musical atmosphere in stages of past eras and in contemporary practice.
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Garipova, Gulchira T. „“Possible Worlds” and the Meanings of F. Dostoevsky's Providence in the Messianic Receptions of the ХХth Century“. RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, Nr. 3 (15.12.2021): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-3-349-362.
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The article analyzes the specifics of the receptive impact of the artistic Messianic concept of F. Dostoevsky, which influences providential contexts in the cultural philosophy of the ХХth century. The possibility to identify the features of the artistic embodiment of the Russian Messianic problems in cultural philosophy and literature of the ХХth century determines the relevance of this study. The analysis of the strategy of modeling possible worlds in Dostoevskys work, which referentially determines the development of Russian utopian / dystopian providence, determines the novelty of the study. The concepts of the Christological axiosphere, which reflects Dostoevsky's Messianic concept, determine the most important coordinates of the providential receptive trends of the ХХth century. They are objects of analysis in the article. It is proved that the semiotics of messianic motifs in Russian literature of the XXth century is connected, first of all, with the Abrahamic religious context, which is built into the most complex providential concept of the anthropological Christology of F. Dostoevsky. According to the principles of fractal logic, the writer generates the Abrahamic canon in the key messianic world-modeling metametaphors. Dostoevsky's messianic pretext is referentially manifested in Russian literature of the twentieth century - in the work of Russian Symbolists, who understand the Messiah as a divine-existential personality, in the works of writers of the late XXth century, who interprete the messiah as a collective personality - a substitutionary sacrifice. In our opinion, the chiliastic aspiration of messianic Christology and anthropology is also connected with the influence of Dostoevsky. However, we should talk about the dissipative variability of messianic concepts due to the contextual reference of messianic ideas of eastern origin, in particular, the Zoroastrian, Sufi and Islamic contexts are found. The artistic idea of messianism in Russian literature of the XXth century can also be considered as a semiotic sign system that reveals historiosophical and socio-political meanings, modeling the tendencies of anthropologization and ontologization of the literary process.
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AZAR, DANY, JACEK SZWEDO, EDMUND JARZEMBOWSKI, NEAL EVENHUIS und DIYING HUANG. „“Palaeoentomology”: A modern journal for a science dealing with the past“. Palaeoentomology 1, Nr. 1 (28.12.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.1.1.1.
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Palaeoentomology started in the late XVIIIth century, shortly after the 10th edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae (the foundation of modern taxonomy), when papers on the curiosities of insects entombed in fossil resins were published. The beginning of XIXth century (with the growing interest in geological sciences and prehistoric life) witnessed the first attempts to study and describe insects from sedimentary rocks. This discipline then developed during the XIXth and beginning of the XXth centuries; and resulted in some major works and reviews (summarizing the knowledge on fossil insects and other terrestrial arthropods) published in the geological and biological literature. The XXth century was a period of relatively slow but constant development in palaeoentomology, during which the famous “Treatise on invertebrate paleontology: Arthropoda 4. Superclass Hexapoda” (cataloguing the knowledge on fossil insects) was published (Carpenter, 1992). At the beginning of XXIst century, palaeoentomology grew significantly and exponentially; and two major manuals (“History of insects” and “Evolution of the insects”) were published (Rasnitsyn & Quicke, 2002; Grimaldi & Engel, 2005, respectively). These manuals helped to encourage more students and researchers to work on fossil insects and other terrestrial arthropods.
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Rogacheva, Yelena. „The Reception of John Dewey’s Democratic Concept of School in Different Countries of the World“. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 3, Nr. 2 (18.07.2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.2016.003.002.003.
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The paper deals with John Dewey’s democratic concept of school and its international significance. The man of the XX century, John Dewey (1859-1952) has made great impact on the development of world pedagogy. The masterwork «Democracy and Education» published in 1916 by American scholar and educational reformer is in the focus of attention too. The main elements of John Dewey’s concept of child-oriented school are given along with the following three conditions: «democracy», «growth» and «experience». The author explains the reasons of Dewey’s influence on educational thought and practice in the XXth century. The experience of old European countries such as Great Britain, France, Turkey, as well as Japan, Russia and Latin America is touched upon in the paper. It is stressed that cultural interpretations of Dewey’s ideas and practices in different countries served as the instrument of modernization of the state and school reform stimulator. John Dewey’s democratic ideas brought him international reputation of an outstanding philosopher and the best educator of the XXth century alongside with the other three: George Kershensteiner, Maria Montessori and Anton Makarenko.
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Tereshchenko, V. P. „THE INFLUENCE OF TANEYEV’S STYLISTIC PRINCIPLES ON RUSSIAN CHORAL MUSIC OF THE XXTH CENTURY“. Arts education and science 1, Nr. 2 (2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202002009.
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The article touches upon the unique combination of Taneyev’s stylistic principles, which consists in an organic synthesis of protective and innovative features. Taneyev consciously turns to the polyphony of strictly writing, Baroque music and Viennese classicism in forming his own individual compositional style. The paradox is that Taneyev acted as an innovator who foresaw a vision for the future of music through the prism of the distant past. Stylistic principles such as historicism of thinking, rational approach to creativity and leading role of counterpoint forms became the basis of new trends in music art of the XXth century. A special area of the composer's innovative achievements is choral music. Taneyev founded of a number of genre trends that developed in the XXth century, among them a lyrical-philosophical cantata, "spiritual concert" vocal-instrumental and symphonic music, a choral a cappella cycle to secular text.