Dissertationen zum Thema „Identity and similarity“

For decades, the United States has been known as the nation of immigrants due to the increasing number of immigrant students in the public school system. Although the population of immigrant students steadily increases annually, American society still pressures immigrants into acculturation to fulfill the United States ideals of academic achievement despite the United States claim of multiculturalism (Malcolm & Lowery, 2011). This research focuses on 1st- and 2nd generation immigrant students' strife of acceptance in U.S. culture, while sill preserving their own native culture, and the influence it has on academic achievement. The researcher interviewed eight (8) adult participants who are either 1st- or 2nd generation immigrant college students. This qualitative case study research aims to determine if forced acculturation or assimilation using stereotypes and perceptions of similarity effects how immigrant students develop their cultural identity, and the influence it has on academic achievement. Four major themes emerged from the participants' responses: parental approval, peer pressure, environmental influence, and feelings about their ethnic group. Basic findings supported that immigrant students' cultural identity is threatened by stereotypes and perceptions of similarity.
M.S.
Masters
Child, Family, and Community Sciences
Education and Human Performance
Early Childhood Development and Education

Does social similarity between the auditor and a specialist induce social biases that impair the auditor's reliance on the specialist? It is important to examine potential impairments to reliance since auditors do not possess expertise in many of the areas examined during the audit. One type of specialist that is increasingly relied upon by the auditor is the IT specialist. Since firms have two approaches to the organization of IT personnel (decentralized vs. centralized) and often use professional designations as a hiring criteria for specialists, I examine two dimensions of social similarity: domain knowledge distinctiveness and spatial distance. Using a 2 × 2 experiment manipulating the IT specialist's domain knowledge distinctiveness (distinct vs. overlapping) and spatial distance (in-house office location vs. outsourcing from another office) relative to the auditor, I investigate financial auditors' reliance on IT specialists. My findings provide evidence of a boundary condition to the widely accepted social identity theory. Specifically, when specialists (IT specialists in this study) are outsourced, marginally less reliance is placed on specialists possessing overlapping (shared) domain knowledge relative to distinct domain knowledge. Additionally, I find evidence of a "consultant effect" in which greater auditor reliance is placed on IT specialists from other offices when the IT specialist possesses distinct domain knowledge relative to the financial auditor. Findings suggest that a broader theory of social similarity in which dimensions of social similarity can interact to produce social biases appears to be more descriptive of real-world social complexities than social identity theory.

Ce travail doctoral s’interroge sur le bien-fondé des stratégies publicitaires mettant en avant des mannequins séniors dans le but de séduire cette cible de consommateurs. Trois théories - la comparaison sociale, l’identité sociale et les effets persuasifs de la source –permettent d’élaborer un cadre d’analyse intégrateur des effets de la similarité liée à l’âge. Il met en relation les variables suivantes : l’écart d’âge entre le mannequin et le récepteur, la similarité ressentie avec le mannequin, l’évaluation de la marque (proximité, attitude, considération à l’achat) et l’estime de soi du récepteur suite à l’exposition publicitaire. Deux variables modératrices sont étudiées : la tendance d’âge subjectif et l’âge de divergence. L’étude empirique se fonde sur un échantillon de 444 femmes âgées de 60 à 70 ans et sur un groupe de contrôle constitué de 195 femmes âgées de 20 à 30 ans. L’expérimentation fait varier l’âge du mannequin (la même femme est représentée à trois âges différents : 25, 55 et 65 ans) et le type de produit (alimentaire et cosmétique). Les tests des hypothèses sont réalisés à partir d’équations structurelles (approche PLS). Les principaux résultats montrent : (1) l’impact négatif de l’écart d’âge sur les trois variables d’évaluation de la marque ; (2) le rôle de l’âge dans la formation du jugement de la similarité ressentie avec le mannequin; (3) l’influence positive de la similarité ressentie sur l’évaluation de la marque. La route persuasive de la similarité est plus marquée pour le produit cosmétique et pour les femmes séniors qui ont une faible tendance d’âge. Enfin, elle fonctionne mieux sur les femmes séniors que sur les femmes jeunes
Our doctoral work questions advertising strategies using senior models to appeal to this target. Three theories - social comparison, social identity and persuasive source effects – enable us to construct an integrative framework of the similarity effects due to age. This includes the following variables: the age gap between the model and the receiver, the perceived model similarity, brand evaluation variables (proximity, attitude and purchase consideration) and the receiver’s self-esteem after ad exposure. Two moderating variables are taken into account: the subjective age tendency and the discrepancy age.Our empirical study consists of a sample of 444 women aged between 60 and 70 and a control group of 195 women aged between 20 and 30. The experimental design manipulates the model’s age (the same women is represented at three different ages: 25, 55 and 65 years old) and the type of product (food and cosmetics).Testing hypotheses are made from structural equations (PLS approach). The main results show: (1) the negative impact of the age gap on the three brand evaluation variables; (2) the age role when the similarity judgment is forming; (3) the positive influence of the perceived similarity on the evaluation of the brand. The persuasive similarity route is stronger for the cosmetic product and the senior receivers whose subjective age tendency is low. Finally, this similarity route works better on senior women than on younger women

Research has shown that eyewitness identification decisions are fallible and often mistaken. Although considerable attention has been afforded to identification decision accuracy and its improvement, mistaken identification decisions continue to contribute to costly errors at the evidentiary stage of the criminal justice system process (i.e., wrongful convictions). Several prominent researchers have suggested, by way of explanation, that the existing framework for obtaining eyewitness evidence from lineups, namely, identification, is inadequate. Indeed, the assumption that witnesses when presented with a lineup, can make reliable identification decisions (i.e., can reliably determine that a lineup member is the same unfamiliar person seen previously committing a crime) has become increasingly disputed. Instead, it has been suggested that witnesses, when presented with a lineup, use the perceptual or visual pattern of information available at encoding and retrieval to make inferences regarding the likely identity of a perpetrator. Guided by this rationale two alternatives, which have approached the eyewitness decision task as one which involves multiple match-based comparisons rather than a single categorical identification decision, have been considered - the non-categorical confidence and non-categorical similarity approaches. The non-categorical confidence approach describes a process whereby witnesses express judgements, on a continuous scale, regarding how certain they are that each member of a lineup is the target. The non-categorical similarity approach describes a process whereby witnesses make judgements, on a continuous scale, regarding how similar each lineup member is to their memory of a target. Proponents have asserted that confidence and similarity can both facilitate recognition in lineup decision tasks by allowing witnesses to access probative memorial information (i.e., match-to-memory) free from distortive, non-memorial influences which impact categorical identifications. While initial assessments seem to support this assertion, continued examination of alternative non-categorical approaches and their use in lineup-based recognition tasks is required. To date, attention afforded to understanding how non-categorical judgements are elicited or impacted under variable conditions remains limited. Further, the relationship between categorical identification decisions, non-categorical confidence judgements, and non-categorical similarity judgements in lineup-based decision tasks has not previously been examined. To address these gaps in the literature three experimental studies were conducted. In each experimental study, participants completed four experimental lineup trials which involved: viewing a target person, completing a brief distractor task, and responding to the lineup. In responding to each lineup participants either made a categorical identification with an associated post-decisional confidence rating (Study 1, N = 343), or non-categorical judgements, on one of two 11-point scales, regarding how certain they were that each member of a photographic lineup was the target person (Study 2, N = 314) or how similar each member of a photographic lineup was to the target person (Study 3, N = 362). Variables in each of the three studies were identical, and included target appearance (no change, change, within-participant), lineup procedure (simultaneous, sequential, between-participant), target/replacement position (early, late, within-participant) and target presence (present, absent, within-participant). Results for each of the three studies are reported independently, however, in a separate chapter additional results are reported which compare data from Studies 1, 2, and 3. In all three experimental studies, variables primarily influenced responses made from target present lineups. While the effects of procedure and position on participant responses varied across the three experimental studies, altering target appearance exerted a consistent, moderate to large effect on participant responses made using each of the three recognition approaches. As the appearance variable represents a direct manipulation of perceptual, and by extension memorial, signal strength this finding provides some evidence to suggest that non-categorical confidence and similarity judgements access and rely on the same information which underpins categorical identification. This finding was reinforced, in part, by more direct comparisons of the experimental data which revealed a high degree of correspondence in participant responses obtained using identification decisions, non-categorical confidence judgements, and non-categorical similarity judgements. Interestingly, however, direct comparisons also revealed some notable differences between mean measures of confidence and similarity. First, the numerical value of mean similarity exceeded that of mean confidence within all four lineups. Second, discrepancy, which measures the difference between the highest value judgement (i.e., max judgement) and second highest value judgement in a lineup trial, was significantly higher for confidence than similarity within all four lineups. The theoretical implications and practical considerations associated with the main findings and the methodological limitations associated with the experimental materials and research design are discussed. Additional research regarding alternative approaches to lineup-based decision tasks is required, and therefore recommendations for future research are made accordingly.

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Dicionário de Análise do Discurso, of Charaudeau and Maingueneau, at the entry Identidade, affirms that the concept of identity is difficult to define. It is central for most human and social sciences, and it is the object of different definitions, some of which very vague. This encouraged the research about the concept and the word identity. The word is erudite, originated in philosophy, but the idea of identity is permanent and is related to other words of everyday use. This thing, this stuff. Since the time before Socrates there are theories about the concept of being and the principle of identity. It is in the use of language, with the demonstrative adjectives and verb forms that the identification of people occurs, the speaker reveals itself in opposition to the listener: identity and alterity. We intend to demonstrate that the concept of identity has always been linked to the concept of being. Everything has identity if it is a being with internal unity, distinct from others, if it has its own coherence, if it presents its truth and its value. The principle of identity has a negative formulation in the principle of noncontradiction, which guarantees the coherence of both language and communication. Language, however, is not always logical. Sometimes, it seems to contradict the principle of non-contradiction. Language needs the resources for identification: the definition, the metalanguage, the metadiscourse of the speaker, when the speaker can remake his own speech, correct himself, and prevent misunderstandings
O Dicionário de Análise do Discurso, de Charaudeau e Maingueneau, no verbete Identidade afirma que: O conceito de identidade é difícil de definir. Ele é ao mesmo tempo central na maior parte das ciências humanas e sociais, e é objeto de diferentes definições, algumas das quais são muito vagas . Tudo isso motivou a pesquisa sobre o conceito e o termo identidade. O termo é erudito, formado na filosofia, mas a idéia identidade é permanente, e está relacionada com outras palavras de uso comum. Esta coisa, este negócio. Desde a época pré-socrática, encontramos teorias sobre o conceito do ser e o princípio de identidade. É no uso da língua, com os demonstrativos e formas verbais que acontece a identificação das pessoas, revela-se o sujeito em oposição ao interlocutor, identidade e alteridade. Pretendemos mostrar que o conceito de identidade sempre esteve ligado ao conceito de ser. Toda coisa tem identidade na medida em que é ser com unidade interna, distinto de outro, tem coerência própria, apresenta sua verdade e seu valor. O princípio de identidade tem formulação negativa no princípio de nãocontradição, que garante a coerência da linguagem e comunicação. A linguagem, porém, nem sempre é lógica. Parece, às vezes, contrariar o princípio de não-contradição. A língua procura os recursos de identificação: a definição, a metalinguagem, o metadiscurso do locutor, quando o locutor pode refazer sua própria enunciação, corrigir-se, e prevenir malentendidos

La comparaison a toujours été mal cernée aussi bien du côté de la grammaire que de celui de la rhétorique. Pour cette raison, elle ne trouve pas de place bien précise dans les ouvrages de linguistique ou sinon des analyses hétérogènes succinctes et incomplètes. Cette thèse se propose donc d’uniformiser l’étude de la comparaison en en balayant toutes les formes possibles. Par ailleurs, nous tentons de réhabiliter la distinction relative à la tradition gréco-latine entre la comparatio et la similitudo, qui s’est perdue depuis le XVIIe siècle, période où s’est installée la confusion. A partir d’une méthodologie constructiviste qui va des unités minimales vers le texte, cette étude parcourt tous les niveaux de l’analyse linguistique en partant du niveau grammatical tenu comme niveau de référence jusqu’au niveau rhétorique où sont pris en compte les référents extralinguistiques. Elle aboutit ainsi à des distinctions catégoriques entre comparaison et similitude d’une part et entre celle-ci et la métaphore de l’autre. Ces distinctions sont illustrées par des exemples puisés principalement dans la langue littéraire moderne (XIXe et XXe siècles), lesquels sont accompagnés d’analyses détaillées et de classements mettant en évidence la spécificité de chacune de ces notions qui s’inscrivent dans l’étude de l’analogie et la ressemblance
Comparison has always been poorly understood whether in grammar or rhetoric. This is why none of the linguistic works or the brief heterogeneous analysis that were made have managed to deal with it in the precise manner they were ought to. Hence comes the objective of my thesis which consists in standardizing the study of Comparison by taking in consideration all of its possible forms. Indeed, I will try to rehabilitate the distinction of the Greco-Roman tradition between Comparatio and Similitudo which was lost since the period of confusion that marked the XVIIth century. Based on a constructive methodology that starts with the smallest units to reach out for the larger text, this study goes through all levels of linguistic analysis, beginning with the grammatical layer, a referential one, to attain the rhetorical layer where extra-linguistic referents are taken into account. It consequently leads to achieve the categorical distinctions between comparison and similitude one the one hand, and between comparison and metaphor on the other. Those distinctions are illustrated by examples drawn basically in modern literature (XIXth and XXth centuries). Interestingly, examples themselves are accompanied with detailed analysis and sundry rankings which are meant to highlight the specificities of every notion in relation to the study of analogy and resemblance

Antibiotics are the crux of modern medicine, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) is a challenge to overcome. It has long been known that antibiotic production by soil microbiota is a natural process. Antibiotics such as streptomycin and penicillin come from common soil microorganisms. AbR is said to spread readily and rapidly through the environment, but its natural occurrence is poorly constrained. In studies analyzing natural AbR across a variety of habitats, researchers have found resistance in agricultural fields, human and animal feces, soils, deep caves, prehistoric ice cores, marine habitats, and reclaimed wastewater. Permafrost soils represent a pristine (human-unimpacted) environment capable of serving as a model system for natural AbR. I compared a functionality-based approach to a traditional identity-based approach to identify AbR sequences in permafrost microbial community genomes. The functionality-based approach yielded better quality results overall, and identified sequences more likely to be mappable to molecular pathways with the KEGG database.

SANTRAUKA Šiame darbe analizuojama Europos Teisingumo Teismo ir Lietuvos teismų praktika, siekiant identifikuoti prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymui reikšmingus kriterijus, šių kriterijų taikymo sąlygas bei įtaką vertinant bendrą prekių ženklų įspūdį, taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į teorinius ir praktinius probleminius prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymo klausimus ir siūlomi jų sprendimai. Pirmojoje dalyje labai koncentruotai nurodomas su prekių ženklų tapatumu ir panašumu susijęs teisinis reglamentavimas. Antrojoje dalyje atskleidžiama prekių ženklų tapatumo sąvoka bei prekių ženklų tapatumo vertinimas buvusio Pirmosios Instancijos Teismo, dabartinio Bendrojo Teismo ir ETT praktikoje, taip pat, siekiant tapatumo klausimą išnagrinėti visapusiškai, pasiremiant pavyzdžiais ir iš Vidaus rinkos harmonizavimo tarnybos praktikos. Trečioji darbo dalis skirta aptarti prekių ženklų panašumą bei išnagrinėti jam nustatyti reikšmingus kriterijus. Šioje dalyje Bendrijos ir Lietuvos teismų sprendimų analizė atlikta pagal bendriausius prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo kriterijus: skiriamuosius ir dominuojančius elementus, vaizdinį, fonetinį bei konceptualų lyginimą. Darbo pabaigoje atskirai aptariama netradicinių prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo specifika.
SUMMARY Establishment of Identity and Similarity of Trade Marks in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian Courts This master thesis is dedicated to analyze case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts, with the aim to identify criteria significant for establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks, conditions for application of those criteria as well as influence upon evaluation of the general impression created by trade marks. In addition, attention is drawn to theoretical and practical problem issues in establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks and suggestions on their solution are made. In the first part, a list of condensed references is made to laws pertinent to the identity and similarity of trade marks. The second part reveals the concept of identity of trade marks and judgment of identity of trade marks in the case law of the former Court of First Instance, currently the General Court, and the European Court of Justice, supplemented by additional illustrations from the practice of the OHIM, in attempt of painting the full picture of the identity issue. The third part of the thesis focuses on the discussion of the similarity of trade marks and analysis of criteria for establishment of similarity of trade marks. Herein the analysis of case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts has been carried out based on general criteria of similarity of trade marks: distinguishing and dominating... [to full text]

Les dispersions affectant les structures fabriquées en série génèrent d'importants écarts de comportement entre des objets nominalement identiques. D'un point de vue vibro-acoustique, cette variabilité a été observée, quantifiée et ses origines ont même pu être identifiées et localisées sur certaines structures simples. Mais les effets de cette variabilité sur la perception du son émis par l'objet sont encore peu connus. Ce travail porte sur l'évaluation des effets des dispersions de structure sur l'identité sonore. Le son est aujourd'hui, à l'instar de n'importe quel composant du produit, conçu pour répondre aux attentes du client. Il se peut ainsi que l'identité sonore, résultat de cette phase de design sonore, soit elle aussi sujette à d'importantes variabilités. Dans un premier temps, la stabilité de descripteurs perceptifs utilisés classiquement pour décrire la perception de bruit intérieur d'automobiles a été évaluée sur un panel de véhicules dont les dispersions n'ont pas été contrôlées. L'évolution de l'identité sonore a ainsi été observée sur une population de produits. Puis l'étude s'est concentrée sur un système simple dont plusieurs caractéristiques physiques peuvent être finement contrôlées. Nous avons montré que la démarche par plan d'expérience fractionnaire peut être utilisée pour mesurer la contribution des facteurs et de leurs éventuelles interactions à la perception du bruit de ce système. Cette démarche a ensuite été utilisée pour un second cas, pour lequel les sons étaient synthétisés. Différentes analyses perceptives ont été menées (mesure de la similarité des objets dispersés par rapport à l'objet de référence et catégorisation libre des sons de synthèse), dont les résultats concordants ont permis de mettre en évidence les facteurs les plus influents. Cependant, une dernière expérience a montré que, malgré les dispersions pouvant affecter ces facteurs, des différences d'identité sonore peuvent être perçues sur un panel d'objets identiques mais ne conduisent pas à des confusions avec des objets nominalement différents.

Za posledné roky je zaznamenaný nárast prác zahrňujúcich komplexnú detekciu malvéru. Pre potreby zachytenia správania je často vhodné pouziť formát grafov. To je prípad antivírusového programu Avast, ktorého behaviorálny štít deteguje škodlivé správanie a ukladá ich vo forme grafov. Keďže sa jedná o proprietárne riešenie a Avast antivirus pracuje s vlastnou sadou charakterizovaného správania bolo nutné navrhnúť vlastnú metódu detekcie, ktorá bude postavená nad týmito grafmi správania. Táto práca analyzuje grafy správania škodlivého softvéru zachytené behavioralnym štítom antivírusového programu Avast pre proces hlbšej detekcie škodlivého softvéru. Detekcia škodlivého správania sa začína analýzou a abstrakciou vzorcov z grafu správania. Izolované vzory môžu efektívnejšie identifikovať dynamicky sa meniaci malware. Grafy správania sú uložené v databáze grafov Neo4j a každý deň sú zachytené tisíce z nich. Cieľom tejto práce bolo navrhnúť algoritmus na identifikáciu správania škodlivého softvéru s dôrazom na rýchlosť skenovania a jasnosť identifikovaných vzorcov správania. Identifikácia škodlivého správania spočíva v nájdení najdôležitejších vlastností natrénovaných klasifikátorov a následnej extrakcie podgrafu pozostávajúceho iba z týchto dôležitých vlastností uzlov a vzťahov medzi nimi. Následne je navrhnuté pravidlo pre hodnotenie extrahovaného podgrafu. Diplomová práca prebehla v spolupráci so spoločnosťou Avast Software s.r.o.

Dottorato di Ricerca in Matematica ed Informatica. Ciclo XXX SSD
Le stringhe giocano un ruolo fondamentale in informatica: codificando i dati, la loro interpretazione permette di derivare informazione. Dato un insieme di stringhe, alcune interessanti domande emergono: “queste stringhe sono correlate?”, e se lo sono, “possiamo misura la loro correlazione?”. La definizione di un grado di similarit`a tra stringhe risulta essere fortemente importante. Varie definizioni di similarit`a tra stringhe sono state definite nella letteratura, derivanti dal concetto di metrica in matematica. Una delle pi`u famose metriche di similarit`a tra stringhe `e la edit distance, definita come il numero minimo di edit operation necessarie a trasformare una stringa in un’altra. Tuttavia, le varie definizioni presentano un’assunzione chiave: simboli uguali tra le stringhe rappresentano la stessa identica informazione, mentre simboli diversi introducono una qualche di↵erenza. Questa assunzione risulta essere estremamente riduttiva: esistono casi in cui l’identit`a tra simboli sembra non essere sufficiente a definire una similarit`a, e nel caso in cui non ci siano simboli in comune tra due stringhe, si pu`o verificare che simboli diversi rappresentino la stessa informazione. Inoltre, in alcuni casi una mappatura one-to-one tra i simboli risulta inefficace, quindi si necessita una mappatura many-to-many. La necessit`a di avere una metrica di similarit`a tra stringhe che sia in grado di catturare correlazioni nascoste tra le stringhe emerge, ove il concetto chiave `e rappresentato dal considerare che simboli di↵erenti possono esprimere concetti simili. Lo scopo di questa tesi `e di contribuire in questo scenario. In primis, un framework che generalizza la maggior parte delle metriche di similarit`a tra stringhe (basate sull’identit`a tra simboli) viene presentato, idoneo a scenari di applicazione in cui sono presenti stringhe definite su alfabeti eterogenei. La Multi-Parameterized Edit Distance (una generalizzazione della edit distance con il supporto del framework) viene definita formalmente e studiata dal punto di vista della complessit`a computazionale. In seguito, di↵erenti euristiche, definite, implementate e testate, vengono presentate, in modo da approcciarsi alle difficolt`a computazionali presenti. Varie euristiche sono presentate e tre di esse sono studiate, discusse e testate in dettaglio. Alcuni contesti di applicazione, studiati in questa tesi, sono quindi discussi, spaziando dal settore ingegneristico a quello informatico biomedico: anomaly detection nelle Wireless Sensors Area Network, analisi dei White Matter Fiber-Bundles e analisi degli Elettroencefalogrammi. Le conclusioni e una panoramica dei lavori futuri chiudono la tesi.
Università della Calabria

碩士
中原大學
商業設計研究所
92
The term, Fractal Geometry, is a new geometry concept been researched and applied in mathematics and science circles resulted from explaining the world which human know such as mountains, woods, coastlines, clouds, etc. by B.B.Mandelbrot in 1975. Instead of the simplify of Euclid geometry, features such as self-similarity, Chaotic Dynamics, boundless-branches, Unlimited Expansion and non-linear of fractal geometry model make the structure of model show part variety and whole unity. The aim of this research is applying thought and features of fractal geometry in Visual Identity design. Through the application of interactivity to the Fractal Geometry and Euclid geometry, such as the creation method of Euclid -Fractal conceptualize Form, Fractal- Euclid conceptualize Form, Fractal -Fractal conceptualize Form, etc.. We expect that the long-history model of Visual Identity design could offer reference of new though and innovative ideas of design under this combination of cross-field, not only causes mark design has more plentiful varieties but also present the extensibility of Visual Identity design system, making visual design show balance of movement, part and whole symmetry and plenty of unity.

Canadian superhero comic books represent a politically significant opportunity to study popular conceptions of national politics, cultures, and identities. Canadian superheroes are 'others' in the shadow their American neighbours, but embrace this 'Not-American otherness' as a central factor defining Canadian national identity. The diversity of Canadian multiculturalism collapses into a monolithic white/male/Anglophone identity produced in the tensions created by the binary relmionship between 'self-as-other' and 'American' articulated by the texts, creating one universalised and naturalised "Canadian" identity. This thesis seeks to politicise existing surveys that ignore the political implications of the comic book texts, and to critique other problematic methodologies in the comics discourse: tendencies towards canon-building, and resistance to interdisciplinary methodologies. I forward a social/cultural/political analysis that draws equally on my multiple backgrounds and subject positions as a university-educated art historian, a popular culture critic, a Canadian, and a (feminist) reader and fan of superhero comic books.
Graduate

碩士
國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
101
Due to the vast changes in labor market, work-family relation has been the most chanllenging issue in modern life. In the past thirty years, work-family researchers have applied Resource-demand theory in explaining the possible mechanism of work-family conflict and enrichment. However, resource-demand perspective has long neglect the centralality of human as an active actor. Substituting for resource-demand theory, Ashforth, Kreiner and Fugate (2000) has proposed boundary theory and argued that the similarity between role identities, boundary flexibility and boundary mereability would influence role transition, and further influence one’s work-family balance. In order to testify the relationship of role-idenity-similarity and work-family conflict/enrichment, 372 full time employed subjects with parental responsibilities were recruited. The results showed that, time-based and energy-based work-family conflict was not significantly correlated to the similarity of work and parental role identities, while behavior-based work-family conflict was negatively correlated to role-identity-similarity. Meanwhile, all three kinds of work-family enrichment were positively, significantly correlated to role-identiry-similarity. Furthermore, except for developemental work-family enrichment, identity integreation would moderate the relationship between role-identity-similarity and work-family outcomes. This study also examined two interesting three-way interactions by gender and leader/subordinate, and revealed that, both high identity integration male and high identity integration subordinate might benefit more from the positive relationship between role-idenity-similarity and affect work-family enrichment. Lastly, the discussion, limitations, future directions, theoretical and managerial applications were discussed.

A long tradition of social psychological research suggests that perceptions of similarity and common ground can promote more harmonious relations among otherwise diverse social groups. Yet perceived similarity with and empathy for members of an outgroup can also intensify intergroup bias by threatening the positive distinctiveness of one's group. In the present research, cognitive dissonance theory is used as a framework for understanding how people experience and react to similarity with members of a rival outgroup and for clarifying the conditions under which outgroup similarity reduces or intensifies intergroup prejudice. Four studies tested the hypothesis that outgroup similarity elicits subjective feelings of cognitive dissonance, including psychological discomfort and negative self-evaluation. Study 1 was a pilot test in which similarity to an outgroup member was associated with negative self-evaluation but not psychological discomfort. Study 2 strengthened the interpretation of the turncoat effect as cognitive dissonance by demonstrating that the effect varies as a function of a classic dissonance moderator--perceived choice. Participants induced to experience outgroup similarity reported psychological discomfort and negative self-evaluation, but only when they believed their feelings of similarity resulted from a high degree of personal choice. Study 3 identified strength of ingroup identification as another key moderator of the effect: Only participants who were highly identified with their ingroup reported feelings of dissonance after an induction of outgroup similarity. Finally, Study 4 investigated the implications of three dissonance reduction strategies for intergroup prejudice.

Dissertation

Title: Likelihood of confusion between trademarks Author: Jakub Kučera Department: Institute of Copyright, Industrial Property and Competition Law Supervisor: doc. JUDr. Vladimír Pítra Abstract: This master thesis deals with the likelihood of confusion between trademarks. The aim of this thesis is to analyse various factors, which decisive authority takes into account when assessing the likelihood of confusion between trademarks and due to the extensiveness of this issue the thesis focuses only on selected key aspects. The aim of this thesis is also to analyse the case law of the ECJ and the court regarding the likelihood of confusion on basis of which the Czech courts often decide. This thesis is divided into eight chapters, which contains several subchapters. The first chapter deals with current importance of trademarks and also with the term trademark as defined in Trademark Act and in the relevant EU legislation with regard to changes in definition of trademark due to the adoption of Directive of European parliament and Council (EU) 2015/2436 and Regulation of European parliament and Council (EU) 2015/2424. The second chapter deals with the legislation dealing with of likelihood of confusion as to the Czech level and EU level. This chapter also pays attention to various authorities that assess the...

碩士
國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系
101
Based on the concept of “Like Problem, like solutions” in TRIZ theory, the problems with similar problem characteristics are likely to have similar solution characteristics. With a set of known solved problems and their corresponding solutions as a casebase, solving a problem becomes a matter of identifying highly similar known problems in terms of Problem Characteristic Array similarity and integrating the Solution Arrays of the corresponding similar problems to form the set of solution models. In this research, relevant trends identification system using similarity measures were developed. In identifying relevant trend solutions, characteristic attributes of the problem are compared against the characteristic attributes of certain earlier stage of a trend first. If they match, the ensuing stages of the same trend can imply model of solutions as jumping into that stage can provide functions needed to solve the problem. By encoding the 'knowledge' embedded in the trends, a piece of software is written to identify the relevant trends for problem solving quickly and objectively without needing to rely on expert experience and knowledge. K-fold validity verification was used to verify the effectiveness of this method. With 124 known cases and 51 trend examples, the results showed that the solutions recommended by the 10 most likely trends achieved 100% coverage of problem known solutions and is significantly better than randomly selected 10 solutions which covered less than 9% of the known solutions. The contributions of this research include: 1) Opening up a new branch of TRIZ research using mathematical methods to objectively identify model of solutions. 2) Establishing a computer aided problem-solving tool that can automatically and quickly identify the relevant trends for problem solving.

Les cadriciels et les bibliothèques sont indispensables aux systèmes logiciels d'aujourd'hui. Quand ils évoluent, il est souvent fastidieux et coûteux pour les développeurs de faire la mise à jour de leur code. Par conséquent, des approches ont été proposées pour aider les développeurs à migrer leur code. Généralement, ces approches ne peuvent identifier automatiquement les règles de modification une-remplacée-par-plusieurs méthodes et plusieurs-remplacées-par-une méthode. De plus, elles font souvent un compromis entre rappel et précision dans leur résultats en utilisant un ou plusieurs seuils expérimentaux. Nous présentons AURA (AUtomatic change Rule Assistant), une nouvelle approche hybride qui combine call dependency analysis et text similarity analysis pour surmonter ces limitations. Nous avons implanté AURA en Java et comparé ses résultats sur cinq cadriciels avec trois approches précédentes par Dagenais et Robillard, M. Kim et al., et Schäfer et al. Les résultats de cette comparaison montrent que, en moyenne, le rappel de AURA est 53,07% plus que celui des autre approches avec une précision similaire (0,10% en moins).
Software frameworks and libraries are indispensable to today's software systems. As they evolve, it is often time-consuming for developers to keep their code up-to-date. Approaches have been proposed to facilitate this. Usually, these approaches cannot automatically identify change rules for one-replaced-by-many and many-replaced-by-one methods, and they trade off recall for higher precision using one or more experimentally-evaluated thresholds. We introduce AURA (AUtomatic change Rule Assistant), a novel hybrid approach that combines call dependency and text similarity analyses to overcome these limitations. We implement it in a Java system and compare it on five frameworks with three previous approaches by Dagenais and Robillard, M. Kim et al., and Schäfer et al. The comparison shows that, on average, the recall of AURA is 53.07% higher while its precision is similar (0.10% lower).

Companies increasingly involve their consumers into the development of new ideas and products. While some companies actively communicate their user-driven firm philosophy others do not. This study identifies how a firm’s empowerment philosophy can change consumer-firm relationships and thereby affect consumers’ judgments and behavioral intentions in order to draw conclusions regarding a firm’s marketing strategy. A betweensubjects experimental study exposed respondents either to an employee-driven firm (1), a userdriven firm where the respondents were empowered themselves (2), a user-driven firm (3) or a user-driven firm with in-group participants (4). Findings indicate that a user-driven firm philosophy positively affects consumers’ purchase intention, word-of-mouth intention, future loyalty intention and hedonic experience for low complexity hedonic products. The effects occur for both empowered and non-participating observing consumers. Overall, firm philosophy affects all these variables through firm identification but also through feelings of psychological ownership. Moreover, similarity mediates the effects of firm philosophy on both firm identification and psychological ownership. Hence, perceived similarity to the product creators is the key to create firm identification and feelings of psychological ownership.
Cada vez mais, empresas recorrem aos seus clientes para criar novas ideias e produtos. Enquanto que algumas empresas comunicam ativamente as suas filosofias empresariais orientadas para o consumidor, outras não o fazem. Este estudo identifica a maneira como a filosofia empresarial baseada num maior poder de decisão do consumidor pode alterar as relações consumidor-empresa e desta forma influenciar as perceções e intenções comportamentais dos consumidores de modo a tomarem posições acerca da estratégia de marketing de uma empresa. O estudo experimental expôs os participantes a um dos seguintes tipos de empresa: (1).empresa cujo produto final é proposto exclusivamente pelos seus colaboradores; (2).empresa cujo produto é proposto somente pelos participantes; (3).empresa que tem em consideração não só os participantes, mas também outros consumidores; (4) empresa que apenas considera grupos de referência (in-group). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que uma filosofia orientada para o consumidor afeta a intenção de compra dos consumidores, o passa-a-palavra, a intenção de lealdade futura e a experiência de consumo de produtos hedónicos com pouca complexidade. Os efeitos ocorrem não só nos participantes com poder de decisão, mas também em consumidores não-participantes. Geralmente a filosofia da empresa influencia as referidas variáveis não só através da identificação com a empresa, mas também através de sentimentos de posse psicológica. Adicionalmente, esta influência tem como intermediário o sentimento de similaridade. Dito isto, a perceção de similaridade com os responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento dos produtos é essencial para a criação de identificação com a empresa e para o surgimento de sentimentos de posse psicológica.

There exists a broad inclination among those who theorize about mental representation to assume that the meanings of linguistic units, like words, are going to be identical to, and work exactly like, mental representations, such as concepts. This has the effect of many theorists applying facts that seem to have been discovered about the meanings of linguistic units to mental representations. This is especially so for causal theories of content, which will be the primary exemplars here. It is the contention of this essay that this approach is mistaken. The influence of thinking about language and mental representation in this way has resulted in the adoption of certain positions by a broad swathe of theorists to the effect that the content of a concept is identical to the property in the world that the concept represents, and that because of this a concept only applies to an object in the world or it does not. The consequences of such commitments are what appear to be insoluble problems that arise when trying to account for, or explain, misrepresentation in cognitive systems. This essay presents the position that in order to actually account for misrepresentation, conceptual content must be understood as being very much like measurements, in that the application of a content to an object in the world is akin to measuring said object, and that conceptual content ought be understood as being graded in the same way that measurements are. On this view, then, concepts are the kinds of things that can be applied more, or less, accurately to particular objects in the world, and so are not identical to whatever it is that they represent.

Systems can become misconfigured for a variety of reasons such as operator errors or buggy patches. When a misconfiguration is discovered, usually the first order of business is to restore availability, often by undoing the misconfiguration. To simplify this task, we propose Ocasta to automatically determine which files contain configuration state. Ocasta uses a novel {\em similarity} metric to measures how similar a file's versions are to each other, and a set of filters to eliminate non-persistent files from consideration. These two mechanisms enable Ocasta to identify all 72 configuration files out of 2363 versioned files from 6 common applications in two user traces, while mistaking only 33 non-configuration files as configuration files. Ocasta allows a versioning file system to eliminate roughly 66\% of non-configuration file versions from its logs, thus reducing the number of file versions that a user must manually examine to recover from a misconfiguration.

The Sharing Economy (SE) has been developing at an impressive pace throughout the globe and emerging as an innovative and hastily growing practice of the economy, which, on the other hand, has been attracting the attention of the scientific community. An increasing number of studies have been brought to light, particularly since 2017, helping to document and analyse how the SE has been unveiling itself and evolving across economic systems. There still is, nevertheless, a scarcity of a well-settled comprehension of the SE. This research addresses this gap by making a valuable contribution in helping to settle the sometimes-controversial, contention/dispute discourse around this arising field of knowledge over the last few years. It is composed of 3 sequential studies, whose respective research questions help find an answer to the central overall research question of the research, which is: what is the nature of the SE, and how and why stakeholders have progressively been granting legitimation to it? In conducting a historical qualitative analysis of the expression SE and its equivalents, Study 1 clarifies that (i) the SE is a phenomenon that has predominantly been formed by emergence processes, comprising social movement, similarity clustering and truce components; (ii) there is a generalised legitimacy granted to the SE by a vast number of stakeholders, even though still lacking on the consolidation of socio-political legitimation; and (iii) the nature of the SE seems to fall in a metaphorical approach, particularly, the notion of radial categories. Studies 2 and 3 represent a deeper dive into the heart of the SE sphere, with the aim to explore the role of two pivotal stakeholders, whose mutual interaction is vital for the legitimacy gaining of the SE: (a) the organisations belonging to the field and (b) the consumers. Results, respectively, show: (a) a content analysis of (1) how SBPs organisations portray themselves and express their identities to the world and (2) what is the nature of the legitimacy that is granted by external audiences to prototypical SBPs reveal that, while SBPs go through a stakeholder evaluation screening process involving the degree of their legitimacy in terms of sameness (or close substitution), distinctiveness, cognitive and socio-political, they resort to a self-presentation strategy that is based on proclaiming to be part of a global social movement and act as social agents of change concerning contemporary high-priority matters: the widespread prevalence of information technologies; the desirability of empowering people; the social cohesion as a requirement in a globalised world; and sustainability as a precondition for a more auspicious world; (b) one experiment reveals that consumers’ intention to participate in “pure sharing” and/or “pure exchange” SBPs of the SE depends on either hedonic, either gain, and/or either normative motives, hence comprising both individual and supra individual strands, to be cognitively activated in them by the stimulus given by the nature of the SBP in question. More relevantly, there is a tendency for consumers to associate both extremes of SBPs of the SE with normative, supra-individual strands, thus, allowing to elaborate that they choose to participate in SBPs due to their transformative character - it is in favour of the collective good, bringing people closer together, a more cohesive, altruistic, non-egocentric, a fairer society and, ultimately, the unlocking of new paths for better sustainability of the planet and a more auspicious future for humanity, which is something that, to the best of our knowledge, current literature did not uncover before.
A Economia de Partilha (EP) tem vindo a desenvolver-se a um ritmo impressionante em todo o mundo e emergindo rapidamente como uma prática inovadora da economia, que, por outro lado, tem vindo a atrair a atenção da comunidade científica. Um crescente número de estudos tem vindo a emergir, particularmente desde 2017, ajudando a documentar e analisar como a EP tem vindo a revelar-se e evoluir nos sistemas económicos. Ainda existe, no entanto, uma escassez de uma compreensão bem sedimentada e pacífica sobre a EP. Este projeto de investigação aborda essa lacuna dando uma contribuição valiosa para ajudar a resolver/pacificar o discurso, por vezes, controverso em torno deste campo de conhecimento que tem vindo a surgir nos últimos anos. É composto por 3 estudos sequenciais, cujas respetivas perguntas de pesquisa ajudam a encontrar uma resposta para a questão de pesquisa central/geral do projeto, e que é: qual é a natureza da SE e como é que e porque que é que as partes interessadas têm vindo progressivamente a conceder legitimação a ela? Ao realizar uma análise histórica qualitativa da expressão SE e seus equivalentes, o estudo 1 clarifica que (i) a EP é um fenómeno que tem sido formado predominantemente por processos de emergência, compreendendo componentes de movimento social, agrupamento por similaridade e trégua; (ii) existe uma legitimidade generalizada concedida à EP por um vasto número de partes interessadas, embora ainda carente de consolidação da legitimação sociopolítica; e (iii) a natureza da EP parece enquadrar-se numa abordagem metafórica, particularmente, na noção de categorias radiais. Os estudos 2 e 3 representam um olhar mais profundo no seio da esfera da EP, com o objetivo de explorar o papel de dois stakeholders centrais, cuja interação mútua é fundamental para o ganho de legitimidade da EP: (a) as organizações pertencentes ao campo e (b) os consumidores. Os resultados revelam, respectivamente,: (a) uma análise de conteúdo de (1) como as organizações SBPs se retratam e expressam as suas identidades para o mundo e (2) qual é a natureza da legitimidade que é concedida pelas audiências externas a SBPs prototípicas revelam que, enquanto que as SBPs passam por um processo de crivo de avaliação das partes interessadas envolvendo o grau da sua legitimidade em termos de semelhança (ou substituição próxima), distinção, cognitiva e sociopolítica, elas recorrem a uma estratégia de autoapresentação que se baseia na proclamação de fazer parte de um movimento social global e atuar enquanto agentes sociais de mudança no que diz respeito a questões contemporâneas de alta prioridade, nomeadamente: a prevalência generalizada de tecnologias de informação; o desejo de capacitar as pessoas; a coesão social como requisito num mundo globalizado; e a sustentabilidade como pré-condição para um mundo mais auspicioso; (b) uma experiência revela que a intenção dos consumidores de participar em SBPs da EP de “pura partilha” e/ou de “pura troca” depende quer de motivos hedónicos, de ganho e/ou normativos, compreendendo, portanto, vertentes individuais e supra individuais, de serem cognitivamente ativados neles pelo estímulo dado pela natureza da SBP em questão. Mais relevante, há uma tendência de os consumidores associarem ambos os extremos das SBPs da SE a vertentes normativas, supra-individuais, permitindo assim elaborar que eles optam em grande parte por participar nas SBPs devido ao seu caráter transformador – é a favor do bem coletivo, da aproximação entre as pessoas, de uma sociedade mais coesa, altruísta, não egocêntrica, justa e, em última instância, do desbloqueio de novos caminhos para uma melhor sustentabilidade do planeta e um futuro mais auspicioso para a humanidade, que é algo que, tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, a literatura atual não havia posto a nu antes.