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Similarity: A Paradigm for Culture Theory. Columbia University Press, 2017.
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Baldwin, Thomas. Identity. Herausgegeben von Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford und Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.6.
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Identity is a basic concept which concerns the way in which the world divides up at one time into different things which are then reidentified despite change over the course of time until they cease to exist. Important debates concern the relation between identity and similarity, between something’s identity and the kind of thing it is, how far identity is fixed by human interests, and especially whether identity over time is really coherent. But the special focus of philosophical debate has long been the topic of personal identity—how far this is distinct from that of our bodies and how far it is determined by our self-consciousness. Recent discussions have also emphasized the importance of our sense of our own identity, which perhaps gives a narrative unity to our lives.
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Beaman, Lori G. Alternative Narratives and Getting to Deep Equality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803485.003.0003.
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This chapter explores three related themes: similarity, cooperation, and contaminated diversity. Each highlights the messy and complex nature of social life and each adds an analytical touchstone for understanding the elements of deep equality. The ability to recognize similarity and the experience of contaminated diversity are two important conditions under which deep equality emerges. By examining the ways that the everyday world does not correspond to categorical positioning around diversity and identity, contaminated diversity can be seen to act as an antidote to purity, while similarity undercuts identity rigidity, and both together render the boundaries of Us and Them fuzzy, sometimes indiscernible, and sometimes laughably irrelevant. This chapter discusses why there is a disproportionate emphasis on conflict and difference in public discourse and scholarship. It draws on a body of research from biology, mathematics, and psychology to examine the notion of competition, and the important counter-narrative of cooperation.
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Heil, John. Existents and Universals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796299.003.0004.
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Following the lead of D. C. Williams, the chapter advances the thought that E. J. Lowe’s universals are not, after all, general entities—immanent or transcendent—but particular entities—either objects, such as tomatoes, or their characteristics—considered without regard to their particularity. Just as you can consider a tomato’s color without considering the tomato, so you can consider the tomato’s color without considering it as the tomato’s. The upshot amounts to what Keith Campbell calls ‘painless realism’. Regarding objects’ properties as universals is to adopt what Williams regards as a ‘rule for counting’, according to which identity is grounded in similarity.
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Kreiner, Glen E., und Chad Murphy. Organizational Identity Work. Herausgegeben von Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth und Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.4.
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Research on identity work has burgeoned in the management literature, but has focused primarily at the individual level of analysis (e.g., work identity and professional identity). The chapter therefore applies what has been discovered in individual-level identity work research to organizational identity. Similarly, research has blossomed on other forms of “work” that are related to identity work (e.g., institutional work, boundary work). The chapter therefore shows how research on these other forms of agentic work might inform future investigations of organizational identity work. The chapter also offers suggestions for studying issues of consciousness and emotions as applied to organizational identity work.
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Foley, John Miles. Disclaimer. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037184.003.0004.
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This chapter argues against reductive claims that oral tradition and internet technology are the same. It emphasizes that, while the Pathways Project is devoted to exploring the homology between oral tradition and internet technology, homology itself describes a relationship of similarity, but not of identity. Related to this argument is the fact that the oral tradition–internet technology homology at the basis of the Pathways Project resists reductionism and makes room for the innate complexity of media-worlds—the oAgora and eAgora are hardly identical or superimposable, in other words. Hence the chapter argues that the variation between the limits of these two media are the ultimate source of their strength and their staying power.
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Parker, Emma Louise. The Importance of Outsiders to Pauline Communities. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567713827.
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This book argues that, despite Paul’s often dramatic and critical descriptions of non-Christians, his letters reveal a deep concern for the presence of outsiders and for their opinion of Christians. Parker suggests that outsiders are enormously important to Paul: they determine whether Christian communities dwindle or thrive, while also playing a key role in helping such communities to understand and shape their purpose as missional disciples, develop their thinking and practice around normal daily events and relationships – and even shape how they understand God. Parker offers a careful exegesis of the main texts within the Pauline corpus, revealing a sensitivity to the outsider; including 1 Thessalonians, Romans, 1 Corinthians and the Pastoral Epistles. By using Social Identity Theory she explores key concepts of group boundaries, identity and inter-group relations, highlighting a theme which is significant in Paul’s own thought: the importance of similarity between groups. Whilst not denying the counter-cultural identity of the new Christian communities, Parker concludes that Paul reveals the areas of overlap between insiders and outsiders, since these areas not only create opportunities for positive opinions and relationships but also point to a greater understanding of God.
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Williams, Donald C. Universals and Existents. Herausgegeben von A. R. J. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810384.003.0004.
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This chapter is on the ontology of universals and of predication. It is argued that universals are neither sums nor sets of similar tropes. What we mean by the general term ‘Humanness’, for instance, is not the sum of humanity-tropes and not the set of humanity-tropes. What we mean is something that is immanent, i.e., wholly present in its instances, namely, Humanness. It is then proposed that this predicative fact can be accounted for in a trope ontology. Universals are immanent, but what this amounts to is that tropes ‘manifest’ universals. A universal is a trope, according to the rule: perfect similarity entails numerical identity. The upshot is that the realist intuition that universals are ‘in’ their instances is explained without postulating a primitive category of universals.
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Tambe, Ashwini, und Millie Thayer, Hrsg. Transnational Feminist Itineraries. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021735.
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Transnational Feminist Itineraries brings together scholars and activists from multiple continents to demonstrate the ongoing importance of transnational feminist theory in challenging neoliberal globalization and the rise of authoritarian nationalisms around the world. The contributors illuminate transnational feminism's unique constellation of elements: its specific mode of thinking across scales, its historical understanding of identity categories, and its expansive imagining of solidarity based on difference rather than similarity. Contesting the idea that transnational feminism works in opposition to other approaches—especially intersectional and decolonial feminisms—this volume instead argues for their complementarity. Throughout, the contributors call for reaching across social, ideological, and geographical boundaries to better confront the growing reach of nationalism, authoritarianism, and religious and economic fundamentalism. Contributors. Mary Bernstein, Isabel Maria Cortesão Casimiro, Rafael de la Dehesa, Carmen L. Diaz Alba, Inderpal Grewal, Cricket Keating, Amy Lind, Laura L. Lovett, Kathryn Moeller, Nancy A. Naples, Jennifer C. Nash, Amrita Pande, Srila Roy, Cara K. Snyder, Ashwini Tambe, Millie Thayer, Catarina Casimiro Trindade
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López, Marissa K. Racial Immanence. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807727.001.0001.
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Racial Immanence is about how and why artists use the body in contemporary Chicanx cultural production. The book explores disease, disability, abjection, and sense experience in Chicanx visual, verbal, and performing arts from the late 1980s to the early 1990s in order to ask whether it is possible to think of race as something other than a human quality. This attention to the body is a way to push back against two distinct modes of identity politics: first, the desire for art to perform or embody an idealized abstraction of oppositional ethnicity; and second, the neoliberal commodification of identity in the service of better managing difference and dissent. While these two modes seem mutually exclusive, the resistance the artists in Racial Immanence exert toward both suggests a core similarity. By contrast, the cultural objects examined in the book assert human bodies as processes, as agents of change in the world rather than as objects to be known and managed. Within Chicanx cultural production the author locates an articulation of bodily philosophies that challenge the subject/object dualism leading to a global politics of dominance and submission. Instead, she argues, Chicanx cultural production fosters networks of connection that deepen human attachment to the material world, a phenomenon the author terms “racial immanence” that creates the possibility of progressive social change.
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Bindemann, Markus, Hrsg. Forensic Face Matching. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837749.001.0001.
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Person identification at passport control, at borders, in police investigations, and in criminal trials relies critically on the identity verification of people via image-to-image or person-to-image comparison. While this task is known as ‘facial image comparison’ in forensic settings, it has been studied as ‘unfamiliar face matching’ in cognitive science. This book brings together expertise from practitioners, and academics in psychology and law, to draw together what is currently known about these tasks. It explains the problem of identity impostors and how within-person variability and between-person similarity, due to factors such as image quality, lighting direction, and view, affect identification. A framework to develop a cognitive theory of face matching is offered. The face-matching abilities of untrained lay observers, facial reviewers, facial examiners, and super-recognizers are analysed and contrasted. Individual differences between observers, learning and training for face recognition and face matching, and personnel selection are reviewed. The admissibility criteria of evidence from face matching in legal settings are considered, focusing on aspects such as the requirement of relevance, the prohibition on evidence of opinion, and reliability. Key concepts relevant to automatic face recognition algorithms at airports and in police investigations are explained, such as deep convolutional neural networks, biometrics, and human–computer interaction. Finally, new security threats in the form of hyper-realistic mask disguises are considered, including the impact these have on person identification in applied and laboratory settings.
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Kelly, Piers. The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.001.0001.
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The Eskayan language of Bohol in the southern Philippines has been an object of controversy ever since it came to light in the early 1980s. Written in an unusual script, Eskayan bears no obvious similarity to any known language of the Philippines, a fact that has prompted speculation that it was either displaced from afar, fossilized from the deep past, or invented as an elaborate hoax. This book investigates the history of Eskayan through a systematic review of its writing system, grammar, and lexicon and carefully evaluates written and oral narratives provided by its contemporary speakers. The linguistic analysis largely supports the traditional view that Eskayan was the deliberate creation of a legendary ancestor by the name of Pinay. The study traces the identity of Pinay through the turbulent history of early twentieth-century Bohol when the island suffered a series of catastrophes at the hands of the United States occupation. It was at this time that the ancestor Pinay was channeled by Mariano Datahan, a multilingual prophet who foretold that English and other languages would be abandoned and that Eskayan would one day be spoken by everyone in the world. To make sense of this situation, the book draws on theorizations of postcolonial resistance, language ideology, mimesis, and the utopian political dynamics of highland societies. In so doing, it offers a linguistic and ethnographic history of Eskayan and of the ideologies and historical circumstances that motivated its creation.
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McLaren, Margaret A. Women's Activism, Feminism, and Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947705.001.0001.
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Informed by practices of women’s activism in India, this book proposes a feminist social justice framework to address the wide range of issues women face globally, including economic exploitation; sexist oppression; racial, ethnic, and caste oppression; and cultural imperialism. The feminist social justice framework provides an alternative to mainstream philosophical frameworks that analyze and promote gender justice globally: universal human rights, economic projects such as microfinance, and cosmopolitanism. These frameworks share a commitment to individualism and abstract universalism that underlie certain liberal and neoliberal approaches to justice. Arguing that these frameworks emphasize individualism over interdependence, similarity over diversity, and individual success over collective capacity, McLaren draws on the work of Rabindranath Tagore to develop the concept of relational cosmopolitanism. Relational cosmopolitanism prioritizes our connections, while acknowledging power differences. Extending Iris Young’s theory of political responsibility, McLaren shows how Fair Trade connects to the economic solidarity movement. The Self-Employed Women’s Association and MarketPlace India empower women through access to livelihoods as well as fostering leadership capabilities that allow them to challenge structural injustice through political and social activism. Their struggles to resist economic exploitation and gender oppression through collective action show the importance of challenging individualist approaches to achieving gender justice. The book concludes with a call for a shift in our thinking and practice toward reimagining the possibilities for justice from a relational framework, from independence to interdependence, from identity to intersectionality, and from interest to sociopolitical imagination.
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Newman, Mark. Measures and metrics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the measures and metrics that are used to quantify network structure. The chapter starts with a discussion of centrality measures, which are used to identify central or important nodes in networks. Measures discussed include degree centrality, eigenvector centrality, PageRank, closeness, and betweenness. This is followed by a discussion of groupings of nodes like cliques and components, transitivity measures including the clustering coefficient, structural balance in networks, similarity measures, and assortative mixing.
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Hayton, Jeff. Culture from the Slums. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866183.001.0001.
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Culture from the Slums explores the history of punk rock in East and West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. These decades witnessed an explosion of alternative culture across divided Germany, and punk was a critical constituent of this movement. For young Germans at the time, punk appealed to those gravitating toward individual and cultural experimentation rooted in notions of authenticity—endeavors considered to be more “real” and “genuine.” Adopting musical subculture from abroad and rearticulating the genre locally, punk gave individuals uncomfortable with their societies the opportunity to create alternative worlds. Examining how youths mobilized music to build alternative communities and identities during the Cold War, Culture from the Slums details how punk became the site of historical change during this era: in the West, concerning national identity, commercialism, and politicization; while in the East, over repression, resistance, and collaboration. But on either side of the Iron Curtain, punks’ struggles for individuality and independence forced their societies to come to terms with their political, social, and aesthetic challenges, confrontations which pluralized both states, a surprising similarity connecting democratic, capitalist West Germany with socialist, authoritarian East Germany. In this manner, Culture from the Slums suggests that the ideas, practices, and communities which youths called into being transformed both German societies along more diverse and ultimately democratic lines. Using a wealth of previously untapped archival documentation, Culture from the Slums reorients German and European history during this period by integrating alternative culture and music subculture into broader narratives of postwar inquiry and explains how punk rock shaped divided Germany in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Bahrami, Bahador. Making the most of individual differences in joint decisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0004.
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Evidence for and against the idea that “two heads are better than one” is abundant. This chapter considers the contextual conditions and social norms that predict madness or wisdom of crowds to identify the adaptive value of collective decision-making beyond increased accuracy. Similarity of competence among members of a collective impacts collective accuracy, but interacting individuals often seem to operate under the assumption that they are equally competent even when direct evidence suggest the opposite and dyadic performance suffers. Cross-cultural data from Iran, China, and Denmark support this assumption of similarity (i.e., equality bias) as a sensible heuristic that works most of the time and simplifies social interaction. Crowds often trade off accuracy for other collective benefits such as diffusion of responsibility and reduction of regret. Consequently, two heads are sometimes better than one, but no-one holds the collective accountable, not even for the most disastrous of outcomes.
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Altman, Michael J. Hindoo Religion in American National Culture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190654924.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that representations of “Hindoo religion” functioned in American national culture to reinforce a white Protestant American identity. The chapter analyzes representations of “Hindoo religion” in American public school textbooks and the popular magazine Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. Public school textbooks constructed an anthropology through which they understood human difference. These textbooks ranked human difference across categories of race, civilization, and religion. They taught American children that they were part of a superior enlightened, white, Protestant identity. Similarly, magazines such as Harper’s New Monthly Magazine use “Hindoo religion” as a foil for superior white American Protestantism. American popular culture thus constructed American identity by representing the Hindoo Other.
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Witzke, Serena S. ‘I knew I had a brother!’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789260.003.0019.
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This chapter first examines the direct structural, narrative, and textual engagement of Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest with New Comic playwright Plautus’ Menaechmi, and then suggests that viewing Wilde’s Earnest as an interpretation of Menaechmi offers a new lens for understanding the bad behaviour of the Plautine twins. Both plays are farces involving two brothers with hidden identities and behaving badly, and both depend upon the revelation of identity through the use of signa (verbal signs) or symboli (physical tokens) of recognition. Wilde’s interest in the consequences of stifled self-development and the psychological pressures of false identity through the characters of Jack and Algernon elucidate the similarly stunted growth of Menaechmus and Sosicles. Wilde’s clarification of motivation allows us to rethink the behaviour of Plautus’ wayward twins: they are not naturally bad, but rather are forced into ill-fitting personae and so act out until their mistaken identity is corrected.
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Reeves, John C., und Annette Yoshiko Reed. Enoch’s Association or Equation with Other Figures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718413.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses upon collecting the numerous texts which posit an identification of the biblical character Enoch with other similarly endowed figures occurring in later Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and non-biblical traditions. These Enoch “avatars” include Jewish celestial entities like Metatron and the so-called “YHW(H) the lesser”; the qur’ānic prophet Idrīs; Graeco-Egyptian Hermes/Thoth and Hermes Trismegistus; and the Iranian epic hero Hōshang. Other assimilations which are explored include Enoch’s possible pre-biblical identity as a rival Flood-hero prior to the introduction of the character of Noah, and Enoch’s status in certain medieval Jewish writings as a reincarnation of Adam, the first human.
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Bendix, Regina F., Kilian Bizer und Dorothy Noyes. Building Trust and Respecting Suspicion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040894.003.0004.
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Interdisciplinary success depends on participant willingness to take intellectual and professional risks. This chapter applies economistic accounts of trust and risk to the academic marketplace, with attention to inequality and differential identity. The economist's game experiments provide a productive analogy for the interdisciplinary project, a similarly reduced and temporary situation, though with real assets risked and payoffs envisioned. In the opening stages of a project, differences of disposition become apparent, heightening both social and intellectual suspicion. But the legitimate academic ethos of suspicion--taking no idea unexamined, including the slogan-concept of trust itself--must be balanced with a leap of faith in collaboration. Shared time, sociability, and explicit commitments can cultivate interpersonal trust that will increase risk tolerance at the higher levels.
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Sanchez, Melissa E. The Poetics of Feminine Subjectivity in Shakespeare’s Sonnets and ‘a Lover’s Complaint’. Herausgegeben von Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0034.
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This chapter explores how we might be compelled to alter our understanding of the emergence of gendered identifications and hierarchies if we were to borrow some of the rethinking of sexuality that queer theory has done with regards to same-sex desire and apply it to other non-normative sexualities—in this case, female promiscuity. Modern scholars have largely rejected the stigma attached to homoerotic desire and practice, and they have thereby been able better to understand and contest the cultural privileges accorded to heterosexual relationships. Similarly, by rejecting the stigma attached to female promiscuity, we as critics can examine how this stigma works to sustain gendered hierarchies. Shakespeare’s Sonnets and A Lover’s Complaint dramatize the power of the discourse of promiscuity to shape the horizons of female identity and male prerogative.
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Ziegler, Penelope P. Pain and Addiction in Patients with Co-Occurring Psychiatric Disorders (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0024.
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Addressed equally to psychiatrists and to primary care providers, this chapter is intended to explore non–substance use disorder psychiatric diagnoses as they impact the perception of pain and the treatment of substance use disorders. A screening checklist emphasizing basic principles of psychiatric history-taking is provided to help identify the patient’s requirements. The author reviews the classes of psychiatric diagnoses most likely to be present in the pain/addiction and other comorbidly-ill patients, and reviews suicide risks. Similarly, the classes of medications employed in psychiatry and their capacity for alleviation or aggravation of substance use disorders are reviewed, with notations of drug–drug interactions. A final section addresses the role of emotions and psychiatric symptoms in the perception and management of pain.
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Eraker, Steven A. Pain and Addiction in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0025.
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Addressed equally to psychiatrists and to primary care providers, this chapter is intended to explore non–substance use disorder psychiatric diagnoses as they impact the perception of pain and the treatment of substance use disorders. A screening checklist emphasizing basic principles of psychiatric history-taking is provided to help identify the patient’s requirements. The author reviews the classes of psychiatric diagnoses most likely to be present in the pain/addiction and other comorbidly-ill patients, and reviews suicide risks. Similarly, the classes of medications employed in psychiatry and their capacity for alleviation or aggravation of substance use disorders are reviewed, with notations of drug–drug interactions. A final section addresses the role of emotions and psychiatric symptoms in the perception and management of pain.
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Mitchell, Koritha. The Black Lawyer. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036491.003.0005.
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This chapter traces the shift in the community conversation from an emphasis on black soldiers who return from fighting overseas and must be defended by white attorneys to the increasing visibility of black lawyers. Crisis magazine coverage notes this shift, and lynching dramas similarly identify the black attorney as a figure embodying the race's faith in truth and justice. The mob's target in A Sunday Morning in the South (of which author Georgia Douglas Johnson wrote white-church and black-church versions) aspires to be a lawyer. In For Unborn Children by Myrtle Smith Livingston, the mob's victim is already an attorney. Placing a spotlight on these men, the scripts preserve community perspectives that are rejected by courts of law and the court of public opinion.
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Hallam, Susan, Andrea Creech und Maria Varvarigou. Well-Being and Music Leisure Activities through the Lifespan. Herausgegeben von Roger Mantie und Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.30.
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Music constitutes a leisure activity for many people, either through listening or making music. For some, singing or playing constitutes a “serious” leisure activity while for others it is recreational. Similarly, listening for some is a hobby to which they devote considerable time and energy; for others it constitutes casual engagement. Despite these differences in forms and levels of engagement, music can have a considerable impact on subjective well-being. Well-being can be enhanced through listening while undertaking other tasks or through using music to change moods and emotions. However, music can cause distress when it is not to the liking of a listener and out of their control. Music can also play a role in the development and maintenance of identity through the kind of music listened to. Attending live music requires a greater level of interest but leads to similar benefits as active music making.
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Bjarnegård, Elin. Men’s Political Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.214.
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In much research on gender and representation, the constraining factors for women’s political representation have served as a backdrop against which women’s activities are contextualized, rather than as a primary focus of research. Research explicitly focusing on men’s overrepresentation in politics does the opposite: it puts the reproduction of male dominance at the center of the analysis. Such a focus on men and masculinities and their relation to political power requires a set of analytical tools that are partly distinctly different from the tools used to analyze women’s underrepresentation. A feminist institutionalist framework is used to identify the logic of recruitment underpinning the reproduction of male dominance. It proposes and elaborates on two main types of political capital that under certain circumstances may reinforce male dominance and resist challenges to it: homosocial capital, consisting of instrumental and expressive rules favoring different types of similarity; and male capital, consisting of sexist and patriarchal resources that always favor men. Although the different types of political capital may be empirically related, they should be analytically separated because they require different methodological approaches and call for different strategies for change.
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Henricks, Thomas S. The Social Life of Play. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the social life of play. As the patterning of human relationships, social context shapes play by offering behavioral formats or directives that both support and restrict our actions. Such directives are manifested in countless situations and at different levels of abstraction; they constitute the social reality of our lives. In that context, the chapter examines play as a “social construction of reality”—that is, a process of reality construction and maintenance. It discusses three levels of social reality: self-identity, social relationships, and social structure. It also considers George Herbert Mead's play and game stages of development, play as performance and presentation, Georg Simmel's play form of association, Erving Goffman's theory of frame utilization, social functions of play, and play's relationship to power and privilege. The chapter concludes by revisiting Pierre Bourdieu's argument that similarly situated groups of people develop their own tastes and style of life that afford them personal satisfaction and easeful interaction.
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Sabel, Charles, Jonathan Zeitlin und Sigrid Quack. Capacitating Services and the Bottom-Up Approach to Social Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0012.
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A crucial component of the new social investment paradigm is the provision of capacitating social services aimed at the early identification and mitigation of problems. We argue that conceiving of this paradigm change as a comprehensive and concerted investment is misguided. That perspective ignores more practical, piecemeal approaches in which costs and benefits are clarified through efforts at implementation, rather than estimated ex ante. Similarly, in this bottom-up approach, reform coalitions are not formed through comprehensive initial bargaining, but rather developed on the fly as programmes demonstrate their benefits and create clienteles. A crucial proviso is that decentralized efforts are carefully monitored to rapidly identify dead ends and generalizable successes. To illustrate the possibilities of the bottom-up approach, we discuss the Perspective 50plus programme for the activation of older workers in Germany and the current decentralization of social care in the Netherlands.
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Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj und Alexander Tsoukas. Inflammatory back pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0006.
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Inflammatory back pain (IBP) refers to a collection of symptoms that may help identify patients with possible inflammatory spinal disease. A number of criteria sets have been proposed for IBP, which share common features such as: onset of symptoms aged <40 years, alternating buttock pain, improvement with exercise, worsening with rest, gradual onset, early morning stiffness, and improvement with NSAIDs. The IBP criteria were initially developed and validated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, but have subsequently been shown to perform similarly in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). The Berlin criteria demonstrated the highest specificity (84%) and the Calin criteria the highest sensitivity (92%). IBP criteria have been used in primary and secondary care referral strategies to facilitate the identification of patients with potential axSpA. It is important to note that IBP does not equate to a diagnosis of axSpA and many patients with IBP will not have axSpA.
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Dorr, Cian, John Hawthorne und Juhani Yli-Vakkuri. The Bounds of Possibility. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846655.001.0001.
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This book didn’t have to consist of exactly the sentences that it in fact contains: any one of its sentences could have been very different. But it could not have consisted of an entirely different collection of sentences, such as to make it a gothic novel or a treatise on wine-tasting. Other familiar objects are similarly capable of being moderately different, but not radically different, in various respects. But there are puzzling arguments which threaten these apparently obvious judgments, exploiting the fact that an appropriate sequence of small differences can add up to a radical difference. This book presents the first full-length treatment of these puzzles, using them as an entry point to a broad range of metaphysical questions about possibility, necessity, and identity. It introduces tools of higher-order modal logic which enable a rigorous treatment of the puzzles, and develops a strategy for resolving them based on a plenitudinous ontology of material objects, which induces fine-grained variability in the reference of words like ‘book’.
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Laurent-Simpson, Andrea. Just Like Family. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479828852.001.0001.
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From the childfree and childless who nurture their dogs and cats similarly to a child to the grandparents who support them to children who view their animals as siblings and empty nesters who think of themselves as caretakers, it is clear that family structure—and who is part of that—has increasingly diversified in the United States since the 1970s. This book explores the ways in which family has changed to include companion animals as bona fide members with distinctly human identities. Using identity theory and the second demographic transition as a foundation, the author uses mixed methods to analyze thirty-five original in-depth interviews and over one hundred hours of fieldwork to show how the modern multispecies family has moved from thinking of companion animals as family entertainment to embracing them as genuine family members with needs and desires to be considered alongside other, human members of the family. The author also shows that the multispecies family has transcended from micro-level perceptions of kinship to macro-level, cultural shifts that acknowledge it as a legitimate family form. Content analysis of print advertisements reveals how the $72 billion pet-product industry has reproduced and reinforced the multispecies family as one with distinct needs, challenges, and relationships. The book underscores the necessity for mainstream family scholarship to take up the multispecies family as a new, nontraditional family type that has evolved in the same historical context as single-parent families, grandparent families, and cohabitation while encouraging identity theory to move beyond anthropocentric paradigms.
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Errington, Joseph. Other Indonesians. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197563670.001.0001.
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Abstract Over sixty years Indonesian has become the language of the world’s fourth most populous nation and third largest democracy, but has no native speakers. This book describes some of the paradoxes that have enabled this extraordinary linguistic and national development, and shows how other-than-standard Indonesians figure in an alternate “success story” of national modernization. The focus is on young persons whose ethnic backgrounds vary, but who have acquired broadly similar educations and national allegiances. A small part of the plurality of the Indonesians they speak are described within a national integrative dynamic, and among members of a new middle class. These ways of speaking are shown also to differ, as do the urbanizing dynamics in which they are situated, but to be similarly enabled by the absence of Indonesian native speakers. Empirical particulars in this way help frame Indonesian as a revealing exception to widespread assumptions or ideologies about native, “natural” connections between language and national identity. “The Indonesian case” in this way helps revisit issues of linguistic nationalism in a time of globalization beyond one nation of the Global South.
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Bar, Joanna. Burundi: Państwo i społeczeństwo (od kolonializmu do współczesności). Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381384131.
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BURUNDI: THE STATE AND SOCIETY (FROM THE COLONIAL PERIOD UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY) Burundi, a small country located in east-central Africa, is one of the most unstable countries on the continent. Similarly to the neighbouring Rwanda, over the last 50 years, the country has suffered tragic consequences of a civil war resulting from the conflict between politicians from the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups. The presented monograph covers a period of 130 years in a chronological manner, starting from the establishment of the foundations of the European colonial administration in the 1890s; however, the main emphasis is placed on the problems connected with the development of an independent country and strengthening (or even establishing) the national identity of its citizens. Burundi gained independence in 1962; the existing time gap allows for drawing certain conclusions and conducting an evaluation of the first 50 years of the independent existence of the country, which has little prospect of really changing the unfavorable development trends of, at least, the last three decades. At the moment, there are still no positive indications of a possible stable development of the country in the future, and the relatively stable years of the first half of the 20th century have been overshadowed by the subsequent decades of coups, genocides, and the governments’ lack of will to effectively establish peace and the rule of law.
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Tushnet, Mark, und Bojan Bugaric. Power to the People. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197606711.001.0001.
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Self-described populist leaders around the world are dismantling their nation’s constitutions. This has led to a widespread view that populism as such is inconsistent with constitutionalism. We disagree. Some forms of populism are inconsistent with constitutionalism, others aren’t. Context and detail matter. We begin with a thin definition of constitutionalism that people from the progressive left to the conservative right should be able to agree on even if they would supplement the thin definition with other more partisan ideas. We follow with a similarly thin definition of populism. Comparing the two, we argue that one facet of populism—its suspicion of institutions that are strongly entrenched against change by political majorities—is sometimes inconsistent with constitutionalism thinly understood. We then provide a series of case studies, some organized by nation, others by topic, to identify more precisely when and how populist programs are inconsistent with constitutionalism—and, importantly, when and how they are not. The book concludes with a discussion of the possibilities for a deeper and, we insist, populist democracy. After examining some recent challenges to the idea that democracy is a good form of government, we explore some possibilities for new, albeit revisable institutions that can determine and implement a majority’s views without always threatening constitutionalism.
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Unveiling the neurotechnology landscape. Scientific advancements innovations and major trends. UNESCO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54678/ocbm4164.
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Scanning neurotechnology: what is being developed, where and by whom? Neurotechnology's developments hold profound implications for human identity, autonomy, privacy, behavior, and well-being, i.e. the very essence of what it means to be human. Since 2013, government investments in this field have exceeded $6 billion. Private investment has also seen significant growth, with annual funding experiencing a 22-fold increase from 2010 to 2020, reaching $7.3 billion and totaling $33.2 billion. This investment has translated into a 35-fold growth in neuroscience publications between 2000-2021 and 20-fold growth in innovations between 2000-2020, as proxied by patents. However, not all are poised to benefit from such developments, as big divides emerge. Over 80% of high-impact neuroscience publications are produced by only 10 countries, while 70% of countries contributed fewer than 10 such papers over the period considered. Similarly, six countries only hold 87% of IP5 neurotech patents. This report targets policy makers, researchers, patent analysists, scientists, technology enthusiasts, ethicists, and anyone interested in the intersection of neuroscience, technology, and society. This report sheds light on the neurotechnology ecosystem, that is, what is being developed, where and by whom, and informs about how neurotechnology interacts with other technological trajectories, especially Artificial Intelligence. The report underscores the need for evidence in support of policy making and calls for the ethical governance of neurotechnology, to ensure that its development and deployment respects human rights, fundamental freedoms and human dignity, safeguarding individuals and societies.
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Halder, Suni, und Steve Yentis. Maternal mortality and morbidity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0031.
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The risk to women’s health is increased during pregnancy, and maternal mortality is used as an indicator of general healthcare provision as well as a target for improving women’s health worldwide. Morbidity is more difficult to define than mortality but may also be used to monitor and improve women’s care during and after pregnancy. Despite international efforts to reduce maternal mortality, there remains a wide disparity between the rate of deaths in developed (maternal mortality ratio less than 10–20 per 100,000 live births) and developing (maternal mortality ratio as high as 1000 or more per 100,000 live births in some countries) areas of the world. Similarly, treatable conditions that cause considerable morbidity in developed countries but uncommonly result in maternal death (e.g. pre-eclampsia (pre-eclamptic toxaemia), haemorrhage, and sepsis) continue to be major causes of mortality in developing countries, where appropriate care is hampered by a lack of resources, skilled staff, education, and infrastructure. Surveillance systems that identify and analyse maternal deaths aim to monitor and improve maternal healthcare through education of staff and politicians; the longest-running and most comprehensive of these, the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, was halted temporarily after the 2006–2008 report but is now active again. Surveillance of maternal morbidity is more difficult but systems also exist for this. The lessons learnt from such programmes are thought to be important drivers for improved maternal outcomes across the world.
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Ortbals, Candice, und Lori Poloni-Staudinger. How Gender Intersects With Political Violence and Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.308.
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Gender influences political violence, which includes, for example, terrorism, genocide, and war. Gender uncovers how women, men, and nonbinary persons act according to feminine, masculine, or fluid expectations of men and women. A gendered interpretation of political violence recognizes that politics and states project masculine power and privilege, with the result that men occupy the dominant social position in politics and women and marginalized men are subordinate. As such, men (associated with masculinity) are typically understood as perpetrators of political violence with power and agency and women (associated with femininity) are seen as passive and as victims of violence. For example, women killed by drone attacks in the U.S. War on Terrorism are seen as the innocent, who, along with children, are collateral damage. Many historical and current examples, however, demonstrate that women have agency, namely that they are active in social groups and state institutions responding to and initiating political violence. Women are victims of political violence in many instances, yet some are also political and social actors who fight for change.Gendercide, which can occur alongside genocide, targets a specific gender, with the result that men, women, or those who identify with a non-heteronormative sexuality are subject to discriminatory killing. Rape in wartime situations is also gendered; often it is an expression of men’s power over women and over men who are feminized and marginalized. Because war is typically seen as a masculine domain, wartime violence is not associated with women, who are viewed as life givers and not life takers. Similarly, few expect women to be terrorists, and when they are, women’s motivations often are assumed to be different from those of men. Whereas some scholars argue that women pursue terrorism for personal (and feminine) reasons, for example to redeem themselves from the reputation of rape or for the loss of a male loved one, other scholars maintain that women act on account of political or religious motivations. Although many cases of women’s involvement in war and terrorism can be documented throughout history, wartime leadership and prominent social positions following political violence have been reserved for men. Leaders with feminine traits seem undesirable during and after political violence, because military leadership and negotiations to end military conflict are associated with men and masculinity. Nevertheless, women’s groups and individual women respond to situations of violence by protesting against violence, testifying at tribunals and truth commissions, and constructing the political memory of violence.
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Symes, Carol, Hrsg. The Global North. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781641899628.
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The concept of Global North and Global South (or North–South divide in a global context) is used to describe a grouping of countries along the lines of socio-economic and political characteristics. The Global South is a term generally used to identify countries in the regions of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Most, though not all of the countries in the Global South are characterized by low-income, dense population, poor infrastructure, often political or cultural marginalization,[1] and are on one side of the divide; while on the other side is the Global North (comprising the United States, Canada, all European countries, Russia, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and few others depending on context).[2][3][4] As such, the terms Global North and Global South do not refer to the directional North-south as many of the Global South countries are geographically located in the Northern Hemisphere. Countries that are developed are considered as Global North countries, while those developing are considered as Global South countries.[6][1] The term as used by governmental and developmental organizations was first introduced as a more open and value-free alternative to "Third World"[7] and similarly potentially "valuing" terms like developing countries. Countries of the Global South have been described as newly industrialized or are in the process of industrializing, and are frequently current or former subjects of colonialism.[8] The Global North generally correlates with the Western world—with the notable exceptions of Israel, Japan, and South Korea—while the South largely corresponds with the developing countries and the Eastern world. The two groups are often defined in terms of their differing levels of wealth, economic development, income inequality, democracy, and political and economic freedom, as defined by freedom indices. States that are generally seen as part of the Global North tend to be wealthier and less unequal; they are developed countries, which export technologically advanced manufactured products. Southern states are generally poorer developing countries with younger, more fragile democracies heavily dependent on primary sector exports, and they frequently share a history of past colonialism by Northern states.[8] Nevertheless, the divide between the North and the South is often challenged.[9] South-South cooperation has increased to "challenge the political and economic dominance of the North."[10][11][12] This cooperation has become a popular political and economic concept following geographical migrations of manufacturing and production activity from the North to the Global South[12] and the diplomatic action of several states, like China.[12] These contemporary economic trends have "enhanced the historical potential of economic growth and industrialization in the Global South," which has renewed targeted SSC efforts that "loosen the strictures imposed during the colonial era and transcend the boundaries of postwar political and economic geography."[13] Used in several books and American Literature special issue, the term Global South, recently became prominent for U.S. literature.[14]