Dissertationen zum Thema „Identification de chemins de transition“
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Monet, Damien. „Identification de nouvelles voies d'inhibition ciblant les mouvements fonctionnels de protéines : application à la transition allostérique du récepteur nicotinique de l'acétylcholine“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS206.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe analysis of the functional motion of proteins involved in various diseases and the associated evolution of cavities and grooves offers novel strategies to identify effector molecules. This work describes the gating mechanism of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the (a7)5 subtype, involved in cognitive processes and various neurological disorders. The activation mechanism has been modeled by a series of intermediate conformations linking the resting and the active states of the receptor. Our transition model correctly reproduced the known quaternary motion, the blooming and the twisting. We also developed a robust algorithm to consistently track cavities in protein dynamics. Groups of protein cavities define pockets, potential binding sites for small molecules. A practical implementation, mkgridXf, is given to automatically track and identify sites in protein trajectories. The complete mapping of cavities on the (a7)5 transition structures revealed 6 distinct sites with a volume varying significantly with the conformational state of the protein. Among them, we found the orthosteric site, the Ca2+ modulatory site and 2 previously described allosteric sites. The molecular docking of allosteric modulators along the gating transition suggested the existence of an effector transmembrane site. These results paves the way toward the design of drugs with targeted activities
Milia, Valentin. „Couplage de modèles de chimie quantique et d'algorithmes haute performance pour l'exploration globale du paysage énergétique de systèmes atomiques et moléculaires“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe primary aim of this thesis is to develop efficient methods for characterizing molecular conformations at a quantum level. Various methods devoted to the computation of molecular potential energy are reviewed, as well as the most popular potential energy surfaces (PES) global exploration schemes. In this context, a key contribution of this thesis is the coupling of the robotics-inspired Iterative Global exploration and LOcal Optimization (IGLOO) method, implemented in the MoMA software, with the quantum Density-Functional based Tight-Binding (DFTB) potential, implemented in the deMonNano software. The IGLOO algorithm integrates the motion planning Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRT) algorithm with local optimization and structural filtering. A proof of concept has been done through the identification of low-energy conformations of the alanine dipeptide.The IGLOO/DFTB coupling has been applied to the mapping of the PES of three close-sized molecules of the phthalate family (dibutyl phthalate DBP, benzyl butyl phthalate BBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate DEHP), providing detailed insights into their different conformational landscapes. Various geometrical descriptors have been used to analyze their structure-energy relationships. Coulomb interactions, steric hindrance, and dispersive interactions have been found to drive the geometric properties and a strong correlation has been evidenced between the two dihedral angles describing the side-chains orientation of the phthalate molecules. The results demonstrate the method's capability to identify low-energy minima without prior knowledge of the PES.Furthermore, an innovative algorithm for the large-scale generation of molecular structures, including a conformational variety, is presented. It combines molecular graph generation with atom or fragment addition techniques. It is applied to provide an extensive database of 3D structures of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-CH) molecules. The analysis of the database generated in this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the geometrical and electronic descriptors of a-C:H structures. These properties are compared with those of compact Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and linear chains, representing limit cases.Finally, a review is given on methods aiming at identifying saddle points and transition paths between low-energy conformations on the PES. A first step toward the identification of transition paths between low-energy conformations using a motion planning algorithm, known as Transition-based Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (T-RRT), is presented. A similarity measure, designated as the Symmetrized Segment-Path Distance (SSPD), is used to compare the generated trajectories. Subsequently, a clustering technique, namely the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA), is employed to group similar trajectories in order to identify the common pathways, thereby providing valuable insights into the dynamics of conformational changes. The methodology has been successfully applied to the identification of low-energy paths between two minima of the alanine dipeptide PES.Overall, the research presents significant advancements in the exploration of complex molecular PES at a quantum level including (i) the IGLOO/DFTB coupling (ii) a novel algorithm for 3D structure generation of large-scale molecules and (iii) an original scheme allowing for the identification of multiple transition paths. Correlations between the structural, energetic and electronic properties have been evidenced for the polluting phthalate molecules and astrophysically relevant hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-CH) molecules. These contributions pave the way for future research, aiming to extend these methods to larger and more complex systems
Gauthier, Mathieu. „Identification et hiérarchisation des sources et chemins de transfert vibro-acoustiques d'un véhicule récréatif“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11245.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJongsma, Michael Howard. „Care Transition Gaps: Risk Identification and Intervention“. ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/446.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVillamar, Daniel. „Chemins énergétiques à long terme en Équateur : scénarios de transition pour le secteur des transports jusqu'en 2050“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PERP0014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis explores the use of mathematical models to support a low carbon energy transition for Ecuador. Afirst approach considers a least-cost linear optimisation to evaluate the expansion of energy and land-use sectors and the integrated model ELENA is used. It is combined with the dispatch model urbs to go further in the evaluation of electric system face to a massification of electric transport and it is also considered on the context of a synthesis study focused on the ecarbonization of the Buildings Sector. The secondmodelling approach uses concepts of game theory and specifically of Single-Leader-Multi-Follower (SLMF) models. An implementation of the SLMF model is done for freight transport to capture the effect of a carbon tax in the transition to cleaner vehicles. This work highlights the need to use multiple models in order to have a better idea of the interactions and measures to be put in place to support the energy transition. Although the study is carried out for Ecuador, the methodologies are of general applicability
Chaumette, Boris. „Identification de facteurs biologiques de la transition psychotique“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB046/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePsychosis is a progressive mental disorder which normally occurs during adolescence in at-risk subjects following a dynamic process termed “psychotic transition”. These at-risk subjects are clinically identifiable but biological data are still insufficient in explaining the onset of psychosis. Throughout this thesis, we aim to identify biological factors implicated in this pathophysiological process. Current hypotheses explaining the psychotic transition favor the interaction between genes and the environment mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. We conducted studies examining methylomic and transcriptomic changes during psychotic transition using molecular biology and bioinformatics techniques at a whole genome scale. Our results suggest that psychotic transition may be linked to methylomic and transcriptomic changes in genes implicated in axon guidance or oxidative stress. These longitudinal changes could be related to environmental factors. Some of these factors could deregulate the hormonal stress response at the earliest phases of psychosis. Indeed, our results show that secretion of basal cortisol is increased in prodromal individuals. Moreover, it is likely that genes and processes regulating epigenetic modifications are also implicated in the individual response to the environment. We have shown the importance of the one-carbon metabolism for at least one sub-group of patients affected by psychosis. Our results should be replicated using other paradigms in order to definitively validate the implication of these various actors in the psychotic transition. If confirmed, knowledge of these biological mechanisms could lead to the development of targeted therapeutics to prevent psychosis in at-risk individuals
Kunth, Antoine. „Chemins de fer en transition : le transport international de marchandises dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale, 1989-2004“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1109.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis begins with the analysis of the freight transportation flows in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), from 1989 up to membership of the European Union (EU) in 2004. During more than a decade, the CEECs have gone through deep political and macroeconomic structural changes that led to the opening up of the CEECs’ trade with the EU. The fall of the Berlin wall was followed by the reorientation and restructuring of the railway networks and services along the national borders, which are revealed by the freight flows. Although the transport demand changes as a result of the new trade exchanges, which give more importance to the road transport, railway networks are challenged by new factors of uncertainties generated by the transition process itself, such as the restructuring reforms initiated by CEECs’ governments, as part of the negotiations to enter the EU. Railways respond by implementing what is described as being surviv al strategies, and in some cases rehabilitate former socialist institutions that were actually abandoned in the early stage of the transition. Throughout the whole transition process, the railways demonstrate a strong capacity of inertia against change, whilst incarnating a needed form of stability during the periods of rapid and chaotic changes of transition
Hussey, George S. „Identification of a Post-Transcriptional Mechanism Regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition“. Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1354051158.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePoure, Nadia. „Chemins de la parole : recherche clinique sur quelques cas de mutisme“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhat are the modalities of conquest or reconquest of the word in the clinical situations of mutism ? Mutism operates a stop of the processes of symbolization. This put on hold supposes, however, an underground, unconscious work of symbolization, the return to the word is only the emerged part of it. Clinical examples will allow us to specify two ways of symbolization except word through: - a particular use of the trace and the writing from the clinical case of a child who writes before speaking. - The identification to the mute under the form of identification to inanimate and to animal. Identification to the mute is not only what silences but also what makes it possible to replay the meeting in the mirror. We will be brought to wonder about the loss of legitimacy of the words which sometimes leads to mutism
Guenfoud, Nassardin. „Étude vibroacoustique d'une suspension arrière de motoneige“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9708.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGreco, Lindsey Michelle. „Professional identification and career goals: goal setting in the role transition process“. Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSchwerdtfeger, Wolfgang. „First Identification of the 0+2 State in 30Mg via its E0 Transition“. Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-98023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePrecker, Christian E., Pablo D. Esquinazi, Ana Champi, José Barzola-Quiquia, Mahsa Zoraghi, Santiago Muinos-Landin, Annette Setzer et al. „Identification of a possible superconducting transition above room temperature in natural graphite crystals“. Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-216014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCorcuff, Stéphane. „Une identification nationale plurielle : les Waishengren et la transition identitaire à Taiwan, 1988-1997“. Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000IEPP0036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarais, Anthony. „Influence du vieillissement statique sur la transition ductile-fragile des aciers au C-Mn“. Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00820120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrown, Andrew S. „Identification of a phospho-hnRNP E1 Nucleic Acid Consensus Sequence Mediating Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1437943957.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLapart, Jean-André. „Identification et caractérisation de nouvelles protéines de la zone de transition des cils et des flagelles“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1108/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCilia and flagella are highly conserved organelles among eukaryotes species. They are composed of a microtubular cytoskeleton and play essential functions during development and in numerous physiological processes. As a result, in humans, cilia dysfunction leads to a wide range of pathologies, called ciliopathies.At the ciliary base, the transition zone (TZ), a complex structure, is required for proper cilia assembly and regulates the traffic of ciliary components in and out cilia. Defects in TZ proteins lead to severe ciliopathies. The TZ is composed of 3 protein complexes, MKS, NPHP et CEP290 that closely interact. Additional proteins, like CBY, conserved between mammals and Drosophila, have been described at the TZ but their precise role and relationships with the other TZ complexes are unknown. Two modes of cilia assembly have been described: compartmentalized and cytosolic ciliogenesis. Whereas the function of the TZ in compartmentalized ciliogenesis is well documented, its role in cytosolic ciliogenesis remains poorly characterized. During my PhD, I characterized new TZ proteins conserved in mammals and Drosophila and analyzed their function during cilia assembly in Drosophila. First, I performed a proteomic screen in murine IMCD3 cells and characterized the CBY module composed of CBY, FAM92A1 and DZIP1L. This complex is conserved in Drosophila and locates at the TZ. Moreover, I showed that this module is necessary for TZ assembly and centriolar docking to the plasma membrane and hence required for cilia and flagella assembly. In absence of these proteins, Drosophila show severe ciliogenesis defects both in sperm cells and in sensory neurons.In conclusion, this work brings new insights into the understanding of TZ assembly and of the mechanisms, that control ciliogenesis
Raman, Pujita. „Speaker Identification and Verification Using Line Spectral Frequencies“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52964.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaster of Science
Del, Prete Stefania. „Characterisation of transcriptional and chromatin events in relation to floral transition and identification of nuclear organisation determinants“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe transition to flowering results from a complex interplay between endogenous and environmental cues. The leaves play a key role in this process, by perceiving the light changes and producing photosynthates, which participate to the floral signalling. However, our knowledge on the changes occurring in leaves during floral transition is still limited. We characterised the morphological, molecular and transcriptional events related to floral transition in mature leaves in Arabidopsis, using a short-day to long-day shift to induce a synchronized flowering. We identified the temporal window of the floral transition, monitored the leaf growth and observed an increase in their ploidy level during the process. By RNA-seq we studied the transcriptional dynamics of the leaf gene network, and compared with events occurring in roots and meristems to get an integrated view of floral transition in the whole plant. Furthermore, we investigated the mode of action of LIKE HETEROPROTEIN 1 (LHP1), a PRC1 subunit, by exploiting transgenic lines with conditional alterations of LHP1 dosage and analysing the effects on chromatin and transcription of flowering genes. A short-term modulation of LHP1 dosage altered the deposition of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3, showing a functional interaction between LHP1 and PRC2, and also suggesting a new role in the formation of bivalent chromatin regions. Finally, since nuclear organisation plays a key role in gene regulation, we searched and identified determinants of the nuclear architecture by using innovative spatial statistical tools
Allouti, Fayçal. „Chemins réactionnels conduisant à la formation des oxydes des métaux de transition 3dn (n>5) : structure électronique des composés antiferromagnétiques M2O2 (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00126690.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRospabé, Mathieu. „Etude pétrologique, géochimique et structurale de la zone de transition dunitique dans l'ophiolite d'Oman : identification des processus pétrogénétiques à l'interface manteau/croûte“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30071/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe origin of the dunitic transition zone (DTZ) between the mantle and the crust is still largely unknown, as well as the physical and chemical processes involved in its genesis. To address this topic, this thesis focused on the petrological, geochemical and structural study of 20 cross-sections (600 samples) collected along the DTZ from the Sumail massif, Oman ophiolite, 400 meters thick and located above a former paleo-mantle diapir. In addition to mineral compositions acquired using in situ methods (microprobe, LA-ICP-MS) and to whole rock major elements, the development of an analytical procedure permitted to determine trace element contents in dunites that display low concentrations (regularly about one ng.g-1). The DTZ is made of pure dunites (olivine and minor chromites), and of impregnated ones, containing a variable amount of interstitial minerals that crystallized from a percolating melt. These latter rocks contain an unexpected mineralogical variety with, in addition to clinopyroxene and plagioclase showing a MORB affinity, the presence of orthopyroxene, amphibole, garnet and diopsides that highlights a hybridization process between the MORB and hydrated fluids. The high Mg# ratio and TiO2 content in orthopyroxene and amphibole together with the clinopyroxene composition, intermediate between igneous clinopyroxene and pure hydrothermal diopside, allow deciphering the nature of the parent melt as the result of the mixing between tholeiitic melt and a supercritical water enriched in silica, or trondhjemitic fluid issued from the hydrated incongruent melting of mantle orthopyroxene, similar to melts produced by the hydrated melting of country rocks (serpentinized peridotites, troctolites, gabbros). All these minerals are observed both in interstitial position and as inclusions in chromite, showing that they crystallized early and that hybrid melts participated to the genesis of the DTZ. The comparison between mineral and whole rock compositions permitted to highlight the different processes that led to the observed chemical signatures of dunites: the protolithe signature, the dunitization process, chemical reequilibration between the olivine matrix and the percolating MORB, refertilization following the crystallization of interstitial minerals, as well as the effects of later serpentinization. Pure dunites, characterized by U or V-shaped REE patterns, seem to have acquired early the LREE-enriched signature that probably results from the reequilibration with silica- and incompatible trace elements-rich fluids (REE, Th, U, HFSE) generated through the harzburgite orthopyroxenes incongruent melting and probably reflecting the hybrid melt that crystallized interstitial hydrous minerals. The structural study of the DTZ in Sumail highlights the effect of synmagmatic faults on the DTZ development, resulting in the alternation between pure and impregnated horizons as well as in the vertical chemical structuration with compositions evolving on few tens of meters until fault zones. This is particularly true for chemical species expected as immobile during weathering as Ti, REE or Th. The DTZ seems to have been developed in a transtensional environment structured by two main faults systems, oriented N130 and N165-180. These faults spatially constrained both the melt flow, thus the dunitization, and the introduction of hydrothermal fluids probably oceanic in origin. This meeting zone between igneous and hydrothermal fluids can strongly influence the chemical exchanges and distribution between the deep lithosphere and the surface. The comparison between the Sumail DTZ and other ones from Oman or Trinity (California) ophiolites, which evolved in a different magmatic setting, shows the systematic role of synmagmatic faults. Melts that percolated these other DTZ were under-saturated in Al and saturated in water, allowing to interpret the hydrated component as an essential condition for dunites genesis at the mantle-crust transition
Shaikh, Meher Talat. „Automatic Identification and Tracking of Retraction Fibers in Time-Lapse Microscopy“. Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3454.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMartin, Nicolas. „Identification de SHISA3 comme gène médiateur de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse dans le cancer de la prostate résistant au docetaxel“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T057/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProstate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in France. Since 2004, docetaxel is the standard treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, nearly half of treated patients develop resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of my thesis is to identify molecular predictors to select patients who will respond to docetaxel chemotherapy. My second goal is to identify new therapeutic targets to overcome this resistance, by studying the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of resistance.To this purpose, genes and microRNAs expression profiles were established in several cellular models of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer. The integration of these high-throughput data suggested that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was involved in the mechanism of docetaxel resistance. Deciphering the EMT mechanism observed in our cellular models allowed the identification of SHISA3 as a new regulator of this process. SHISA3 is highly under-expressed in docetaxel resistant cells which present a mesenchymal phenotype. Interestingly, SHISA3 is also down-regulated in a large variety of human tumors. The inhibition of SHISA3 in sensitive cells induced a complete EMT, characterized by loss of cellular junctions, expression of mesenchymal transcription factors, and increased migratory capacity. The study of its mechanism of action allowed us to highlight the interaction of SHISA3 with TGFβRII. We showed in docetaxel-resistant cells that pharmacological inhibition of the TGFβ signalling pathway induces sensitization to docetaxel, demonstrating the importance of the regulation of this pathway in the resistance to chemotherapy.In parallel, we developed a docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer model in mice. The establishment of this model is critical for the preclinical validation of new targeted therapies. Tumors obtained from this new model are characterized by the under-expression of SHISA3 and the expression of EMT markers. This model will allow the validation of the therapeutic potential of co-treatment with docetaxel and TGFβ signalling pathway inhibitors in vivo. Interestingly, we observed that SHISA3 expression is correlated with response to docetaxel treatment in vivo. These results suggest that SHISA3 could be a biomarker of response to docetaxel chemotherapy
Pujolle-Robic, Caroline. „Identification et étude de la transition isotrope-nématique induite sous cisaillement dans les polymères cristaux liquides en peigne“. Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112149.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work, a shear induced isotropic to nematic phase transition in melts of side chain liquid crystal polymers is pointed out for the first time. This non-equilibrium transition has been revealed through rheo-optical measurements: a high birefringence emerges from the isotropic phase when sheared above a critical shear rate. Furthermore, a stress plateau in the flow curves of stress versus shear rate is observed and interpreted as relevant of a non-equilibrium transition achieved through shear banding. Two bands of different birefringence have been observed in the shear plane (velocity, velocity gradient). The mechanism considered for the formation of the shear induced nematic phase is the deformation of connected chains forming elastic clusters. Small angle neutron scattering experiments, performed in situ, in an especially designed Couette shear cell, allow the determination of the main-chain conformation in the shear induced nematic phase. The oblate conformation observed in the equilibrium nematic phase (at T < T_NI) is changed into a prolate one characterizing the shear induced nematic phase. Lastly, in the case of a side chain liquid crystal polymer characterized by a prolate main chain conformation, in the induced nematic phase as well as in the equilibrium one, we pointed out the appearance of undamped stress oscillations in response to an applied shear rate in the shear induced nematic phase. This oscillating phenomenon is interpreted in terms of an elastic deformation followed by a relaxation of the sample
Martin, Robyn M. „An identification of the core variables that assist people diagnosed with mental illness in a time of transition“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1376.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleShrivastava, Anupam. „Identification and Analysis of Illegal States in the Apoptotic Discrete Transition System Model using ATPG and SAT-based Techniques“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35202.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaster of Science
Kaufmann, Josef. „Experimental identification of damage mechanisms in cementitious porous materials on phase transition of pore solution under frost deicing salt attack /“. Lausanne, 2000. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBatty, Mary Louise Elaine. „Pattern identification and expanding consciousness during the transition of low-risk pregnancy, a study embodying Newman's Health as Expanding Consciousness“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0015/MQ54603.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAngelo, dos Santos Silva Ricardo Miguel. „The identification of the ocean-continent transition at sediment-rich rifted continental margins : Northern Angola and Southern Australia rifted margins“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540040.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBaquero, Salazar Eduard. „Etude structurale de la glycoprotéine G du virus Chandipura : identification d'intermédiaires fonctionnels durant la transition structurale associée à la fusion“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnveloped viruses enter cells through a membrane fusion reaction driven by conformational changes of viral fusion glycoproteins. Crystal structures have provided static pictures of pre- and post-fusion conformations for several of these glycoproteins but structures of intermediates are unknown. Vesiculovirus glycoproteins (G) form trimeric assemblies both in their pre- and post- fusion conformation. We report here a single crystal structure containing two different states of G which correspond to an early and a late intermediate during the conformational change of the glycoprotein G of Chandipura virus, a vesiculovirus responsible for deadly encephalopathies. In the crystal, the two intermediates are associated to form a fusion loop-exposing flat tetramer with twofold symmetry. Consistent with these data, electron microscopy and tomography show two different intermediates at the viral surface depending on experimental conditions : a flat assembly leading to viral aggregation and a monomeric elongated structure which resembles the late intermediate. All this information and previous rhabdoviruses mutants with so far unexplained phenotypes, allowed us to propose that G dimer or tetramer have a role during membrane fusion. We propose a model for G structural transition that is depicted as a series of events in which, after dissociation of the trimeric prefusion state, the resulting monomers are able to form, on the one hand, a tetrameric assembly in the contact zone with the target membrane, and on the other, outside this contact zone, a helical network of spikes in their post-fusion state. This helical network would be involved in fusion pore enlargement
Viljoen, Christiaan Gerhardus. „Machine learning for particle identification & deep generative models towards fast simulations for the Alice Transition Radiation Detector at CERN“. Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31781.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsplan, Karine. „La socialisation organisationnelle des jeunes diplômés sous l’angle des mécanismes de l’identification : une approche par la théorie de l’identité sociale“. Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThere is a dearth of research on the patterns of newcomers’ identity transitions during socialization. The aim of this research is to develop and test a model that integrates the organizational, social, and personal factors of socialization, explores the role of identification as a mediating mechanism, and investigates boundary conditions such as identity conflict and emotions. In order to test our model, we conducted two studies. First, we collected multiwave data from 423 French newcomers during their first seven months of employment. Our four-wave results show that organizational identification mediates the impact of socialization factors on newcomers’ adjustment. Second, we focus on the initial level of organizational identification upon organizational entry through the measure of daily situated identification among 49 young graduates during their first ten days of their internship. We collected 490 observations via a daily diary study with ten repeat measurements. The results of diary showed that participants with daily identity conflict and low positive affectivity were more identified. The social support would have a buffering effect on identity conflict for participants with low positive affectivity. This research contributes to a better understanding of identity dynamics in the context of young graduates’socialization. It emphasizes, on the one hand, the importance of identity mechanisms to explain the specific issues of socialization, such as social integration, and on the other hand, their low impact on the task mastery. The theorical and empirical implications for these findings are discussed
Drougat, Ludivine. „Etude de la dynamique de O-GlcNAcylation et identification de protéines différentiellement O-GlcNAcylées au cours de la transition G1/S du cycle cellulaire de cellules épithéliales humaines“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10086/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic and reversible glycosylation which is governed by O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) that transfers the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue onto Ser/Thr of intracellular proteins, and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Over the last decade, we and others have shown that dynamics of O-GlcNAcylation was important in regulating the cell cycle progression, and more particularly the mitosis events. The aim of my work was to explore how O-GlcNAc balance is implicated in the control of cellular proliferation by focusing on the early steps in the cell cycle. We highlighted in several cell lines that S-phase entry is associated with a marked decrease in the overall level of O-GlcNAcylated proteins, concordant with an increase in both the expression and activity of endogenous OGA. Then, using a proteomic approach we identified 58 cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins differentially O-GlcNAcylated between G0, G1 and S phases. These proteins are involved in key cellular functions that are essential for G1 and S progression, such as protein folding and translation, transcription or DNA replication. By immunoprecipitation, we further confirmed the cell cycle-dependent O-GlcNAc variations of CK8, hnRNP K, Caprin-1, and MCM -3, -4, -6, and -7 proteins which are part of the pre-replicative complex. To conclude, this study shows that there is a close link between the dynamics of O-GlcNAc and G1/S transition and provides a descriptive overview of differentially O-GlcNAcylated proteins at the G1/S transition, highlighting a potential role of O-GlcNAcylation in the initiation of DNA synthesis and therefore, in the maintenance of genome integrity
Azadi, Bahar. „La transition de genre après la révolution islamique en Iran : la subjectivation trans entre pathologie et résistance“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB140.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe history of trans identity in Iran and its legalization after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 often seems perplexing to outside observers. Each country has its own way of accepting, ignoring or repressing the gender transition. The important role of religious discourse on gender transition in Iran is related to the famous fatw' of Ayatollah Khomeini, which sanctioned sex change, in a society where any non-binary identity and non-heterosexual orientation is a criminal act. The fatwa was published first in 1967 and after the 1979 Revolution, in the 1980s, his fatwa gained support, finance and force of law. The legal discourse of the Islamic Republic, which accepts the possibility of inadequation between sex and gender and the medical means of remedying trans suffering, remains beholden to the binary notion of gender. Psychiatric labeling and the medico-legal protocol of sex change are a legitimating reply to trans individual "suffering". Here, the suffering in question refers to the feelings of an Iranian trans individual who believes that his/her soul is "trapped in the wrong body". A biopolitical analysis shows how mandatory sterilization manage bodies and their productive and reproductive capacities and roles in society by putting in concrete territories, the non-binaire bodies as threats to heterocentrist hegemony. Nevertheless, trans individuals use theirs bodies as a site of power, to actualize their own definition of gender binary and being. We analyze the Iranian construction of trans subjectivities by Foucault's concept of power, knowledge and subject in three domains: (i) The religious discourse which legalizes sex change, (ii) The power-knowledge discourse which categorizes trans identity as "gender identity disorder", and (iii) The trans individual reactions to the system. Embodying gender is a process of "becoming" between a trans self-construction and the politico-legal construction of trans identities in each society. The "wrong body narrative" then depends on the conversion of body and self-gender identity and the discursive production of gender binary norms in each society. We try to redefine gender transition as a "passage" in a non-pathological paradigm inspired by Deleuze and Guattari's concept of "rhizome" that we use for analyzing gender transition. Iranian trans individual's status is located beyond resistance and pathology. The trans individual builds his identity and intervenes, in addition, on the norms of the gender. By orienting oneself, by changing, by choosing, the individual inevitably modifies what they become. Bodies in this transition are the center of trans resistance as a process of subjectivisation. Iranian trans individuals react differently to the dominant gender discourse of the society. We made three typologies of trans subjectivities in reaction to legal protocol of sex change. The socio-political context of the society limits all kinds of transactivisme and trans movements. We try to introduce a special kind of resistance of Iranian trans individuals that is not a revolutionary or rebellious resistance, nor is it a public and collective one; it is closer to the concept of "everyday resistance" that describes how people act in their everyday lives in ways that might undermine power. We observed the activities of a trans performer who attempts to sensibilize society about trans identity
Mendil, Hakima. „Identification d'un comportement terminal élastique dans les fondus de polymères, de polymères cristaux liquides et analyse de la transition de phase induite par cisaillement“. Paris 11, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00230247.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe shear-induced birefringence within the isotropic phase of side-chain liquid crystalline polymers (SCLPs) is a non-linear phenomenon associated to long time scales, and although spectacular, it can be explained neither by a flow coupling with phase pretransitional dynamics nor with the conventional viscoelastic relaxation times. A classical approach is not suitable to elucidate the origin of the shear induced birefringence. By controlling the interfacial properties, we show that the rheological response of SCLP, is fundamentally different from the expected low frequency flow behaviour: the melt displays a predominant elastic response which is observed far away from any transition. It does not originate from mesomorphic or pretransitional effect. The analysis of the dynamic properties of amorphous ordinary polymers entangled or not, confirms that this terminal elasticity is generic, contrasting with the commonly reported flow behaviour. The increase of the strain and the sample thickness leads to a lowering of the elasticity strength. At low thickness and at low strain rate, the intrinsic elasticity is measurable. It increases with the molecular weight up to a critical molecular weight which coincides with the onset of the bulk entanglements and which corresponds to the magnitude of the rubbery plateau. The intermolecular forces of the elasticity are equivalent to the entanglement elasticity
Burellier, Franck. „Etre ou ne pas être mèdecin-gestionnaire ? : étude de la transition vers le rôle de responsable de pôle dans les hôpitaux publics français“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00754966.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTixier, Vanessa. „Identification et analyse fonctionnelle de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la myogénèse chez la drosophile : et mise en évidence d'une transition métabolique nécessaire à la différenciation musculaire“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM19/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA large number of genes involved in myogenesis has been described, but several gaps in comprehension of mechanisms giving rise to functional muscles are still remaining. To fill in these gaps, we selected conserved uncharacterized genes expressed in muscular compartments in drosophila and zebrafish and tested their functions by RNAi knockdown. We found that most of the candidate genes have a role in different steps of embryonic myogenesis in drosophila and interestingly more than a half of them are involved in metabolism. One of these candidates, Pglym78, encodes a glycolytic enzyme and gives rise to late muscle differentiation defects after knockdown in drosophila. Glycolysis is a major metabolic process providing energy and components for biomass synthesis to rapidly growing/proliferating cells such as cancer cells but its role in embryonic development remains unknown. Here we show that starting from midembryogenesis, drosophila Pglym78 and almost all the glycolytic genes display muscle specific expression and that, consistent with this, an important increase in glycolytic activity appears since embryonic stage 14, suggesting that glycolysis can play a role in late steps of myogenesis. This possibility is supported by the fact that attenuation of Pglym78 and other glycolytic genes results in affected muscle differentiation. As shown in Pglm78 knockdown embryos these phenotypes are due to myoblasts fusion arrest and formation of significantly smaller muscle fibres.In order to understand how glycolysis controls myogenesis, we analysed the insulin pathway known to control glycolytic activity and to positively regulate muscle growth by stimulating protein synthesis. Interestingly, inhibition of insulin pathway in differentiating embryonic drosophila muscles leads to the reduced activity of PyK and to phenotypes that are reminiscent of those of glycolytic genes such as fusion arrest and formation of smaller fibres. Thus, our data reveal that metabolic switch to glycolysis positively regulated by insulin pathway is required to support increased biomass synthesis in syncytial muscle cells, revealing direct link between metabolism and development
Harischandra, Nalin. „Computer Simulation of the Neural Control of Locomotion in the Cat and the Salamander“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Beräkningsbiologi, CB, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-47362.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is Funded by Swedish International Development cooperation Agency (SIDA). QC 20111110
Salanova, Thomas. „De la transition culturelle à l’intégration identitaire : étude des liens entre les mécanismes acculturatifs et la santé chez les employés de la branche courrier du groupe la poste“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0418/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research consists of three studies. The first study is qualitative. It highlights the cultural transition within the La Poste Group during the last decade. The effects of the gradual integration of a market culture are investigated through the speeches of executives, supervisors and postmen. The transformation of the corporate culture is highlighted as well as its impact on the work, the axiological dimension and the employees’ health. The second study transposes into the field of the organization of identity integration’s models. These models, usually associated with health, are often used to put into perspective the acculturative process of migrants with psychological health’s dimensions. Thus, the acculturation model (Berry, 1990), the bi-cultural integration model (Benet-Martinez & Haritatos, 2005) and the cognitive developmental model of social identities’ integration (Amiot et al. 2007 ) may explain, partly, the well-being and the psychological distress at work as well as the absenteeism of employees of La Poste Group. A section of the study focuses to explain the different identifications through identity motivations, perceived threat and values. These three dimensions play a major role in the cultural integration of employees. At last, a final study using methods of implicit assessment is performed in order to update potential cognitive dissonance which could affect the health of individuals. It measures significant differences between the implicit identification and self-declared identification. This study shows contrasting results that won’t hold because the effectiveness of the manipulation has not been proven. However, some indicators urge to continue research in this direction
Zhao, Zhao. „Identification d'une nouvelle phase d'hydrure de zirconium et modélisation à l'échelle mésoscopique de sa précipitation“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10166/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLn pile, zirconium alloys in contact with the primary medium are submitted to hydrogen absorption that has significant consequences on their thermodynamic, mechanical and corrosion behaviors. Therefore, hydrogen in solid solution or hydrides precipitation can affect Zirconium alloys behaviors during service but also in long term storage and in accidental conditions. For both fundamentals aspects and safety reasons it is important te understand the precipitation process and to predict the influence various parameters like temperature, stresses, cooling rates and microstructure may have. Numerical modeling at the mesoscopic scale is an appealing approach to describe the precipitation and the "phase field" method appears to be particularly weil suited. The achievement of a realistic mesoscopic modeling should take into account an accurate kinetic, thermodynamic and structural data base in order to properly describe hydride nucleation, growth and coalescence as weil as hydride interaction with externat stresses. Such a data base relies on experimental data that are not always available; this is the reason why an accu rate structural characterization was performed. Therefore transmission electron microscopy observations were carried out on Zircaloy 4 specimens with various H contents. From this study, a new hydride phase called <, coherent with the matrix, was identified
Notais, Amélie. „Le transfert de connaissance intra-organisationnel : une approche par les mouvements de mobilité interne“. Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR1003/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOrganizational knowledge has become a central issue for competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore, researchers and practitioners wonder more and more about the activities, which could develop, maintain, transfer and create organizational knowledge. This research proposes to study a particuliar event of the career, internal mobility, often referred to as a means to transfer knowledge in the organization. The mobility could therefore lead to the displacement of employee’s knowledge. Internal mobility is however complex, it reveals different realities induced by its various content (job change, service change, geographical shift, ...). By a longitudinal analysis of the events faced by mobile workers, this research seeks to better understand the processus of intraorganizational knowledge transfert and underlies the both role played by the actor : source but also recipient of knowledge. A longitudinal qualitative methodology is chosen. The data collected are based on the life stories of twenty-five employees from the same company questioned during seventy-five semi-structured interviews. These actors have been accompanied from their first month on the new affectation until their first year. This monitoring provides a subjective approach of this specific moment of an individual’s career and contributes to highlight the logic of intraorganizational knowledge transfer
Tatarka, Christopher John. „A longitudinal analysis of the predictors of life satisfaction for men in the transition from late middle age to early old age“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1846.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePettersson, Theodora. „Araby: A Self-fulfilling Prophecy? : The Reproduction of Rumours and Socio-Economic Conditions in Araby, Växjö“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-55630.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRosas, Gutierrez Carlos. „Le système politico-religieux : un système politico-religieux en situation de transition : le cas du municipe de Cuetzalan, une communauté de langue Nahuat de la Sierra Nora de Puebla, Mexique : identification des concepts généraux“. Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE2009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNait, Meziane Mohamed. „Identification d’appareils électriques par analyse des courants de mise en marche“. Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2063/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe related field to this work is called “energy disaggregation" where the main concern is to break down, or disaggregate, the global electrical energy consumption (e.g. wholehouse consumption) into a detailed consumption given as end-use (e.g. appliance-level) consumption information. This latter gives consumption feedback to consumers and electricity providers and is helpful for energy savings. Three main questions have to be answered in the energy disaggregation field : who is consuming ? when ? and how much ? The research conducted in this thesis focuses on electrical appliances identification, i.e. the who question, considering particularly home appliances. For this purpose, we use the turn-on transient current signal which we model using a new model we proposed and use its estimated model parameters for the identification task
Purnomo, Husnul Khotimah. „A Data Driven Retrospective Study for Medication Strategy Analyses on Longitudinal Prescription Records“. Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLenzi, Bruno Rodrigues. „Identificação de elétrons com um detector de radiação de transição em colisões de íons pesados relativísticos“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-05102007-054422/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present work describes the development of a simulator for the Time Expansion Chambers / Transition Radiation Detectors (TEC / TRD) of the PHENIX experiment, installed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The main goal of the RHIC project is the production and study of a state of matter known as Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), through collisions of protons, deuterons and heavy ions at center of mass energies sqrt(s_NN) ranging between 20 and 200 GeV. PHENIX, one of the four experiments of the accelerator, is dedicated to measuring electroweak signals arising from the collisions, and TEC / TRD is the only subsystem capable of identifying efficiently electrons with momenta above 5 GeV/c. A simulator to reproduce the detector response to the passage of particles was developed and compared to data from a single wire proporcional counter and from TEC / TRD itself. The results show reasonable agreement between measurements and simulations. The use of the simulator allows studies of new methods and possibly improvements in the electron identification capability of the system.
Mota, Adolfo José da. „Validação de uma metodologia molecular para identificação de fungos e investigação in vitro da transição dimórfica em Candida albicans“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-23082012-092050/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFungal identification is limited by few morphological details and uncertainty in the biochemical tests. In the present work we developed a simple procedure, based upon DNA amplification of a 2,800 base pairs region followed by the amplicon digestion with DdeI and electrophoretic analyzes in agarose gels. After analyzing more than 400 samples encompassing 33 species, we demonstrate that this method discriminates as well as DNA sequencing of the region. This technology simplifies the search for new representatives among the great diversity of fungi of medical and industrial interest. We devised also molecular methods to discriminate between closely related species and described a new putative species. Next our work was dedicated to develop an in vitro assay for the study of the dimorphic transition in Candida albicans. We devised two biological assays and one that used an artificial membrane to investigate the induction and inhibition of hyphal production. The expression of genes associated with the morphological transition was examined in a quantitative way. We fractionated bovine fetal serum by column chromatography and obtained results pointing to fractions that stimulate or inhibit hyphal production.
Arlaud, Elodie. „Modèles dynamiques réduits de milieux périodiques par morceaux : application aux voies ferroviaires“. Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0047/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRailway tracks have evolved over years based on empirical results and their dynamic behavior still can be difficult to assess or to quantify. A numerical model can thus provide assistance in track design by assessing the mechanical performance of new structures, or allowing the diagnostic of existing track parts, as a complement to relevant in-situ measurements.The numerical model developed in this work combines a reduction strategy with numerical techniques used to solve the propagation equations in waveguides in the frequency / wave number domains. The peculiarity of the exposed methodology is the introduction of a model based on a periodic sub structuring of the track, keeping only a few wavelengths carefully chosen to solve dispersion equations. Based on this model reduction technique and its extension to time domain models with moving contact, the computational time and storage capacity required are greatly reduced. Thus, this model is efficient and useful for engineering purposes in railway tracks studies.Numerical validation of the reduction is carried out by building a complete reference model in the frequency domain. In parallel, measurement campaigns (receptance measurement and sleeper acceleration under passing trains) were performed on a transition zone between ballasted and slab tracks on a High Speed Line. These tests are compared to simulation results in both time and frequency domains on different areas of the transition. After successful validation, the model is used to improve understanding of the role of the substructure on the dynamic behavior.The final major development of this work is the introduction of a strategy to extend the reduction to piecewise periodic structures and the development of post-processing tools to highlight the dynamic effects generated by the transition zone
Potard, Kevin. „Les émissions de composés organiques volatiles (COVs) des sols dans les paysages agricoles : identification des sources et incidences sur la qualité de l'air“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B058/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are trace carbonaceous gases emitted in low concentrations from the continental and marine surfaces to the atmosphere. Highly reactive, these compounds are involved in atmospheric chemistry and are at the heart of many current environmental issues such as climate change related to greenhouse gases, air quality and feedback on the functioning of ecosystems. Terrestrial plant cover was previously identified as the main source of VOCs of biogenic origin. But recent studies suggest that soils could be major sources of VOCs. However, in agricultural anthropogenic landscapes, soils are subject to various and varied uses and management and are likely to modify qualitatively and quantitatively the patterns of VOC emissions. Paradoxically, agrosystem soils have been the subject of few inventories of their VOC emissions. The scarcity of knowledge on the contribution of agrosystems soils in VOC emissions motivated this work of thesis in which three objectives were pursued : i) inventory the spectra and quantify the VOCs fluxes emitted by soils in agricultural landscapes (ii) to determine the role of soil microorganisms in emissions and (iii) to identify the abiotic determinants controlling VOC emissions by soils. A first part of the work has consisted in analyzing the temporal dynamics of VOCs emissions in the field, in two observatory sites representative of the Britain agricultural landscape : the EFELE site (SOERE-PRO) comprising cultivated soils subjected to contrasting fertilization practices, and the Zone Atelier Armorique (ZAAr) including fertilized permanent meadows and wet meadows characterized by a low degree of anthropization. The second step of the work was conducted in the laboratory to clarify and complete the field observations, two series of laboratory experiments were conducted to manipulate, i) the soil organic carbon source via the input of different model molecules (ii) microbial communities by transplanting natural microbial communities into three distinct soils. This study has generated technical advances and produced entirely new results concerning both the characterization of spectra and the quantification of biogenic VOC fluxes emitted by soils. Thus, we show, in the laboratory and in the field, that a soil emits about forty masses of which only a few (1 to 4) are dominant. These VOC spectra are also specific to land uses (crop vs meadow) and fertilization practices. We also show that : i) there is a temporality of VOC emissions by soils ranging from 22 to 167 μg of VOCs per m−2 h−1, the winter period is the least emissive and ii) adds that some fertilization practices, such as pig slurry, induce a flux of methanol up to 10 times that observed by soils amended with methanised pig slurry. Regarding the role of soil microorganisms in VOCs production, we demonstrate that the VOCs spectrum is not representative of the phylogenetic diversity of the soil community but rather of the metabolic activity of active microorganisms. As for the exploration of abiotic determinants that can regulate emissions, our results suggest that the addition of organic molecules to the soil induces a rapid change in the VOC spectrum emitted by the soil, ranging from a few hours to a few days after intake. This modification is dependent on the degree of polymerization of the molecule provided. All research suggests that VOC emissions by soils are not negligible. Their key position in terms of issues requires to be of greater interest and to take them into account in future scenarios of global changes (climate and land uses), especially with regard to emerging practices of soil management in connection with the ecological transition initiated in agriculture. Similarly, the consideration of VOCs emissions in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and that of nitrogen to better understand the functioning of ecosystems is also discussed in this document