Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „IDA ICE Advanced level only system“

Background: Globally, surgical site infections (SSIs) not only complicate the surgeries but also lead to $5–10 billion excess health expenditures, along with the increased length of hospital stay. SSI rates have become a universal measure of quality in hospital-based surgical practice because they are probably the most preventable of all healthcare-associated infections. Although, many national regulatory bodies have made it mandatory to report SSI rates, the burden of SSI is still likely to be significant underestimated due to truncated SSI surveillance as well as underestimated postdischarge SSIs. A WHO survey found that in low- to middle-income countries, the incidence of SSIs ranged from 1.2 to 23.6 per 100 surgical procedures. This contrasted with rates between 1.2% and 5.2% in high-income countries. Objectives: We aimed to leverage the existing surveillance capacities at our tertiary-care hospital to estimate the incidence of SSIs in a cohort of trauma patients and to develop and validate an indigenously developed, electronic SSI surveillance system. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at a 248-bed apex trauma center for 18 months. This project was a part of an ongoing multicenter study. The demographic details were recorded, and all the patients who underwent surgery (n = 770) were followed up until 90 days after discharge. The associations of occurrence of SSI and various clinico-microbiological variables were studied. Results: In total, 32 (4.2%) patients developed SSI. S. aureus (28.6%) were the predominant pathogen causing SSI, followed by E. coli (14.3%) and K. pneumoniae (14.3%). Among the patients who had SSI, higher SSI rates were associated in patients who were referred from other facilities (P = .03), had wound class-CC (P < .001), were on HBOT (P = .001), were not administered surgical antibiotics (P = .04), were not given antimicrobial coated sutures (P = .03) or advanced dressings (P = .02), had a resurgery (P < .001), had a higher duration of stay in hospital from admission to discharge (P = .002), as well as from procedure to discharge (P = .002). SSI was cured in only 16 patients (50%) by 90 days. SSI data collection, validation, and analyses are essential in developing countries like India. Thus, it is very crucial to implement a surveillance system and a system for reporting SSI rates to surgeons and conduct a robust postdischarge surveillance using trained and committed personnel to generate, apply, and report accurate SSI data.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

For energy supply in the Arctic regions, hybrid systems should be designed and equipped to ensure a high level of renewable energy penetration. Energy systems located in remote Arctic areas may experience many peculiar challenges, for example, due to the limited transport options throughout the year and the lack of qualified on-site maintenance specialists. Reliable operation of such systems in harsh climatic conditions requires not only a standard control system but also an advanced system based on predictions concerning weather, wind, and ice accretion on the blades. To satisfy these requirements, the current work presents an advanced intelligent automatic control system. In the developed control system, the transformation, control, and distribution of energy are based on dynamic power redistribution, dynamic control of dump loads, and a bi-directional current transducer. The article shows the architecture of the advanced control system, presents the results of field studies under the standard control approach, and models the performance of the system under different operating modes. Additionally, the effect of using turbine control to reduce the effects of icing is examined. It is shown that the advanced control approach can reduce fuel consumption in field tests by 22%. Moreover, the proposed turbine control scheme has the potential to reduce icing effects by 2% to 5%.

Abstract. The availability of advanced technologies, the time of information society, and also the development of geographic information systems, have brought a lot of spatial data in most disciplines, which are carefully stored in recent decades and allow us spatiotemporal analysis and visualization. However, for long-term analyses and the synthesis of analysed data, including cartographic synthesis processes, it is a big problem when spatiotemporal data have different topologies at different times. And this does not only mean the correction of borders in the sense of clarification or other distinction. The problem is when, for example, the small administrative units is subject to significant temporal changes. Municipalities are divided and merged, while data are always stored for the topology of a particular year or period.The contribution presents a way to solve such a situation on the example of the Czech Republic. Data from 25 years’ period are adjusted so that it is possible to calculate and visualize long-term trends and analyses. In the case of the case study, these are spatial data of more than 6,000 municipalities, with changes in more than 200 cases during the observed period. In addition to the spatial component, there were also changes in identifiers, which are a common means of joining data. For example, when the name of the municipality was changed and the newly "created" municipality also received new identification code. All these problems are solved by the so-called "super layer", which represents aggregation to the smallest possible extent so that the analyses performed are carried out on the most detailed possible scale without missing data in partial periods.The project goal is to explore various geodemographic processes at a very detailed level, specifically at NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) local administrative units 2 (LAU2) commonly used in European Union for statistical purposes. Our presented dataset/approach unified municipal administrative units allowing analyses of data as they change over time. We used a principle of "common spatial denominator", i.e. we used data aggregation into larger units with stable boundary.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Why do we teach cartography? The need for cartographic education:</p><p>In our day to day life, on an individual or societal level there is a continual need or even demand for geospatial information. On an individual level this need is expressed by questions like: Where am I?, How far away is my new doctor’s office?, Which route should I take to get to my destination based on current traffic patterns? Other questions may include: What is the spatial extent of my land parcel? What do I have permission to build on my parcel? On a societal level questions include: What cities suffer from high unemployment? What are the most efficient spots to build a new wind farm? Where is the optimal place to build a new road without fragmenting important species habitats? To offer answers to these questions, geographic information systems (GIS) including tools and instruments have been developed. The most important communication tool to foster decision making, as part of a GIS, is the map. Reality is too complex to comprehend with the naked eye. Therefore patterns are often missed, maps and other cartographic models are an interface between humans and the reality used to abstract, symbolized, a simplify view of the world. These maps then allow us to view spatial patterns and relationships between objects in the world. The world cannot do without maps. Why? Because they tell us about spatial issues on both local and global scale that influence our lives. How? Maps are the most effective and the most efficient tools to into and overview of geographical data which help us answer spatio-temporal questions and to provide new insight.</p><p> </p><p>What is ongoing in our world? Trends in our domain: yesterday, today and tomorrow:</p><p>Looking at the timeline of our domain, cartography, we could argue that after a long period where maps where seen as artifacts, maps are now considered to be interactive and dynamic (web) services, and in the near future we move to human centered cognitive map displays that are immersive and ubiquitous. Yesterday, the map could be considered an artifact, a static object, on paper or on a screen. The map stores the information and can no longer be changed. The user did not play a prominent role in map design. Today, with the internet, there has been a huge increase in data access and generation resulting in maps being produced and used especial to satisfy individual location-based queries such as ’Where am I right now’ and ‘How-do-I-get-there?’ questions. Societal questions are answered by maps available via automated services accessible via dedicated portals. Today maps are no longer artifacts, but provided as a digital map services. However, tomorrow the map will yet again be different. We are able to sense and monitor the world real time and ubiquitously, including human users’ spatial abilities, emotions, needs and requirements. With developments in interface design including more opportunities for 3d/4d/Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Human-Computer-Interfaces are becoming even "closer" to our human processing system. Maps will increasingly become human-centered, highly interactive, dynamic and adjustable visual displays.</p><p> </p><p>Purpose: What are the cartographic consequences of these developments? Required cartographic competences:</p><p> The above developments have resulted in the expansion of what define the existing established cartographic method: making geospatial data and information accessible for users to foster discovery and insight into and overview of spatiotemporal data. Map design, including fundamentals such as projection, scale, generalization and symbolization, remain core to cartography. Yesterday, cartographic education was focused on how to optimally create fixed graphical representations at a defined scale constrained by the media, but with an eye for syntactical as well as graphical/aesthetical quality. Today knowledge and skills cartographers require have expanded, and they include an understanding of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) that house Big Data and Data Science, Web Services, Programming, Style Definitions, Algorithms, Semantic web and Linked Data and Interactivity and other relevant technological skills. Increasingly, more attention has also been, and will have to be, paid to use and user (requirement) analysis and usability assessment. Users will simple not use cartographic services that are not enjoyable and do not help them meet their goals. We will continue to conduct usability evaluations in new sensing and map display environments. Based on technological advances and social uptake thereof, tomorrow will yet again ask for an adaption of the cartographic education and research dealing more and more with the "human" embodied experience.</p><p> Figure 1a shows the relation among the current skills and competences a cartographer needs. In the center of the triangle the map and the cartographic method. Data, Media and Users are found around. Knowledge and skills about data handling refer to selection, integration and abstraction, as well as analysis. Media skills and knowledge are about the interface, interaction, adapted design, technology and coding. Users refers to usability (enjoyment), cognition, perception, sensors (robots) and requirements. In Figure 1b the changing paradigm of the map as interface between human and reality as seen yesterday, today and tomorrow.</p><p> How do we do it? Our MSc Cartography:</p><p>The Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Cartography program is characterized by its worldwide unique profile and comprehensive and in-depth cartographic lectures and lab works. All four partner universities (see involved authors) jointly developed and defined the learning outcomes after intensive cooperation and consultation. The program takes all theoretical as well as practical aspects of the broad and interdisciplinary field of cartography into account. Graduates of the program are able to meet the variety of requirements placed on a cartographer today. </p><p>An obvious strength of this program is the clear research-driven orientation of selected lectures, e.g. visual analytics, web and mobile cartography and the close binding of M.Sc. topics to ongoing research projects. Students in the Cartography program learn how to develop and evaluate cartographic tools on the basis of firmly established theories and methods. The focus lays in developing and applying scientific methods and techniques to improve geo-information services for a diverse range of heterogeneous users.</p><p> Another added value of the program is its educational execution in locations across Europe, a historic center of excellence in the field of cartography, integrating it within interdisciplinary fields. Excellently educated students from this program will fill the gaps not only in the cartographic research community and geosciences, but also in other related research fields that address the global challenges as defined by bodies like the United Nations or the European Union.</p>

The recent availability of high resolution (greater than 250 Hz) seismic recording equipment in the Antarctic field environment has allowed the acoustical mapping of a previously unobserved subglacial phenomenon. This phenomenon is a thin (less than 10 m), yet continuous, layer at the base of Ice Stream B in West Antarctica. Discovery of this layer came during the 1983–84 austral summer in a seismic reflection survey that covered approximately 10 km2 near the Upstream B field camp (83°31’S, 138°05’W). Although analysis of the seismic data is at a preliminary stage, there is the possibility that this feature could be a basal “lubricating” layer; some sort of lubrication is of course necessary to explain the very large horizontal velocities of these ice streams. During the seismic reflection survey on Ice Stream B, a new digital seismic recording system, developed by the Geophysical and Polar Research Center, was used for the first time under field conditions. Resolution of such a thin layer was possible only because of the very large bandwidth (0–600 Hz) and dynamic range (84 dB) of this device; this bandwidth is about twice that possessed by commercially available seismic recorders. In addition, a new level of portability (i.e. a weight of 40 kg and a power requirement of 90 watts), which should make this device usable in virtually any Antarctic field situation, has been achieved by the application of advanced recording technologies. The portability of this digital seismic recorder, when combined with its large bandwidth and dynamic range, should result in the resolution of a whole new class of intra- and subglacial phenomena, of which the thin basal layer of Ice Stream B is the first example.

The recent availability of high resolution (greater than 250 Hz) seismic recording equipment in the Antarctic field environment has allowed the acoustical mapping of a previously unobserved subglacial phenomenon. This phenomenon is a thin (less than 10 m), yet continuous, layer at the base of Ice Stream B in West Antarctica. Discovery of this layer came during the 1983–84 austral summer in a seismic reflection survey that covered approximately 10 km2 near the Upstream B field camp (83°31’S, 138°05’W). Although analysis of the seismic data is at a preliminary stage, there is the possibility that this feature could be a basal “lubricating” layer; some sort of lubrication is of course necessary to explain the very large horizontal velocities of these ice streams.During the seismic reflection survey on Ice Stream B, a new digital seismic recording system, developed by the Geophysical and Polar Research Center, was used for the first time under field conditions. Resolution of such a thin layer was possible only because of the very large bandwidth (0–600 Hz) and dynamic range (84 dB) of this device; this bandwidth is about twice that possessed by commercially available seismic recorders. In addition, a new level of portability (i.e. a weight of 40 kg and a power requirement of 90 watts), which should make this device usable in virtually any Antarctic field situation, has been achieved by the application of advanced recording technologies. The portability of this digital seismic recorder, when combined with its large bandwidth and dynamic range, should result in the resolution of a whole new class of intra- and subglacial phenomena, of which the thin basal layer of Ice Stream B is the first example.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Many printed school atlases do not only comprise a collection of topographic and thematic maps or illustrations to convey geographic topics at different school levels, but also infographics and text introducing key concepts and methods of cartography and geo-information. However, this was not the case for previous editions of the printed Swiss World Atlas, the most commonly used student atlas for the secondary school level in Switzerland. This omission of a dedicated introductory part may be explained by the atlas’ long tradition of more than 100 years and the strong influence on the atlas design by former editors-in-chief. In this tradition, selected cartographic aspects were covered on different pages throughout the atlas. In contrast, other printed school atlases have included a general introductory part for many decades.</p><p>This contribution presents the concept and implementation of a new, coherent, and innovative introduction chapter for the 2017 edition of the printed Swiss World Atlas (Figure 1). A comparison to similar chapters of other widely used school atlas examples from Europe and North America serves to evaluate the didactical value of this introductory part of the Swiss World Atlas.</p><p>The first part of the presentation specifies the didactical and cartographic fundamentals, with a focus on developing the student’s map reading and interpretation competences. The new introduction chapter of the Swiss Wold Atlas 2017 is structured as follows: After four pages of the atlas table of contents and a two-page list of map topics, the different steps in geomatics are illustrated with infographics that explain the data capturing methods of geodesy and photogrammetry and the processing of geodata by GIS. The following double page presents the principles of map projection and reference systems, enriched by illustrative models and graphics. Another two pages provide an introduction to cartography with basic information on map models and cartographic principles. Then, the cartographic processes of map generalisation, map structuring, legend definition, or map symbolisation are explained. On the following four pages, the students should become familiar with the different map types contained within the atlas as well as the Swiss national map series at the various map scales (Figure 2). A double page about map reading, map use, and map evaluation completes the new introduction chapter. The chapter thus shows the complete process chain from geodata capturing and processing to applying cartographic principles for map representations, in a short but clearly illustrated format aimed at secondary school students. The wording of these technical facts is chosen so that students do not need any previous knowledge. Additional concise text information, written by external experts and the editorial team, helps atlas users to acquire knowledge about the general cartographic theory.</p><p>In a second part of the presentation, the introduction chapter of the Swiss World Atlas 2017 is compared to four similar introductory parts of other printed school atlases. Concerning the content, this part of the Swiss school atlas seems more advanced, covers a broader range of topics, and goes more into details. From a graphics and layout point of view, the introduction chapter of the Swiss World Atlas 2017 combines a clear look-and-feel with a column-based structure, which contrasts with the "frame-and-box" arrangement in other atlases. It offers also a consequent and distinguished colour scheme (rather gentle colour contrasts for area objects), layout and design style (more white space for a clear page structure), and lettering concept (using a space-saving Univers font for the entire atlas). Despite of the comprehensive concept, the introduction chapter of the Swiss World Atlas 2017 is more suitable for higher school levels (10th grade or higher), due to the correctly and professionally formulated theoretical facts as well as the complex infographics. Younger students certainly like shorter and easier-to-read texts with more playful images. Thus, teachers of classes up to the 9th grade may face more challenges to explain the content in a more elementary fashion with the Swiss World Atlas than with other school atlases.</p><p> Since the publication of the atlas in summer 2017, very little feedback from the different target groups has been received to the introduction chapter. Thus, an in-depth analysis is planned this year to assess if the expectations of teachers and students are met. The editorial board will then be able to critically evaluate the representation of the specific cartographic topics with the goal of improving the introduction chapter for the next atlas revision.</p>

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> With the rapid development of 3D technology currently, in particular, on the context of building smart cities, a number of novel 3D geo-visualizations have been advanced, such as immersive maps, panoramic location-based service, and augmented reality systems. These visualizations refer to not only the technological aspects but also the user’s abilities to cognize and make used of presented information(Herman et al., 2018, Šašinka et al., 2018, Kubíček et al., 2019). Note the existing researches usually concentrate on the presentation parameters and the usability of consequential visualizations in actual tasks(Lokka and Coltekin, 2016, Roth et al., 2017, Lokka and Coltekin, 2019). The influence of user factors on 3D spatial perception which is essential for 3D geo-visualization applications still remains unclear.</p><p>In our study, we explored the user differences of spatial perception in 3D geo-visualization in contrast to that in real scene. The research questions were specified as follows: (1) How does the user factors, i.e. gender, age, academic background, mental rotation ability, and abstract reasoning ability, influence the user performance in spatial tasks related to distance perception, height perception, and environmental perception(Siegel and White, 1975)? (2) Is the user perception ability in 3D geo-visualization consistent with that in real scene?</p><p>This study is an exploratory research. Series of experiments were designed based on questionnaire survey, mental mapping and eye-tracking techniques. On the one hand, a questionnaire, a Mental Rotation Test (MRT) and an Abstract Reasoning Test (ART) were conducted to figure out the user profiles, namely the personal information of the participants. On the other hand, a list of spatial tasks were instructed both in a 3D geo-visualization and in a real scene. During the procedure, participants were requested to answer several questions, in addition, their eye movements were recorded using an eye tracker. The participants were also asked to draw a mental map with hands to recall the layout of scene and their travelling path. After all these experiments, the participants’ spatial perception ability were assessed by calculating the accuracy and efficiency of their performance. Consequentially, the significance of participant differences were investigated through a set of quantitative analysis.</p><p>The experimental process refers to three stages: Firstly the questionnaire including MRT and ART, secondly spatial performance in a virtual 3D scene, and thirdly comparative spatial performance in the real scene. For the stage of virtual 3D scene, an interactive 3D geo-visualization platform was developed, so that the users can freely switch the Line of Sight (LOS) and Angle of Field (AOF). For the stage of real scene, a real-world area which is isomorphic to the virtual 3D scene was designated as the test filed. Forty participants were recruited from three universities in Wuhan, China. According to our study, a few interesting results can be obtained:</p><p>(1) In general, there are significant user differences in spatial perception with respect to the visual style, i.e. 3D geo-visualization and real scene. The participants expressed higher level of environmental perception in real scene thanin 3D geo-visualization (r_{_3d}=4.333, r_{_real}=4.001, Sig.=0.044). The participants provided mental maps of real scenein more details than that of the 3D geo-visualization. Meanwhile, they perform better way-finding behaviour with shorter distance moving and less corner turning in real scene.</p><p>(2) By measuring the single influence of user characters, it is indicated that orientation idiom has significant effect onuser’s mental rotation ability. The participants who use front-back-left-right as their orientation idioms trend tohave higher correct accuracy in MRT, while those using north-south-east-west as their orientation idiom seem tohave lower correct accuracy (r_{_fblr}=19.64, r_{_nsew}=12.46, Sig.=0.030, Independent-samples Mann-Whitney U Test).</p><p>When we group participants with the spatial reference frameworks of self-centred reference, fixed reference andcoordinative reference(Byrne et al., 2007), it is easy to find that the type of spatial reference frameworks hasrelative significant effect on distance perception in 3D geo-visualization. Those participants using self-centredreference show the highest accuracy rate, while the ones using coordinative reference show relative lowestaccuracy rate(r_{_selfCent}=22.42, r_{_fixed}=15.47, r_{_coord}=13.43, Sig.=0.056, Independent-samples Kruskal-Wallis Test). Nevertheless, other user factors, including academic background (students of cartography or non-cartography), age (from 21&amp;ndash;24) and activity scope, show no significant influence on spatial perception in 3D geo-visualization as well as in real scene.</p><p>(3) Looking into the combined influence of multiple factors, there is a significant interaction between gender andorientation idioms on the environmental perception in 3D geo-visualization environment, but neither of themshows a significant main effect (Sig._{_gender}=0.817, Sig._{_oriIdio}=0.423, Sig._{_combined}=0.037). The female participantsusing north-south-east-west orientation idiom have higher level of environmental perception than those using front-back-left-right (Sig.=0.064), however, the male participants show no significant difference no matter whichorientation idiom they use.</p><p>Spatial reference framework and orientation idiom have similar significant interaction on distance perception inreal scene, furthermore, the orientation idiom presents a relative significant main effect (Sig._{_spatialRef}=0.882,Sig._{_oriIdio}=0.071, Sig._{_combined}=0.038). The participants who use self-centred reference and orientation idiom ofnorth-south-east-west have higher accuracy rate than the ones using self-centred reference and orientation idiom offront-back-left-right (Sig.=0.007).</p><p>In addition, gender and spatial reference framework seem have relative significant interaction on distanceperception in 3D geo-visualization, and the spatial reference framework provides a main effect significantly(Sig._{_gender}=0.223, Sig._{_spatialRef}=0.019, Sig._{_combined}=0.077).</p><p>These experimental results provide a bright prospect to improve the 3D geo-visualizations to fit users’ personalized charactoristics for certain spatial tasks. They will also be beneficial to the design of mixed 3D geo-visualization, e.g. immersive maps and augmented reality systems, that combines the advantages of visual 3D scene and real scene.</p>

Abstract. Earth system and climate modelling involves the simulation of processes on a wide range of scales and within and across various compartments of the Earth system. In practice, component models are often developed independently by different research groups, adapted by others to their special interests and then combined using a dedicated coupling software. This procedure not only leads to a strongly growing number of available versions of model components and coupled setups but also to model- and high-performance computing (HPC)-system-dependent ways of obtaining, configuring, building and operating them. Therefore, implementing these Earth system models (ESMs) can be challenging and extremely time consuming, especially for less experienced modellers or scientists aiming to use different ESMs as in the case of intercomparison projects. To assist researchers and modellers by reducing avoidable complexity, we developed the ESM-Tools software, which provides a standard way for downloading, configuring, compiling, running and monitoring different models on a variety of HPC systems. It should be noted that ESM-Tools is not a coupling software itself but a workflow and infrastructure management tool to provide access to increase usability of already existing components and coupled setups. As coupled ESMs are technically the more challenging tasks, we will focus on coupled setups, always implying that stand-alone models can benefit in the same way. With ESM-Tools, the user is only required to provide a short script consisting of only the experiment-specific definitions, while the software executes all the phases of a simulation in the correct order. The software, which is well documented and easy to install and use, currently supports four ocean models, three atmosphere models, two biogeochemistry models, an ice sheet model, an isostatic adjustment model, a hydrology model and a land-surface model. Compared to previous versions, ESM-Tools has lately been entirely recoded in a high-level programming language (Python) and provides researchers with an even more user-friendly interface for Earth system modelling. ESM-Tools was developed within the framework of the Advanced Earth System Model Capacity project, supported by the Helmholtz Association.

The Nuup Kangerlua region in southern West Greenland became deglaciated in the early Holocene and by the mid-Holocene, the margin of the Inland Ice was located east of its present position. Discussion of late Holocene changes in the frontal positions of outlets relies on descriptions, paintings, photographs, maps, data from investigations of Norse ruins, aerial photographs and satellite images. The Kangiata Nunaata Sermia glacier system has receded over 20 km during the last two centuries, indicating a marked response to climatic fluctuations during and since the Little Ice Age (LIA). A large advance between 1700 and 1800 was followed by rapid recession in the first half of the 1800s. Limited data from c. 1850–1920 indicate that although the long-term position of the glacier front remained c. 10–12 km behind the LIA maximum, the late 1800s and the early 1900s may have seen a recession followed by an advance that resulted in a pronounced moraine system. The ice-dammed lake Isvand formed during the LIA maximum when meltwater from the western side of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia drained to the Ameralla fjord in the west. This is in contrast to the drainage pattern before the 1700s, when water probably drained to Kangersuneq in the north. Thinning of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia resulted in total drainage of Isvand between 2000 and 2010 and the discharge of water through Austmannadalen has now returned to the same level as that in medieval times. Other outlets in the region, such as Akullersuup Sermia and Qamanaarsuup Sermia have varied in phase with Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, but with amplitudes of only a few kilometres. In contrast, Narsap Sermia has been nearly stationary and Kangilinnguata Sermia may have advanced until the middle of the 1900s. Lowland marine outlets in south-western Greenland were characterised by large amplitude changes during the Neoglacial. Extreme examples, in addition to Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, are Eqalorutsit Killiit Sermiat at the head of Nordre Sermilik fjord in southern Greenland and Jakobshavn Isbræ in Disko Bugt, central West Greenland. The Neoglacial advances appear to have occurred at different times, although this may in part reflect the limited information about fluctuations prior to the 1930s. The differences could also reflect variations in mass balance of different sectors of the ice sheet, different subglacial dynamics or topographical factors. The lowland areas are separated by uplands and highlands that extend below the marginal part of the Inland Ice; in such areas, the outlets have been advancing almost up to the present, so that the position of the glacier front around AD 2000 broadly coincides with the LIA maximum. Charting the fluctuations of the outlets thus illustrates the large variability of the glaciers' response to changing climate but it is notable that the number of advancing outlets has decreased markedly in recent years.

This report aims to evaluate the potential of sharing energyregarding heat and cooling between buildings in a smalldecentralized energy system. A model of an energy substation wasdeveloped in IDA ICE Advanced level only system to create a timeefficient tool that is easy to handle for people in the industry.Three cases of building stocks with different heating and coolingdemands were modeled in the energy substation, both separately andcollectively, to investigate the differences in energy performanceas a result of energy recovery between buildings. The study also contained a sociotechnical aspect of thedecentralized energy system. Interviews were carried out to studyhow a mutual energy substation is implemented in reality and whatchallenges and opportunities the technology faces. An importantconclusion is that the future development for this new technologyis highly dependent on an increased cooperation between companiesin the industry.The simulations of the cases showed an improved energy performancefor the mutual energy substations in all three cases, sevenpercent improvement as most. The report concludes that there ispotential for an improved energy performance in a building stockwhen implementing a mutual energy substation since it enables theability to save energy through energy recovery. Furthermore, it isconcluded that a resembling heat and cooling demand within thebuilding stock increases the total energy performance of thesystem. An improved control system of the model is recommendedbefore deciding if and where it is beneficial to implement amutual energy substation.

The research deals with the possibility of effective exploitation of low temperature geothermal energy resources, which are generally much more widespread worldwide compared to conventional high temperature ones, typically available only in limited areas of the Earth. The basic idea is the application of an advanced binary cycle, only thermally coupled to the primary endogen heat source. The selected reference-power cycle is the well-known Kalina, which gives the possibility of optimizing the matching between heat capacities of the geothermal fluid (i.e. typically hot water or saturated steam) and the cycle working fluid, which is a non azeotropic NH3-H2O mixture with variable vaporization temperature at a fixed pressure. The heat transfer diagrams of the main Kalina heat exchangers, namely the condenser and the evaporator, are analysed with the aim of minimizing the irreversibilities related to the heat transfer. At different fixed NH3-H2O composition and condenser pressures, the evaporator pressure shows an efficiency optimizing value between 40 and 55 bar, generally increasing at higher condenser pressure. At fixed geothermal heat source temperature, condenser/evaporator pressures and working mixture composition, the cycle efficiency increases with increasing evaporator temperature, because of the reduction in the approach temperature difference between the geothermal and the working fluid. Higher efficiencies are found at higher NH3 concentrations. The proposed Water-Ammonia power cycle is further enhanced introducing a chiller (thus making the power cycle a CCP unit), thanks to the properties of the fluid mixture downstream the absorber, through an intermediate heat exchanger between the condenser and the evaporator. Mainly due to the better matching of heat capacities between the geothermal and the working fluid, the proposed power cycle offers the possibility of interesting improvements in electrical efficiency compared to traditionally proposed binary cycles using ORCs, at fixed temperature level of the heat source. In the investigated proposal, values of electric efficiency between 15 and 20% are found. An economic analysis is presented, demonstrating that the CCP system is able to produce electricity at decreased unit cost with respect to the power-only unit.