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Poelmans, Steven AY, Thomas Kalliath und Paula Brough. „Achieving work–life balance: Current theoretical and practice issues“. Journal of Management & Organization 14, Nr. 3 (Juli 2008): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200003242.
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AbstractProfessor Steven Poelmans is a leading international expert on the frontiers of work–family research contributing to theoretical and practice advancements. He is the Academic Director of the International Centre of Work and Family (ICWF) at IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain, which has worked for more than a decade with numerous organisations in Spain, Latin-America, and various countries around the globe to create a family-responsible environment. In this conversation, Steven Poelmans responds to questions from Thomas Kalliath and Paula Brough (Guest Editors) on a range of theoretical and practice issues currently facing the field including measurement of work–life balance, work–life balance theory, engagement with industry, the role of organisational culture and strategic management in influencing work–life balance.
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Poelmans, Steven AY, Thomas Kalliath und Paula Brough. „Achieving work–life balance: Current theoretical and practice issues“. Journal of Management & Organization 14, Nr. 3 (Juli 2008): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.227.
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AbstractProfessor Steven Poelmans is a leading international expert on the frontiers of work–family research contributing to theoretical and practice advancements. He is the Academic Director of the International Centre of Work and Family (ICWF) at IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain, which has worked for more than a decade with numerous organisations in Spain, Latin-America, and various countries around the globe to create a family-responsible environment. In this conversation, Steven Poelmans responds to questions from Thomas Kalliath and Paula Brough (Guest Editors) on a range of theoretical and practice issues currently facing the field including measurement of work–life balance, work–life balance theory, engagement with industry, the role of organisational culture and strategic management in influencing work–life balance.
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Karnik, Madhuri, Amitabha Ghosh und Rajiv Shekhar. „The Mechanism of Electrochemical Discharge (ECD)“. Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.295.
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The paper proposes mechanism of electrochemical discharge ECD based on the results of experiments in stagnant electrolyte cell (SEC). The experiments conducted in SEC have demonstrated that the physical characteristics of ECD, instantaneous current wave form (ICWF) in the cell at the time of discharge and voltage gradient developed near the tip of the discharging electrode are polarity dependant. It has been also observed that the formation of gas-vapour sheath round the tip of electrode is the benchmark leading to the discharge. Hence, an attempt has been made to suggest the polarity dependant ionization processes that can take place in the gas-vapour sheath near the discharging electrode, assuming that the ionic processes taking place at the electrodes in an electrochemical cell do not change at the time of discharge. The emission of electrons can take place from the surface of cathode due to either the field emission or thermionic emission (since the temperature of cathode shoots up in the film boiling regime) or by positive ion impact. The field ionization of gas molecules in the sheath formed around the anode tip can take place leading to tunneling of electrons from neutral gas molecules under the action of high electric field (2-51010V/m) [1] into the surface of the anode.
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Gao, Xinghua, Yonghong Jia und Siyi Li. „Does Mandatory Disclosure of Internal Control Weaknesses Affect Corporate Financing Decisions?“ Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 35, Nr. 3 (15.05.2018): 581–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x18772244.
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We examine the impact of internal control weaknesses (ICWs) on firms’ financing choices and how firms alter their financing behavior after the mandated disclosure of ICWs. We find that, before disclosure, ICW firms tend to seek external financing more than non-ICW firms do and are more likely to use equity financing as opposed to debt. After the disclosure, however, ICW and non-ICW firms exhibit similar financing preferences. In exploring the motivations for equity financing, we find that ICW firms are more prone than non-ICW firms to use the equity proceeds to fund investments and that this penchant disappears post-disclosure. The overall evidence indicates that ICW disclosure alters the information environment and managerial incentives, which has significant impact on firms’ financing decisions.
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Takikawa, Yoshihiro, Yoshinori Matsuda, Teruo Nonomura, Koji Kakutani, Kiyotsugu Okada, Shinya Morikawa, Manabu Shibao, Shin-ichi Kusakari und Hideyoshi Toyoda. „An Electrostatic Nursery Shelter for Raising Pest and Pathogen Free Tomato Seedlings in an Open-Window Greenhouse Environment“. Journal of Agricultural Science 8, Nr. 4 (11.03.2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n4p13.
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<p>The electrostatic nursery shelter reported in this work was a transparent film-covered rectangular box with three electric field screens on each of the long sides of the box. This arrangement prevents flying pests and airborne fungal pathogens from entering the nursery space. Insulated conducting wires (ICWs) were used as electrodes to create electric fields. The ICWs were arrayed in parallel, and linked to direct-current voltage sources. The ICW layers were negatively or positively charged with equal voltages to form dipoles; i.e., ICW(–) and ICW(+). The electric field screen consisted of three layers of the ICWs; i.e., an ICW(–) layer on either side of an ICW(+) layer. Four species of major tomato pests were used in a blowing assay: whiteflies (<em>Bemisia tabaci</em>), western flower thrips (<em>Frankliniella occidentalis</em>), green peach aphids (<em>Myzus persicae</em>) and tomato leaf miner flies (<em>Liriomyza sativae</em>). The ICWs were located to capture test pests that were mechanically blown into the electric-field screen. The electrostatic force to capture the insects was directly proportional to the applied voltage, and at voltages of 1.2 kV or greater, the screen exerted sufficient force to capture all of the test pests. An assay in a pest-infested greenhouse revealed that the ICWs captured all the pests that approached the screen, and the plants within the shelter remained pest-free. In addition, we show that the electric-field-screened shelter remained spore-free in the presence of continuous exposure to the conidia of tomato powdery mildew (<em>Oidium neolycopersici</em>).</p>
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Ji, Xudong, Wei Lu, Wen Qu und Vernon J. Richardson. „Changes in Internal Control Disclosure and Analyst Forecasts Around Mandatory Disclosure Required by the China SOX“. Accounting Horizons 33, Nr. 3 (01.05.2019): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-52452.
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SYNOPSIS Beginning January 1, 2012, all publicly listed firms in China are required, under the Basic Standard of Enterprise Internal Control (China SOX), to provide an internal control report (ICR). Prior to that, many firms had elected to voluntarily comply with this regulation. We examine the change in internal control disclosure regimes and its impact on the properties of analyst earnings forecasts. We compare the quantity and severity of ICWs disclosed under voluntary versus mandatory regimes, and find evidence suggesting that the disclosure of more serious ICWs increases when ICW disclosures become mandatory. We then investigate the effect of ICW disclosures on analyst forecast error and dispersion. We find that measures of ICWs are negatively associated with desirable properties of analyst earnings forecasts. We also find a less positive association between ICW disclosures and forecast error and dispersion in the mandatory regime. JEL Classifications: G34; G38; M41.
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Gao, Xinghua, und Yonghong Jia. „The Role of Internal Control in the Equity Issue Market: Evidence From Seasoned Equity Offerings“. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 32, Nr. 3 (14.09.2015): 303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x15602821.
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This article examines the role of internal control requirements under the Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002 in firms’ cost of raising equity capital. We find that, prior to the disclosure of internal control weaknesses (ICWs), ICWs are not directly associated with underwriters’ gross spread and seasoned equity offering (SEO) underpricing. After the disclosure, however, underwriters charge a risk premium on ICW issuers, especially on those disclosing ICWs in multiple consecutive years. We also find that SEO underpricing is exacerbated by multiple-year-disclosed ICWs but not by first-timers. More notably, we find that managers play a dominant role in deciding issue size pre-disclosure, but this dominance weakens post-disclosure. Taken together, our evidence suggests that internal controls help moderate the cost of raising equity capital and that ICW disclosures have significant implications for underwriters in the equity issue market.
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Telloni, Daniele. „Persistence of Ion Cyclotron Waves and Stochasticity of Kinetic Alfvén Waves in the Solar Wind“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 1 (30.12.2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010044.
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This paper investigates the nature of the physical processes underlying the origin of the Ion Cyclotron Waves (ICWs) and Kinetic Alfvén Waves (KAWs) in the solar wind, by studying their Waiting Time Distributions (WTDs). The results show that ICWs and KAWs do not share common statistical properties: while KAWs independently occur as stochastic, uncorrelated wave packets governed by Poisson statistics, ICWs are highly correlated, thus departing from the Poisson hypothesis. The results based on the WTD analysis may cast more light on the mechanisms actively at work in the generation of the two wave modes. Specifically, while the stochastic character of KAWs may be reminiscent of the random convection-driven jostling of the flux-tube foot-points that generates the Alfvén waves in the lower solar atmosphere, the correlations among the ICW events can be effectively explained on the basis of the persistent nature of the mechanism underlying the local origin of ICWs, namely the proton cyclotron instability. Alternative explanations for the observed distribution of ICW waiting times, based on a piecewise-constant Poisson process involving time-varying rates, are also reported.
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Li, Fenfang, Chen Yang, Fang Yuan, Defei Liao, Thomas Li, Farshid Guilak und Pei Zhong. „Dynamics and mechanisms of intracellular calcium waves elicited by tandem bubble-induced jetting flow“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, Nr. 3 (27.12.2017): E353—E362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713905115.
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One of the earliest events in cellular mechanotransduction is often an increase in intracellular calcium concentration associated with intracellular calcium waves (ICWs) in various physiologic or pathophysiologic processes. Although cavitation-induced calcium responses are believed to be important for modulating downstream bioeffects such as cell injury and mechanotransduction in ultrasound therapy, the fundamental mechanisms of these responses have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated mechanistically the ICWs elicited in single HeLa cells by the tandem bubble-induced jetting flow in a microfluidic system. We identified two distinct (fast and slow) types of ICWs at varying degrees of flow shear stress-induced membrane deformation, as determined by different bubble standoff distances. We showed that ICWs were initiated by an extracellular calcium influx across the cell membrane nearest to the jetting flow, either primarily through poration sites for fast ICWs or opening of mechanosensitive ion channels for slow ICWs, which then propagated in the cytosol via a reaction−diffusion process from the endoplasmic reticulum. The speed of ICW (CICW) was found to correlate strongly with the severity of cell injury, with CICW in the range of 33 μm/s to 93 μm/s for fast ICWs and 1.4 μm/s to 12 μm/s for slow ICWs. Finally, we demonstrated that micrometer-sized beads attached to the cell membrane integrin could trigger ICWs under mild cavitation conditions without collateral injury. The relation between the characteristics of ICW and cell injury, and potential strategies to mitigate cavitation-induced injury while evoking an intracellular calcium response, may be particularly useful for exploiting ultrasound-stimulated mechanotransduction applications in the future.
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Ogneva, Maria, K. R. Subramanyam und K. Raghunandan. „Internal Control Weakness and Cost of Equity: Evidence from SOX Section 404 Disclosures“. Accounting Review 82, Nr. 5 (01.10.2007): 1255–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2007.82.5.1255.
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We examine the association between cost of equity and internal control weakness (ICW) for firms that filed first-time Section 404 reports with the SEC. Using several proxies, we find higher implied cost of equity associated with ICW firms than for a control sample of firms that disclosed no ICW. However, the higher cost of equity associated with ICW disappears after controlling for primitive firm characteristics and for analyst forecast bias. Overall, we find that, on average, ICWs are not directly associated with higher cost of equity.
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van Biervliet, Olly, Robert J. McInnes, Jonathan Lewis-Phillips und Jonah Tosney. „Can an Integrated Constructed Wetland in Norfolk Reduce Nutrient Concentrations and Promote In Situ Bird Species Richness?“ Wetlands 40, Nr. 5 (11.03.2020): 967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01247-7.
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Abstract Integrated Constructed Wetlands (ICWs) are potentially effective tools in the effort to restore aquatic ecosystems, and also they incorporate multiple co-benefits. An ICW was constructed in Norfolk, UK, to address the degradation of a stream and lake receiving treated effluent from a small Sewage Treatment Works (STW). Results demonstrated that: (1) nutrient concentrations significantly reduced from the ICW influent to the effluent (percentage reductions: total phosphorus [TP]: 78%, orthophosphate: 80%, total oxidised nitrogen [TON]: 65%, nitrate: 65%, nitrite: 67%, ammoniacal nitrogen: 62%), and mean dissolved oxygen concentrations increased (influent mean: 6.4 ± 1.4 mg l−1 effluent mean: 17.8 ± 3.3 mg l−1), (2) there were non-significant reductions in nutrient concentrations in the receiving stream (percentage reductions: TP: 23%, orthophosphate: 23%, TON: 26%, nitrate: 26%), with the exception of ammoniacal nitrogen (127% increase) and nitrite (76%) after ICW commissioning, and (3) mean in situ avian species richness increased from 10 to 27 species. Thus, the ICW substantially reduced nutrient concentrations, and had in situ conservation benefits. It is recommended that appropriately designed ICWs should be implemented widely and statutory authorities should ensure: 1) best-practice maintenance and 2) final effluent monitoring at both the STW and at the ICW outflows.
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Nonomura, Teruo, und Hideyoshi Toyoda. „Electrostatic Spore-Trapping Techniques for Managing Airborne Conidia Dispersed by the Powdery Mildew Pathogen“. Agronomy 12, Nr. 10 (09.10.2022): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102443.
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This review examines the progress of electrostatic spore-trapping research and the potential for the practical application of electrostatic apparatuses in powdery mildew control. These apparatuses produce an electric field by charging an insulated conductor wire (ICW). Airborne pathogen spores are subjected to an attractive force in the electric field and are drawn to the charged ICW as a result of dielectrophoretic movement. The strength of the attractive force is commensurate with the field strength (determined by the magnitude of the voltage applied to the ICW). Single-charged monopolar electric field screens (SM screens) are constructed by arraying negatively charged cylindrical ICWs in parallel at a specific interval. The connected electric fields of these ICWs form a gap-free air-shielding barrier. Wind-dispersed spores are precipitated by this barrier to create spore-free air. Oppositely charged SM screens have been combined to develop double-charged dipolar electric field screens, which generate a stronger spore attraction force under lower voltage application. Thus, electric field screens represent a promising physical method for creating spore-free spaces in cropping facilities, where plants can be cultivated without risk of infection by airborne fungal pathogens.
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ZOLIN, Cornélio Alberto, Eduardo da Silva MATOS, Ciro Augusto de Souza MAGALHÃES, Janaína PAULINO, Rattan LAL, Sílvio Tulio SPERA und Maurel BEHLING. „Short-term effect of a crop-livestock-forestry system on soil, water and nutrient loss in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone“. Acta Amazonica 51, Nr. 2 (Juni 2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202000391.
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ABSTRACT Soil, water, and nutrient loss by water erosion are among the main factors leading to land degradation, decreasing soil productivity and the provision of ecosystem services. The Cerrado-Amazon ecotone in western Brazil has suffered rapid land-use cover changes with impacts on soil erosion and land degradation. Despite the importance of the region for Brazilian agriculture and environmental conservation, studies on soil, water, and nutrient loss are still scarce. We tested integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) as a sustainable agriculture management system for the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone region. A field experiment was established in the north of Mato Grosso state to quantify total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen loss during the rainy season in 2012-2013 in plots of integrated crop-forestry (ICF), pasture (PAST), eucalyptus plantation (EUC), no-tillage crop succession (CS) and bare soil (BS). Total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen losses in BS were, on average, 96.7% higher than in ICF, EUC, PAST, and CS. ICF had significantly lower water loss than CS, EUC and PAST. Total loss of carbon (4.3 - 428.2 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0.3 - 29.2 kg ha-1) differed significantly among treatments. The production systems with tree components (EUC and ICF) and PAST showed reduced soil and nutrients loss compared to CS. Our results demonstrated that ICLF can avoid soil quality loss and thus improve agriculture sustainability in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone.
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Harp, Nancy L., und Beau Grant Barnes. „Internal Control Weaknesses and Acquisition Performance“. Accounting Review 93, Nr. 1 (01.04.2017): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51780.
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ABSTRACT This study examines internal control weaknesses (ICWs) reported under Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Section 302 in the context of mergers and acquisitions. We predict that problems in an acquirer's internal control environment have adverse operational implications for acquisition performance. We argue that acquirers with low-quality internal information needed to select profitable acquisitions will make poorer acquisition decisions. We also argue that ICWs impede effective monitoring and are likely to hinder integration tasks that are important to acquisition profitability. We find that ICWs disclosed prior to an acquisition announcement predict significantly lower post-acquisition operating performance and abnormal stock returns. Poorer post-acquisition performance is concentrated in ICWs that are expected to impede acquisition activities (i.e., forecasting/valuation, monitoring, and integration). Our findings contribute to the literature linking ineffective internal control over financial reporting to negative operational outcomes. We also contribute to the SOX cost-benefit debate by documenting a previously unidentified benefit of ICW disclosures.
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Dzakpasu, Mawuli, Miklas Scholz, Valerie McCarthy und Siobhán Jordan. „Nitrogen transformations and mass balance in an integrated constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater“. Water Science and Technology 70, Nr. 9 (20.09.2014): 1496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.402.
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Nitrogen (N) transformations and removal in integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs) are often high, but the contributions of various pathways, including nitrification/denitrification, assimilation by plants and sediment storage, remain unclear. This study quantified the contributions of different N removal pathways in a typical multi-celled ICW system treating domestic wastewater. Findings showed near complete average total N retention of circa 95% at 102.3 g m−2 yr−1 during the 4-year period of operation. Variations in total N and NH4–N removal rates were associated with effluent flow volume rates and seasons. According to the mass balance estimation, assimilation by plants and sediment/soil storage accounted for approximately 23% and 20%, respectively, of the total N load removal. These were the major N removal route besides microbial transformations. Thus, the combination of plants with high biomass production offer valuable opportunities for improving ICW performance. The retrieval and use of sequestered N in the ICW sediment/soils require coherent management and provide innovative and valuable opportunities.
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Koo, Ja Eun, und Eun Sun Ki. „Internal Control Personnel’s Experience, Internal Control Weaknesses, and ESG Rating“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 20 (19.10.2020): 8645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208645.
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Effective internal control is expected to have a positive effect on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) ratings, which are an indicator of corporate sustainability, as it ensures improvements in efficiency and effectiveness in operations, reliable reports, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. However, no matter how well an internal control system is designed, internal control quality deteriorates if internal control (IC) personnel do not understand the firm’s business or lack accounting experience. This study first explores the relationship between ESG ratings and internal control weaknesses (ICWs). We then examine two types of career experience of IC personnel—length of service and accounting experience—and their effect on ICWs. We conduct logit regression analyses using the data of 1876 non-financial listed firms in Korea. The results show that ICW firms have low ESG ratings. We also find that the accounting experience of IC personnel is more closely related to ICWs than the length of service. This implies that the accounting expertise of IC personnel may have a greater effect on internal control quality than the understanding of a firm’s business. Overall, our findings provide evidence that firms must have IC personnel with sufficient accounting expertise for sustainable management.
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Takikawa, Yoshihiro, Koji Kakutani, Yoshinori Matsuda, Teruo Nonomura, Shin-ichi Kusakari und Hideyoshi Toyoda. „A Promising Physical Pest-Control System Demonstrated in a Greenhouse Equipped With Simple Electrostatic Devices That Excluded All Insect Pests: A Review“. Journal of Agricultural Science 11, Nr. 18 (15.11.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n18p1.
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Applied electrostatic engineering can be used to construct greenhouses that prevent entry of insect pests. Two types of electric field screen were used to exclude pests from the greenhouse: single- and double-charged dipolar electric field screens (S- and D-screen, respectively). The S-screen consisted of iron insulated conductor wires (ICWs) arrayed in parallel (ICW-layer), a grounded metal net on either side of the ICW-layer, and a direct current voltage generator. S-screens were attached to the side windows of the greenhouse to repel whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) that approached the nets. The D-screen was installed in a small anteroom at the greenhouse entrance to capture whiteflies entering through it. The ICW-layers of the D-screen were oppositely charged with equal voltages and arrayed alternately, and an insulator board or grounded metal net was placed on one side of the ICW-layer. The ICW-layers captured whiteflies entering the electric field of the double-charged dipolar electric field. Three screens equipped with yellow or gray boards or a grounded metal net were installed in the anteroom based on the airflow inside the room, as most whiteflies were brought in by air when the door was opened. Two D-screens with boards were useful for directing the airflow toward the wall with the netted D-screen. This screen eliminated the insects and the pest-free air was circulated inside the greenhouse. The D-screen with the yellow board attracted the whiteflies and was effective for trapping them when there was no wind. Our method kept the greenhouse pest-free throughout the entire period of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation.
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Matveev, D., D. Douai, T. Wauters, A. Widdowson, I. Jepu, M. Maslov, S. Brezinsek et al. „Tritium removal from JET-ILW after T and D–T experimental campaigns“. Nuclear Fusion 63, Nr. 11 (12.10.2023): 112014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acf0d4.
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Abstract After the second Deuterium–Tritium Campaign (DTE2) in the JET tokamak with the ITER-Like Wall (ILW) and full tritium campaigns that preceded and followed after the DTE2, a sequence of fuel recovery methods was applied to promote tritium removal from wall components. The sequence started with several days of baking of the main chamber walls at 240 °C and at 320 °C. Subsequently, baking was superimposed with Ion-Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) and Glow Discharge Conditioning (GDC) cleaning cycles in deuterium. Diverted plasma operation in deuterium with different strike point configurations, including a Raised Inner Strike Point (RISP) configuration, and with different plasma heating—Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) and Neutral Beam Injection (NBI)—concluded the cleaning sequence. Tritium content in plasma and in the pumped gas was monitored throughout the experiment. The applied fuel recovery methods allowed reducing the residual tritium content in deuterium NBI-heated plasmas to about 0.1% as deduced from neutron rate measurements. This value is well below the requirement of 1% set by the maximum 14 MeV fusion neutron budget allocated in the ensuing deuterium plasma campaign. The quantified tritium removal over the course of the experiment was 13.4 ± 0.7 × 10 22 atoms or 0.67 ± 0.03 g with ∼58% attributed to baking, ∼12.5% to ICWC, ∼26% to GDC, and ∼3.5% to first low power RISP plasmas. The experimentally estimated amount of removed tritium is in good agreement with long-term tritium accounting by the JET tritium reprocessing plant, in which the unaccounted amount was reduced by 0.71 g after the cleaning experiment.
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Sohoulande, Clement D. D., Ariel A. Szogi, Jeffrey M. Novak, Kenneth C. Stone, Jerry H. Martin und Don W. Watts. „Long-Term Nitrogen and Phosphorus Outflow from an Instream Constructed Wetland under Precipitation Variability“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 24 (09.12.2022): 16500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416500.
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In many agricultural watersheds, surface runoff often causes unwanted nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses from croplands into stream networks. When this phenomenon is pronounced, it significantly changes N and P concentrations in streams affecting aquatic ecosystems. To protect stream water quality, the installation of instream-constructed wetlands (ICWs) for treating runoff water is often reported as a low-cost alternative to conventional water treatment systems. Indeed, ICWs have the capacity to collect and temporarily retain nutrients transported from agricultural landscapes and then slowly release them into downstream networks. However, the long-term hydrologic behavior of ICWs relative to N and P outflow control is still insufficiently reported. Especially in the context of climate change, it is relevant to investigate the effect of precipitation variability on ICWs N and P outflow. This study uses the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model to approximate the long-term hydrologic behavior of an experimental ICW installed in a small agricultural watershed. The model was set assuming a continuous corn and soybean rotation on croplands, then a multidecadal (period 2001–2020) simulation was used to evaluate the implication of precipitation variability on total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-N (NO3-N), total P (TP), and dissolved P (DP) outflows. Results show meaningful changes in the precipitation pattern with contrasting effects on N and P outflows. While analyses show significant trends in the maximum monthly precipitation, nutrient outflows during two consecutive decades, 2001–2010 and 2011–2020, show increases of 46% for TN, and 82% for TP. At the watershed scale, month-to- month TN and TP outflows range from 24 to 810 kg N and 26 to 1358 kg P during 2011–2020, compared with 42 to 398 kg N and 40 to 566 kg P during 2001–2010. The increase in nutrient outflow is particularly pronounced for TP and DP which show significant trends and high correlations (r > 0.70) with maximum monthly precipitation. An exception is nitrate-N outflow, which counts on average for less than 5% of TN outflow but appears more affected by the timing of N fertilization in the watershed.
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Luo, Qiaowen, Xingyu Zhu, Jiansen He, Jun Cui, Hairong Lai, Daniel Verscharen und Die Duan. „Coherence of Ion Cyclotron Resonance in Damped Ion Cyclotron Waves in Space Plasmas“. Astrophysical Journal 928, Nr. 1 (01.03.2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac52a9.
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Abstract Ion cyclotron resonance is one of the fundamental energy-conversion processes through field–particle interaction in collisionless plasmas. However, the key evidence for ion cyclotron resonance (i.e., the coherence between electromagnetic fields and the ion phase-space density) and the resulting damping of ion cyclotron waves (ICWs) has not yet been directly observed. Investigating the high-quality measurements of space plasmas by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites, we find that both the wave electromagnetic field vectors and the bulk velocity of the disturbed ion velocity distribution rotate around the background magnetic field. Moreover, we find that the absolute gyrophase angle difference between the center of the fluctuations in the ion velocity distribution functions and the wave electric field vectors falls in the range of (0, 90)°, consistent with an ongoing energy conversion from wave fields to particles. By invoking plasma kinetic theory, we demonstrate that the field–particle correlation for the damped ICWs in our theoretical model matches well with our observations. Furthermore, the wave electric field vectors ( δ E wave , ⊥ ′ ), ion current density (δ J i,⊥), and energy transfer rate ( δ J i , ⊥ · δ E wave , ⊥ ′ ) exhibit quasiperiodic oscillations, and the integrated work done by the electromagnetic field on the ions is positive, indicating that ions are mainly energized by the perpendicular component of the electric field via cyclotron resonance. Therefore, our combined analysis of MMS observations and kinetic theory provides direct, thorough, and comprehensive evidence for ICW damping in space plasmas.
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Mitra, Santanu, Hakjoon Song und Joon Sun Yang. „The Effect of Auditing Standard No. 5 on Audit Report Lags“. Accounting Horizons 29, Nr. 3 (01.02.2015): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-51052.
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SYNOPSIS Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5) introduced by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in June 2007 requires a top-down risk-based approach in auditing and is expected to improve audit efficiency and make the overall auditing process timelier by reducing audit report lags. We investigate the impact of AS5 on audit report lags over an extended period from 2006 to 2011 and find that audit report lags are lower in the AS5 years (2007–2011) relative to the AS2 years (2006–2007). But this reduction is evident mostly for the firms with clean SOX 404 opinions. The presence of material internal control weaknesses (ICW) significantly increases audit report lags, but AS5 does not have any incremental moderating effect on report lags and the ICW relationship. Tests for the firms with company-level and account-specific ICWs demonstrate identical results. Additional analyses show that the learning curve effect takes place rapidly in the early part of the AS5 period and audits continue to remain efficient in terms of reduced report lags in the latter part of the AS5 period relative to the AS2 period. The year-to-year change analyses for the AS5 period further corroborate this result. Overall, our study demonstrates that the top-down, risk-based approach under AS5 makes the audit process more efficient and timelier by decreasing audit report lags. Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in the paper.
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Price, L. A. „ICRF APPEALS“. Lancet 332, Nr. 8625 (Dezember 1988): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90624-1.
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Bailey, Colin. „ICEF 7“. Food and Bioproducts Processing 75, Nr. 3 (September 1997): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-3085(97)70075-0.
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Hellmann, K. „ICRF 187“. Journal of Chemotherapy 1, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1989): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1120009x.1989.11738922.
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Eastland, G. „ICRF-187“. Drugs of the Future 12, Nr. 11 (1987): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.1987.012.11.79469.
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Mselle, Goodluck, Peter Nsanya, Kennedy Diema Konlan, Yuri Lee, Jongsoo Ryu und Sunjoo Kang. „Factors Associated with the Implementation of an Improved Community Health Fund in the Ubungo Municipality Area, Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 9 (05.05.2022): 5606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095606.
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Community-based health insurance schemes help households to afford healthcare services. This paper describes healthcare facilities and community factors that are associated with the Improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) scheme in the Ubungo district of Tanzania. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using online questionnaires that were completed by healthcare providers and community members in public-owned healthcare facilities in the Ubungo Municipal Council district of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between October and November 2021. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-squared test of association. We found a statistically significant relationship between income level and satisfaction with the iCHF scheme. For community-related factors, income level was statistically significant in the level of involvement in iCHF implementation among local leaders. Further, income level was statistically significant in relation to community behavior/culture toward the iCHF. Occupation was statistically significant in iCHF implementation, iCHF premiums, and iCHF membership size. A statistically significant relationship was also found between income, iCHF membership size, and iCHF premiums. Moreover, people would be willing to pay the required premiums if the quality of the healthcare services under the iCHF scheme improves. Therefore, the government should allocate resources to reduce the challenges that are facing iCHF implementation, such as the preference for a user fee scheme over the iCHF, the issues that are faced by enrollment officers, and inadequate iCHF premiums and membership size.
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Leybaert, Luc, und Michael J. Sanderson. „Intercellular Ca2+ Waves: Mechanisms and Function“. Physiological Reviews 92, Nr. 3 (Juli 2012): 1359–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00029.2011.
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Intercellular calcium (Ca2+) waves (ICWs) represent the propagation of increases in intracellular Ca2+ through a syncytium of cells and appear to be a fundamental mechanism for coordinating multicellular responses. ICWs occur in a wide diversity of cells and have been extensively studied in vitro. More recent studies focus on ICWs in vivo. ICWs are triggered by a variety of stimuli and involve the release of Ca2+ from internal stores. The propagation of ICWs predominately involves cell communication with internal messengers moving via gap junctions or extracellular messengers mediating paracrine signaling. ICWs appear to be important in both normal physiology as well as pathophysiological processes in a variety of organs and tissues including brain, liver, retina, cochlea, and vascular tissue. We review here the mechanisms of initiation and propagation of ICWs, the key intra- and extracellular messengers (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and ATP) mediating ICWs, and the proposed physiological functions of ICWs.
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Malkin, Z. „Connecting terrestrial to celestial reference frames“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314005511.
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AbstractIn this paper we outline several problems related to the realization of the international celestial and terrestrial reference frames — the ICRF and ITRF — at the millimeter level of accuracy, with emphasis on ICRF issues. We consider here the current status of the ICRF, the interrelationship between the ICRF and ITRF, and considerations for future ICRF realizations.
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Zhou, Xu, Sheng Xu, Qing Ren und Jianrong Chen. „Quality and Specific Concerns of Clinical Guidelines for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine: A Critical Appraisal“. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (26.09.2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9254503.
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Objective. This study aimed to investigate the methodological quality of clinical guidelines (CGs) for integrated Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM) to inform clinical practice and guideline development. Methods. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP, five guideline databases, and four online book malls to identify ICWM CGs published up to January 11, 2019. Four independent appraisers assessed the quality of CGs using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument and evaluated six specific concerns for ICWM. The standardized scores were calculated for the individual AGREE II domains. Results. Sixty-two ICWM CGs were included. The median standardized scores in the six domains of AGREE II were 65% in scope and purpose, 46% in clarity of presentation, 26% in applicability, 24% in stakeholder involvement, 15% in rigor of development, and 0% in editorial independence. The quality of ICWM CGs was significantly associated with the publication year (higher quality for CGs published after 2014) and the development method (higher quality for evidence-based CGs). Only one ICWM CG obtained a direct recommendation for use, and 14 could be recommended for use after modifications. The intra-appraiser consistency of the AGREE II appraisal was good (mean intraclass correlation coefficient range, 0.813–0.998). ICWM CGs also lacked a systematic search of ancient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) classics (40.3%), conversion of TCM recommendations from ancient Chinese to the vernacular (14.5%), a discussion of interactions between TCM and Western medicine (27.4%), and rankings of different ICWM choices (0%). Conclusions. Although an improvement after 2014 occurred, the current 64 ICWM CGs are generally of poor methodological quality. Only 15 ICWM CGs can be recommended for use directly or with modifications. As the key distinctions from Western/Chinese medicine CGs, the ICWM-specific recommendations are also insufficient for the ICWM CGs, especially for interactions between TCM and Western medicine and rankings of different ICWM choices. Study Registration. This study has been registered at PROSPERO (no. CRD42018095767).
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de Witt, Aletha, Patrick Charlot, David Gordon und Christopher S. Jacobs. „Overview and Status of the International Celestial Reference Frame as Realized by VLBI“. Universe 8, Nr. 7 (07.07.2022): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8070374.
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Accurate measurement of angular positions on the sky requires a well-defined system of reference that is realized with accessible objects. The purpose of this study is to review the international standard realization of such a system, the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The ICRF uses the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique as it has the highest resolution of any current astrometric technique for reference frames in order to observe Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) which are at such great distances (typical redshift ∼1) that there is currently no observed parallax or proper motion of these objects thus giving the frame excellent stability. We briefly review the history of the transition from the Fundamental Katalog 5 (FK5) optical frame to VLBI-based frames with attention to each of the three generations: ICRF-1, ICRF-2, and ICRF-3. We present some of the more prominent applications of the ICRF and outline the methods used to construct the ICRF. Next we discuss in more detail the current standard ICRF-3—which is the first frame to be realized at multiple wavelengths (S/X, K, X/Ka-bands)—including an estimate of its accuracy and limiting errors. We conclude with an overview of future plans for improving the ICRF.
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Yang, Yu, Yuxuan Li und Xiaohui Du. „Does Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Increase the Incidence of Anastomotic Leakage after Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis“. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2021 (25.01.2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9204373.
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Purpose. To identify and evaluate the influence of intraperitoneal chemotherapy without hyperthermia (ICwh) to the incidence of anastomotic leakage (AL) after colorectal cancer surgery. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in order to review all studies investigating the relationship between ICwh and AL in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. The primary outcome was overall incidence rate of anastomotic leakage. Results. Four studies were included in the final review. ICwh was associated with an overall increased risk of anastomotic leakage [OR 2.05 (1.06, 3.98), P = 0.03 ]. But there was no significant increased incidence rate when fluorouracil was implanted into the abdominal cavity for ICwh [OR 2.48 (0.55, 11.10), P = 0.24 ]. Conclusions. This meta-analysis provides some evidence to suggest ICwh may increase the incidence of postoperative AL in colorectal cancer. However, fluorouracil implantation for ICwh does not increase the risk of AL, which seems to be a relatively safe method of ICwh.
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Trivelin, Gustavo Antunes, Cristiana Andrighetto, Gustavo Pavan Mateus, Patrícia Aparecida da Luz, Elaine Mendonça Bernardes, Gelci Carlos Lupatini, Helena Sampaio Aranha et al. „Animal production and economic viability of integrated crop livestock systems“. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, Nr. 8 (01.08.2020): 530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2559.
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Integrated crop-livestock-forest system appears as strategy to reduce pasture recovery costs and diversify farmer’s income with the sale of the wood of eucalyptus trees. The objective of this work was to evaluate the animal performance and economic viability of systems without shade availability (ICL: Integrated Crop-Livestock) and with two tree densities (ICLF-1L: Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest, 196 trees ha-1; ICLF-3L: Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest, 448 trees ha-1). Sixty castrated Nellore cattle were used to evaluate performance during rearing and finishing. For economic analysis, the cash receipts, cash outflow, cash flow, net cash flow and internal rate of return (IRR) were evaluated between December 2012 and June 2016. The performance of the animals was lower in ICLF-3L system (P<0.05) due to the higher density of trees, and consequently, greater shading of the pasture. In ICL and ICLF-1L systems, the revenue from soybean and corn fully paid for the costs of implementing the systems, and ICLF-1L still covered the cost of forest deployment. In ICLF-3L, the costs were almost completely covered. The reduction in the productive indices also reduced the revenue from the slaughter of cattle in ICLF-3L, with the highest revenue in ICL and ICLF-1L, respectively. In addition, the IRR in ICL and ICLF-1L was higher. ICLFs contribute to the amortization of the recovery costs of the pastures and the implantation of eucalyptus. The ICL and ICLF-1L is more economically viable tham ICFL-3L until the fourth year of implementation.
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Abraham, Elisante, Cindy Gray, Adeniyi Fagbamigbe, Fabrizio Tediosi, Brianna Otesinky, Joke Haafkens, Grace Mhalu und Sally Mtenga. „Barriers and facilitators to health insurance enrolment among people working in the informal sector in Morogoro, Tanzania“. AAS Open Research 4 (01.09.2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13289.1.
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Background: Health insurance is a crucial pathway towards the achievement of universal health coverage. In Tanzania, health-financing reforms are underway to speed up universal health coverage in the informal sector. Despite improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) rollout, iCHF enrolment remains a challenge in the informal sector. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of local women food vendors (LWFV) and Bodaboda (motorcycle taxi) drivers on factors that challenge and facilitate their enrolment in iCHF. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality through in-depth interviews with LWFV (n=24) and Bodaboda drivers (n=26), and two focus group discussions with LWFV (n=8) and Bodaboda drivers (n=8). Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control) provided a framework for the study and informed a thematic analysis focusing on the barriers and facilitators of iCHF enrolment. Results: The views of LWFV and Bodaboda drivers on factors that influence iCHF enrolment converged. Three main barriers emerged: lack of knowledge about the iCHF (attitude); negative views from friends and families (subjective norms); and inability to overcome challenges, such as the quality and range of health services available to iCHF members and iCHF not being accepted at non-government facilities (perceived control). A number of facilitators were identified, including opinions that enrolling to iCHF made good financial sense (attitude), encouragement from already-enrolled friends and relatives (subjective norms) and the belief that enrolment payment is affordable (perceived control). Conclusions: Results suggest that positive attitudes supported by perceived control and encouragement from significant others could potentially motivate LWFV and Bodaboda drivers to enroll in iCHF. However, more targeted information about the scheme is needed for individuals in the informal sector. There is also a need to ensure that quality health services are available, including coverage for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and that non-government facilities accept iCHF.
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Abraham, Elisante, Cindy Gray, Adeniyi F. Fagbamigbe, Fabrizio Tediosi, Brianna Otesinky, Joke Haafkens, Grace Mhalu und Sally Mtenga. „Barriers and facilitators to health insurance enrolment among people working in the informal sector in Morogoro, Tanzania“. Open Research Africa 4 (12.03.2024): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13289.2.
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Background Health insurance is a crucial pathway towards the achievement of universal health coverage. In Tanzania, health-financing reforms are underway to speed up universal health coverage in the informal sector. Despite improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) rollout, iCHF enrolment remains a challenge in the informal sector. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of local women food vendors (LWFV) and Bodaboda (motorcycle taxi) drivers on factors that challenge and facilitate their enrolment in iCHF. Methods A qualitative study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality through in-depth interviews with LWFV (n=24) and Bodaboda drivers (n=26), and two focus group discussions with LWFV (n=8) and Bodaboda drivers (n=8). Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control) provided a framework for the study and informed a thematic analysis focusing on the barriers and facilitators of iCHF enrolment. Results The views of LWFV and Bodaboda drivers on factors that influence iCHF enrolment converged. Three main barriers emerged: lack of knowledge about the iCHF (attitude); negative views from friends and families (subjective norms); and inability to overcome challenges, such as the quality and range of health services available to iCHF members and iCHF not being accepted at non-government facilities (perceived control). A number of facilitators were identified, including opinions that enrolling to iCHF made good financial sense (attitude), encouragement from already-enrolled friends and relatives (subjective norms) and the belief that enrolment payment is affordable (perceived control). Conclusions Results suggest that positive attitudes supported by perceived control and encouragement from significant others could potentially motivate LWFV and Bodaboda drivers to enroll in iCHF. However, more targeted information about the scheme is needed for individuals in the informal sector. There is also a need to ensure that quality health services are available, including coverage for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and that non-government facilities accept iCHF.
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Mu, Jing, und Chang Yuan Wang. „Iterated Cubature Kalman Filter for State Estimation of Maneuver Reentry Vehicle“. Advanced Materials Research 466-467 (Februar 2012): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.466-467.1329.
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We present the new filters named iterated cubature Kalman filter (ICKF). The ICKF is implemented easily and involves the iterate process for fully exploiting the latest measurement in the measurement update so as to achieve the high accuracy of state estimation We apply the ICKF to state estimation for maneuver reentry vehicle. Simulation results indicate ICKF outperforms over the unscented Kalman filter and square root cubature Kalman filter in state estimation accuracy.
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Batchelor, D. B., M. D. Carter, R. H. Goulding, D. J. Hoffman, J. C. Hosea, E. F. Jaeger, S. M. Kaye et al. „VI. ICRF Heating“. Fusion Technology 21, Nr. 3P1 (Mai 1992): 1214–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst92-a29896.
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Weiss, Günter, Mark Loyevsky und Victor R. Gordeuk. „Dexrazoxane (ICRF-187)“. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 32, Nr. 1 (Januar 1999): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3623(98)00100-1.
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Faugel, H., V. Bobkov, H. Fünfgelder, J. M. Noterdaeme, A. Messiaen und D. Van Eester. „ICRF system efficiency“. Fusion Engineering and Design 156 (Juli 2020): 111641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111641.
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Hasinoff, Brian B., und Ronald G. Aoyama. „Stereoselective metabolism of dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) and levrazoxane (ICRF-186)“. Chirality 11, Nr. 4 (1999): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1999)11:4<286::aid-chir5>3.0.co;2-5.
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Yang, J. K., M. R. Yu und S. M. Lee. „Removal of toxic heavy metals by iron-coated starfish“. Water Science and Technology 56, Nr. 9 (01.11.2007): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.689.
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In this study, the applicability of calcined starfish (SF) and iron-coated SF (ICSF) as potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal ions was evaluated. ICSF was prepared by mixing FeCl3 solution previously adjusted to pH 7 ∼ 9 with SF at 105 °C. From the dissolution test at pH 2, ICSF showed strong acid-proof properties. In the batch adsorption, Cu(II) adsorption onto ICSF was completed within 150 minutes, while 47% Cu(II) was removed with SF alone. This result clearly suggests that the coated Fe(III) serves additional adsorption sites, resulting in the enhanced removal of heavy metal ions. The removed fraction of both Cu(II) and Pb(II) increased with increasing solution pH and nearly complete removals of Pb(II) and Cu(II) were observed at around pH 6 and 8, respectively. From the adsorption isotherm of Cu(II) onto SF and ICSF at pH 3.0, the removed amount of Cu(II) by ICSF was greater than that by SF over the entire concentration range studied. In the column test, the breakthrough of Cu(II) in the ICSF column was greatly retarded compared to that in the SF column. Based on the drinking water regulations for Cu(II), SF and ICSF were able to remove 3400 and 8600 mg/kg of Cu(II) from the wastewater, respectively.
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van Lieshout, Chris, Emma M. H. Slot, Ahmet Kinaci, Mare H. Kollen, Eelco W. Hoving, Geert W. J. Frederix und Tristan P. C. van Doormaal. „Cerebrospinal fluid leakage costs after craniotomy and health economic assessment of incidence reduction from a hospital perspective in the Netherlands“. BMJ Open 11, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2021): e052553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052553.
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ObjectivesWe aim to quantify the cost difference between patients with incisional cerebrospinal fluid (iCSF) leakage and those without after intradural cranial surgery. Second, the potential cost savings per patient when a decrease in iCSF leakage rate would be achieved with and without added costs for preventative measures of various price and efficacy are modelled.DesignHealth economic assessment from a hospital perspective based on a retrospective cohort study.SettingDutch tertiary referral centre.ParticipantsWe included 616 consecutive patients who underwent intradural cranial surgery between 1 September 2017 and 1 September 2018. Patients undergoing burr hole surgery or transsphenoidal surgery, or who died within 1 month after surgery or were lost to follow-up were excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOutcomes of the cost analysis include a detailed breakdown of mean costs per patient for patients with postoperative iCSF leakage and patients without, and the mean cost difference. For the scenario analyses the outcomes are the potential cost savings per 1000 patients when a decrease in iCSF leakage would be achieved.ResultsMean cost difference between patients with and without iCSF leakage was €9665 (95%CI, €5125 to €14 205). The main cost driver was hospital stay with a difference of 8.5 days. A 25% incidence reduction would result in a mean cost saving of −€94 039 (95% CI, −€218 258 to −€7077) per 1000 patients. A maximum cost reduction of −€653 025 (95% CI, −€1 204 243 to −€169 120) per 1000 patients could be achieved if iCSF leakage would be reduced with 75% in all patients, with 72 cases of iCSF leakage avoided.ConclusionsPostoperative iCSF leakage after intradural cranial surgery increases healthcare costs significantly and substantially. From a health economic perspective preventative measures to avoid iCSF leakage should be pursued.
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Malkin, Zinovy. „How Well is the International Celestial Reference System Maintained in Official IAU Implementations?“ Astronomical Journal 167, Nr. 5 (22.04.2024): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad35bf.
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Abstract The International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) based on the VLBI-derived positions of 608 extragalactic radio sources was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1998 as the first realization of the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS). Later, in 2009 and 2020, two extended ICRF versions, ICRF2 and ICRF3, respectively, were released. The latter is adopted by the IAU as the current implementation of the ICRF in the radio band. In the meantime, the Gaia mission delivered three versions of the optical ICRS realization in 2016, 2018, and 2022 with an accuracy similar to that achieved by VLBI-based ICRF. The Gaia-CRF catalogs were linked to the ICRF under no-rotation conditions and thus may suffer from ICRF systematic instability if the latter is substantial. In this work, a new analysis was performed to assess the long-term stability of radio and optical ICRS realizations. Based on the 16-parameter vector spherical harmonics expansion of the differences between the three ICRF catalogs, it can be concluded that the mutual orientation between them is at a level of a few tens of microarcseconds, while the components of the glide vector and E 2,0 term are several times greater. A comparison of the three Gaia-CRF catalogs with the ICRF3-SX showed that for the latest Gaia-CRF catalog, Gaia-CRF3, all rotational and deformation components are below 20 μas except for the E 2,0 term, which is several times greater. For both ICRF and Gaia-CRF catalogs, the evolution of the source position errors is also tracked.
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Ueberschaer, Moritz, Sophie Katzendobler, Annamaria Biczok, Michael Schmutzer, Tobias Greve, Joerg-Christian Tonn, Jun Thorsteinsdottir und Walter Rachinger. „A simple surgical technique for sellar closure after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas in the context of risk factors for cerebrospinal fluid leaks and meningitis“. Neurosurgical Focus 53, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2022): E7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2022.9.focus22225.
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OBJECTIVE The transsphenoidal approach is the standard for most pituitary tumors. Despite low morbidity, postoperative CSF fistulas and meningitis are specific complications. Various surgical closure techniques for intraoperative CSF (iCSF) leak and sellar reconstruction have been described. For many years the authors have applied synthetic materials for iCSF leak repair and sellar closure in a standardized fashion in their department. Here they analyze the surgical outcome as well as risk factors for iCSF leak and meningitis. METHODS All patients with transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary adenoma performed by the same surgeon between January 2013 and December 2019 were screened retrospectively. A small amount of iCSF flow without a diaphragmatic defect was classified as a minor leak, and obvious CSF flow with or without a diaphragmatic defect was classified as a major leak. In case of iCSF leak, a fibrin- and thrombin-coated sponge was used to cover the diaphragmatic defect and another one was used for the sellar opening. A gelatin sponge was placed in the sphenoid sinus as an abutment. The primary and secondary outcomes were the number of postoperative CSF (pCSF) leaks and meningitis, respectively. Clinical, histological, and perioperative data from medical records were collected to identify risk factors for CSF leak and meningitis. RESULTS Of 417 transsphenoidal surgeries, 359 procedures in 348 patients with a median age of 54 years were included. There were 96 iCSF leaks (26.7%; 37.5% major, 62.5% minor). In 3 of 359 cases (0.8%) a pCSF fistula occurred, requiring revision surgery in 2 patients and a lumbar drain in 1 patient. Meningitis occurred in 3 of 359 cases (0.8%). All 3 patients recovered without sequelae after antibiotic therapy. According to univariate analysis, risk factors for iCSF leak were macroadenoma (p = 0.006) and recurrent adenoma (p = 0.032). An iCSF leak was found less often in functioning adenomas (p = 0.025). In multivariate analysis recurrent tumors remained as a risk factor (p = 0.021) for iCSF leak. Patients with iCSF leak were at increased risk for a pCSF leak (p = 0.005). A pCSF leak in turn represented the key risk factor for meningitis (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Patients with macroadenomas and recurrent adenomas are especially at risk for iCSF leak. An iCSF leak in turn increases the risk for a pCSF leak, which carries the risk for meningitis. The authors’ surgical technique leads to a very low rate of pCSF leaks and meningitis without using autologous graft materials. Hence, this technique is safe and improves patient comfort by avoiding the disadvantages of autologous graft harvesting.
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de Pace, Fernanda, Jacqueline Boldrin de Paiva, Gerson Nakazato, Marcelo Lancellotti, Marcelo Palma Sircili, Eliana Guedes Stehling, Wanderley Dias da Silveira und Vanessa Sperandio. „Characterization of IcmF of the type VI secretion system in an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain“. Microbiology 157, Nr. 10 (01.10.2011): 2954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.050005-0.
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The intracellular multiplication factor (IcmF) protein is a component of the recently described type VI secretion system (T6SS). IcmF has been shown to be required for intra-macrophage replication and inhibition of phagosome–lysosome fusion in Legionella pneumophila. In Vibrio cholerae it is involved in motility, adherence and conjugation. Given that we previously reported that two T6SS genes (hcp and clpV) contribute to the pathogenesis of a septicaemic strain (SEPT362) of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), we investigated the function of IcmF in this strain. Further elucidation of the virulence mechanisms of APEC is important because this pathogen is responsible for financial losses in the poultry industry, and is closely related to human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains, representing a potential zoonotic risk, as well as serving as a reservoir of virulence genes. Here we show that an APEC icmF mutant has decreased adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells, as well as decreased intra-macrophage survival. The icmF mutant is also defective for biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. Additionally, expression of the flagella operon is decreased in the icmF mutant, leading to decreased motility. The combination of these phenotypes culminates in this mutant being altered for infection in chicks. These results suggest that IcmF in APEC may play a role in disease, and potentially also in the epidemiological spread of this pathogen through enhancement of biofilm formation.
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Vinciguerra, Alessandro, Isabelle Dohin, Antonio Daloiso, Francesco Boaria, Morgane Marc, Benjamin Verillaud, Florian Chatelet und Philippe Herman. „Iatrogenic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Topographical Map and Influence of Skull Base Asymmetry“. Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, Nr. 3 (21.02.2024): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm14030226.
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Background: Iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid leak (iCSF-L) is a major complication of endonasal surgeries whose occurrence is always a potential adverse event due to anatomical variation/asymmetry of the skull base (SB). The aim of this manuscript is to provide a topographical map of iCSF-L and to investigate the role of SB asymmetry in iCSF-L occurrence. Methods: In this retrospective study, the location of iCSF-L dural defect was studied and compared to patients affected by spontaneous and post-traumatic CSF-L. Considering only iCSF-L, after having collected the SB asymmetry data, the Keros, Gera, distance of the anterior ethmoidal artery from the SB, frontal sinus pneumatization, and Thailand–Malaysia–Singapore score classifications were compared to a control group of patients. Results: A total of 153 CSF-Ls (103 spontaneous, 37 iatrogenic, and 13 traumatic) were included. A significant association was noted (p < 0.001) between the nature of the CSF-L and the areas involved. Considering iCSF-Ls, only the Gera classification was significantly different (p < 0.05) and the most reliable in predicting the risk of dural transgression (AUC = 0.719). Conclusions: ICSF-Ls present peculiar regional SB involvement with the cribriform plate, with the ethmoidal roof being the most involved. After having assessed the asymmetry of the SB, the Gera classification was the most reliable one.
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Speyer, J. L., M. D. Green, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, J. C. Wernz, M. Rey, J. Sanger, E. Kramer, V. Ferrans, H. Hochster und M. Meyers. „ICRF-187 permits longer treatment with doxorubicin in women with breast cancer.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 10, Nr. 1 (Januar 1992): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1992.10.1.117.
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PURPOSE To test potential protection by ICRF-187 against cumulative doxorubicin-dose-related cardiac toxicity, we conducted a randomized clinical trial in 150 women with advanced breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received fluorouracil (5FU) 500 mg/m2, doxorubicin 50 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 every 21 days intravenously (IV) (control regimen, 74 patients), or the same regimen preceded by ICRF-187 1,000 mg/m2 IV (experimental regimen, 76 patients). RESULTS We previously reported that ICRF-187 in this dose and schedule provides cardiac protection and does not substantially alter the noncardiac toxicity or antitumor efficacy of the control regimen. In this updated analysis of the entire patient cohort, we provide additional support for these findings and demonstrate that patients in the ICRF-187 group received more cycles (median, 11) and higher cumulative doses (median, 500 mg/m2) of doxorubicin than patients in the control group (median, nine cycles, P less than .01; and 441 mg/m2, P less than .05). Twenty-six patients in the ICRF-187 group received doxorubicin doses of at least 700 mg/m2, and among them, 11 patients received 1,000 mg/m2 or more. Only three patients in the control group received doxorubicin doses of 700 mg/m2; the maximum dose administered to one patient in this group was 950 mg/m2. ICRF-187 cardiac protection was demonstrated by difference in incidence of clinical congestive heart failure (CHF; two patients in the ICRF-187 group v 20 in the control group; P less than .0001) and by differences in resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) determined by multigated radionuclide (MUGA) scan from baselines and that required patient removal from study (five patients in the ICRF-187 group had a decrease in LVEF to less than 0.45 or a decrease from the baseline LVEF of 0.20 or more v 32 in the control group; P less than .000001). Among the 30 patients who had an assessable endomyocardial biopsy at cumulative doxorubicin 450 mg/m2, none of 16 in the ICRF-187 group and six of 14 in the control group had a score of 2 (P less than .05). ICRF-187 cardiac protection was observed in patients with and without prior chest-wall radiation or other risk factors for developing doxorubicin cardiac toxicity. CONCLUSION By protecting against cumulative doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity, ICRF-187 permits significantly greater doses of doxorubicin to be administered to patients with greater safety.
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Carpio, Lucila Amaya, Fred T. Davies und Michael A. Arnold. „Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Organic and Inorganic Controlled-release Fertilizers: Effect on Growth and Leachate of Container-grown Bush Morning Glory (Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa) Under High Production Temperatures“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.1.131.
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This research determined the effects of two commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inocula, organic slow-release fertilizer (OSRF), and inorganic controlled-release fertilizer (ICRF) on plant growth, marketability and leachate of container-grown Ipomoea carnea N. von Jacquin ssp. fistulosa (K. Von Martinus ex J. Choisy) D. Austin (bush morning glory) grown outdoors under high temperature summer conditions (maximum container media temperature averaged 44.8 °C). Uniform rooted liners were planted into 7.6-L pots containing a pasteurized substrate [pine bark and sand (3:1, by volume)]. The AMF treatment consisted of BioterraPLUS and MycorisePro and a noninoculated control (NonAMF). Fertilizer treatments included OSRF [Nitrell 5-3-4 (5N-1.3P-3.3K)] and ICRF [Osmocote 18-7-10 (18N-3.0P-8.3K)]. OSRF was tested at three rates: 8.3, 11.9, and 16.6 kg·m-3, which were respectively, 70%, 100%, and 140% of manufacturer's recommended rate, while ICRF was tested at two rates: 3.6 and 7.1 kg·m-3, which were, respectively, 50% and 100% of manufacturer's recommended rate. The P levels were equivalent between 70% and 140% OSRF and, respectively, 50% and 100% ICRF. Greatest growth [leaf, shoot, flower bud, and flower number; root, leaf, shoot, and total plant dry mass (DM); growth index; leaf area]; N, P, and K uptake; leaf chlorophyll; and plant marketability occurred with BioterraPLUS plants at 50% and 100% ICRF rate and MycorisePro at the 100% ICRF rate. Greater plant growth occurred with increasing fertility levels; however, plants at the 140% OSRF (same P level as 100% inorganic SRF) had poorest growth, in part due to high temperature. While AMF enhanced growth of plants with OSRF at all concentrations, better growth and marketability occurred with ICRF than OSRF plants inoculated with AMF. AMF plants at the 50% ICRF had comparable or better growth, higher N, P, and K and marketability than NonAMF plants at either 100% OSRF or ICRF. AMF were able to survive under high temperature and colonize plants grown from low to high fertility conditions. AMF inoculation had minimal effect on container leachate (pH and electrical conductivity). However, the larger-sized AMF plants at 100% ICRF rate had greater total leaf tissue N, P, and K, suggesting greater nutrient utilization—thus reduced potential risk for leachate runoff.
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Salehi, Mahdi, und Fatemeh Ghasempour. „Material internal control weakness with intangible assets, capital structure and commercial risk“. Management Research Review 44, Nr. 7 (01.02.2021): 1059–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-06-2020-0335.
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Purpose This study aims to assess the influence of material internal control weaknesses (ICWs) on investment in intangible assets, capital structure and commercial risk of organizations. Also, it analyses the impact of investment in intangible assets on the presence of material ICWs. This paper expects that ICWs and investment in intangible assets are interactively incorporated. Design/methodology/approach The statistical population of this study includes listed firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2012-2017, selected using the systematic elimination method. A total of 588 firms is selected as the final sample of the study. Four hypotheses are developed to meet the study’s objectives and data analysis is carried out using the panel data method in Stata Software. Findings Results show that material ICWs have a positive and significant impact on investment in intangible assets and financial leverage. Moreover, this study finds that investment in intangible assets deteriorates the ICWs’ degree. However, the findings show no significant relationship between ICWs and commercial risks of companies. Originality/value The current study fills the gap in the literature science; there is no evidence on the subject of the study.
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Liu, Zhibo, Fajie Duan, Guangyue Niu, Ling Ma, Jiajia Jiang und Xiao Fu. „An Improved Circumferential Fourier Fit (CFF) Method for Blade Tip Timing Measurements“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 11 (26.05.2020): 3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113675.
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Rotating blade vibration measurements are very important for any turbomachinery research and development program. The blade tip timing (BTT) technique uses the time of arrival (ToA) of the blade tip passing the casing mounted probes to give the blade vibration. As a non-contact technique, BTT is necessary for rotating blade vibration measurements. The higher accuracy of amplitude and vibration frequency identification has been pursued since the development of BTT. An improved circumferential Fourier fit (ICFF) method is proposed. In this method, the ToA is not only dependent on the rotating speed and monitoring position, but also on blade vibration. Compared with the traditional circumferential Fourier fit (TCFF) method, this improvement is more consistent with reality. A 12-blade assembly simulator and experimental data were used to evaluate the ICFF performance. The simulated results showed that the ICFF performance is comparable to TCFF in terms of EO identification, except the lower PSR or more number probes that have a more negative effect on ICFF. Besides, the accuracy of amplitude identification is higher for ICFF than TCFF on all test conditions. Meanwhile, the higher accuracy of the reconstruction of ICFF was further verified in all measurement resonance analysis.
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Zhang, Yunfan, Xuedong Yan, Jiawei Wu und Ke Duan. „Effect of Warning System on Interactive Driving Behavior at Unsignalized Intersection under Fog Conditions: A Study Based on Multiuser Driving Simulation“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (29.12.2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8871875.
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The intersection collision warning system (ICWS) is an emerging technology designed to assist drivers in avoiding collisions at intersections. ICWS has an excellent performance in reducing the number of collisions and improving driving safety. Previous studies demonstrated that when visibility was low under fog conditions, ICWS could help drivers timely detect hazardous conflicting vehicles. However, the influences of ICWS on interactive driving behavior at unsignalized intersection between different vehicles have barely been discussed. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of drivers’ interactive behaviors with the assistance of a new kind of ICWS under fog conditions based on Multiuser Driving Simulation. The Multiuser Driving Simulation allowed multiple drivers to operate in the same simulation scenario at the same time, and it could capture drivers’ interactions preferably. Forty-eight licensed drivers completed the driving simulation experiment in three fog conditions (no fog, light fog, and heavy fog) and two warning conditions (warning and no warning), in which the drivers drove in a straight-moving situation at unsignalized intersection with potential collision risks caused by the encounter of two vehicles. The results verified that warning and fog conditions were significant factors that affected the interactive driving behavior in the unsignalized intersection collision avoidance process, including the driver’s decision, TTC of action point, average acceleration (deceleration) rate, and postencroachment time. Compared to conditions without ICWS, the ICWS could help drivers make collision avoidance actions earlier and change the speed more smoothly. In addition, with the help of Multiuser Driving Simulation, associations between decision driving behaviors of vehicles were discussed with caution. The results revealed the decision-making mechanism of drivers in the process of interaction with other drivers. Under the influence of fog, interactive driving processes were fraught with increased risk at unsignalized intersection. However, the ICWS helped drivers interact more harmoniously, safely, and efficiently. The findings shed some light on the further development of ICWS and the study on interactive driving behavior.