Thematische Bibliographien / Hydrogel thin films

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Hydrogel thin films“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Hydrogel thin films"

1

Tamirisa, Prabhakar A., Jere Koskinen und Dennis W. Hess. „Plasma polymerized hydrogel thin films“. Thin Solid Films 515, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2006): 2618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.03.021.

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2

Tokarev, Ihor, und Sergiy Minko. „Stimuli-responsive hydrogel thin films“. Soft Matter 5, Nr. 3 (2009): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b813827c.

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3

Mateescu, Anca, Yi Wang, Jakub Dostalek und Ulrich Jonas. „Thin Hydrogel Films for Optical Biosensor Applications“. Membranes 2, Nr. 1 (08.02.2012): 40–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010040.

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Suchaneck, Gunnar, Margarita Guenther, Joerg Sorber, Gerald Gerlach, Karl-Friedrich Arndt, Alexander Deyneka und Lubomir Jastrabik. „Plasma surface modification of hydrogel thin films“. Surface and Coatings Technology 174-175 (September 2003): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(03)00584-x.

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5

Tsuji, Sakiko, und Haruma Kawaguchi. „Colored Thin Films Prepared from Hydrogel Microspheres“. Langmuir 21, Nr. 18 (August 2005): 8439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la050271t.

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6

South, Antoinette B, und L. Andrew Lyon. „Autonomic Self-Healing of Hydrogel Thin Films“. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, Nr. 4 (22.12.2009): 767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906040.

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7

South, Antoinette B, und L. Andrew Lyon. „Autonomic Self-Healing of Hydrogel Thin Films“. Angewandte Chemie 122, Nr. 4 (22.12.2009): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200906040.

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8

Lee, Jeong Hyun, Aline T. Santoso, Emily S. Park, Kerryn Matthews, Simon P. Duffy und Hongshen Ma. „Lossless immunocytochemistry using photo-polymerized hydrogel thin-films“. Analyst 145, Nr. 8 (2020): 2897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9an02503k.

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9

Unger, Katrin, Marlene Anzengruber und Anna Maria Coclite. „Measurements of Temperature and Humidity Responsive Swelling of Thin Hydrogel Films by Interferometry in an Environmental Chamber“. Polymers 14, Nr. 19 (23.09.2022): 3987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193987.

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Thin film thermo-responsive hydrogels have become a huge interest in applications such as smart drug-delivery systems or sensor/actuator technology. So far, mostly, the response of such hydrogels has been measured only by varying the temperature in a liquid environment, but studies of the response towards humidity and temperature are rare because of experimental limitations. Often the swelling measurements are performed on samples placed on a stage that can be heated/cooled, while vapors enter the permeation chamber at their own temperature. This thermal difference leads to some uncertainties on the exact relative humidity to which the sample is exposed to. In this study, we explored the possibility of performing swelling measurements under thermal equilibrium by placing the sample and an interferometer, as a detector, in an environmental chamber and therefore exposing the smart hydrogel to adjustable temperatures and relative humidity conditions while measuring the hydrogel’s thin film thickness changes. As a case study, we used thin films of the thermo-responsive hydrogel, poly N-vinylcaprolactam deposited by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). Similar thin films were previously characterized by in situ ellipsometry while the sample was heated on a stage and exposed to humid air produced at room temperature. The comparison between the two measurement methods showed that while measurements in the presence of thermal gradients are limited mostly to low humidity, measurements in thermal equilibrium are restricted only by the operation limits of the used environmental chamber.
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10

De Giglio, E., D. Cafagna, MM Giangregorio, M. Domingos, M. Mattioli-Belmonte und S. Cometa. „PHEMA-based thin hydrogel films for biomedical applications“. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 26, Nr. 4 (17.06.2011): 420–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911511410460.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Hydrogel thin films"

1

Tamirisa, Prabhakar A. „Plasma polymerized hydrogel thin films for applications in sensors and actuators“. Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19827.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Committee Chair: Hess, Dennis W.; Committee Member: Henderson, Cliff L.; Committee Member: Hunt, William D.; Committee Member: Meredith, J. Carson; Committee Member: Prausnitz, Mark R.
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2

Pareek, Pradeep. „Photo-crosslinked Surface Attached Thin Hydrogel Layers“. Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1115623310082-44480.

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Stimuli sensitive polymers and hydrogels respond with large property changes to small physical and chemical stimuli (e.g. temperature, pH, ionic strength). The bulk behavior of these polymers is widely studied and they show an isotropic swelling. However, thin hydrogel layers of polymers on a substrate show a swelling behavior, which is constrained in some way. Therefore, size, confinement, patternability, response time and transition temperature of thin hydrogel layers are the most important parameters in technological applications and this study focuses on the investigation of these above-mentioned parameters. The aim of this study involves synthesis, characterization and application of thin photo-crosslinked hydrogel layers. Dimethylmaleimide (DMI) moiety was incorporated in the polymers chains and was used to introduce photo-crosslinking by [2+2] cyclodimerization reaction in the presence of UV irradiation. The following photo-crosslinkers based on DMI group were synthesized ? - Acrylate photo-crosslinker (DMIAm) - Acrylamide photo-crosslinker (DMIAAm) - Polyol photo-crosslinker (DMIPA, DMIPACl) The conventional free radical polymerization of above listed photo-crosslinker with its respective monomer resulted in formation of photo-crosslinkable polymers of (a) HEMA, (b) DMAAm, (c) NIPAAm/DMAAm, (d) NIPAAm/Cyclam. The properties of these polymers were investigated by NMR, UV-VIS spectroscopy, GPC and SPR. Thin hydrogel layers were prepared by spin coating on gold-coated LaSFN9 glass. The covalent attachment to the surface was achieved through an adhesion promoter. Swelling behavior of the thin polymer layers was thoroughly investigated by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy and Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy (OWS). SPR and OWS gave a wide range of information regarding the film thickness, swelling ratio, refractive index, and volume degree of swelling of the thin hydrogel layer. For hydrophilic photo-crosslinked hydrogel layers of HEMA and DMAAm, it was observed that the volume degree of swelling was independent of temperature changes but was dependent on the photo-crosslinker mol-% in the polymer. These surface attached thin hydrogel layer exhibited an anisotropic swelling. For NIPAAm photo-crosslinked hydrogel layers with DMAAm as a hydrophilic monomer, it was observed that both transition temperature (Tc) and volume degree of swelling increases with increase in the mol-% of DMAAm. To study the effect of film thickness on Tc and volume degree of swelling, hydrogels with wide range of film thickness were prepared and investigated by SPR. These results provided vital information on the swelling behavior of surface attached hydrogel layer and showed the versatility of SPR instrument for studying thin hydrogel layers. Later part of project involved synthesis of multilayer hydrogel assembly involving a thermoresponsive polymer and a hydrophilic polymer. The combination of two layers with photo-crosslinkable DMAAm polymer as base layer and photo-crosslinkable NIPAAm polymer as top layer formulate a multilayer assembly where, the base layer only swells in response to temperature and the top layer shows temperature dependent swelling. Photo-crosslinked hydrogel layers of NIPAAm, DMAAm and HEMA shows a high-resolution patterns when irradiated by UV light through a chromium mask. At last this study focused on an important application of these hydrogel layers for cell attachment processes. Cell growth, proliferation and spreading shows a biocompatible nature of these hydrogel surfaces. Such thermoresponsive photo-crosslinkable multilayer structure forms bases for future projects involving their use in actuator material and cell-attachment processes.
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3

Martwong, Ekkachai. „Design of surface-attached hydrogel thin films with LCST/UCST temperature-responsive properties“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS120/document.

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Les films minces d'hydrogels thermosensibles à propriétés LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) avec des températures de transition variables ont été mis au point pour des applications spécifiques. Les réseaux chimiques de polymères fixés de manière covalente sur des substrats solides plans ont été synthétisés par une approche polyvalente et facile à mettre en œuvre en utilisant la chimie click thiol-ène. Elle consiste à déposer des polymères préformés et réactifs en présence des réticulants dithiol sur des substrats modifiés thiol, la réaction de thiol-ène permettant la réticulation simultanée entre chaînes et le greffage en surface. La stratégie CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) donne des films d'hydrogel chimiquement stables et reproductibles avec une large gamme d'épaisseur et avec les propriétés thermostimulables désirées. Les polymères hydrophiles fonctionnalisés par des groupes fonctionnels alcène peuvent être synthétisés en utilisant une copolymérisation radicalaire du monomère souhaité avec du méthacrylate d'allyle dans un solvant organique ou un co-solvant avec de l'eau. Une autre voie est la synthèse dans l'eau en deux étapes: le monomère désiré est copolymérisé avec l'acide acrylique puis le copolymère est modifié par l’allylamine. Trois familles de polymères ont été étudiées: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) et poly(zwitterion). La température de transition des films d'hydrogel est déterminée en mesurant l'épaisseur dans des solutions aqueuses par ellipsométrie. Les films d'hydrogel de poly(PEGMA) montrent des propriétés de LCST avec la température de transition augmentant avec le nombre d'unités de PEG. La LCST varie de 15°C à 60°C avec deux à cinq unités de PEG dans les chaînes pendantes. La LCST peut également être ajustée en utilisant des copolymères avec différents ratios. Les films d'hydrogel acrylamide ont à la fois des propriétés LCST et UCST. Les films d'hydrogel de poly(sulfobetaïne) montrent un comportement UCST très intéressant en plus d’être « anti-fouling », ce qui est très prometteur pour les applications en biologie
Temperature-responsive surface-attached hydrogel thin films with various LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) were designed for specific applications. The chemical polymer networks covalently attached on plane solid substrates were synthesized by a versatile and straightforward approach using thiol-ene click chemistry. It consists in coating ene-reactive polymers and dithiol crosslinkers on thiol-modified substrates, the thiol-ene click reaction allowing simultaneous cross-linking between chains and grafting on the surface. The CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) strategy provides chemically stable and reproducible hydrogel films with a wide range of thickness and with the desired temperature-responsive properties. Ene-functionalized hydrophilic polymers can be synthesized using free radical copolymerization of the desired monomer with allyl methacrylate in organic solvent or co-solvent with water. Another way is the synthesis in water in two steps: the desired monomer is copolymerized with acrylic acid and then the copolymer is post-modified by amidification. Three polymer families were investigated: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) derivatives and poly(zwitterions). The transition temperature of the hydrogel films is determined by measuring the thickness in aqueous solutions at different temperatures with ellipsometry. Poly(PEGMA) hydrogel films show LCST properties with the transition temperature increasing with the number of PEG units. The LCST ranges from 15 °C to 60 °C with two to five PEG units in the pendant chains. The LCST can also be adjusted using mixed copolymers hydrogel. Poly(acrylamide) derivatives hydrogel films have both LCST and UCST properties. Poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel films show very interesting UCST behavior in addition to be anti-fouling, which is very promising for biology applications
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4

Martwong, Ekkachai. „Design of surface-attached hydrogel thin films with LCST/UCST temperature-responsive properties“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS120.pdf.

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Les films minces d'hydrogels thermosensibles à propriétés LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) avec des températures de transition variables ont été mis au point pour des applications spécifiques. Les réseaux chimiques de polymères fixés de manière covalente sur des substrats solides plans ont été synthétisés par une approche polyvalente et facile à mettre en œuvre en utilisant la chimie click thiol-ène. Elle consiste à déposer des polymères préformés et réactifs en présence des réticulants dithiol sur des substrats modifiés thiol, la réaction de thiol-ène permettant la réticulation simultanée entre chaînes et le greffage en surface. La stratégie CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) donne des films d'hydrogel chimiquement stables et reproductibles avec une large gamme d'épaisseur et avec les propriétés thermostimulables désirées. Les polymères hydrophiles fonctionnalisés par des groupes fonctionnels alcène peuvent être synthétisés en utilisant une copolymérisation radicalaire du monomère souhaité avec du méthacrylate d'allyle dans un solvant organique ou un co-solvant avec de l'eau. Une autre voie est la synthèse dans l'eau en deux étapes: le monomère désiré est copolymérisé avec l'acide acrylique puis le copolymère est modifié par l’allylamine. Trois familles de polymères ont été étudiées: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) et poly(zwitterion). La température de transition des films d'hydrogel est déterminée en mesurant l'épaisseur dans des solutions aqueuses par ellipsométrie. Les films d'hydrogel de poly(PEGMA) montrent des propriétés de LCST avec la température de transition augmentant avec le nombre d'unités de PEG. La LCST varie de 15°C à 60°C avec deux à cinq unités de PEG dans les chaînes pendantes. La LCST peut également être ajustée en utilisant des copolymères avec différents ratios. Les films d'hydrogel acrylamide ont à la fois des propriétés LCST et UCST. Les films d'hydrogel de poly(sulfobetaïne) montrent un comportement UCST très intéressant en plus d’être « anti-fouling », ce qui est très prometteur pour les applications en biologie
Temperature-responsive surface-attached hydrogel thin films with various LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) were designed for specific applications. The chemical polymer networks covalently attached on plane solid substrates were synthesized by a versatile and straightforward approach using thiol-ene click chemistry. It consists in coating ene-reactive polymers and dithiol crosslinkers on thiol-modified substrates, the thiol-ene click reaction allowing simultaneous cross-linking between chains and grafting on the surface. The CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) strategy provides chemically stable and reproducible hydrogel films with a wide range of thickness and with the desired temperature-responsive properties. Ene-functionalized hydrophilic polymers can be synthesized using free radical copolymerization of the desired monomer with allyl methacrylate in organic solvent or co-solvent with water. Another way is the synthesis in water in two steps: the desired monomer is copolymerized with acrylic acid and then the copolymer is post-modified by amidification. Three polymer families were investigated: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) derivatives and poly(zwitterions). The transition temperature of the hydrogel films is determined by measuring the thickness in aqueous solutions at different temperatures with ellipsometry. Poly(PEGMA) hydrogel films show LCST properties with the transition temperature increasing with the number of PEG units. The LCST ranges from 15 °C to 60 °C with two to five PEG units in the pendant chains. The LCST can also be adjusted using mixed copolymers hydrogel. Poly(acrylamide) derivatives hydrogel films have both LCST and UCST properties. Poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel films show very interesting UCST behavior in addition to be anti-fouling, which is very promising for biology applications
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5

Pillai, Karthikeyan Chyan Oliver Ming-Ren. „FTIR-ATR characterization of hydrogel, polymer films, protein immobilization and benzotriazole adsorption on copper surface“. [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5132.

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6

Xu, Zuxiang. „Underwater Adhesion between Biopolymer Model Surfaces and Hydrogels“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS020.

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Alors que l'adhésion entre matériaux synthétiques a été plutôt bien étudiée expérimentalement et théoriquement, les mécanismes de bioadhésion sont encore très peu compris. Une manière de les aborder serait d’utiliser des systèmes biopolymères qui pourraient imiter biosurfaces, biotissus et bioadhésifs. Cependant, cette idée est confrontée à la difficulté de concevoir une structure modèle et de contrôler les propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux fabriqués à partir de biopolymères. Les mécanismes de bioadhésion peuvent être mieux compris en étudiant l'adhésion en milieu immergé entre adhésifs hydrogels et substrats solides modifiés par des films minces d'hydrogel. Cela permet de séparer la contribution interfaciale avec des interactions spécifiques moléculaires et de la contribution du volume avec les propriétés viscoélastiques à l'adhésion. Dans un premier temps, nous avons conçu un système modèle avec de la gélatine et noua avons étudié l'adhésion en milieu immergé favorisée par des interactions électrostatiques. D'une part, des films stables de gélatine attachés en surface d’épaisseur et de gonflement finement ajustables ont été réalisés en utilisant la stratégie Cross-Linking and Grafting (CLAG). D'autre part, des adhésifs hydrogels de gélatine à double réticulation ont été synthétisés en ajoutant des réticulations chimiques aux réseaux de gélatine physiques. La structure microscopique des réticulations physique et chimique a été bien contrôlée, avec la détermination de la longueur de chaîne entre les réticulations à partir du module de cisaillement et du modèle de réseau fantôme. L'adhésion en milieu immergé mesurée par des tests de probe-tack a montré que les hydrogels de gélatine à double réticulation ont les mêmes propriétés adhésives quelle que soit la température, même si leur résistance diminue avec le chauffage. Nous avons également été en mesure de séparer les effets des réseaux physiques et chimiques sur l'adhésion. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'adhésion en milieu immergé entre des réseaux doubles contenant du carraghénane et des substrats solides modifiés par des micro-motifs d’hydrogels. Il a été démontré que plus les micro-motifs sont petits, plus l'énergie d'adhésion est élevée. Ce travail a fourni un aperçu des paramètres physico-chimiques et physiques qui contrôlent l'adhésion en milieu immergé des systèmes biopolymères tels que les propriétés viscoélastiques en volume, la charge et la topographie de la surface. Il aidera à mieux comprendre la bioadhésion et à concevoir des adhésifs efficaces en milieux aqueux
While the adhesion between synthetic materials has been rather well-studied experimentally and theoretically, there is still a lack of knowledge on bioadhesion, which could be tackled with biopolymer systems which could mimic biosurfaces, biotissues and bioadhesives. However, this idea is limited by the difficulty in designing a model structure and controlling the physical chemistry properties of biopolymer-made materials. Bioadhesion mechanisms can be tackled by studying the underwater adhesion between hydrogel adhesives and solid substrates modified by hydrogel thin films. This allows to separate interfacial contribution with molecular specific interactions and bulk contribution with viscoelastic properties to adhesion. First, a model system based on gelatins has been designed and underwater adhesion promoted by electrostatic interactions was investigated. On one side, stable surface-attached gelatin films with finely adjustable thickness and swelling were achieved using Cross-Linking and Grafting (CLAG) strategy. On the other side, dual-crosslinked gelatin hydrogel adhesives were synthesized by adding chemical crosslinks to physical gelatin networks. The microscopic structure of both physical and chemical crosslinks was well-controlled, with the determination of the chain length between crosslinks from shear modulus and phantom network model. Underwater adhesion measured by probe tack tests showed that dual-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels have the same adhesive properties at all temperatures even if their strength decreases with heating. We were also able to separate the effects of physical and chemical networks on adhesion. Second, the underwater adhesion between double-networks containing carrageenan and solid substrates modified by micro-patterned hydrogels was investigated. It was shown that the smaller the micro-patterns the higher the adhesion energy. This work has provided an insight of the physico-chemical and physical parameters that control underwater adhesion of biopolymers systems such as the bulk viscoelastic properties, the charge and the topography of the surface. It would help for better understanding bioadhesion and designing underwater adhesives
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Serpe, Michael Joseph. „Self-Assembly of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgel Thin Films“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4806.

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The assembly of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (pNIPAm-co-AAc) microgel thin films into disordered and ordered arrays was investigated. Disordered pNIPAm-co-AAc microgel arrays were assembled based on electrostatic attractions between polyanionic pNIPAm-co-AAc microgels and polycationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). These interactions were studied in solution and subsequently used to assemble thin films following a Layer-by-Layer assembly protocol. Thin films were assembled as a function of pNIPAm-co-AAc microgel solution temperature and the resultant film thermoresponsivity characterized as a function of microgel layer number and pH. The response of assembled thin films to pH 3.0 and 6.5 exposure was then characterized by quartz crystal impedance and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, which showed that the thin film solvation was highly dependent on the pH of the solution it was in. Assembled thin films were also shown to be useful as controlled drug delivery platforms, where it was found that small molecules could be released from the films in a temperature regulated fashion. Microgel thin films also exhibited unique optical properties and were used as microlens arrays, which were able to focus pattern in air as well as in solution and had focal lengths that could be tuned in response to pH and temperature changes. Ordered microgel arrays were assembled following a thermal annealing process, in order to make light diffracting materials. These ordered arrays were photopolymerized and exhibited temperature dependent Bragg diffraction properties.
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Augustine, Anusree. „Swelling induced debonding of thin hydrogel films grafted on silicon substrate : the role of interface physical-chemistry“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS040.

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Les revêtements d'hydrogel sont des réseaux de polymères transparents et hydrophiles capables d’abosrber plusieurs fois leur épaisseur en eau. Cependant, les contraintes induites par le gonflement du film peuvent entraîner un décollement préjudiciable de l'hydrogel ce qui peut limiter l’utilisation pratique des ces revêtements. Dans cette étude, nous proposons de décrire les mécanismes de décollement de films minces d’hydrogel en fonction de leur densité de greffage à l'interface film/substrat. Le but est de pouvoir contrôler et prédire la dégradation des revêtements hydrogel pendant le gonflement ou sous des contraintes de contact. Dans ce but, nous avons développé une méthodologie permettant de mesurer l'initiation et la propagation de la délamination induite par le gonflement de films minces d’hydrogel à partir de défauts d'interface préexistants bien contrôlés.Des films minces d'hydrogel de poly(diméthylacrylamide) (PDMA) attachés à la surface sont préparés sur des plaquettes de silicium à partir de la réticulation et du greffage simultanés (CLAG) de chaînes polymères fonctionnalisées par la chimie click thiol-ène. Cette stratégie permet de faire varier l'épaisseur du film (0.1 - 2 µm) et de contrôler le taux de gonflement du réseau, ici fixé à 2, tout en assurant une densité de réticulation homogène. Afin de faire varier la résistance de l'interface film/substrat, le substrat en silicium est greffé avec des mélanges de mercaptosilane (réactif) et de propylsilane (inerte) dans différentes proportions avant le dépôt du film mince. Alors que le mercaptosilane est capable de former des liaisons covalentes avec le réseau PDMA, le propylsilane ne réagit pas, ce qui permet de contrôler le taux de greffage du film mince d’hydrogel sur le substrat. Nous caractérisons la fraction de surface de mercaptosilane ainsi obtenue par des analyses XPS et TOF-SIMS. Par ailleurs, toujours à l’interface subtrat/film, des défauts linéaires bien contrôlés ayant une faible adhérence (largeur entre 10 et 100 µm) sont créés sur le substrat en passivant de façon localisée les groupes thiol réactifs par microlithographie. Ces défauts nucléent le décollement des films de façon bien localisée, ce qui permet ensuite de suivre la propagation de la décohésion à partir de ces défauts.Le décollement du film induit par le gonflement est réalisé sous un flux de vapeur constant assurant la saturation du film en eau. En observant le décollement progressif du film à partir des défauts linéaires préexistants, nous retrouvons un motif d’instabilité classique dit de fil de téléphone et nous montrons que le décollement résulte de contraintes de gonflement localisées proche de la ligne de décollement. Nous mesurons la vitesse de propagation du décollement dans la zone où le film est greffé sur le substrat et nous observons qu’elle augmente de deux ordres de grandeur lorsque la quantité de propylsilane dans le mélange de silanes réactifs passe de 0 à 90 %, c’est-à-dire lorsque le taux de greffage du film décroit. Un seuil d'épaisseur pour le décollement est également observé, les films pouvant se décoller étant d’autant plus minces que le taux de greffage du film ets faible. Les mesures de ce seuil sont discutées à partir d'un argument simple de mécanique de la rupture qui permet de rendre compte semi quantitativement de nos mesures
Hydrogel coatings are transparent and hydrophilic polymer networks that absorb a lot of water and can be suitable candidates for anti-mist coatings. However, swelling-induced stresses within the film can result in detrimental debonding of hydrogel and may fail. In this study, these debonding processes are investigated in the relation to the grafting density at the film/substrate interface, so as to control and predict the failure of the coatings during swelling or under contact stresses. For that purpose, we have developed a methodology consisting in monitoring the initiation and the propagation of swelling-induced delamination from well-controlled preexisting interface defects.Surface-attached poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) hydrogel thin films are prepared on silicon wafers from the simultaneous Cross-Linking And Grafting (CLAG) of functionalized polymer chains by thiol-ene click chemistry. This strategy allows to tune the film thickness (0.1-2 µm) while ensuring a homogeneous crosslinking density. In order to vary the strength of the film/substrate interface, the silicon wafer is grafted by mixing reactive mercaptosilane and unreactive propylsilane in various proportions prior to the formation of the hydrogel film. We characterize the mercaptosilane surface fraction thus obtained by XPS and TOF-SIMS analyses. Well-controlled line defects (width between 2 and 100 µm) are also created to nucleate delamination of the hydrogel from the substrate.Swelling-induced debonding of the film is achieved under a constant vapor flow ensuring water saturation. Optical observations show the progressive debonding of the film from the pre-existing line defects under the action of localized swelling stresses. We obtain a delamination pattern of typical so-called telephone cord instability. We measure the debonding propagation velocity where the hydrogel is grafted to the substrate. The debonding rate is found to decrease over two orders of magnitude when the amount of mercaptosilane in the reactive silane mixture is increased from 10% to 100% while increasing the covalent bonds between hydrogel and substrate. A threshold thickness for debonding is also observed. This threshold thickness increases with the amount of mercaptosilane used to graft the substrate. We derived quantitative values of the interface fracture energy from the measured thickness threshold with a simple fracture mechanics model
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Pillai, Karthikeyan. „FTIR-ATR Characterization of Hydrogel, Polymer Films, Protein Immobilization and Benzotriazole Adsorption on Copper Surface“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5132/.

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Plasma polymerization techniques were used to synthesize and deposit hydrogel on silicon (Si) substrate. Hydrogel is a network of polymer chains that are water-insoluble and has a high degree of flexibility. The various fields of applications of hydrogel include drug release, biosensors and tissue engineering etc. Hydrogel synthesized from different monomers possess a common property of moisture absorption. In this work two monomers were used namely 1-amino-2-propanol (1A2P) and 2(ethylamino)ethanol (2EAE) to produce polymer films deposited on Si ATR crystal. Their moisture uptake property was tested using FTIR-ATR technique. This was evident by the decrease in -OH band in increasing N2 purging time of the films. Secondly, two monomer compounds namely vinyl acetic acid and glycidyl methacrylate which have both amine and carboxylic groups are used as solid surface for the immobilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Pulsed plasma polymerization was used to polymerize these monomers with different duty cycles. Initial works in this field were all about protein surface adsorption. But more recently, the emphasis is on covalent bonding of protein on to the surface. This immobilization of protein on solid surface has a lot of applications in the field of biochemical studies. The polymerization of vinyl acetic acid and glycidyl methacrylate were shown as successful method to attach protein on them. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of Cu is one of the processes in the integrated chips manufacturing industry. Benzotriazole is one of the constituents of this CMP slurry used as corrosion inhibitor for Cu. Benzotriazole (C6H5N3) is a nitrogen heterocyclic derivative having three nitrogen atoms, each with an unshared pair of electrons, forming five-membered ring structure. This molecule coordinates with Cu atoms by loosing a proton from one of its nitrogen atom and thereby forming a film which is polymeric in nature that prevents further oxidation of Cu. In this work, aqueous solution of BTA was used to study the adsorption characteristics on Cu when a Cu electrodeposited Si was immersed in to it. This study was performed using ATR-FTIR technique. The adsorption of BTA on Cu surface was evident by the presence of aryl C-H stretching band at 3061 cm-1.
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Nogueira, Grinia Michelle. „Hidrogeis e filmes de fibroina de seda para fabricação ou recobrimento de biomateriais“. [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267124.

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Orientador: Marisa Masumi Beppu
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T12:02:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_GriniaMichelle_D.pdf: 10640071 bytes, checksum: 8b97ea00f684c6df573ea7e1ab6cc530 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Hidrogéis e filmes de fibroína de seda foram preparados e caracterizados com o objetivo de avaliar sua potencial aplicação no campo de biomateriais. Hidrogéis foram obtidos durante a etapa de diálise da solução de fibroína de seda e suas propriedades físicas, químicas, citotoxicidade e potencial de calcificação in vitro foram determinados. Esses materiais apresentaram estrutura tridimensional porosa com resistência mecânica à compressão relativamente alta e grande potencial de calcificar in vitro, sendo possíveis candidatos à aplicação na área de regeneração óssea. Filmes de fibroína de seda com quitosana foram preparados utilizando-se a técnica "Layer-by-Layer". Com esta técnica, foi possível depositar filmes anisotrópicos, com fibras alinhadas na superfície de substratos de silício. Como os biopolímeros em estudo são conhecidamente biocompatíveis, o alinhamento de fibras na superfície do substrato poderia ser explorado como um meio de guiar a adesão e proliferação celular ou ainda agregar resistência mecânica a outros filmes poliméricos. Filmes de fibroína de seda foram também empregados para recobrir pericárdio bovino utilizado na fabricação de válvulas cardíacas. Amostras recobertas com fibroína de seda foram avaliadas quanto à sua propensão à calcificação in vitro e os filmes foram testados quanto a sua citotoxicidade e potencial de adesão e crescimento de células endoteliais. Os resultados indicaram que filmes de fibroína de seda não apresentam citotoxicidade, são compatíveis com células endoteliais e não induzem a calcificação do pericárdio bovino recoberto durante os testes in vitro. Assim, o recobrimento com fibroína de seda pode ser uma alternativa de tratamento do pericárdio bovino para funcionalização da sua superfície. Dos resultados apresentados, concluiu-se que tanto hidrogéis como filmes derivados de fibroína de seda podem ser aplicados no campo de biomateriais, sejam como matrizes para reconstituição óssea, ou filmes para recobrimento e funcionalização da superfície de materiais.
Abstract: Silk fibroin hydrogels and films were prepared and characterized in order to investigate their potential application in the biomaterials field. The hydrogels were obtained during the dialysis step and their physical and chemical characteristics, cell toxicity and compatibility and potential to calcify in vitro were investigated. Those materials presented a porous tridimensional structure, mechanical strength and ability to deposit calcium phosphate crystals during in vitro calcification tests; therefore, silk fibroin hydrogels can probably be used in the bone regeneration field. Silk fibroin films were obtained by using the Layer-by-Layer technique. Bidirectional alignment of silk fibroin fibers was designed by adjusting the substrate position during the dipping process. A potential application to films with alignment of fibers is to guide cell adhesion and proliferation, since the biopolymers used to build the films are known as biocompatible materials. Silk fibroin films were also used to coat bovine pericardium used to fabricate cardiac valves. The coated samples were characterized by in vitro calcification tests and biocompatibility of silk fibroin films was evaluated by citotoxicity tests and their ability to adhere and grow of endothelial cells. The results showed that silk fibroin films are biocompatible and do not induce calcification during in vitro calcification tests, being suitable to coatand functionalize bovine pericardium surface. From the presented results, it can be concluded that silk fibroin hydrogels and films are suitable materials to be explored in the biomaterials field, for bone regeneration or biomaterials surface coating.
Doutorado
Engenharia de Processos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Bücher zum Thema "Hydrogel thin films"

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Rao, Myneni Ganapati, und Hjörvarsson Björgvin, Hrsg. Hydrogen in matter: A collection from the papers presented at the Second International Symposium on Hydrogen in Matter (ISOHIM), Uppsala, Sweden, 13-17 June 2005. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2006.

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Duenow, Joel N. ZnO:Al doping level and hydrogen growth ambient effects on CIGS solar cell performance: Preprint. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2008.

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Xin, Gongbiao. Gaseous and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Properties of Mg-Based Thin Films. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49404-2.

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Canada, Atomic Energy of. Laser plasma generation of hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon thin films on ZR-2.5Nb CANDU pressure tube materials and silicon wafers with a pulsed high-power CO 2 laser. Chalk River, Ont: Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, 1995.

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A, Ebrahim N., Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. und Chalk River Laboratories. Accelerator Physics Branch., Hrsg. Laser plasma generation of hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon thin films on Zr-2.5Nb CANDU pressure tube materials and silicon wafers with a pulsed high-power CO 2 laser. Chalk River, Ont: Accelerator Physics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories, 1995.

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Bientinesi, M. Preparation of thin film Pd membranes for H2 separation from synthesis gas and detailed design of a permeability testing unit. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Xin, Gongbiao. Gaseous and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Properties of Mg-Based Thin Films. Springer, 2018.

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Xin, Gongbiao. Gaseous and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Properties of Mg-Based Thin Films. Springer, 2016.

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(Editor), Ganapati Rao Myneni, und Björgvin Hjörvarsson (Editor), Hrsg. Hydrogen in Matter: A Collection from the Papers Presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Hydrogen in Matter; ISOHIM (AIP Conference Proceedings / Materials Physics and Applications). American Institute of Physics, 2006.

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Miklitsch, Robert. Pickup on South Street. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040689.003.0004.

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Chapter Abstract: Released at the end of the first cycle of postwar anticommunist noir (1947-1953), Samuel Fuller’s Pickup on South Street (1953) is a canonical Cold War picture; it’s also one of the most overdetermined films made during the McCarthy period, centrally concerned as it is with the atom or hydrogen bomb, sex and violence, treason and espionage, capitalism vs. communism, and the politics of informing. Whereas Pickup on South Street depicts both the police and FBI as crudely utilitarian, indifferent to the human costs of the national-security state apparatus, it simultaneously dramatizes the lives of its small-time hoods and hustlers for whom the threat of the “red menace” is less pressing than the day-to-day, dog-eat-dog grind of trying to remain in the black.
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Buchteile zum Thema "Hydrogel thin films"

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Ionov, Leonid. „Actuating Hydrogel Thin Films“. In Responsive Polymer Surfaces, 137–57. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527690534.ch6.

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Toomey, Ryan, Ajay Vidyasagar und Ophir Ortiz. „Swelling Behavior of Thin Hydrogel Coatings“. In Functional Polymer Films, 649–67. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527638482.ch19.

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Laschewsky, André, Peter Müller-Buschbaum und Christine M. Papadakis. „Thermo-responsive Amphiphilic Di- and Triblock Copolymers Based on Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate): Aggregation and Hydrogel Formation in Bulk Solution and in Thin Films“. In Intelligent Hydrogels, 15–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01683-2_2.

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Guglya, Aleksey, und Elena Lyubchenko. „Thin Film Hydrogen Storages“. In Handbook of Ecomaterials, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_144-1.

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Guglya, Aleksey, und Elena Lyubchenko. „Thin Film Hydrogen Storages“. In Handbook of Ecomaterials, 913–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_144.

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Jain, I. P., und Y. K. Vijay. „Thin Film Hydrogen Storage System“. In Progress in Hydrogen Energy, 111–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3809-0_8.

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Kusoglu, Ahmet. „Ionomer Thin Films in PEM Fuel Cells“. In Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production, 417–38. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7789-5_1021.

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Beyer, Wolfhard, und Florian Einsele. „Hydrogen Effusion Experiments“. In Advanced Characterization Techniques for Thin Film Solar Cells, 449–75. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527636280.ch17.

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Beyer, Wolfhard, und Florian Einsele. „Hydrogen Effusion Experiments“. In Advanced Characterization Techniques for Thin Film Solar Cells, 569–95. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527699025.ch20.

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Obayi, Camillus Sunday, und Paul Sunday Nnamchi. „Mixed Transition Metal Oxides for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production“. In Chemically Deposited Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Thin Films, 279–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68462-4_11.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Hydrogel thin films"

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Stevens, Andrew P., Bryon E. Wright und Vladimir Hlady. „Measuring tear protein mobility in thin hydrogel films with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy“. In Biomedical Optics 2004, herausgegeben von Ammasi Periasamy und Peter T. C. So. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.529758.

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Zhao, Weiwei, Tommaso Santaniello, Patrick Webb, Cristina Lenardi und Changqing Liu. „A new approach towards an optimum design and manufacture of microfluidic devices based on ex situ fabricated hydrogel based thin films' integration“. In 2012 IEEE 62nd Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2012.6249114.

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Cesnik, Stefan, Anna Maria Coclite, Alberto Perrotta, Alessandro Cian, Massimo Tormen und Alexander Bergmann. „Fast optical humidity sensor based on nanostructured hydrogels“. In Nanoengineering: Fabrication, Properties, Optics, Thin Films, and Devices XVII, herausgegeben von Wounjhang Park, André-Jean Attias und Balaji Panchapakesan. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2568475.

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Kaur, Manmeet, S. Kailasa Ganapathi, Varsha Chaware, Vivek Rane, Niranjan Ramgir, Niyanta Datta, Vijaya Giramkar, Girish Phatak, D. K. Aswal und S. K. Gupta. „SnO2: CuO based hydrogen sulphide sensor on LTCC substrates“. In INDIAN VACUUM SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM ON THIN FILMS: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4732450.

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Patel, N. „Thermal Stability of Hydrogenated Mg/Al Thin Films“. In HYDROGEN IN MATTER: A Collection from the Papers Presented at the Second International Symposium on Hydrogen in Matter (ISOHIM). AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2213057.

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Allen, Thomas H. „Nonconventional materials in optical thin films“. In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.mj2.

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Ion beam sputtering was used to deposit a series of silicon nitride films. These films, ranging in chemical composition from silicon to stoichiometric silicon nitride, were deposited with various deposition parameters. The variations in optical constants and stresses with chemical composition were investigated using Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy to determine both the chemical composition and density. Aluminum and boron nitride films were also deposited with ion beam sputtering. The properties of these materials are discussed. An alternate deposition process, plasma plating, was used to investigate the effects of hydrogen on the optical and mechanical properties of silicon nitride, silicon, and germanium films. The optical constants, stresses, and bandgap energies were measured and compared with those of nonhydrogenated films. It was found that the incorporation of hydrogen in these materials resulted in a decrease in refractive index and an increase in bandgap energy. The role of hydrogen in altering film properties and how it is incorporated into the atomic structure of these materials are discussed.
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Layek, Animesh, Somnath Middya und Partha Pratim Ray. „Optimization of device quality silicon hydrogen alloy materials from plasma emission diagnostics and its application to solar cell“. In INDIAN VACUUM SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM ON THIN FILMS: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4732384.

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Cheu, Darrell, Thomas Adams und Shripad Revankar. „Hydrogen Loading System for Thin Films for Betavoltaics“. In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-93910.

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Abstract Betavoltaics are direct conversion energy devices that are ideal for low, micropower and long-lasting, uninterruptable applications. Betavoltaics operate similarly to photovoltaics where a radioisotope irradiates beta particles into a semiconductor p-n junction that converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy. Betavoltaics are limited by their power output from the radioiso-tope. The source density can be increased by the selection of solid-state substrates. While solid-state substrates can be selected from simulations, the viability of the substrate to absorb tritium has to evaluated. The development of a hydrogen loading system was performed to evaluate different film types to understand how they perform during the hydrogen/tritium loading process. The hydrogen loading system utilizes the Sievert method, where the initial pressure and volume is constant and pressure drop in the system is used to determine hydrogen uptake of a film substrate. The procedures of the hydrogen loading system are detailed. To test the procedures of the hydrogen loading system, old, palladium films were loaded. Results show uptake of hydrogen by the thin palladium films, as well as cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption. Hydrogen loading of palladium was compared to a prior result and was shown to have similar results.
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Xia, Yiben, Takashi Sekiguchi, Weimin Shi, Linjun Wang, Jianhua Ju und Takafumi Yao. „Defects eliminated by hydrogen and boron ion bombardment in polycrystalline diamond films“. In 4th International Conference on Thin Film Physics and Applications, herausgegeben von Junhao Chu, Pulin Liu und Yong Chang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.408322.

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Karapatnitski, Igor A., Konstantin A. Mit', Daniya M. Mukhamedshina und Grigory G. Baikov. „Influence of hydrogen plasma processing on gas-sensitive tin dioxied thin film properties“. In 4th International Conference on Thin Film Physics and Applications, herausgegeben von Junhao Chu, Pulin Liu und Yong Chang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.408464.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Hydrogel thin films"

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Pital, Aaron, Keri Campbell und Daniel Kelly. Hydrogen Diffusion Coefficient Measures on Thin Film Uranium Oxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2202591.

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Ilias, S., F. G. King, N. Su und U. I. Udo-Aka. Separation of hydrogen using thin film palladium-ceramic composite membrane. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/128538.

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Ilias, S., F. G. King, Ting-Fang Fan und S. Roy. Separation of Hydrogen Using an Electroless Deposited Thin-Film Palladium-Ceramic Composite Membrane. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Dezember 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/419403.

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Mi, Zetian, Yanfa Yan, Dunwei Wang, Thomas Hamann, Frecesca Toma, Todd Deutsch und Tadashi Ogitsu. HydroGEN Seedling: Monolithically Integrated Thin Film/Silicon Tandem Photoelectrodes for High-Efficiency and Stable Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1974610.

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Hoagland, William, Julie Bannantine und Rodney Smith. Thin Film Hydrogen Sensor Development, Testing and Integration Into Low Cost Wireless Sensing Systems (SBIR Phase 1 Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1614795.

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Pan, Yi. Formation of Superhexagonal Chromium Hydride by Exposure of Chromium Thin Film to High Temperature, High Pressure Hydrogen in a Ballistic Compressor. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1242.

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Parkins. L51806 Effects of Hydrogen on Low-pH Stress Corrosion Crack Growth. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Juli 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010142.

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There is circumstantial evidence of hydrogen playing a role in, so called, low pH SCC of pipeline steel, but direct evidence for such is lacking. Resolution of this situation is of practical importance because of its implications for modeling. Thus, existing models for high pH SCC of pipelines are based upon a dissolution controlled mechanism of crack growth, but such models will not be applicable to low pH SCC if hydrogen is involved with the latter. Measurements have been made of the permeation of hydrogen into X52 and X60 pipeline steels at various potetials while exposed to a simulated ground water containing different amounts of carbon dioxide, related to the conditions thought to be associated with transgranular stress corrosion cracking of pipelines. As a consequence of these measurements it is now known unequivocally that hydrogen enters the steel for all such solutions over wide ranges of potential, including those most likely involved in the cracking of pipelines, and with such entry enhanced as the amount of carbon dioxide present in the solution increased. For a given set of environmental conditions, it was found that films on the surface of the pipe, such as may exist in service conditions, could hinder, but not prevent, the ingress of hydrogen. Hydrogen in steel is usually regarded as being trapped at dislocations, grain boundaries or interfaces between the matrix and second phase particles and measurements relating to such indicate that the X60 steel contains appreciably fewer traps than the X52 steel for equivalent charging conditions. However, the trapped hydrogen was found to have no significant influence on the ductility of the steels when subsequently tested in air, although the ductility was impaired by thxe continued ingress of hydrogen when equivalent tests were conducted in the presence of the charging solution. No convincing evidence has been obtained for the ingress of hydrogen into the steels facilitating the early stages of plasticity under exposure conditions relating to those involved in low pH stress corrossion cracking. The most probable mechanism of stress corrosion crack growth in pipeline steel in the solutions studied and at potentials likely to obtain in service involves both dissolution and hydrogen ingress to the steel, although the interactions of those two factors in the fracture process remain speculative.
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8

Ravillard, Pauline, J. Enrique Chueca, Mariana Weiss und Michelle Carvalho Metanias Hallack. Implications of the Energy Transition on Employment: Today’s Results, Tomorrow’s Needs. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003765.

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As countries progress in their energy transitions, new investments have the potential to create employment. This is crucial, as countries enter their post-pandemic recovery phase. An opportunity also arises to close the gender gap in the energy sector. However, how much will need to be invested, how many jobs will be created, and for whom, remain empirical questions. Little is also known about the needs of each country and their sectors in terms of future skills and training. The present work sheds light on these questions by carrying out a harmonized firm-level survey on employment in Chile, Uruguay, and Bolivia. Findings are manifold. First, firms in emerging sectors such as energy efficiency, electric mobility, battery, storage, hydrogen, and demand management, create more direct jobs than generation firms, including renewables. Second, these firms also have the potential to create employment that is local, permanent, and direct. Finally, they can contribute to closing the gender gap. However, this employment creation will not come on its own and will not be equal between countries. It will require improving the workforces qualifications and considering each countrys labor market and market structures specificities.
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9

Wilmont, Martyn, Greg Van Boven und Tom Jack. GRI-96-0452_1 Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Field Simulated Conditions I. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011963.

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Electrochemical measurements have been performed on polished and mill scaled steel samples. The solutions investigated have included carbonate bicarbonate mixtures of varying pH as well as solutions of neutral pH such as NS4. Results indicate that the mechanism of corrosion associated with the carbonate bicarbonate environments involves passive film formation. No such passivation is observed for solutions associated with neutral pH SCC. Electrochemical corrosion rates measured on polished steel specimens exposed to NS4 solutions in the pH range 5 to 6.8 were in the region of 5 x 10e-1 to 1 x 10e-2 mm/s. However, rates obtained on mill scaled surfaces went much lower and in the region of 5 x 10e-10 mm/s. Field determined crack propagation rates are estimated to be in the region of 2 x 10e-8 mm/s. Whilst the laboratory determined corrosion rates are lower than the field propagation rate it should be remembered that the laboratory rates were obtained on unstressed specimens. The application of load would be expected to increase the corrosion rate and may indicate that stress focused dissolution process may be sufficient to explain the propagation of neutral pH stress corrosion cracks. However, as hydrogen evolution is the most likely cathodic reaction involved in the mechanism of neutral pH SCC the role of hydrogen in the crack propagation mechanism may also be important.
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Li, Francis G. N., Christopher Bataille und Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Net-Zero Industry: Options for Plastics, Textiles, Automobiles, and Fisheries in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005167.

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This report explores pathways to achieve carbon-neutral industrial production in three major Andean economies: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It examines options for achieving net-zero emissions in plastics, textiles, auto manufacturing, and fisheries four sectors that are likely to play key roles in the economies of the region in the future. The report analyzes the barriers and opportunities to achieve carbon-neutral manufacturing in these countries and sectors in light of existing industrial, energy, and environmental policies, and given the progress that has been achieved so far. The analysis argues that, despite the presence of multiple barriers and challenges to implementation, the prospects for establishing clean manufacturing at scale are promising. Making such transformative changes, however, will require the following conditions: (i) a strategic vision and the underpinning legal authority to champion and achieve a net-zero transition; (ii) vastly increased institutional coordination among diverse government departments to end fragmented policymaking practices; (iii) investments that leverage rapid technological change to build a zero-emissions power grid, and to use low-carbon, synthetic fuels (such as green hydrogen or green ammonia) in industry; (iv) foreign direct investment into the clean-energy-supply sector; (v) regulatory mandates and economic incentives for powerful oil and gas firms to pivot from fossil fuels to synthetic, zero-emission fuels; and (vi) vastly improved waste-management practices to enable a significantly more circular economy that re-uses and recycles materials.
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