Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Hybridní hydrogely“

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Hybridní hydrogely"

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Jobin, Philippe, Jean Caron, Pierre-Yves Bernier und Blanche Dansereau. „Impact of Two Hydrophilic Acrylic-Based Polymers on the Physical Properties of Three Substrates and the Growth of Petunia ×hybrida `Brilliant Pink'“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, Nr. 3 (Mai 2004): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.3.0449.

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Hydrophilic polymers or hydrogels have shown potential to increase water retention of media and to reduce irrigation frequency. This property would be particularly useful in the production of fast growing species in which large amounts of water are needed. This study evaluated the effect of two acrylic-based hydrogels on water desorption curve and hydraulic conductivity of substrates and on plant growth. The duration of their effects was also investigated. Rooted cuttings of Surfinia (Petunia ×hybrida `Brilliant Pink') were transplanted into 30-cm pots containing one of three different substrates amended with one of two types of hydrogels, a commercial acrylic polymer, and a commercial acrylic-acrylamide copolymer, and grown for 9 weeks under well watered conditions and then imposed with a drought. Results indicated that both polymer types gave similar results. The substrates' physical properties (air-filled porosity, available water) at potting time were significantly affected by hydrogel addition, but differences vanished within 9 weeks of growth. Hydrogels had no significant effect on the point at which plant wilted and on the substrate's unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Shoot dry weight was affected by substrate and hydrogel and was positively correlated to water content between container capacity and -10 kPa of water potential, or between container capacity and the soil water potential at plant turgor loss.
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Jobin, P., J. Caron, C. Menard und B. Dansereau. „125 Substrates and Hydrophylic Polymers Influence Growth of Surfinia“. HortScience 34, Nr. 3 (Juni 1999): 463B—463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.463b.

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Low water retention in hanging baskets is a constraint in urban floriculture and hydrogel addition is an alternative. However, growth may be reduced with such a product depending on the substrate used. This study was conducted to determine the combined effects of substrate and type of hydrogel on the growth of Surfinia plants produced in hanging baskets. During Spring 1998, three rooted cuttings of Surfinia (Petunia × hybrida `Brilliant Pink') were transplanted into 30-cm hanging baskets. Plants were transplanted into one of the following substrates: 1) Pro-Mix BX, 2) a blend of 4/5 Pro-Mix BX and 1/5 compost, or 3) 1/3 perlite 1/3 vermiculite and 1/3 compost (v/v). These three substrates were amended with two types of hydrogels. The first type, Soil Moist, is an acrylic-acrylamide copolymer and the second type is Aqua-Mend, an acrylic polymer. Plants were grown for 8 weeks under standard irrigation and fertilization practices. Plant growth characteristics, percent dry weight, mineral nutrition, and growth index were determined. Substrate physical properties such as available water content, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and total porosity were measured. The dry weight and growth index of plants in Pro-Mix BX amended with both types of hydrogels were greater than those plants growing in Pro-Mix BX without hydrogel. Plants growing in substrates 2 and 3 with hydrogels were smaller or similar respectively than those plants growing in substrates without hydrogel. Their effects on physical properties of substrates and plant growth will be discussed.
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Mu, Shansong, Yuanyuan Liang, Shuaijun Chen, Liming Zhang und Tao Liu. „MWNT-hybrided supramolecular hydrogel for hydrophobic camptothecin delivery“. Materials Science and Engineering: C 50 (Mai 2015): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.016.

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Mota, Ronaldo. „Metal–nonmetal transition in lanthanum hydrides“. Canadian Journal of Physics 63, Nr. 12 (01.12.1985): 1576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-261.

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The dependence of the band structure of lanthanum hybrides on hydrogen concentration is investigated by considering an approximate model Hamiltonian that takes into account the hybridization of the d and hydrogen-derived s bands. A Green's function technique is used to obtain the hybrid bands in the Hartree–Fock approximation. The model is used to discuss the role of H concentration and the s–d interaction on the observed metal–semiconductor phase transition in LaHx.
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Sun, Lingyu, Feika Bian, Yu Wang, Yuetong Wang, Xiaoxuan Zhang und Yuanjin Zhao. „Bioinspired programmable wettability arrays for droplets manipulation“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 9 (18.02.2020): 4527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921281117.

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The manipulation of liquid droplets demonstrates great importance in various areas from laboratory research to our daily life. Here, inspired by the unique microstructure of plant stomata, we present a surface with programmable wettability arrays for droplets manipulation. The substrate film of this surface is constructed by using a coaxial capillary microfluidics to emulsify and pack graphene oxide (GO) hybridN-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) hydrogel solution into silica nanoparticles-dispersed ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) phase. Because of the distribution of the silica nanoparticles on the ETPTA interface, the outer surface of the film could achieve favorable hydrophobic property under selective fluorosilane decoration. Owing to the outstanding photothermal energy transformation property of the GO, the encapsulated hydrophilic hydrogel arrays could shrink back into the holes to expose their hydrophobic surface with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation; this imparts the composite film with remotely switchable surface droplet adhesion status. Based on this phenomenon, we have demonstrated controllable droplet sliding on programmable wettability pathways, together with effective droplet transfer for printing with mask integration, which remains difficult to realize by existing techniques.
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Bergmann, Ben A., und John M. Dole. „Influence of Essential Oils on Post-infection Botrytis Damage in Cut Roses1“. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 36, Nr. 2 (01.06.2018): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/jeh-d-17-0012.1.

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Abstract We assessed the degree to which 16 post-infection treatments controlled Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.) damage in cut roses (Rosa × hybrida). Additional experiments examined whether essential oils (EO) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) leaf (CLO), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) bud (CBO), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (TO) could reduce damage in Botrytis-infected cut roses. The 16 treatments applied to ‘Light Orlando' cut roses differed in reducing Botrytis damage and causing phytotoxicity damage. Only the synthetic fungicide fludioxonil [applied as 0.23 g · L−1 (0.00024 oz · fl oz−1) Medallion®] resulted in the desirable combination of greatly reduced stem termination frequency due to Botrytis damage and relatively minor flower phytotoxicity. When applied to cut rose ‘Freedom' or cultivars with light colored flowers (‘Cool Water', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany'), all EO aqueous solutions caused pronounced phytotoxicity damage, but only TO reduced Botrytis damage significantly compared to untreated flowers. Roses exposed to EO vapor rather than an aqueous solution tended to exhibit less phytotoxicity. Vapors of CLO and CBO tended to reduce Botrytis damage less and caused greater flower phytotoxicity than TO vapor and aqueous fludioxonil. Thyme oil vapor exposures of 4.6 and 9.1 ppm warrant further investigation. Index words: Botrytis blight, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., cut flowers, floriculture, fungicide, gray mold, Rosa × hybrida. Chemicals used in this study: Bacillus subtilis (Cease®), bleach (Clorox®), chlorothalonil (Daconil®), copper sulphate (Phyton® 27), fenhexamide (Elevate®), fludioxonil (Medallion®), hydrogen peroxide (ZeroTol® 2.0), iprodione (Chipco® 26019 Flo), potassium bicarbonate (Milstop®), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pageant® Intrinsic®). Species used in this study: Rose (Rosa × hybrida) ‘Cool Water', ‘Freedom', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany', Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.).
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Rafik, Abdellatif, Hafid Zouihri und Taoufiq Guedira. „One-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded N–H…O in the Hybrid Phosphate: Hirshfeld Surface Analysis and DFT Quantum Chemical Calculations“. Chemistry & Chemical Technology 15, Nr. 3 (15.08.2021): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.03.359.

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In the present work the 3D-supramolecular network is stabilized by N–H…O and O–H…O hydrogen bonds, by O…N interactions involving the organic cation and inorganic anion as checked by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The van der Waals contacts play a key role in the consolidation of the packing of 4-chloro-2-methylanilinium dihydrogenphosphate[4-CMDHP] structure. In order to support experimental results, density functional theory calculations have been performed using B3LYP functional with 3-21 G basis set. All of the obtained theoretical results are in a perfect agreement with the experimental ones. Furthermore, nonlinear optical behavior of 4-CMDHP has been investigated by determining the Hirshfeld surface, density of states and HOMO-LUMO energy gap using the same basis set. Finally, the molecular electrostatic potential surface of 4-CMDHP molecule was simulated and discussed.
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García, Maria J., Candelario Palma-Bautista, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado, Enzo Bracamonte, João Portugal, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz und Rafael De Prado. „The Triple Amino Acid Substitution TAP-IVS in the EPSPS Gene Confers High Glyphosate Resistance to the Superweed Amaranthus hybridus“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 10 (15.05.2019): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102396.

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The introduction of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops revolutionized weed management; however, the improper use of this technology has selected for a wide range of weeds resistant to glyphosate, referred to as superweeds. We characterized the high glyphosate resistance level of an Amaranthus hybridus population (GRH)—a superweed collected in a GR-soybean field from Cordoba, Argentina—as well as the resistance mechanisms that govern it in comparison to a susceptible population (GSH). The GRH population was 100.6 times more resistant than the GSH population. Reduced absorption and metabolism of glyphosate, as well as gene duplication of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) or its overexpression did not contribute to this resistance. However, GSH plants translocated at least 10% more 14C-glyphosate to the rest of the plant and roots than GRH plants at 9 h after treatment. In addition, a novel triple amino acid substitution from TAP (wild type, GSH) to IVS (triple mutant, GRH) was identified in the EPSPS gene of the GRH. The nucleotide substitutions consisted of ATA102, GTC103 and TCA106 instead of ACA102, GCG103, and CCA106, respectively. The hydrogen bond distances between Gly-101 and Arg-105 positions increased from 2.89 Å (wild type) to 2.93 Å (triple-mutant) according to the EPSPS structural modeling. These results support that the high level of glyphosate resistance of the GRH A. hybridus population was mainly governed by the triple mutation TAP-IVS found of the EPSPS target site, but the impaired translocation of herbicide also contributed in this resistance.
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MACOVEI, Anca, Matteo CASER, Mattia DONÀ, Alberto VALASSI, Annalisa GIOVANNINI, Daniela CARBONERA, Valentina SCARIOT und Alma BALESTRAZZI. „Prolonged Cold Storage Affects Pollen Viability and Germination along with Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Content in Rosa hybrida“. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, Nr. 1 (14.06.2016): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110357.

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Roses (Rosa hybrida) are the most important ornamental cut-flowers and breeders’ main focus is to develop new desirable modern cultivars. Rose breeding programs center on the introduction of new flower colors, thornless stems, higher production and good post-harvest performance. The study of the main pollen traits, such as pollen quantity and quality, viability, longevity, morphological homogeneity, germination and tube growth, is important for building suitable breeding programs. Recently, a number of studies have shown that reactive oxygen species, like hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, are involved in a wide range of signaling processes including pollen tube growth and pollen-pistil recognition. Pollen viability after anther dehiscence is crucial for successful crossbreeding. In the present work, pollen grains from 5 hybrid tea rose cultivars were stored at -20 °C up to 12 months. Pollen viability and germination rate was monitored in order to provide useful information about pollen storage length. Additionally, pollen grains were tested for their content in hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide by using a novel approach where the fluorescence is read in a quantitative RealTime PCR (qRT-PCR) machine. Pollen viability and in vitro pollen germination capacity varied among the rose genotypes, while a progressive decrease was evidenced during 12 months of storage at low temperature. Both hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production were found to be genotype-dependent, whilst accumulation of the two molecules was observed during the storage period. A putative detrimental effect of these molecules during pollen conservation is hypothesized.
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Zhang, Yi, Zhicheng Wu, Ming Feng, Jiwei Chen, Meizhu Qin, Wenran Wang, Ying Bao et al. „The circadian-controlled PIF8–BBX28 module regulates petal senescence in rose flowers by governing mitochondrial ROS homeostasis at night“. Plant Cell 33, Nr. 8 (27.05.2021): 2716–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab152.

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Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unstable reactive molecules that are toxic to cells. Regulation of ROS homeostasis is crucial to protect cells from dysfunction, senescence, and death. In plant leaves, ROS are mainly generated from chloroplasts and are tightly temporally restricted by the circadian clock. However, little is known about how ROS homeostasis is regulated in nonphotosynthetic organs, such as petals. Here, we showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels exhibit typical circadian rhythmicity in rose (Rosa hybrida) petals, consistent with the measured respiratory rate. RNA-seq and functional screening identified a B-box gene, RhBBX28, whose expression was associated with H2O2 rhythms. Silencing RhBBX28 accelerated flower senescence and promoted H2O2 accumulation at night in petals, while overexpression of RhBBX28 had the opposite effects. RhBBX28 influenced the expression of various genes related to respiratory metabolism, including the TCA cycle and glycolysis, and directly repressed the expression of SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE 1, which plays a central role in mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) homeostasis. We also found that PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR8 (RhPIF8) could activate RhBBX28 expression to control H2O2 levels in petals and thus flower senescence. Our results indicate that the circadian-controlled RhPIF8–RhBBX28 module is a critical player that controls flower senescence by governing mtROS homeostasis in rose.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Hybridní hydrogely"

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Kulovaná, Eva. „Vliv rozpouštědla na deformační chování hydrogelů“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-437980.

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The thesis deals with molecular dynamic simulation of the influence of water on the deformation of hydrogels. Hydrogels are model materials formed from macromolecular networks solvated with water. It was found that water can form bridges between macromolecules that take the form of temporary ionic crosslinks. These bridges affect the behavior of the network during deformation. Water bridges are water molecules that have a limited radius of motion in the space between two macromolecules. The concentration of the water bridges was regulated by a partial charge on the macromolecular chain in the organic network. Bridges are a type of interaction that is relatively strong but significantly delocalized. It is not possible to dissociate the water bridge, after dissociation it will be re-created in another place in a short time. The influence of water bridges was compared with other types of network crosslinks, especially covalent and physical bonds. Covalent crosslinks are modeled as a simple binding interaction between two macromolecules. They are undissociable and are local throughout the simulation. Physical bonds are modeled as micelles, where hydrophobic groups form the core and hydrophilic groups form the micelle shell. Physical bonds have the nature of dissociable bonds that are local. Different types of crosslinks have different effects on deformation properties. The deformation of a network containing a combination of two types of crosslinks was simulated: (i) physically-covalent, (ii) ionically-covalent, and (iii) physically-ionic networks and (iv) ternary physically-covalent-ion networks. For individual and combined networks, the behavior depending on simple networks was verified. The number of water bridges was fundamentally affected by the primary structure of the chains. When the PEG chain was replaced with hydrophobic polyoxymethylene (POM) or polyoxytrimethylene (POTM), their solvation and mechanical behavior deteriorated.
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Klímová, Eliška. „Mechanické a transportní vlastnosti hybridních hydrogelových systémů“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444534.

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This master´s thesis deals with the study on mechanical and transport properties of hybrid hydrogel systems. Considering applications of hydrogels, especially in chemical industry, pharmacy, or eventually medical applications, for the study gellan and alginate-based hydrogels were selected. In order to compare individual characteristics physical and hybrid hydrogels were prepared. Gellan hydrogels were prepared in deionization aqua solution, calcium chloride dihydrate and tween 80 solution. Alginate hydrogels were prepared in calcium chloride dihydrate solution as well, and polyacrylamide with N,N´–methylenbisacrylamide. For the study of mechanical properties moisture analyser and rheology measurements were selected. Transport properties were studied using the diffusion experiments combined with UV-VIS spectroscopic detection. Concluding of this thesis is summarization of measured values, which provides comprehensive review of the problematics. It was discovered that the conveniently selected concentrations of structural components of hydrogel matrix and the additives can influence both the mechanical as well as the transport properties of studied hydrogels.
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Echalier, Cécile. „Conception de matériaux hybrides peptidiques biomimétiques“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT213.

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Nous avons imaginé et développé une méthode pour la préparation d’hydrogels par procédé sol-gel à partir de blocs hybrides (bio)organiques-inorganiques. Les blocs hybrides sont obtenus par introduction de groupements silylés, triéthoxysilanes ou hydroxydiméthylsilanes, sur des polymères synthétiques ou des molécules d’intérêt biologique telles que des peptides. Ces blocs hybrides peuvent être combinés dans des proportions choisies pour former des hydrogels multifonctionnels. Le procédé de gélification se déroule à 37°C à pH 7.4 dans un tampon physiologique. L’hydrolyse et la condensation des précurseurs silylés conduit à la formation d’un réseau tridimensionnel covalent dans lequel les entités organiques sont reliées par des liaisons siloxanes. Dans un premier temps, cette méthode a été appliquée à la synthèse d’hydrogels à base de PEG. Nous avons ensuite montré que ces hydrogels pouvaient être fonctionnalisés de façon covalente par des entités bioactives au cours de leur préparation. Des hydrogels possédant des propriétés antibactériennes ou favorisant l’adhésion cellulaire ont ainsi été préparés. Dans un deuxième temps, un peptide hybride inspiré du collagène naturel a été synthétisé et a permis l’obtention d’hydrogels qui présentent des propriétés de prolifération cellulaire similaires à celles observées sur des substrats de collagène naturel. La biocompatibilité du procédé sol-gel a été démontrée par l’encapsulation de cellules souches dans l’hydrogel au cours de sa formation. Enfin, l’impression 3D d’hydrogels hybrides a été réalisée. Ce travail de thèse met donc en lumière le potentiel de la chimie sol-gel pour la conception à façon de matériaux biomimétiques particulièrement prometteurs pour des applications en ingénierie tissulaire
We designed and developed a method for the preparation of hydrogels through the sol-gel process. It is based on (bio)organic-inorganic hybrid blocks obtained by functionalization of synthetic polymers or bioactive molecules, such as peptides, with silyl groups (triethoxysilanes or hydroxydimethylsilanes). These hybrid blocks can be combined in desired ratio and engaged in the sol-gel process to yield multifunctional hydrogels. Gelation proceeds at 37°C at pH 7.4 in a physiological buffer. Hydrolysis and condensation of silylated precursors result in a three-dimensional covalent network in which molecules are linked through siloxane bonds. First, this method was applied to the synthesis of PEG-based hydrogels. Then, we demonstrated that hydrogels could be covalently functionalized during their formation. Thus, hydrogels exhibiting antibacterial properties or promoting cell adhesion were obtained. Secondly, a hybrid peptide whose sequence was inspired from natural collagen was synthesized and used to prepare hydrogels that provided a cell-friendly environment comparable to natural collagen substrates. Stem cells could be encapsulated in these hydrogels with high viability. Finally, hybrid hydrogels were used as bio-inks to print 3D scaffolds. This PhD work highlights the potential of the sol-gel chemistry for the design of tailor-made biomimetic scaffolds that could be particularly promising for tissue engineering applications
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Cornwell, Daniel. „Hybrid and multi-component hydrogels“. Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15426/.

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Low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) form a network via non-covalent interactions to immobilise the surrounding bulk solvent and form a gel. Whilst such gels are highly responsive and dynamic, they are often mechanically weak. In order to enhance the mechanical strength of such networks, the LMWG network can be supplemented with a second network formed from stronger polymer gelators (PGs) to yield a multi-component, multi-functional material – a hybrid gel. By using this multi-functionality, hybrid gels were made that could demonstrate the following: a) robustness yet responsiveness, b) spatial control over the formation of one network in the presence of another, and c) temporal control over the formation of one network in the presence of another. For the first aim, a pH-responsive LMWG (1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol dicarboxylic acid, DBS-CO2H) was combined with the robust PG agarose. The assembly of DBS-CO2H in the presence and absence of agarose was investigated by NMR and CD spectroscopies, whilst materials properties were examined by rheology. DBS-CO2H was found to retain its pH-responsive character, as was demonstrated by cycling the pH within the gel – whilst the DBS-CO2H network could be switched “on” or “off”, the robust agarose network remained intact. Following this, DBS-CO2H was combined with the photo-inducible PG poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). Spectroscopic methods and electron microscopy showed that the kinetics and morphology of DBS-CO2H assembly were impacted by the presence of PEGDM. The application of a mask during photoirradiation allowed patterning of the PEGDM network to form a material with two distinct, spatially-resolved regions, defined as a “multidomain gel”, achieving the second aim. The different domains had different properties with regards to the diffusion and release of dyes. DBS-CO2H was then combined with another pH-responsive LMWG (1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol-dicarbonyl-glycine, DBS-Gly). The two gelators showed a good degree of kinetic self-sorting, their self-assembly being triggered at different pHs. It was possible to use two proton sources – the slow hydrolysis of glucono-δ-lactone, and the more rapid photoacid generator diphenyliodonium nitrate – to achieve a two-step process of network formation. As the second step was UV-initiated, photopatterned multi-component gels were produced; these materials were both spatially and temporally resolved, achieving the third aim. Finally, the combination of DBS-CO2H, DBS-Gly and PEGDM into a three-gelator, multi-component hybrid hydrogel was investigated.
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Bellosta, von Colbe José M. „Hydrogen storage in light metal hybrides“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97890365X.

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Zarzar, Lauren Dell. „Dynamic Hybrid Materials: Hydrogel Actuators and Catalytic Microsystems“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10867.

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Dynamic materials which can sense changes in their surroundings and subsequently respond or adapt by autonomously altering their functionality, surface chemistry, transparency, color, wetting behavior, adhesiveness, shape, etc. are primed to be integral components of future "smart" technologies. However, such systems can be quite complex and often require intricate coordination between both chemical and mechanical inputs/outputs as well as the combination of multiple materials working cooperatively to achieve the proper functionality. It is critical to not only understand the fundamental behaviors of existing dynamic chemo-mechanical systems, but also to apply that knowledge and explore new avenues for design of novel materials platforms which could provide a basis for future adaptive technologies. Part 1 explores the use of environmentally-sensitive hydrogels, either alone or within arrays of high-aspect-ratio nano/microstructures, as chemo-mechanical actuators. Chapters 1 through 7 describe a bio-inspired approach to the design of hybrid actuating surfaces in which the volume-changing hydrogel acts as the “muscle” that reversibly actuates the microstructured "bone". In particular, the different actuation mechanisms arising from variations in how the hydrogel is integrated into the structure array, how chemical signals can be used to manipulate actuation parameters, and finally how such a system may be used for applications ranging from adaptive optics to manipulation of chemical reactions are described. Chapter 8 discusses the use of responsive hydrogel scaffolds as a means to mechanically compress cells and direct differentiation. Part II explores dynamic microsystems involving the integration of catalytic sites within intricately structured 3D microenvironments. Specifically, we explore a generalizable and straightforward route to fabricate microscale patterns of nanocrystalline platinum and palladium using multiphoton lithography. The catalytic, electrical, and electrochemical properties are characterized, and we demonstrate high resolution integration of catalysts within 3D-defined microenvironments to generate directed particle and fluid transport.
Chemistry and Chemical Biology
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Abdallah, Ibrahim. „Event-driven hybrid bond graph : Application : hybrid renewable energy system for hydrogen production and storage“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10104/document.

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Ce travail de thèse constitue une contribution à la modélisation et au diagnostic des systèmes multi-domaines à commutation (hybrides). Il est appliqué à la supervision des systèmes multi-sources d’énergie propre où l’hydrogène est utilisé comme moyen de stockage. Un tel système associe des composantes énergétiques de nature différente et fait l’objet de commutations produites par la connexion et déconnexion d’un ou plusieurs composants. Ces commutations génèrent différents modes de fonctionnement et sont liées à l’intermittence des sources primaires, aux capacités de stockage et à la disponibilité opérationnelle des ressources matérielles qui constituent le système. La présence de ces commutations engendre une dynamique variable qui est classiquement difficile à exprimer mathématiquement sans exploiter tous les modes. Ces difficultés de modélisation se propagent pour affecter toutes les tâches dépendantes du modèle comme le diagnostic et la gestion de modes de fonctionnement. Pour résoudre ces problématiques, un nouvel outil, Bond Graph Hybride piloté par événements, a été développé. Entièrement graphique, ce formalisme permet une modélisation interdisciplinaire globale du système. En séparant la dynamique continue gérée par le Bond Graph Hybride des états discrets modélisés par un automate intégré, l’approche proposée simplifie la gestion des modes de fonctionnement. Le modèle issu de cette méthodologie est également bien adapté au diagnostic robuste, réalisable sans recourir aux équations analytiques. Associée au diagnostic robuste, cette gestion des modes permet l’implémentation de stratégies de reconfiguration et de protection en présence de défaillances
This research work constitutes a general contribution towards a simpler modelling and diagnosis of the multidisciplinary hybrid systems. Hybrid renewable energy systems where hydrogen is used to store the surplus of the power fits perfectly under this description. Such system gathers different energetic components that are needed to be connected or disconnected according to different operating conditions. These different switching configurations generate different operating modes and depend on the intermittency of the primary sources, the storage capacities and the operational availability of the different hardwares that constitute the system. The switching behaviour engenders a variable dynamic which is hard to be expressed mathematically without investigating all the operating modes. This modelling difficulty is transmitted to affect all the model-based tasks such as the diagnosis and the operating mode management. To solve this problematic, a new modelling tool, called event-driven hybrid bond graph, is developed. Entirely graphic, this formalism allows a multidisciplinary global modelling for all the operating modes at once. By separating the continuous dynamic driven by the bond graph, from the discrete states handled by an integrated automaton, this approach simplifies the management of the operating modes. The model issued using this methodology is also well-adapted to perform a robust diagnosis which is achievable without referring back to the analytical description of the model. The operating mode management, when associated with the on-line diagnosis, allows the implementation of reconfiguration strategies and protection protocols when faults are detected
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Benge, Kathryn Ruth. „Hybrid Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Materials“. The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2320.

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This thesis investigates the chemistry of ammonia borane (NH3BH3) relevant to the development of hydrogen storage systems for vehicular applications. Because of its high hydrogen content and low molecular weight ammonia borane has the potential to meet stringent gravimetric hydrogen storage targets of gt;9 wt%. Two of the three moles of H2 in ammonia borane can be released under relatively mild conditions, with the highest gravimetric yield obtained in the solid-state. However, ammonia borane does not deliver sufficient H2 at practical temperatures and the products formed upon H2 loss are not amenable to regeneration back to the parent compound. The literature synthesis of ammonia borane was modified to facilitate large scale synthesis, and the deuterated analogues ND3BH3 and NH3BD3 were prepared for the purpose of mechanistic studies. The effect of lithium amide on the kinetics of dehydrogenation of ammonia borane was assessed by means of solid-state reaction in a series of specific molar ratios. Upon mixing lithium amide and ammonia borane, an exothermic reaction ensued resulting in the formation of a weakly bound adduct with an H2N...BH3-NH3 environment. Thermal decomposition at or above temperatures of 50eg;C of this phase was shown to liberate gt;9 wt% H2. The mechanism of hydrogen evolution was investigated by means of reacting lithium amide and deuterated ammonia borane isotopologues, followed by analysis of the isotopic composition of evolved gaseous products by mass spectrometry. From these results, an intermolecular multi-step reaction mechanism was proposed, with the rates of the first stage strongly dependent on the concentration of lithium amide present. Compounds exhibiting a BN3 environment (identified by means of solid-state sup1;sup1;B NMR spectroscopy) were formed during the first stage, and subsequently cross link to form a non-volatile solid. Further heating of this non-volatile solid phase ultimately resulted in the formation of crystalline Li3BN2 - identified by means of powder X-ray diffractometry. This compound has been identified as a potential hydrogen storage material due to its lightweight and theoretically high hydrogen content. It may also be amenable to hydrogen re-absorption. The LiNH2/CH3NH2BH3 system was also investigated. Thermal decomposition occurred through the same mechanism described for the LiNH2/NH3BH3 system to theoretically evolve gt;8 wt% hydrogen. The gases evolved on thermal decomposition were predominantly H2 with traces of methane detected by mass spectrometry.
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Montheil, Titouan. „Conception d’hydrogels hybrides pour la préparation de géloses synthétiques“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS012.

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Des hydrogels hybrides ont été développés comme alternative aux hydrogels d’agar utilisés en microbiologie. Notre stratégie repose sur la fonctionnalisation de polymères avec des groupements triéthoxysilanes, puis leurs mises en jeu dans le procédé sol-gel afin de fabriquer un hydrogel hybride organique-inorganique. Ce procédé est bio-orthogonal et biocompatible. Il se déroule en milieu aqueux, à pH physiologique et température ambiante. Dans une première partie, nous avons développé des hydrogels à base de PEG bisilylé. Nous avons montré que l’incorporation de PEG monosilylé permettait un relâchement du réseau de l’hydrogel. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons développé des hydrogels à base d’hydroxypropyl méthyl cellulose (HPMC). L’optimisation de la silylation de ce composé a été réalisée. L’étude de la composition de l’hydrogel (masse molaire de l’HPMC, concentration, taux de silylation) a été étudiée et a permis la préparation d’hydrogels aux propriétés similaires aux références commerciales d’agar. Nous avons ensuite étendu notre étude aux hydrogels hybrides à base d’autres polysaccharides. Le chitosan, la dextrine, la pectine et l’acide hyaluronique ont ainsi été silylés et des hydrogels hybrides ont été préparés à partir de ces précurseurs. Les hydrogels de dextrine silylée se sont révélés les plus prometteurs pour une application à la microbiologie. La composition a été optimisée et les tests microbiologiques ont validé ce composé comme une alternative à l’agar.Nous avons montré que les hydrogels synthétiques obtenus par le procédé sol-gel constituaient une alternative solide aux hydrogels d’agar. La maitrise des différents paramètres (ex : silylation, mise en forme, composition) permet d’adapter leurs propriétés
Hybrid hydrogels have been developed as an alternative to agar hydrogels used in microbiology. Our strategy is based on the functionalization of polymers with triethoxysilane groups, and then their use in the sol-gel process to produce an organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogels. This process is bio-orthogonal and biocompatible. It takes place in aqueous medium, at physiological pH and ambient temperature. In a first part, we developed hydrogels based on bisilylated PEG. We have shown that the incorporation of monosilylated PEG allowed a loosening of the hydrogel network. In a second part, we developed hydrogels based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). Silylation of HPMC silylation has been optimised. The study of hydrogel composition (HPMC molecular weight, concentration, silylation rate) allowed the production of hydrogels with properties similar to the agar commercial references. We then extended our study to hybrid hydrogels made from others polysaccharides. Chitosan, dextrin, pectin and hyaluronic acid were thus silylated and hybrid hydrogels were prepared from these precursors. Silylated dextrin hydrogels proved to be highly suitable for microbiology applicationWe showed that synthetics hydrogels obtained by sol-gel process constituted a solid alternative to agar hydrogels. The control of the various parameters (e.g. silylation, shaping, composition) makes it possible to prepare hydrogels with tunable properties
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Baumann, Bernhard Harry [Verfasser]. „Synthese und Charakterisierung hybrider Hydrogele für die Geweberekonstruktion / Bernhard Harry Baumann“. Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1166757315/34.

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Bücher zum Thema "Hybridní hydrogely"

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. Hybrid Hydrogen Systems. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0.

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Huot, Jacques. Enhancing Hydrogen Storage Properties of Metal Hybrides. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35107-0.

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Paolo, Tartarini, Hrsg. Solar hydrogen energy systems: Science and technology for the hydrogen economy. Milan: Springer, 2011.

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Honda Giken Kōgyō Kabushiki Kaisha. Kogata sōrā suiso sutēshon to nenryō denchi denki jidōsha o kumiawaseta CO2 haishutsu zero shisutemu kaihatsu: Chikyū ondanka taisaku gijutsu kaihatsu jigyō : seika hōkokusho. [Tokyo]: Honda Giken Kōgyō Kabushiki Kaisha, 2012.

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O, Sŏng-gŭn. Kobunja ka pʻyomyŏn e kyŏrhap toen tagongsŏng mugi ipcha rŭl iyong han suso chŏjang maegaechʻe kaebal =: Development of hydrogen-storage system using a porous organic/inorganic hybrid material. [Seoul]: Sanŏp Chawŏnbu, 2008.

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O, Sŏng-gŭn. Kobunja ka pʻyomyŏn e kyŏrhap toen tagongsŏng mugi ipcha rŭl iyong han suso chŏjang maegaechʻe kaebal =: Development of hydrogen-storage system using a porous organic/inorganic hybrid material. [Seoul]: Sanŏp Chawŏnbu, 2008.

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Transitions to alternative transportation technologies: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Washington , D.C: National Academies Press, 2010.

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Cotrell, Jason Rust. Modeling the feasibility of using fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines in remote renewable energy systems: Technical report. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003.

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Kiszynski, Kristofer, und Said Al-Hallaj. Hybrid Hydrogen Systems: Stationary and Transportation Applications. Springer, 2013.

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Kiszynski, Kristofer, und Said Al-Hallaj. Hybrid Hydrogen Systems: Stationary and Transportation Applications. Springer, 2013.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Hybridní hydrogely"

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Samal, Sangram K., Federica Chiellini, Cristina Bartoli, Elizabeth G. Fernandes und Emo Chiellini. „Hybrid Hydrogels Based on Poly(vinylalcohol)-Chitosan Blends and Relevant CNT Composites“. In Hydrogels, 67–78. Milano: Springer Milan, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1104-5_7.

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. „The Role of Renewable Energy in a Sustainable Energy Future“. In Hybrid Hydrogen Systems, 1–8. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0_1.

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. „Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Conversion Devices“. In Hybrid Hydrogen Systems, 9–29. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0_2.

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. „Hydrogen Production, Storage and Fuel Cells“. In Hybrid Hydrogen Systems, 31–53. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0_3.

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. „Operation and Control of Hybrid Energy Systems“. In Hybrid Hydrogen Systems, 55–79. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0_4.

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. „Control of Hybrid Energy Systems“. In Hybrid Hydrogen Systems, 81–94. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0_5.

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. „Case Study: Hybrid PEM Fuel Cell/Li-ion Battery System for a Non-Idling Airport Ground Support Vehicle“. In Hybrid Hydrogen Systems, 95–107. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0_6.

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Al-Hallaj, Said, und Kristofer Kiszynski. „Case Study: A Hybrid Fuel Cell/Desalination System for Caye Caulker“. In Hybrid Hydrogen Systems, 109–29. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-467-0_7.

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Shah, Yatish T. „Hybrid Energy Systems for Hydrogen Production“. In Hybrid Energy Systems, 493–525. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003159421-11.

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Karg, Matthias, und Thomas Hellweg. „Smart Microgel/Nanoparticle Hybrids with Tunable Optical Properties“. In Hydrogel Micro and Nanoparticles, 257–79. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527646425.ch11.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Hybridní hydrogely"

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Xiong, Yujie. „Interface engineering in inorganic hybrid structures towards improved photocatalysis (Conference Presentation)“. In Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology XI, herausgegeben von Chung-Li Dong. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2237257.

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Habib, Ahasan, und Bashir Khoda. „Fiber Filled Hybrid Hydrogel for Bio-Manufacturing“. In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8294.

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Abstract The extrusion based three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing deposits cell-laden bio-ink with high spatial resolution and may offer living tissue regeneration. Due to the biocompatibility, less cytotoxicity and high water content, natural hydrogels are commonly considered as the bio-ink for scaffold fabrication. However, due to the low mechanical integrity, a large scale scaffold (> 10 layers) with intricate architecture is a challenge. In this paper, Cellulose-based nano-fiber and CMC are added with alginate material to improve the rheological behavior of the hybrid hydrogel. Shear-thinning behavior, shape fidelity, printability of the composition are investigated and evaluated for various compositions. Finally, both regular and freeform 3D scaffolds are fabricated with the proposed hybrid hydrogel to validate its printability and shape fidelity. The required properties of bio-ink are highly dependent upon the percentage composition and the solid content.
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Lee, Seung-Jae, Byung Kim, Geunbae Lim, Jong-Won Rhie, Hyun-Wook Kang und Dong-Woo Cho. „Development of Three-Dimensional Alginate Encapsulated Chondrocyte Hybrid Scaffolds Using Microstereolithography“. In ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2007-31056.

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Hydrogels are useful materials because of their chemical similarity to extracellular matrix and their ability to rapidly diffuse hydrophilic nutrients and metabolites. Using rapid prototyping (RP) methods, we fabricated freeform three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with chondrocytes encapsulated in an alginate hydrogel. The 3-D hybrid scaffold was developed as combination of two components, a TMC/TMP framework and an alginate hydrogel within an encapsulation of chondrocytes. To develop 3-D hybrid scaffolds, we employed a microstereolithography system. The biodegradable, photo-polymerizable liquid prepolymer was prepared by the polymerization of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) with trimethylolpropane (TMP), and subsequently end-capped with an acrylate group. The meshed framework of scaffolds withstood mechanical loading effectively. The line depth and line width could be controlled by varying laser power, scan path, and scan speed. Results of cell culture indicate that the biomimetic nature of these encapsulated chondrocyte scaffolds effectively retain the phenotypic function of chondrocytes within the scaffold structure. The proposed 3-D hybrid scaffolds can be used for cartilage regeneration.
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Ramya, D., Rani Basha und M. L. Bharathi. „HYDROGEN HYBRID MACHINE“. In Proceedings of the Fist International Conference on Advanced Scientific Innovation in Science, Engineering and Technology, ICASISET 2020, 16-17 May 2020, Chennai, India. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.16-5-2020.2304104.

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Kendall, K., B. Pollet und J. Jostins. „Hydrogen hybrid vehicles for University of Birmingham campus“. In Hybrid & Eco Friendly Vehicles Conference 2008 (HEVC 2008). IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20081067.

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Dance, Emily E., Erin E. Colebeck und Erdem Topsakal. „Hybrid hydrogels for medical applications of microwaves“. In 2014 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi-nrsm.2014.6928136.

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Gibson, Elizabeth. „Hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction with supramolecular photocatalysts integrated into photoelectrocatalytic devices“. In 13th Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2021.034.

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Xu, Tao, Catalin Baicu, Brian Manley, Michael Zile und Thomas Boland. „A Finite Element Model for Drop-on-Demand Printing of Designer Hybrid Cardiovascular Constructs“. In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79082.

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A Finite element model (FEM) was constructed and used to predict the mechanical properties of hybrid cardiovascular tissue engineering constructs. The model allows implementing 3D structures with desired porosities, mechanical and chemical properties. CAD models where designed using the FEM, with mechanical properties matching those of cardiac tissue. Contractile cardiac hybrids have been fabricated by arranging alternate layers of hydrogels and mammalian cardiovascular cells according to these CAD models using inkjet printers. Alginate hydrogels with controlled microshell structures were built by spraying cross-linkers onto ungelled alginic acid using inkjet printers. Cells were seen to attach to the inside of these microshells. The cells remained viable in constructs as thick as 1 cm due to the programmed porosity. Microscopic and macroscopic contractile function of cardiomyocytes sheets was observed in vitro. These results suggest that the printing method could be used for hierarchical design of functional cardiac patches, balanced with porosity for mass transport and structural support.
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Hee Sun Oh und Ki Tae Nam. „Clay nanoplate-chitosan hybrid hydrogels through electrostatic interaction“. In 2011 IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference (NMDC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nmdc.2011.6155396.

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Çelik, Muhammet, Gamze Genç, M. Serdar Genç und Hüseyin Yapıcı. „Hydrogen Production Potential and Cost of Wind-Hydrogen Hybrid Energy System“. In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87556.

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Main aim of this study is to investigate annual wind power output, annual hydrogen production quantity and hydrogen production cost of wind-hydrogen energy system in the Pinarbasi-Kayseri region in Turkey which has remarkable wind potential in the central region of Turkey. Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) measured the value of mean wind speed of Pinarbasi as 3.67 m/s above 10m ground between 2000 and 2006 years. In this study, three different hub heights (50m, 80m and 100m) were considered, and so the measured mean wind speed at 10m was extrapolated to considered heights and annual wind power output was calculated. Four different turbine rated powers (800kW, 900kW, 2000kW and 3000 kW) and two different electrolyser powers (120kW and 40kW) for hydrogen production were assumed. Levelised cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of this study bring out clearly the variation of potential of hydrogen production and cost with wind speed, wind turbine hub height and wind turbine rated power and electrolyser power.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Hybridní hydrogely"

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Colon-Mercado, H., M. Gorensek, A. Thompson, M. Elvington, J. Weidner, J. Weiss, B. Meekins und B. Tavakoli. Hybrid thermochemical hydrogen production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1475276.

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Colon-Mercado, H., M. Gorensek, M. Elvington, A. Thompson, P. Ganesan, J. Weidner, J. Weiss, L. Murdock, B. Meekins und B. Tavakoli. HYBRID THERMOCHEMICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1568795.

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Muelaner, Jody Emlyn. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways. SAE International, Januar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021004.

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With the current state of automotive electrification, predicting which electrification pathway is likely to be the most economical over a 10- to 30-year outlook is wrought with uncertainty. The development of a range of technologies should continue, including statically charged battery electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and EVs designed for a combination of plug-in and electric road system (ERS) supply. The most significant uncertainties are for the costs related to hydrogen supply, electrical supply, and battery life. This greatly is dependent on electrolyzers, fuel-cell costs, life spans and efficiencies, distribution and storage, and the price of renewable electricity. Green hydrogen will also be required as an industrial feedstock for difficult-to-decarbonize areas such as aviation and steel production, and for seasonal energy buffering in the grid. For ERSs, it is critical to understand how battery life will be affected by frequent cycling and the extent to which battery technology from hybrid vehicles can be applied. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways dives into the most critical issues the mobility industry is facing.
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DeCandis, Andrew. Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Electric Hybrid Truck Demonstration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1496037.

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Dean, J., R. Braun, D. Munoz, M. Penev und C. Kinchin. Analysis of Hybrid Hydrogen Systems: Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972164.

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Smith, J. R., S. M. Aceves, N. L. Johnson und A. A. Amsden. Progress toward an optimized hydrogen series hybrid engine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95252.

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Rue, David. Hybrid Molten Bed Gasifier for High Hydrogen Syngas Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Mai 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1358079.

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Ruth, Mark, Dylan Cutler, Francisco Flores-Espino und Greg Stark. The Economic Potential of Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems Producing Hydrogen. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1351061.

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Liu, Hong. Novel Hybrid Microbial Electrochemical System for Efficient Hydrogen Generation from Biomass. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1813870.

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Erickson, Paul. UC Davis Fuel Cell, Hydrogen, and Hybrid Vehicle (FCH2V) GATE Center of Excellence. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Mai 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1055762.

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