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Crotty, Shane. „Hybrid immunity“. Science 372, Nr. 6549 (24.06.2021): 1392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj2258.
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Tang, Jinyi, Arka Chaudhuri, Panke Qu, Yue Wu, Kristin Wavell, Marthajoy Spano, Justin Taylor, Shan-lu Liu, William Teague und Jie Sun. „Respiratory mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination and infection“. Journal of Immunology 212, Nr. 1_Supplement (01.05.2024): 1559_5071. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.212.supp.1559.5071.
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Abstract The current COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is effective in systemic immune memory but lacks in generating mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. While prior SARS-CoV-2 infection establishes respiratory immunity, its strain-specific nature and limited duration pose challenges for sustained protection. Recent research has shown that hybrid immunity, a combination of vaccination and infection, results in a more robust, durable, and broadly reactive immune response in circulation compared to vaccination or infection alone. However, the characteristics and protective mechanisms of hybrid immunity in the respiratory mucosa are not fully understood. Moreover, it remains to be determined whether mucosal booster vaccines could potentially induce responses that are even stronger and more broadly reactive than hybrid immunity. Here, we collect nasal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood from controls, vaccinee, convalescents, or hybrid individuals. We found that hybrid individuals displayed higher levels of specific Ab, nAb, and B cells than other groups in the respiratory mucosa. In our mouse models, although hybrid immunity showed significant mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses, an adenovirus-based mucosal vaccine booster induced more robust protective respiratory immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our findings reveal the mechanisms of protection of hybrid immunity and underscore the importance of developing mucosal vaccine boosters that can emulate heightened mucosal immunity.
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Shi, Meiqing, Liping Su, Sigou Hao, Xulin Guo und Jim Xiang. „Fusion Hybrid of Dendritic Cells and Engineered Tumor Cells Expressing Interleukin-12 Induces Type 1 Immune Responses against Tumor“. Tumori Journal 91, Nr. 6 (November 2005): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160509100614.
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Aims and Background Dendritic cell (DC)-tumor fusion hybrid vaccinees that facilitate antigen presentation represent a novel powerful strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that IL-12 promotes specific antitumor immunity mediated by T cells in several types of tumors. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor immunity derived from vaccination of fusion hybrids between DCs and engineered J558/IL-12 myeloma cells secreting Th1 cytokine IL-12. Methods The expression vector pcDNA-IL-12 was generated and transfected into J558 myeloma cells and then bone marrow-derived DCs were fused with engineered J558/IL-12 cells. The antitumor immunity derived from vaccination of the fusion hybrid DC/J558/IL-12 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results DC/J558/IL-12 cells secreted recombinant IL-12 (1.6 ng/mL), and inoculation of BALB/c mice with DC/J558/IL-12 hybrid induced a Th1 dominant immune response and resulted in tumor regression. Immunization of mice with engineered DC/J558/IL-12 hybrid elicited stronger J558 tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro as well as more potent protective immunity against J558 tumor challenge in vivo than immunization with the mixture of DCs and J558/IL-12, J558/IL-12 and J558, respectively. Furthermore, the antitumor immunity mediated by DC/J558/1L-12 tumor cell vaccination in vivo appeared to be dependent on CD8+ CTL. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the engineered fusion hybrid vaccines that combine Th1 cytokine gene-modified tumor cells with DCs may be an attractive strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Sizyakina, L. P., V. Ya Zakurskaya und I. I. Andreeva. „Capacities of hybrid immunity: objective realities“. Immunologiya 45, Nr. 3 (2024): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.33029/1816-2134-2024-45-3-300-311.
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Kanokudom, Sitthichai, Jira Chansaenroj, Suvichada Assawakosri, Nungruthai Suntronwong, Ritthideach Yorsaeng, Lakkhana Wongsrisang, Ratchadawan Aeemjinda et al. „Real-World Study: Hybrid Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Influences the Antibody Levels and Persistency Lasting More than One Year“. Vaccines 11, Nr. 11 (07.11.2023): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111693.
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This study investigated the impact of hybrid immunity on antibody responses in the participants who received two to seven doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. The study was conducted between April and June 2023. Out of 771 serum samples analyzed, 71.7% exhibited hybrid immunity (positive for total anti-N Ig), while 28.3% showed vaccine-induced immunity (negative for total anti-N Ig). Participants were categorized based on the number of vaccine doses: 2, 3, 4, and ≥5. The findings highlight a trend where a higher number of vaccine doses received was associated with a lower infection rate. There was no significant difference in total RBD Ig levels between those who received 3, 4, or ≥5 doses in both the hybrid immunity and vaccination alone groups across all observed durations as follows: <6 months, 6 to <9 months, 9 to <12 months, and ≥12 months. Hybrid immunity consistently maintained higher total RBD Ig levels and durability compared to vaccination alone, with estimated half-lives (T1/2) of 189.5 days versus 106.8 days for vaccine alone. This investigation underscored the potential benefit of hybrid immunity and raised questions about the optimal strategies for further vaccine dosing.
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Tatarnikova, V. V., V. I. Dubrovina, N. O. Kiseleva, V. A. Vishnyakov, D. D. Bryukhova, A. B. Pyatidesyatnikova, A. N. Bondaryuk und S. V. Balakhonov. „Effect of Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Virus on Blood Cellular Composition“. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 23, Nr. 2 (03.05.2024): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2024-23-2-50-60.
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Relevance. The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is still a public health problem and a threat to socio-economic well-being. Most studies have focused predominantly on humoral immunity, and there are no data on the cellular composition of blood in dynamics. Aim. To study the dynamics of changes in blood cellular composition depending on the type of immunity formed (natural, hybrid, breakthrough, postvaccinal) to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and Methods. A total of 130 volunteers participated in the study. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood leukocytes using flow cytometry was performed. The presence of specific IgG antibodies to N-protein SARS-CoV-2, total IgA and cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α) was assessed in serum by ELISA. Results and Discussion. A statistically significant increase in BL was recorded in volunteers with hybrid immunity 1 month (14,0% (12,3–16,4%)) after vaccination compared to healthy volunteers (9,1% (6,4–10,2%), p = 0,0007) and people with primary COVID-19 infection (10,2% (8,3–12,1%), p = 0,0134). In volunteers with natural and hybrid immunity, as well as in revaccinated people, an increase in B1-cells (CD3-CD19+CD5+CD27-) was observed during 3–9 months of observation. It is shown that the increase of B-lymphocytes with «switched» class of synthesized antibodies was detected in people with breakthrough immunity. Increased levels of T-lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR were recorded in all individuals during 6–9 months of follow-up. Volunteers with breakthrough immunity showed a significant increase in the positivity index when assessing the presence of specific IgG class antibodies to the coronavirus N-protein compared with volunteers with natural and hybrid immunity. Conclusions. Vaccination promotes protective immunity sufficient for timely activation of memory T- and B-cells in breakthrough immunity and maintenance of immunologic efficacy in hybrid immunity against COVID-19. The results help to assess the strain of innate and adaptive immunity in novel coronavirus infection and to fill gaps in the understanding of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19.
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Kodera, Sachiko, Akito Takada, Essam A. Rashed und Akimasa Hirata. „Projection of COVID-19 Positive Cases Considering Hybrid Immunity: Case Study in Tokyo“. Vaccines 11, Nr. 3 (13.03.2023): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030633.
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Since the emergence of COVID-19, the forecasting of new daily positive cases and deaths has been one of the essential elements in policy setting and medical resource management worldwide. An essential factor in forecasting is the modeling of susceptible populations and vaccination effectiveness (VE) at the population level. Owing to the widespread viral transmission and wide vaccination campaign coverage, it becomes challenging to model the VE in an efficient and realistic manner, while also including hybrid immunity which is acquired through full vaccination combined with infection. Here, the VE model of hybrid immunity was developed based on an in vitro study and publicly available data. Computational replication of daily positive cases demonstrates a high consistency between the replicated and observed values when considering the effect of hybrid immunity. The estimated positive cases were relatively larger than the observed value without considering hybrid immunity. Replication of the daily positive cases and its comparison would provide useful information of immunity at the population level and thus serve as useful guidance for nationwide policy setting and vaccination strategies.
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Livieratos, Achilleas, Lars Erik Schiro, Charalambos Gogos und Karolina Akinosoglou. „Durability of Adaptive Immunity in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients Across Different Respiratory Viruses: RSV, Influenza, and SARS-CoV-2“. Vaccines 12, Nr. 12 (22.12.2024): 1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121444.
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Background/Objectives. Research on respiratory virus immunity duration post-vaccination reveals variable outcomes. This study performed a literature review to assess the efficacy and longevity of immune protection post-vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with a focus on immunocompromised populations. Specific objectives included examining humoral and cellular immune responses and exploring the impact of booster doses and hybrid immunity on extending protection. Methods. A literature review was conducted focusing on studies published from January 2014 to November 2024. The search targeted adaptive immunity post-vaccination, natural immunity, and hybrid immunity for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV. Selection criteria emphasized human populations, adaptive immunity outcomes, and immunocompromised individuals. The PICO framework guided the analysis, culminating in a detailed review of 30 studies. Results. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines exhibited robust initial antibody responses, which waned significantly within six months, necessitating frequent boosters. Influenza and RSV vaccines similarly showed declines in immunity, though some influenza vaccines demonstrated moderate durability. Hybrid immunity, arising from combined natural infection and vaccination, provided more resilient and lasting protection than vaccination alone, especially against emerging variants. Immunocompromised individuals consistently exhibited reduced durability in adaptive immune responses across all studied viruses. Challenges include rapid viral mutations, limiting the broad protection of current vaccines. Conclusions. Immune durability varies significantly across virus types and patient populations. Frequent boosters and hybrid immunity are critical to optimizing protection, particularly for vulnerable groups. The findings underscore the need for adaptable vaccination strategies and advancements in vaccine design to counter rapidly mutating respiratory pathogens effectively.
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Diani, Sara, Erika Leonardi, Attilio Cavezzi, Simona Ferrari, Oriana Iacono, Alice Limoli, Zoe Bouslenko et al. „SARS-CoV-2—The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, Nr. 21 (25.10.2022): 6272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216272.
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Background: Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. Aims: This narrative review analyzes the literature regarding these two immunitary processes and more specifically: (a) the duration of natural immunity; (b) cellular immunity; (c) cross-reactivity; (d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; (e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; (f) the comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated as to the possible reinfections; (g) the role of hybrid immunity; (h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; (i) the comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. Material and Methods: through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. Results: nearly 900 studies were collected, and 246 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of the individuals after suffering from COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. Conclusions: this extensive narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Consequently, vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: (a) measure the durability of immunity over time; (b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron BA.5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and the role of hybrid immunity.
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Duché, Denis, Aurélie Frenkian, Valérie Prima und Roland Lloubès. „Release of Immunity Protein Requires Functional Endonuclease Colicin Import Machinery“. Journal of Bacteriology 188, Nr. 24 (29.09.2006): 8593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00941-06.
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ABSTRACT Bacteria producing endonuclease colicins are protected against the cytotoxic activity by a small immunity protein that binds with high affinity and specificity to inactivate the endonuclease. This complex is released into the extracellular medium, and the immunity protein is jettisoned upon binding of the complex to susceptible cells. However, it is not known how and at what stage during infection the immunity protein release occurs. Here, we constructed a hybrid immunity protein composed of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to the colicin E2 immunity protein (Im2) to enhance its detection. The EGFP-Im2 protein binds the free colicin E2 with a 1:1 stoichiometry and specifically inhibits its DNase activity. The addition of this hybrid complex to susceptible cells reveals that the release of the hybrid immunity protein is a time-dependent process. This process is achieved 20 min after the addition of the complex to the cells. We showed that complex dissociation requires a functional translocon formed by the BtuB protein and one porin (either OmpF or OmpC) and a functional import machinery formed by the Tol proteins. Cell fractionation and protease susceptibility experiments indicate that the immunity protein does not cross the cell envelope during colicin import. These observations suggest that dissociation of the immunity protein occurs at the outer membrane surface and requires full translocation of the colicin E2 N-terminal domain.
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Johnsen, Line, Gunnar Fimland, Dimitris Mantzilas und Jon Nissen-Meyer. „Structure-Function Analysis of Immunity Proteins of Pediocin-Like Bacteriocins: C-Terminal Parts of Immunity Proteins Are Involved in Specific Recognition of Cognate Bacteriocins“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, Nr. 5 (Mai 2004): 2647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.5.2647-2652.2004.
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ABSTRACT The immunity proteins of pediocin-like bacteriocins show a high degree of specificity with respect to the pediocin-like bacteriocin they recognize and confer immunity to. The aim of this study was to identify regions of the immunity proteins that are involved in this specific recognition. Six different hybrid immunity proteins were constructed from three different pediocin-like bacteriocin immunity proteins that have similar sequences but confer resistance to different bacteriocins. These hybrid immunity proteins were then tested for their ability to confer immunity to various pediocin-like bacteriocins. The specificities of the hybrid immunity proteins proved to be similar to those of the immunity proteins from which the C-terminal halves were derived, thus revealing that the C-terminal half of immunity proteins for pediocin-like bacteriocins contains a domain that is involved in specific recognition of the bacteriocins they confer immunity to. Moreover, the results also revealed that the effectiveness of an immunity protein is strain dependent and that its functionality thus depends in part on interplay with strain-dependent factors. To further investigate the structure-function relationship of these immunity proteins, the enterocin A and leucocin A immunity proteins (EntA-im and LeuA-im) were purified to homogeneity and structurally analyzed under various conditions by Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The results revealed that both immunity proteins are α-helical and well structured in an aqueous environment, the denaturing temperature being 78.5°C for EntA-im and 58.0°C for LeuA-im. The CD spectra also revealed that there was no further increase in the structuring or α-helical content when the immunity proteins were exposed to dodecylphosphocholine micelles or dioleoyl-l-α-phosphatidyl-dl-glycerol (DOPG) liposomes, indicating that the immunity proteins, in contrast to the bacteriocins, do not interact extensively with membranes. They may nevertheless be loosely associated with the membrane, possibly as peripheral membrane proteins, thus enabling them to interact with their cognate bacteriocin.
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Sharma, Prashant, Ji Beom Shin, Bum Chul Park, Jae-Won Lee, Sang Won Byun, Na-Yoon Jang, Yu Jin Kim, Yuri Kim, Young Keun Kim und Nam-Hyuk Cho. „Application of radially grown ZnO nanowires on poly-l-lactide microfibers complexed with a tumor antigen for cancer immunotherapy“. Nanoscale 11, Nr. 10 (2019): 4591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08704k.
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Chavda, Vivek P., Suneetha Vuppu, Toshika Mishra und Pankti Balar. „The Emergence of Hybrid Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Towards Hybrid Immunity“. Vaccines 11, Nr. 4 (30.03.2023): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040764.
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Bhattacharya, Madhumita, und Taraprasad Chattopadhyay. „Interference-Immunity of the Injection-Locked Hybrid Discriminator“. IETE Journal of Research 40, Nr. 2-3 (März 1994): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.1994.11437171.
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Roza, Des. „INCREASE OF IMMUNITY CANTIK HYBRID GROUPER JUVENILES BY LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)“. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 9, Nr. 1 (02.11.2017): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v9i1.17927.
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Disease is one of obstacle in fish culture. Immunity of fish against disease can be increased by using immunostimulant. The purpose of this experiment to increasing immunity of cantik hybrid grouper (cross breeding of tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus female with marbled grouper, E. polyphekadion male) to the diseases by using immunostimulant. Treatments were LPS cell walls of V. alginolyticus and commercial LPS was also used in this study, as a-control without LPS was used saline water (0.85% NaCl). The LPS was delivered by injection intra-muscularly with concentration of 0.1 mL/fish. This experiment was design by completely randomized with 3 replicates. Results showed that LPS were effective to increase titer antibody values and survival rates of cantik hybrid grouper. The titer antibody values of fish after 90 days rearing period were 128 (LPS from V. alginolyticus), 64 (commercial LPS), and only 4 in the control fish. The survival rates at the end of experiment were 88.67 ± 3.62% (LPS from V. alginolyticus), 85.22±5.93% (commercial LPS), and only 50.13 ± 6.11% in the control fish. Relative percentage survival of fish following challenged with live V. alginolyticus were 77.46% in the received LPS from V. alginolyticus cell wall and 71.12% in the fish received commercial LPS. It is suggested that LPS effective to increase immunity of cantik hybrid grouper against bacterial infection. Keywords: cantik hybrid grouper, immunity, lipopolysaccharide, Vibrio alginolyticus
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Spreco, Armin, Örjan Dahlström, Anna Jöud, Dennis Nordvall, Cecilia Fagerström, Eva Blomqvist, Fredrik Gustafsson, Jorma Hinkula, Thomas Schön und Toomas Timpka. „Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Compared with Hybrid Immunity in Populations Prioritized and Non-Prioritized for COVID-19 Vaccination in 2021–2022: A Naturalistic Case-Control Study in Sweden“. Vaccines 10, Nr. 8 (07.08.2022): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081273.
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The term hybrid immunity is used to denote the immunological status of vaccinated individuals with a history of natural infection. Reports of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern motivate continuous rethought and renewal of COVID-19 vaccination programs. We used a naturalistic case-control study design to compare the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to hybrid immunity 180 days post-vaccination in prioritized and non-prioritized populations vaccinated before 31 July 2021 in three Swedish counties (total population 1,760,000). Subjects with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test recorded within 6 months before vaccination (n = 36,247; 6%) were matched to vaccinated-only controls. In the prioritized population exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants post-vaccination, the odds ratio (OR) for breakthrough infection was 2.2 (95% CI, 1.6–2.8; p < 0.001) in the vaccinated-only group compared with the hybrid immunity group, while in the later vaccinated non-prioritized population, the OR decreased from 4.3 (95% CI, 2.2–8.6; p < 0.001) during circulation of the Delta variant to 1.9 (95% CI, 1.7–2.1; p < 0.001) with the introduction of the Omicron variant (B.1.617.2). We conclude that hybrid immunity provides gains in protection, but that the benefits are smaller for risk groups and with circulation of the Omicron variant and its sublineages.
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Russell, Rodney S. „Hybrid Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2“. Viral Immunology 35, Nr. 6 (01.07.2022): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2022.0116.
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Shervani, Zameer, Deepali Bhardwaj, Roma Nikhat, Aiman Ibbrahim, Sadia Hasan, Intazam Khan, Umair Yaqub Qazi et al. „Serosurvey of Haryana and Odisha: COVID-19 Hybrid Immunity“. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 4, Nr. 2 (17.03.2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.2.1173.
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The seroprevalence in Indian states Haryana and Odisha has been investigated. The seropositivity in the Haryana population increased with time from 8% to 14.8% to 76.3% as recorded in August, October 2020, and September 2021, respectively. The virus spread was continuous as the increase in seroprevalence was monotonous. The three COVID-19 pandemic waves that hit Haryana in September, November 2020, and May 2021 infected the population and generated antibodies. The last serosurvey conducted in September 2021 which registered 76.3% seroprevalence might have a contribution from vaccination as 25% of all the population was fully vaccinated and 60% had one dose. The seroprevalence in Odisha was found to be 20.8%, 68.1%, and 73% in the surveys conducted in August 2020, June, and August 2021, respectively. The survey conducted in Odisha in August 2021 found that 93% of the healthcare workers had antibodies suggested that in the general population also, 93% seroprevalence might be possible by strong vaccination drive or repeated virus exposure. A maximum seroprevalence of 75% was found in the age group of 19-44 years and the lowest of 66% was recorded among 60-plus individuals.
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Diego, Juan García-Bernalt, Gagandeep Singh, Sonia Jangra, Kim Handrejk, Manon Laporte, Lauren A. Chang, Sara S. El Zahed et al. „Breakthrough infections by SARS-CoV-2 variants boost cross-reactive hybrid immune responses in mRNA-vaccinated Golden Syrian hamsters“. PLOS Pathogens 20, Nr. 1 (10.01.2024): e1011805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011805.
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Hybrid immunity (vaccination + natural infection) to SARS-CoV-2 provides superior protection to re-infection. We performed immune profiling studies during breakthrough infections in mRNA-vaccinated hamsters to evaluate hybrid immunity induction. The mRNA vaccine, BNT162b2, was dosed to induce binding antibody titers against ancestral spike, but inefficient serum virus neutralization of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 or variants of concern (VoCs). Vaccination reduced morbidity and controlled lung virus titers for ancestral virus and Alpha but allowed breakthrough infections in Beta, Delta and Mu-challenged hamsters. Vaccination primed for T cell responses that were boosted by infection. Infection back-boosted neutralizing antibody responses against ancestral virus and VoCs. Hybrid immunity resulted in more cross-reactive sera, reflected by smaller antigenic cartography distances. Transcriptomics post-infection reflects both vaccination status and disease course and suggests a role for interstitial macrophages in vaccine-mediated protection. Therefore, protection by vaccination, even in the absence of high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the serum, correlates with recall of broadly reactive B- and T-cell responses.
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Kurmangaliyeva, Saulesh S., Akzhan M. Madenbayeva, Saltanat T. Urazayeva, Yerlan Sh Bazargaliyev, Khatimya I. Kudabayeva und Kairat B. Kurmangaliyev. „Comparative Analysis of Vaccine-induced Immunity and Natural Immunity in Post-COVID Patients“. West Kazakhstan Medical Journal 66, Nr. 4 (20.12.2024): 387–400. https://doi.org/10.18502/wkmj.v66i4.17770.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted an urgent need to understand the differences between vaccine-induced and natural immunity, particularly in the context of post- COVID syndrome (long COVID). This review compares the immune responses elicited by natural infection and vaccination, focusing on their duration, strength, and effectiveness in mitigating long COVID symptoms. Vaccine-induced immunity, primarily targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, often produces a more consistent antibody and T-cell response, especially when bolstered by booster doses. In contrast, natural immunity, though broader in scope, is more variable and influenced by factors such as infection severity. Hybrid immunity, resulting from both infection and vaccination, may offer superior protection against long COVID. This comparative analysis highlights the importance of understanding these immune mechanisms to optimize protection strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Kozlovskiy, Vladimir, Pavel Nikolaev, Alexander Podgorniy, Alexey Kritskiy und Luiza Shamina. „Experimental studies of a hybrid car and electric car interference immunity“. E3S Web of Conferences 221 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022101001.
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This article covers a hybrid car interference immunity research. A combined unit-power plant vehicle prototype (a hybrid car) of a famous Russian brand is a subject of this research. Its configuration included a motor control center in boot of a car and a standard internal combustion engine control system (ICE) with upgraded software for joint operation of two power plants.
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Ji, Hongshan, und Zhiguo Zhou. „A ‘Hybrid’ Radiotherapy Regimen Designed for Immunomodulation: Combining High-Dose Radiotherapy with Low-Dose Radiotherapy“. Cancers 14, Nr. 14 (19.07.2022): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143505.
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Radiotherapy (RT) affects anti-tumor immunity. However, the exact impact of RT on anti-tumor immune response differs among cancer types, RT dose and fractions, patients’ innate immunity, and many other factors. There are conflicting findings on the optimal radiation dose and fractions to stimulate effective anti-tumor immunity. High-dose radiotherapy (HDRT) acts in the same way as a double-edged sword in stimulating anti-tumor immunity, while low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) seems to play a vital role in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. Recent preclinical data suggest that a ‘hybrid’ radiotherapy regimen, which refers to combining HDRT with LDRT, can reap the advantages of both. Clinical data have also indicated a promising potential. However, there are still questions to be addressed in order to put this novel combination therapy into clinical practice. For example, the selection of treatment site, treatment volume, the sequencing of high-dose radiotherapy and low-dose radiotherapy, combined immunotherapy, and so on. This review summarizes the current evidence supporting the use of HDRT + LDRT, explains possible immune biology mechanisms of this ‘hybrid’ radiotherapy, raises questions to be considered when working out individualized treatment plans, and lists possible avenues to increase efficiency in stimulating anti-tumor immunity using high-dose plus low-dose radiotherapy.
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Rodriguez Velásquez, Sabina, Loza Estifanos Biru, Sandrine Marie Hakiza, Muaamar Al-Gobari, Isotta Triulzi, Jyoti Dalal, Camille Beatrice Gaza Varela, Sara Botero Mesa und Olivia Keiser. „Long-term levels of protection of different types of immunity against the Omicron variant: a rapid literature review“. Swiss Medical Weekly 154, Nr. 5 (06.05.2024): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.57187/s.3732.
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INTRODUCTION: With the emergence of newer SARS-CoV-2 variants and their substantial effects on the levels and duration of protection against infection, an understanding of these characteristics of the protection conferred by humoral and cellular immunity can aid in the proper development and implementation of vaccine and safety guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a rapid literature review and searched five electronic databases weekly from 1 November 2021 to 30 September 2022. Studies that assessed the humoral or cellular immunity conferred by infection, vaccination or a hybrid (combination of both) in adults and risk groups (immunocompromised and older populations) were identified. Studies were eligible when they reported data on immunological assays of COVID-19 (related to vaccination and/or infection) or the effectiveness of protection (related to the effectiveness of vaccination and/or infection). RESULTS: We screened 5103 studies and included 205 studies, of which 70 provided data on the duration of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The duration of protection of adaptive immunity was greatly impacted by Omicron and its subvariants: levels of protection were low by 3–6 months from exposure to infection/vaccination. Although more durable, cellular immunity also showed signs of waning by 6 months. First and second mRNA vaccine booster doses increased the levels of protection against infection and severe disease from Omicron and its subvariants but continued to demonstrate a high degree of waning over time. CONCLUSION: All humoral immunities (infection-acquired, vaccine-acquired and hybrid) waned by 3–6 months. Cellular immunity was more durable but showed signs of waning by 6 months. Hybrid immunity had the highest magnitude of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Boosting may be recommended as early as 3–4 months after the last dose, especially in risk groups.
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Livieratos, Achilleas, Charalambos Gogos und Karolina Akinosoglou. „Impact of Prior COVID-19 Immunization and/or Prior Infection on Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes“. Viruses 16, Nr. 5 (26.04.2024): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16050685.
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Cellular and humoral immunity exhibit dynamic adaptation to the mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is noteworthy that immune responses differ significantly, influenced by whether a patient has received vaccination or whether there is co-occurrence of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity, known as hybrid immunity. The different immune reactions, conditional on vaccination status and the viral variant involved, bear implications for inflammatory responses, patient outcomes, pathogen transmission rates, and lingering post-COVID conditions. Considering these developments, we have performed a review of recently published literature, aiming to disentangle the intricate relationships among immunological profiles, transmission, the long-term health effects post-COVID infection poses, and the resultant clinical manifestations. This investigation is directed toward understanding the variability in the longevity and potency of cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by immunization and hybrid infection.
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Shenoy, Padmanabha, Sakir Ahmed, Aby Paul, Somy Cherian, Rashwith Umesh, Veena Shenoy, Anuroopa Vijayan, Sageer Babu, Nivin S und Arya Thambi. „Hybrid immunity versus vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases“. Lancet Rheumatology 4, Nr. 2 (Februar 2022): e80-e82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00356-8.
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E. A. Imelbaeva, E. A., A. Zh Gilmanov und L. M. Saptarova. „Results of assessing herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in medical workers“. Terapevt (General Physician), Nr. 10 (27.10.2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-12-2310-01.
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article presents the results of a study of the level of antibodies to SARSCoV- 2 in the blood of 54 medical workers: those who were ill or vaccinated within six months before the start of the study (70.4 %), non-ill and unvaccinated (20.7 %), and those with hybrid immunit y (recovered from the disease and vaccinated) (6.9 %). The data obtained indicate a decrease in the level of herd immunity within six months, which is especially pronounced in non-immunized individuals. The presence of antibodies in low titers in non-ill and non-immunized individuals may indicate natural immunization in the context of the infection pandemic, which decreases sharply as the epidemic subsides.
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Liu, Zihui, Binglin Chen, Zhiying Zou, Dayu Li, Jinglin Zhu, Jie Yu, Wei Xiao und Hong Yang. „Non-Additive and Asymmetric Allelic Expression of p38 mapk in Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × O. aureus ♂)“. Animals 14, Nr. 2 (15.01.2024): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14020266.
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Hybridization is a widely used breeding technique in fish species that enhances desirable traits in cultured species through heterosis. However, the mechanism by which hybrids alter gene expression to form heterosis remains unclear. In this study, a group of hybrid tilapia was used to elucidate heterosis through interspecies crossing. Specifically, p38 was analyzed to describe the regulation of gene expression variation in hybrid tilapia. Transcripts from the Nile tilapia allele were found to be significantly higher than those from the blue tilapia allele in hybrid individuals, indicating that the expression of p38 was dominated by Nile tilapia sub-genomic alleles. The study also found a compensatory interaction of cis- and trans-acting elements of the Nile tilapia and blue tilapia sub-genomes, inducing a non-additive expression of p38 in hybrids. Eight specific SNPs were identified in the p38 promoter regions of Nile tilapia and blue tilapia, and were found to be promoter differences leading to differences in gene expression efficiencies between parental alleles using a dual-luciferase reporter system. This study provides insights into the non-additive expression patterns of key functional genes in fish hybrids related to growth and immunity response.
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Chen, Jonathan, Linda Nieman, Maxwell Spurrell, Justin Gainor und Nir Hacohen. „Abstract 5784: Spatial clustering reveals immune hub interaction with reservoir of stem-like CD8 T cells and predicts immunotherapy response in lung cancer patients“. Cancer Research 83, Nr. 7_Supplement (04.04.2023): 5784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-5784.
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Abstract Background: Immunologic tumor control involves coordination of multiple cell types, but the organization of these interactions in human tumors is poorly understood. We recently reported that immunogenic tumors contain spatially-localized multicellular immunity hubs characterized by expression of interferon-stimulated genes, including CXCL10/CXCL11 (T cell attracting chemokines), and the presence of IFNG+ T cells. This suggested a positive feedback loop where T cell-derived IFNγ stimulates production of CXCR3 ligands, thereby attracting more T cells. However, we did not know (1) whether these hubs predict response to immunotherapy and (2) how hubs intersect with the various CD8 T cell states which play central roles in anti-tumor immunity. Methods: To understand the composition of this immunity hub and its potential association with immunotherapy response, we performed multiplex RNA FISH to visualize hub components in NSCLC tissue from 68 patients prior to PD1-blockade. Cells were segmented and phenotyped automatically. We additionally imaged serial sections with a second panel for markers of CD8 T cell state. We then computationally registered sequential images, integrating our panels. To identify hubs in an unbiased manner, we employed kmeans clustering. Results: We found that the presence of the immunity hub is predictive of subsequent response to PD1-blockade. Image registration revealed that hubs are enriched for CD8 T cells in multiple states, confirming their role as key sites of anti-tumor T cell activity. Furthermore, immunity hubs in responders contained more activated CD8 T cells and IFNG+ cells than those in nonresponders. To determine how hub heterogeneity may influence hub functions, we subclustered hubs by phenotypic composition. This analysis uncovered a ‘hybrid hub’ subclass that spatially overlaps with structures containing stem-like TCF7+ CD8 T cells, resembling the interfollicular zone of lymph nodes. The presence of a single hybrid hub was strongly associated with RECIST response (p = 0.0005), found in 85% of responders and only 24% of non-responders. Hybrid hubs also showed a striking association with patient PFS (p = 0.0014). Using ultra-highplex RNA ISH technologies, we further explored the hybrid hubs and found they are enriched in macrophages that express CXCR3 ligands. Conclusions: Our study provides insight into the multicellular networks that underlie anti-tumor immunity. Immunity hubs are predictive of response to immunotherapy in human lung cancer and organize intratumoral CD8 T cell activity. Moreover, hybrid hubs may represent an active intratumoral niche for tumor-specific stem-like T cells that sustain anti-tumor immunity. These multicellular networks are excellent candidates for biomarker development and targets for immunotherapy. Citation Format: Jonathan Chen, Linda Nieman, Maxwell Spurrell, Justin Gainor, Nir Hacohen. Spatial clustering reveals immune hub interaction with reservoir of stem-like CD8 T cells and predicts immunotherapy response in lung cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5784.
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Xiao, Wei, Binglin Chen, Jun Wang, Zhiying Zou, Chenghui Wang, Dayu Li, Jinglin Zhu, Jie Yu und Hong Yang. „Integration of mRNA and miRNA Profiling Reveals Heterosis in Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus Hybrid Tilapia“. Animals 12, Nr. 5 (03.03.2022): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050640.
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Heterosis is a widespread biological phenomenon in fishes, in which hybrids have superior traits to parents. However, the underlying molecular basis for heterosis remains uncertain. Heterosis in growth and survival rates is apparent in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × O. aureus ♂). Comparisons of growth and hematological biochemical characteristics and mRNA and miRNA transcriptional analyses were performed in hybrid and parents tilapia stocks to investigate the underlying molecular basis for heterosis. Growth characteristics and hematological glucose and cholesterol parameters were significantly improved in hybrids. Of 3097 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 120 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) identified among three stocks (O. niloticus, O. aureus, and hybrids), 1598 DEGs and 62 DEMs were non-additively expressed in hybrids. Both expression level dominance and overdominance patterns occurred for DEGs and DEMs, indicating that dominance and overdominance models are widespread in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in growth, metabolism, immunity, and antioxidant capacity in hybrid tilapia. Moreover, potential negative regulation networks between DEMs and predicted target DEGs revealed that most DEGs from miRNA-mRNA pairs are up-regulated. Dominance and overdominance models in levels of transcriptome and miRNAome facilitate the integration of advantageous parental alleles into hybrids, contributing to heterosis of growth and improved survival. The present study provides new insights into molecular heterosis in hybrid tilapia, advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in this phenomenon in aquatic animals.
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Roza, Des. „INCREASE OF IMMUNITY CANTIK HYBRID GROUPER JUVENILES BY LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)“. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 9, Nr. 1 (05.09.2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.28930/jitkt.v9i1.17927.
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<p><em>Disease is one of obstacle in fish culture. Immunity of fish against disease can be increased by using immunostimulant. The purpose of this experiment to increasing immunity of cantik hybrid grouper (cross breeding of tiger grouper</em><em>, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus female with marbled grouper, E. polyphekadion male) to the diseases by using immunostimulant.</em><em> </em><em>Treatments were LPS cell walls of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">V.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alginolyticus</span> and commercial LPS was also used in this study, as a-control without LPS was used saline water (0.85% NaCl). The LPS was delivered by injection intra-muscularly with concentration of 0.1 mL/fish. This experiment was design by completely randomized with 3 replicates. Results showed that LPS were effective to increase titer antibody values and survival rates of cantik hybrid grouper. The titer antibody value</em><em>s</em><em> of fish after 90 days rearing period were 128 (LPS from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">V.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alginolyticus</span>), 64 (commercial LPS), and only 4 in the control fish. The survival rates at the end of experiment were 88.67</em><em> </em><em>±</em><em> </em><em>3.62% (LPS from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">V.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alginolyticus</span>), 85.22±5.93% (commercial LPS), and only 50.13</em><em> </em><em>±</em><em> </em><em>6.11% in the control fish. Relative percentage survival of fish following challenged with live <span style="text-decoration: underline;">V.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alginolyticus</span> were 77.46% in the received LPS from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">V.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alginolyticus</span> cell wall and 71.12% in the fish received commercial LPS. It is suggested that LPS effective to increase immunity of cantik hybrid grouper against bacterial infection.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: cantik hybrid grouper, immunity, lipopolysa</em><em>c</em><em>charide, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vibrio</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alginolyticus</span></em></p>
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JOLY, P., V. GUESDON, E. FROMONT, S. PLENET, O. GROLET, J. F. GUEGAN, S. HURTREZ-BOUSSES, F. THOMAS und F. RENAUD. „Heterozygosity and parasite intensity: lung parasites in the water frog hybridization complex“. Parasitology 135, Nr. 1 (02.10.2007): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003599.
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SUMMARYIn hybridogenetic systems, hybrid individuals are fully heterozygous because one of the parental genomes is discarded from the germinal line before meiosis. Such systems offer the opportunity to investigate the influence of heterozygosity on susceptibility to parasites. We studied the intensity of lung parasites (the roundwormRhabdias bufomisand the flukeHaplometra cylindracea) in 3 populations of water frogs of theRana lessonae-esculentacomplex in eastern France. In these mixed populations, hybrid frogs (R. esculenta) outnumbered parental ones (R. lessonae). Despite variation in parasite intensity and demographic variability among populations, the relationship between host age and intensity of parasitism suggests a higher susceptibility in parentals than in hybrids. Mortality is probably enhanced by lung parasites in parental frogs. On the other hand, while parental frogs harboured higher numbers ofH. cylindraceathan hybrid frogs, the latter had higher numbers ofR. bufonis. Despite such discrepancies, these results support the hybrid resistance hypothesis, although other factors, such as differences in body size, age-related immunity, differential exposure risks and hemiclonal selection, could also contribute to the observed patterns of infection.
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Spinardi, Julia R., und Amit Srivastava. „Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines“. Biomedicines 11, Nr. 2 (27.01.2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020370.
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COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity has led to the development of multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines and their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, a substantial proportion of the human population possesses immunity from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is essential to understand the duration of protection, breadth of coverage, and effects on reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, and hybrid immunity. Infection-derived immunity has shown 93‒100% protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for up to 8 months, but reinfection is observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies and a breadth of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid immunity enables strong, broad responses, with high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- to 10-fold higher levels, versus infection or vaccination alone and protection against symptomatic disease lasting for 6–8 months. SARS-CoV-2 evolution into more transmissible and immunologically divergent variants has necessitated the updating of COVID-19 vaccines. To ensure continued protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, regulators and vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific or bivalent vaccines.
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Deng, Xi, Tianzhi Liu, Yutong Zhu, Jufeng Chen, Ze Song, Zhangpeng Shi und Hangrong Chen. „Ca & Mn dual-ion hybrid nanostimulator boosting anti-tumor immunity via ferroptosis and innate immunity awakening“. Bioactive Materials 33 (März 2024): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.11.017.
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Popova, A. Yu, V. S. Smirnov, S. A. Egorova, I. V. Drozd, A. M. Milichkina, A. M. Dashkevich, Z. S. Nurmatov, G. G. Melik-Andreasyan, M. M. Ruziev und Areg A. Totolian. „Patterns in the development of collective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic“. Medical Immunology (Russia) 25, Nr. 4 (01.06.2023): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-pit-2867.
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The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic over the past three years has caused close attention to the problem of herd immunity, which is understood as: "resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population or herd". Collective immunity is formed both as a result of infection (natural spread of the pathogen in a population of susceptible individuals) and as a result of the use of specific vaccines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, both mechanisms for the formation of collective immunity were realized. In the first wave, there was a natural formation of collective immunity to the virus following recoveries from COVID-19 caused by pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2. Starting from December 2020, the widespread use of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 began in the USA, Great Britain, China, Russia, and a number of other countries. This launched the process of post-vaccination collective immunity formation; its features have depended on the vaccine types implemented. Currently, in those countries where vaccination and revaccination of recovered patients is widely carried out, immunity is "hybrid" in nature. Several commonalities should be noted in the pandemic experience: a somewhat regular, periodic (wavelike) nature of the COVID-19 epidemic process; changes in pathogen genetics in variants in all countries; and expansive mass vaccination programs in many populations. From these, we can draw some conclusions about the general trend for all countries in the formation of collective immunity during the pandemic: At the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, overall population seroprevalence did not exceed 20%. Other findings were: the highest seroprevalence rates were noted in the children's age group; pronounced regional differences were revealed; and the highest indicators were noted among medical workers. Collective immunity developed as a result of infection or illness, and in the majority of seropositive volunteers, it was represented by antibodies to both antigens. At the height of the pandemic in the summer of 2021, population seroprevalence reached 50%. This was due to both a significant number of convalescents and the start of mass vaccination campaigns. In all countries, specific differences in seroprevalence (by age, region, profession) leveled out, leading to more uniformity. During this period, the formation of "hybrid" immunity is clearly prominent, and the proportion of individuals with antibodies to RBD alone increased (due to vaccination with vector vaccines). Later, mass vaccination, as well as involvement of most of the population in the epidemic process due to the emergence of the highly contagious Omicron strain, raised the level of collective immunity to 80-90%. This led to a sharp decrease in COVID-19 incidence in the second half of 2022 in all countries participating in the study. In the later stages of the pandemic (2022-2023), almost 90% of seropositive volunteers had hybrid immunity, reflected as antibodies to both antigens (Nc, RBD).
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Brajon, Bruno, Lorenzo Lugani und Gael Close. „Hybrid Magnetic–Inductive Angular Sensor with 360° Range and Stray-Field Immunity“. Sensors 22, Nr. 6 (10.03.2022): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062153.
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Magnetic and inductive sensors are the dominant technologies in angular position sensing for automotive applications. This paper introduces a new angular sensor: a hybrid concept combining the magnetic Hall and inductive principles. A magnetic Hall transducer provides an accurate angle from 0° to 180°, whereas an inductive transducer provides a coarse angle from 0° to 360°. For this novel concept, a hybrid target with a magnetic and inductive signature is also needed. Using the two principles at the same time enables superior performances, in terms of range, compactness and robustness, that are not possible when used separately. We realized and characterized a prototype. The prototype achieves a 360° range, has a high accuracy and is robust against mechanical misalignments, stray fields and stray metals. The measurement results demonstrate that the two sensing principles are completely independent, thereby opening the doors for hybrid optimum magnetic–inductive designs beyond the usual trade-offs (range vs. resolution, size vs. robustness to misalignment).
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Cortes, S., A. Albuquerque-Wendt, C. Maia, M. Carvalho, I. A. Lima, L. A. R. de Freitas, W. L. C. dos-Santos und L. Campino. „Elucidating in vitro and in vivo phenotypic behaviour of L. infantum/L. major natural hybrids“. Parasitology 146, Nr. 5 (29.11.2018): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018001993.
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AbstractThe clinical manifestation and course of Leishmania infections depend on factors such as species, virulence and host-immunity. Although trypanosomatids are considered to have clonal propagation, genetic hybridization has produced successful natural hybrid lineages. Hybrids displaying strong selective advantages may have an impact on pathogenesis and the eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Thus, characterization of phenotypic properties of Leishmania hybrids could bring significant insight into the biology, infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission dynamics of these atypical strains. The present study focuses on phenotypic features and survival capacity of Leishmania infantum/Leishmania major hybrid isolates as compared with representative putative parental species, L. infantum and L. major. In vitro assays (growth kinetics, susceptibility to different conditions) and in vivo infection (parasite detection and histopathological alterations) showed that hybrids present higher growth capacity and decreased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, evaluation of infected spleen tissue suggests that hybrids induce a stronger immune reaction than their putative parents, leading to the development of white pulp hyperplasia in B-lymphocyte compartments. Overall, these hybrids have shown high plasticity in terms of their general behaviour within the different phenotypic parameters, suggesting that they might have acquired genetic features conferring different mechanisms to evade host cells.
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Rodríguez, Eliana, und Magela Laviña. „Genetic analysis of microcin H47 immunity“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, Nr. 7 (01.07.1998): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-044.
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Microcin H47 is a bactericidal antibiotic produced by a natural Escherichia coli isolate. The genetic system encoding microcin production and immunity consists of at least seven clustered genes. Four of these are devoted to microcin biosynthesis and two genes are required for its secretion into the extracellular medium. The product of the seventh gene, mchI, determines the cell's self-immunity. This gene was shown to encode a highly hydrophobic 69-residue peptide. Analysis of the MchI amino acid sequence, as well as the characterization of MchIPhoA hybrid proteins, indicated that the microcin immunity product is probably exported out of the cytoplasm and remains an integral membrane peptide. This localization of the immunity peptide points to the cellular membrane as the site of action of microcin H47. Key words: microcin H47, microcin immunity, phoA gene fusion, membrane peptide.
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A, Bajaji. „Adjunctive and Transformed Immunity: Histiocytic & Dendritic Cell Neoplasm“. Gastroenterology & Hepatology International Journal 3, Nr. 1 (23.03.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ghij-16000139.
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Exceptional malignancies of the lymph nodes or soft tissue comprising of < 1% of the tumour incidence are the Histiocytic and Dendritic cell neoplasm. A definitive appearance/biology/ Hematology/ histopathology / exclusive therapeutic options describe the condition. Morphology and Immune reactive appraisal may be mandated to distinguish the neoplasm. Preface: Histiocytic and Dendritic neoplasms are infrequent disorders which incriminate the accessory immune system or mesenchymal cells. Subject to the origin of the neoplasm, from the bone marrow precursors or the mesenchye, the lesions may be categorized as. i) The Histiocytic sarcoma (HS), Langerhans cell histiocytosis(LCH) and the Inter-digitizing dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) may commence from the bone marrow precursors and ii) The Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS), Intermediate dendritic cell sarcoma (INDCS), Fibroblastic reticular cell tumour (FRCT) and Disseminated juvenile xanthogranuloma(DJX) may emanate from the Stromal or the mesenchymal cell. Divergent differentiation of the bone marrow precursors is a usual manifestation, though hybrid or trans-differentiating malignant lymphoid clones may also materialize in Inter-digitizing dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS), Histolytic sarcoma (HS) and Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS). Together, Histolytic and Dendritic cell tumors constitute < 1% of the lymph node or soft tissue neoplasm. The tumors may be misinterpreted as Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma or adjunct Lymph-Proliferative disorders. The rare malignancies may be a challenge to discern and medicate. Debatable Histolytic and Dendritic neoplasm mandate a referral. The disorder may be ascertained by the combined analysis on Histology and Immunehistochemistry
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Cui, Da, und Daokui Li. „Optimization of Hybrid Laminates with Extension-Shear Coupling“. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018 (27.05.2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9869105.
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The introduction of hybrid composites into the structure with coupling effect can greatly reduce the cost of materials. The expressions of stiffness coefficient, thermal stress, and thermal moment for hybrid laminates are derived based on the geometrical factors of laminates, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the hybrid extension-shear-coupled laminates with immunity to hygrothermal shear distortion (HTSD) are further derived. The extension-shear-coupled effect of hybrid laminates is optimized with improved differential evolution algorithm. Results are presented for the hybrid laminates that consist of carbon fiber and glass fiber composite materials. The hygrothermal effect and extension-shear-coupled effect are simulated and verified, meanwhile the robustness of hybrid laminates is analyzed by Monte Carlo method.
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Stumpf, Julian, Torsten Siepmann, Jörg Schwöbel, Claudia Karger, Tom H. Lindner, Robert Faulhaber-Walter, Torsten Langer et al. „Hybrid Immunity Protects against Antibody Fading after SARS-CoV-2mRNA Vaccination in Kidney Transplant Recipients, Dialysis Patients, and Medical Personnel: 9 Months Data from the Prospective, Observational Dia-Vacc Study“. Vaccines 12, Nr. 7 (19.07.2024): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070801.
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(1) Background: Compared to medical personnel, SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccination-related positive immunity rates, levels, and preservation over time in dialysis and kidney transplant patients are reduced. We hypothesized that COVID-19 pre-exposure influences both vaccination-dependent immunity development and preservation in a group-dependent manner. (2) Methods: We evaluated 2- and 9-month follow-up data in our observational Dia-Vacc study, exploring specific cellular (interferon-γ release assay = IGRA) and/or humoral immune responses (IgA/IgG/RBD antibodies) after two SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccinations in 2630 participants, including medical personnel (301-MP), dialysis patients (1841-DP), and kidney transplant recipients (488-KTR). Study participants were also separated into COVID-19 pre-exposure (hybrid immunity) positive (n = 407) versus negative (n = 2223) groups. (3) Results: COVID-19 pre-exposure improved most vaccination-related positive immunity rates in KTR and DP at 2 months but not in MP, where rates reached almost 100% independent of hybrid immunity. In the COVID-19-negative study, patients’ immunity faded between two and nine months, evaluated via the percentage of patients with an RBD antibody decrease >50%, and was markedly group- (MP-17.8%, DP-52.2%, and KTR-38.6%) and vaccine type-dependent. In contrast, in all patient groups with COVID-19, pre-exposure RBD antibody decreases of >50% were similarly rare (MP-4.3%, DP-7.2%, and KTR-0%) but still vaccine type-dependent, with numerically reduced numbers in mRNA-1273- versus BNT162b2mRNA-treated patients. Multivariable regression analysis of RBD antibody changes between two and nine months by interval scale categorization confirmed COVID-19 pre-exposure as a factor in inhibiting strong RBD Ab fading. COVID-19 pre-exposure in MP and DP also numerically reduced T-cell immunity fading. In DP, symptomatic (versus asymptomatic) COVID-19 pre-exposure was identified as a factor in reducing strong RBD Ab fading after vaccination. (4) Conclusions: After mRNA vaccination, immunity positivity rates in DP and KTR but not MP, as well as immunity preservation in MP/DP/KTR, are markedly improved via prior COVID-19 infection. In DP, prior symptomatic compared to asymptomatic COVID-19 disease was particularly effective in blocking immunity fading after mRNA vaccination.
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Goldblatt, David. „SARS-CoV-2: from herd immunity to hybrid immunity“. Nature Reviews Immunology, 19.04.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00725-0.
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Rothoeft, T., C. Maier, A. Talarico, A. Hoffmann, A. Schlegtendal, B. Lange, A. Petersmann et al. „Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents“. Infection, 18.03.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02225-w.
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Abstract Purpose In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze different immune compartments in different age groups and whether humoral immune reactions correlate with a cellular immune response. Methods 72 children and adolescents with a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. 37 were vaccinated with an RNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Humoral immunity was analyzed 3–26 months (median 10 months) after infection by measuring Spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (NCP), and neutralizing antibodies (nAB). Cellular immunity was analyzed using a SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Results All children and adolescents had S antibodies; titers were higher in those with hybrid immunity (14,900 BAU/ml vs. 2118 BAU/ml). NCP antibodies were detectable in > 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (nAB) were more frequently detected (90%) with higher titers (1914 RLU) in adolescents with hybrid immunity than in children with natural immunity (62.5%, 476 RLU). Children with natural immunity were less likely to have reactive IGRAs (43.8%) than adolescents with hybrid immunity (85%). The amount of interferon-γ released by T cells was comparable in natural and hybrid immunity. Conclusion Spike antibodies are the most reliable markers to monitor an immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2. High antibody titers of spike antibodies and nAB correlated with cellular immunity, a phenomenon found only in adolescents with hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity is associated with markedly higher antibody titers and a higher probability of a cellular immune response than a natural immunity.
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Frans, Glynis, Doreen Dillaerts, Tom Dehaemers, Jan Van Elslande, Jonas De Leeuw, Lise Boon, Wim Maes et al. „Complementarity determining regions in SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity“. Frontiers in Immunology 14 (21.02.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1050037.
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Pre-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection can boost protection elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and post-vaccination breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection can boost existing immunity conferred by COVID-19 vaccination. Such ‘hybrid immunity’ is effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In order to understand ‘hybrid immunity’ at the molecular level we studied the complementarity determining regions (CDR) of anti-RBD (receptor binding domain) antibodies isolated from individuals with ‘hybrid immunity’ as well as from ‘naive’ (not SARS-CoV-2 infected) vaccinated individuals. CDR analysis was done by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and partial least square differential analysis showed that COVID-19 vaccinated people share CDR profiles and that pre-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection or breakthrough infection further shape the CDR profile, with a CDR profile in hybrid immunity that clustered away from the CDR profile in vaccinated people without infection. Thus, our results show a CDR profile in hybrid immunity that is distinct from the vaccination-induced CDR profile.
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Boyton, Rosemary J., und Daniel M. Altmann. „Imprinted hybrid immunity against XBB reinfection“. Lancet Infectious Diseases, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00138-x.
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The Lancet Infectious Diseases. „Why hybrid immunity is so triggering“. Lancet Infectious Diseases, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00746-0.
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Uusküla, Anneli, Heti Pisarev, Anna Tisler, Tatjana Meister, Kadri Suija, Kristi Huik, Aare Abroi, Ruth Kalda, Raivo Kolde und Krista Fischer. „Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization in individuals with natural, vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity: a retrospective population-based cohort study from Estonia“. Scientific Reports 13, Nr. 1 (21.11.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47043-6.
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AbstractA large proportion of the world’s population has some form of immunity against SARS-CoV-2, through either infection (‘natural’), vaccination or both (‘hybrid’). This retrospective cohort study used data on SARS-CoV-2, vaccination, and hospitalization from national health system from February 2020 to June 2022 and Cox regression modelling to compare those with natural immunity to those with no (Cohort1, n = 94,982), hybrid (Cohort2, n = 47,342), and vaccine (Cohort3, n = 254,920) immunity. In Cohort 1, those with natural immunity were at lower risk for infection during the Delta (aHR 0.17, 95%CI 0.15–0.18) and higher risk (aHR 1.24, 95%CI 1.18–1.32) during the Omicron period than those with no immunity. Natural immunity conferred substantial protection against COVID-19-hospitalization. Cohort 2—in comparison to natural immunity hybrid immunity offered strong protection during the Delta (aHR 0.61, 95%CI 0.46–0.80) but not the Omicron (aHR 1.05, 95%CI 0.93–1.1) period. COVID-19-hospitalization was extremely rare among individuals with hybrid immunity. In Cohort 3, individuals with vaccine-induced immunity were at higher risk than those with natural immunity for infection (Delta aHR 4.90, 95%CI 4.48–5.36; Omicron 1.13, 95%CI 1.06–1.21) and hospitalization (Delta aHR 7.19, 95%CI 4.02–12.84). These results show that risk of infection and severe COVID-19 are driven by personal immunity history and the variant of SARS-CoV-2 causing infection.
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Altarawneh, Heba N., Hiam Chemaitelly, Houssein H. Ayoub, Patrick Tang, Mohammad R. Hasan, Hadi M. Yassine, Hebah A. Al-Khatib et al. „1966. Protection afforded by prior infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity against symptomatic BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron infections.“ Open Forum Infectious Diseases 9, Supplement_2 (01.12.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1591.
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Abstract Background Protection offered by five different forms of immunity, combining natural and vaccine immunity, was investigated against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection from Omicron BA.1 or BA.2, and severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 from BA.1 or BA.2, in Qatar, between December 23, 2021 and February 21, 2022. Methods Six national, matched, test-negative case-control studies were conducted on a sample of 272,861 PCR-positive tests and 669,628 PCR-negative tests to estimate effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine, mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine, natural immunity due to prior infection with pre-Omicron variants, and hybrid immunity from prior infection and vaccination. Results Effectiveness of prior infection alone against symptomatic BA.2 infection was 46.1% (95% CI: 39.5-51.9%). Effectiveness of two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination alone was negligible at -1.1% (95% CI: -7.1-4.6), but nearly all individuals received their second dose >6 months earlier. Effectiveness of three-dose BNT162b2 vaccination alone was 52.2% (95% CI: 48.1-55.9%). Effectiveness of hybrid immunity of prior infection and two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination was 55.1% (95% CI: 50.9-58.9%). Effectiveness of hybrid immunity of prior infection and three-dose BNT162b2 vaccination was 77.3% (95% CI: 72.4-81.4%). Meanwhile, prior infection, BNT162b2 vaccination, and hybrid immunity all showed strong effectiveness ( >70%) against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 due to BA.2. Similar patterns of effectiveness were observed for BA.1 and for the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Figure 1.Effectiveness of prior infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity against symptomatic Omicron infection and against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 for the BA.1 (panels A and B, respectively) and BA.2 (panels C and D, respectively) subvariants in the BNT162b2-vaccine study.Figure 2.Effectiveness of prior infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity against symptomatic Omicron infection and against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 for the BA.1 (panels A and B, respectively) and BA.2 (panels C and D, respectively) subvariants in the mRNA-1273-vaccine study. Conclusion There are no discernable differences between BA.1 and BA.2 in the effects of prior infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Vaccination enhances the protection of those with a prior infection. Hybrid immunity resulting from prior infection and recent booster vaccination conferred the strongest protection. Disclosures Adeel A. Butt, MBBS, Gilead Sciences: Grant/Research Support.
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Guedalia, Joshua, Michal Lipschuetz, Adva Cahen-Peretz, Sarah M. Cohen, Yishai Sompolinsky, Galit Shefer, Eli Melul et al. „Maternal hybrid immunity and risk of infant COVID-19 hospitalizations: national case-control study in Israel“. Nature Communications 15, Nr. 1 (02.04.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46694-x.
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AbstractHybrid immunity, acquired through vaccination followed or preceded by a COVID-19 infection, elicits robust antibody augmentation. We hypothesize that maternal hybrid immunity will provide greater infant protection than other forms of COVID-19 immunity in the first 6 months of life. We conducted a case-control study in Israel, enrolling 661 infants up to 6 months of age, hospitalized with COVID-19 (cases) and 59,460 age-matched non-hospitalized infants (controls) between August 24, 2021, and March 15, 2022. Infants were grouped by maternal immunity status at delivery: Naïve (never vaccinated or tested positive, reference group), Hybrid-immunity (vaccinated and tested positive), Natural-immunity (tested positive before or during the study period), Full-vaccination (two-shot regimen plus 1 booster), and Partial-vaccination (less than full three shot regimen). Applying Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratios, which was then converted to percent vaccine effectiveness, and using the Naïve group as the reference, maternal hybrid-immunity provided the highest protection (84% [95% CI 75-90]), followed by full-vaccination (66% [95% CI 56-74]), natural-immunity (56% [95% CI 39-68]), and partial-vaccination (29% [95% CI 15-41]). Maternal hybrid-immunity was associated with a reduced risk of infant hospitalization for Covid-19, as compared to natural-immunity, regardless of exposure timing or sequence. These findings emphasize the benefits of vaccinating previously infected individuals during pregnancy to reduce COVID-19 hospitalizations in early infancy.
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Calvo-Baltanás, Vanesa, Jinge Wang und Eunyoung Chae. „Hybrid Incompatibility of the Plant Immune System: An Opposite Force to Heterosis Equilibrating Hybrid Performances“. Frontiers in Plant Science 11 (16.02.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.576796.
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Hybridization is a core element in modern rice breeding as beneficial combinations of two parental genomes often result in the expression of heterosis. On the contrary, genetic incompatibility between parents can manifest as hybrid necrosis, which leads to tissue necrosis accompanied by compromised growth and/or reduced reproductive success. Genetic and molecular studies of hybrid necrosis in numerous plant species revealed that such self-destructing symptoms in most cases are attributed to autoimmunity: plant immune responses are inadvertently activated in the absence of pathogenic invasion. Autoimmunity in hybrids predominantly occurs due to a conflict involving a member of the major plant immune receptor family, the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR; formerly known as NBS-LRR). NLR genes are associated with disease resistance traits, and recent population datasets reveal tremendous diversity in this class of immune receptors. Cases of hybrid necrosis involving highly polymorphic NLRs as major causes suggest that diversifiedRgene repertoires found in different lineages would require a compatible immune match for hybridization, which is a prerequisite to ensure increased fitness in the resulting hybrids. In this review, we overview recent genetic and molecular findings on hybrid necrosis in multiple plant species to provide an insight on how the trade-off between growth and immunity is equilibrated to affect hybrid performances. We also revisit the cases of hybrid weakness in which immune system components are found or implicated to play a causative role. Based on our understanding on the trade-off, we propose that the immune system incompatibility in plants might play an opposite force to restrict the expression of heterosis in hybrids. The antagonism is illustrated under the plant fitness equilibrium, in which the two extremes lead to either hybrid necrosis or heterosis. Practical proposition from the equilibrium model is that breeding efforts for combining enhanced disease resistance and high yield shall be achieved by balancing the two forces. Reverse breeding toward utilizing genomic data centered on immune components is proposed as a strategy to generate elite hybrids with balanced immunity and growth.
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Yang, Li, Pengtao Liu, Xuncheng Wang, Aolin Jia, Diqiu Ren, Yaru Tang, Yaqi Tang, Xing Wang Deng und Guangming He. „A central circadian oscillator confers defense heterosis in hybrids without growth vigor costs“. Nature Communications 12, Nr. 1 (19.04.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22268-z.
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AbstractPlant immunity frequently incurs growth penalties, which known as the trade-off between immunity and growth. Heterosis, the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its parents, has been demonstrated for many traits but rarely for disease resistance. Here, we report that the central circadian oscillator, CCA1, confers heterosis for bacterial defense in hybrids without growth vigor costs, and it even significantly enhances the growth heterosis of hybrids under pathogen infection. The genetic perturbation of CCA1 abrogated heterosis for both defense and growth in hybrids. Upon pathogen attack, the expression of CCA1 in F1 hybrids is precisely modulated at different time points during the day by its rhythmic histone modifications. Before dawn of the first infection day, epigenetic activation of CCA1 promotes an elevation of salicylic acid accumulation in hybrids, enabling heterosis for defense. During the middle of every infection day, diurnal epigenetic repression of CCA1 leads to rhythmically increased chlorophyll synthesis and starch metabolism in hybrids, effectively eliminating the immunity-growth heterosis trade-offs in hybrids.