Dissertationen zum Thema „Hybrid CLT“

In the light of today’s effort to achieve sustainable future of the planet, timber as building material makes a comeback on the construction market. Since the requirements on the buildings and the internal comfort increase, there is a need for finding new solutions and products; one of them is cross-laminated timber (CLT), which has the potential to be used for high-rise buildings due to its mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to study the vibration performance of CLT floors as it is often the governing factor in design of CLT structures unlike for other common building materials. The orthotropic mechanical properties of CLT were determined by the shear analogy method and verified with a finite element (FE) model of a simply supported beam compared to hand calculations of shear forces, bending moments and deflections. The properties based on Timoshenko’s approach were evaluated as less precise regarding the deflection. The non-composite structural behaviour of a steel-CLT hybrid floor structure was predicted for FE dynamic analysis based on a comparison between modelling exercise and hand calculations. Two different methods, the Concrete Society (SC) and Steel Construction Institution (SCI) methods, both seemed to be applicable for determination of the response factor first since the mechanical properties are not used as input in the calculations. These two methods differ in certain aspects, and based on FE analysis of simply supported slab even the resulting response factor for the CLT differs significantly. Moreover, the hand calculation results were similar to those of the FE analysis for the CS method, but in less agreement for the SCI method. Nevertheless, it is not recommended to reject the latter method based on this study and further studies should be performed on real structures with response factor known from on-site measurements. A part of the first floor of Canary Wharf College was modelled and analysed, and previous measurements of the frequency and response factors enabled a validation of some assumptions. The SCI approach showed to be inadequate for this type of structure and therefore only the CS method was applied further. Analysis of the floor structures supported by walls demonstrated similar results from both the measurements and the dynamic analysis. However, if the floor slab was supported by beams, the response factor was significantly overestimated although on the conservative side. This difference suggests that the modelling of such conditions are not satisfactory. The CS method appears to assess correctly the magnitude of the response factor for CLT floors supported by walls but overestimates it in case of beam supports. The first finding shall be confirmed through analysis of other structures and a more extensive research should focus on the latter one to determine more exact behaviour of the model under different conditions.

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made by laminating dimensional or structural composite lumber in alternating orthogonal layers. Compared to Canada and Europe, CLT is a novel product to the US. With the additions included in the 2021 International Building Code (IBC), CLT material properties, especially rolling shear, would need to be explored. The increasing demand for softwood lumber, along with the increase of demand of CLT panel production, could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a phenomenon that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel when it is loaded out-of-plane. This study used the two-plate shear test from ASTM D2718 to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.
Master of Science
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood panel product, similar to plywood, constructed with solid-sawn or structural composite lumber in alternating perpendicular layers. The additions included in the incoming 2021 International Building Code (IBC) has placed an importance in expanding the research related to the mechanical and material properties of CLT. Also, with the increasing demand for softwood lumber and CLT panel production, the demand for the domestic softwood lumber could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a failure type that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel. This study used the two-plate shear test to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.

This paper examines CLT-steel hybrid systems at three, six, and nine storey heights to increase seismic force resistance compared to a plain wood system. CLT panels are used as infill in a steel moment frame combining the ductility of a steel moment frame system with a stiffness and light weight of CLT panels. This system allows for the combination of high strength and ductility of steel with high stiffness and light weight of timber. This thesis examines the seismic response of this type of hybrid seismic force resisting system (SFRS) in regions with moderate to high seismic hazard indices. A detailed non-linear model of a 2D infilled frame system and compared to the behavior of a similar plain steel frame at each height. Parametric analysis was performed determining the effect of the panels and the connection configuration, steel frame design, and panel configuration in a multi-bay system. Static pushover loading was applied alongside semi-static cyclic loading to allow a basis of comparison to future experimental tests. Dynamic analysis using ten ground motions linearly scaled to the uniform hazard spectra for Vancouver, Canada with a return period of 2% in 50 years as, 10% in 50 years, and 50% in 50 years to examine the effect of infill panels on the interstorey drift of the three, six, and nine storey. The ultimate and yield strength and drift capacity are determined and used to determine the overstrength and ductility factors as described in the National Building Code of Canada 2010.

Genom en jämförelseanalys mellan KL-träkonstruktion och träbaserad hybridkonstruktion har för och nackdelar identifieras gällande fukt- brand- och ljudegenskaper. En undersökning sker utifrån möjligheten att uppnå högre ljudklasser än minimikrav för BBR samt en utformning för att klara brandteknisk klass REI60. Rapportens teori baseras på en litteraturstudie. De källor som lagt grunden för litteraturstudien utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar, rapporter, facklitteratur och examensarbeten. Den träbaserade hybridkonstruktionen är utformad med gjuten betong på en KL-träskiva i bjälklag vilande på bärande KL-träväggar. KL-träkonstruktionen är utformad helt i KL-trä både bärande väggar och bjälklag. Båda konstruktionerna är relativt känsliga för fukt då betong och trä är porösa material. Vid utformning av hybridkonstruktionen finns risker för fuktbetingade rörelser som kan resultera i sprickor och springor som försämrar bland annat akustiska egenskaper. Trä är ett organiskt material som kan bli angripet av röt- och mögelsvampar, detta kan både försämra träkonstruktionens bärförmåga och vara farligt för människan sett ur en hälsoaspekt. Hybridkonstruktionen har bättre brandegenskaper än KL-trä. KL-trä är ett antändligt material, till skillnad mot betong men trots detta är brandegenskaperna förutsägbara. Detta innebär att KL-trä kan användas som material i stora konstruktioner. Betong och trä i en samverkan fungerar på ett effektivt sätt under brand och materialens enskilda egenskaper utnyttjas till dess fördelar som resulterar i höga brandkrav. Gällande ljudegenskaper hos KL-träkonstruktioner finns det vissa svårigheter som behöver beaktas för att uppnå uppsatta ljudkrav. KL-träkonstruktioner behöver någon form av ljudisolering för att uppnå ställda minimikrav, speciellt för stegljudsisolering. Även för hybridkonstruktionen behövs ljudisolering i viss mån för att uppnå minimikraven.

Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet

Syfte: Att bygga i ett högt tempo med hänsyn till Sveriges klimatmål är en utmaning och det krävs åtgärder i byggsektorn för att uppnå målen. Material som stål och betong har en energikrävande tillverkningsprocess och släpper ut en stor del av de totala växthusgaser som byggsektorn orsakar. Enligt forskning har tillverkningsprocessen för KL-trä en betydligt mindre påverkan på klimatet och anses som ett hållbart material i jämförelse med stål och betong. Rapporten syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna för en ökad användning av korslimmat trä (KL-trä) som stommaterial i Sverige. Metod: För att uppnå studiens mål har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts. Metoder som har använts är en litteraturstudie för att kartlägga forskningsfronten inom området, vilket bidrar till datainsamling. Semistrukturerade intervjuer bidrar till primärdata, där respondenternas erfarenheter, värderingar, kunskap och tillvägagångssätt inom området beaktas för att besvara studiens frågeställningar.   Resultat: KL-trä har i jämförelse med Prefabricerad betong ett 34–86 procent mindre koldioxidutsläpp under hela sin livscykelanalys (LCA). Materialkostnaderna skiljer inte mellan stommaterialen, däremot blir riskpåslaget större för KL-trä vid kalkylering och anbud på grund av bristande erfarenhet och kunskap. Kompetens om KL-trä behöver utvecklas inom företag genom utbildningar samt genom samarbete och nära dialog med olika aktörer under hela processen, där beställare behöver sätta tydliga mål och krav. Kunskapen behöver öka för att förbättra processer, planering och kostnad under projekteringsskedet, där hjälpmedel behöver utvecklas för att underlätta stomval.För att skapa lönsamhet och konkurrensfördel bör företag ligga i framkant i utvecklingen av klimatfrågan där kunskapen om KL-träs förutsättningar kan bidra till komplexa projekt med hybridlösningar där materials förutsättningar utnyttjas.  Konsekvenser: För att öka användandet av KL-trä som stommaterial kan utbildningar om KL-trä införas för medarbetare, vilket ökar den interna kompetensen gällande materialet. För att möjliggöra ökad användning av KL-trä kan en alternativ kalkyl och LCA presenteras för kund. Det kan även uppnås genom utveckling av hjälpmedel för att underlätta val av stomme. Byggföretag måste våga satsa på KL-trä för att skapa referenser och kompetens, vilket kan ske genom att implementera KL-trä i små steg genom hybridlösningar. Begränsningar: Studien fokuserar på den svenska byggsektorn, där aspekterna klimatpåverkan och kostnad studeras mellan KL-trä, platsgjuten betong och prefabricerad betong. Resultatet är generellt giltigt.
Purpose: To build at a high pace with regards to Sweden’s climate goals is a challenge and actions are required in the construction sector to achieve the goal. Materials such as steel and concrete have an energy-intense manufacturing process and emit a large part of the total greenhouse gases caused by the construction sector. According to research, the manufacturing process for CLT has a significantly small impact on the climate and is considered a more sustainable material compared to steel and concrete. This report aims to explore the possibilities of an increased use of cross laminated wood (CLT) asload-bearing material in buildings in Sweden a frame material in Sweden.  Method: To achieve the goals of the study, a qualitative case study has been conducted. Methods that have been used are a literature study to map the research front which contributes with data. Semi-structured interviews contribute with primary data where the respondents’ experiences, values, knowledge and approaches are analysed to answer the research questions of the study.  Findings: CLT has a 34-86 percent lower climate impact compared to prefabricated concrete during the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The material cost does not differ between the load-bearing frame materials. However, the risk premium is higher for CLT due to the lack of experience and knowledge. The competence needs to be developed within the companies through educations and close collaboration and discussions with actors during the whole process where customers need to set clear goals and requirements. The knowledge needs to increase in order to improve processes, planning, costs and tools to facilitate the choice of load-bearingframe material. To achieve profitability and a competitive advantage, companies need to be at the forefront of the development of the climate issue, where knowledge of CLT contribute to complex projects with hybrid solutions where material conditions are utilized.         Implications: To increase the use of CLT as a load-bearing frame material, educations can be introduced about CLT for employees. To enable increased use of CLT, an alternative calculation and LCA can be presented to the costumer. It can also be achieved by developing tools to facilitate the choice of load-bearing frame materials. Construction companies needs to invest in CLT to create new references and more competence. Companies can achieve it by implementing CLT in small steps and use hybrid solutions.  Limitations: The study focuses on the Swedish construction sector where the aspects of climate impact and cost are studied between CLT, cast-in-place concrete and prefabricated concrete. The result is generally valid.

The gene clk-2 of C. elegans is required in both the germline and the soma, for subsequent embryonic viability, and for developmental and behavioural rates, respectively, clk-2 encodes a protein that is homologous to Tel2p in yeast, which is required for the telomere length regulation. It has been demonstrated that clk-2 affects telomere length also in worms and human cells. By now the exact biochemical function of CLK-2 is unknown. In order to shed light onto the function of the gene clk-2, a two-hybrid screen was carried out to identify the interactors of the protein CLK-2. A potential interactor of CLK-2, Y105C5B.19, was identified in the screen. Y105C5B.19 is a novel gene and does not have homologues in other species. Y105C5B.19 contains an MSP (major sperm protein) domain, therefore it is possible that it could be involved in the processes that regulate oocyte maturation, gonadal sheath contractions, or sperm mobility. Interestingly, given that clk-2 is required for subsequent embryogenesis at some point during a narrow time between the end of oocyte maturation and the 2-cell stage, it is tempting to speculate that the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19 might be functionally relevant. The lethality of clk-2(qm37) mutants might result from delayed consequences of defects in ovulation and/or fertilization, and perhaps such defects could result from the disruption of the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19. The amino acid substitution C772Y resulting from the clk-2(qm37) mutation was found to disrupt the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19 in a two-hybrid assay, lending support to the idea that the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19 takes place in vivo.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à une approche dite hybride de l’information quantique. Deux approches traditionnellement séparées, variables discrètes et variables continues, sont combinées dans une même expérience nécessitant à la fois comptage de photons (nombre de photons) et détection homodyne (quadratures). Cette architecture hybride a d’abord été utilisée pour générer des états non-gaussiens de la lumière de grande fidélité, par exemple état de Fock et chat de Schrödinger optique,qui correspondent à deux types d’encodages utilisés en information quantique. L’utilisation de détecteurs supraconducteurs à forte efficacité a permis d’obtenir un taux de préparation sans précédent, ce qui facilite l’utilisation ultérieure de ces états. Ces deux types d’état sont ensuite été combinés pour réaliser pour la première fois une intrication hybride entre qubits optiques de nature différente. Son extension à des qutrits a également été obtenue.Ces nouvelles ressources ouvrent la voie à la mise en oeuvre de réseau quantique hétérogène où les opérations et les techniques propres aux variables discrètes et continues peuvent être efficacement combinées.Ce travail de thèse a également été consacré à la mise en oeuvre d’un système de conversion de fréquence à haute efficacité et faible bruit, basé sur deux lasers à fibres synchronisés.Ce convertisseur de fréquence quantique permet non seulement d’étendre les états quantiques à des longueurs d’onde difficilement accessibles avec la technologie actuelle, mais constitue également un détecteur de photons à haute performance, surtout dans le régime infrarouge.Basé sur ce système, plusieurs applications ont ensuite été démontrées, comme la détection infrarouge résolue en nombre de photons et l’imagerie infrarouge ultra-sensible
The thesis focuses on the experimental investigation of the optical hybrid approach forquantum information processing. Specifically, two traditionally separated approaches, i.e.the discrete and the continuous-variable ones, are combined in the same experiment with twodistinct quantum measurements based on photon counting (photon number) and homodynedetection (quadrature components).The optical hybrid approach is first applied to generate high-fidelity non-Gaussian states,e.g. Fock states and Schrödinger cat states, which correspond to two types of qubit encodingsused in optical quantum information. The use of high-efficiency superconducting nanowiresingle-photon detectors leads to an unprecedented preparation rate, which facilitates thesubsequent use of these states. For instance, the two types of states are combined to generatefor the first time a hybrid entanglement between particle-like and wave-like optical qubits, aswell as the extension to hybrid qutrit entanglement. These novel resources may pave the wayto implement heterogeneous networks where discrete and continuous-variable operations andtechniques can be efficiently combined. Additionally, we also experimentally demonstratefor the first time the so-called squeezing-induced micro-macro entangled states.During this PhD, efforts have also been dedicated to implement a high-efficiency andlow-noise frequency up-conversion system based on two synchronized fiber lasers. Suchquantum frequency converter not only permits to extend the spectra of quantum statesto difficultly accessible wavelengths with current technology, but also constitutes a highperformancephoton detector especially in the infrared regime. Based on the conversionsystem, several applications are demonstrated, such as infrared photon-number-resolvingdetection, and few-photon-level infrared imaging

Ce travail porte sur le développement d'outils pour l'ingénierie quantique d'états non-classiques de la lumière. Trois axes différents sont étudiés qui, combinés ensembles, permettent d'obtenir un protocole efficace et polyvalent pour la génération d'états quantiques Ces états sont générés en tirant profit des avantages distincts des deux descriptions possibles de la lumière grâce à l'utilisation conjointe des variables discrètes et continues.Le premier axe repose sur la réalisation de superpositions arbitraires d’états de Fock à zéro et deux photons à partir de deux états à un photon indiscernables. Cette expérience permet, entre autre, de créer des superpositions d'états cohérents appelés états chats de Schrödinger optiques. Afin d'augmenter l'amplitude des états produits, une itération du procédé est possible.Pour pouvoir rendre possible cette itération, nous augmentons dans un premier temps le taux de production de notre ressource de base: le photon unique. Pour cela, nous installons deux cavités optiques synchrones qui permettent d'accroître la puissance crête des impulsions du laser, exaltant ainsi les effets non-linéaires à l'origine de la production des photons.Le dernier axe, consiste à réduire les problèmes liés à la création probabiliste des photons. Pour cela, une mémoire quantique a été implémentée, permettant de stocker puis d'extraire un photon sur demande. Le stockage d’états contenant un et deux photons a été réalisé. Ce dispositif permettra à terme, en synchronisant l'état stocké avec l'arrivée d'un autre photon, de créer des états chats à l'intérieur même de la cavité
This work is focused on the development of tools for quantum state engineering of non-classical state of light. Three different directions are studied, which when combined, lead to efficient and versatile protocols towards the generation of quantum states. Those states are produced by taking advantage of both descriptions of the light: the discrete and continuous variables of the light.The first direction consists in the réalisation of arbitrary superpositions of zero and two-photon Fock states with two indistinguishable single-photon states. This protocol permits, among others, to create superpositions of coherent states called Schrödinger cat states. An iteration of the protocol could allow the growth of the amplitude of the state.To realize such iteration, we increase the production rate of our basic resource, namely, the single photon.To do so, we implement two synchronous cavities allowing the increase of the peak power of the laser pulses, which ultimately enhanced the non-linear effect at the origin of the photon creation.The last direction aims to solve the problems related to the probabilistic nature of the photon creation. In order to store and extract the single photons on demand, a quantum memory is implemented. The storage of single and two-photon states has been experimentally realized. This setup could allow in the near future, by synchronizing the state stored in the cavity with the income of another photon, to create a cat state inside the cavity itself

La thèse est consacrée à la modélisation discrète et continue des écoulements sanguins et des phénomènes connexes tels que la coagulation du sang et l'athérosclérose. Ce travail comprend l'élaboration des modèles mathématiques et numériques de la coagulation du sang, des simulations numériques et l'analyse mathématique d'un modèle d'inflammation chronique au cours d'athérosclérose. Une partie importante de la thèse est liée à la programmation, la mise en œuvre et l'optimisation des codes numériques. La partie principale de la thèse concerne la modélisation de la coagulation du sang in vivo tenant compte des écoulements sanguins, les réactions biochimiques dans le plasma et l'agrégation de plaquettes. La nouveauté principale de ce travail est l'élaboration d'un modèle hybride (discret-continu) de la coagulation du sang et de la formation de caillot sanguin dans le flux. La partie théorique de la thèse est consacrée à l'analyse mathématique d'un modèle d'inflammation chronique liée à l'athérosclérose. Les simulations numériques réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèse impliquent l'élaboration des algorithmes numériques pour les modèles mathématiques et le d´développement des logiciels. Vu le fait que les simulations numériques ont été coûteuse en temps de calcul, des efforts considérables ont été consacrés à la parallélisation des logiciels et à leur optimisation
The thesis is devoted to discrete and continuous modelling of blood flows and related phenomena such as blood coagulation and atherosclerosis. It includes the development of mathematical and numerical models of blood coagulation, numerical simulations and the mathematical analysis of a model problem of chronic inflammation during atherosclerosis. The main part of the thesis concerns modelling of blood coagulation in vivo which takes into account blood flows, biochemical reactions in plasma and platelet aggregation. The main novelty of this work is the development of a hybrid (discrete-continuous) model of blood coagulation and clot formation in flow. The model is used to study several aspects of blood coagulation in flow : platelet aggregation and its interaction with coagulation pathways, influence of the flow speed on the clot development, a possible mechanism by which clot stops growing. The theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to the mathematical analysis of a model of chronic inflammation related to atherosclerosis. In this thesis we study a model problem which describes the propagation of a reaction-diffusion wave in the 2D case with non-linear boundary conditions. For that we use the Leray-Schauder method and a priori estimates of solutions in order to prove the existence of waves in the bistable case. Numerical simulations carried out in the framework of this thesis were based on the numerical implementation of the corresponding models and on the software development. Since the numerical simulations were computationally expensive, a substantial effort was directed to software parallelization and optimization

Cette thèse est centrée sur la réalisation de protocoles d'information quantique utilisant conjointement les approches à variables discrètes et à variables continues de l'information quantique optique. Nous détaillons tout d'abord les protocoles utilisés pour la génération d'états hautement non classiques tels que les photons uniques, les chats de Schrödinger optiques et enfin l'intrication hybride entre variables discrètes et continues. Nous évaluons le potentiel de cette ressource innovante en détaillant son utilisation dans un certain nombre de protocoles. Nous commençons par envisager la réalisation de tests de Bell utilisant l'intrication hybride et rapportons l'observation expérimentale d'une violation d'inégalité de Steering, pour la première fois dans un contexte hybride. Enfin, nous détaillons l'état d'avancement de l'installation d'une nouvelle expérience de téléportation quantique entre variables discrètes et variables continues. Nos résultats prouvent l'intérêt de suivre une approche hybride et ouvrent la possibilité de réaliser des réseaux d'information quantique hybrides liant des systèmes de différentes natures
There are two traditionally-separated approaches to optical quantum information: the continuous- and discrete-variable strategies respectively linked to the wave-like and particle-like nature of light. This thesis work is focused on the novel hybrid approach aiming to join the capabilities of both strategies into single systems. Using hybrid methods, we report on the use of optical parametric oscillators and superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors to generate highly non-classical non-Gaussian states such as high-purity single-photons, Schr\"odinger cat states and finally hybrid entanglement of light between continuous- and discrete-variable encoding. The potential of this resource is studied in a number of protocols. We first consider non-locality tests with hybrid entanglement such as Bell inequality violation and experimentally demonstrate the violation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering inequalities. We finally report on the progress made towards the implementation of a new setup for the demonstration of hybrid quantum teleportation between continuous and discrete-variable encodings. Our demonstrations prove the versatility of this hybrid resource and open the possibility of implementing scalable quantum networks linking systems of dissimilar nature

Le domaine de la science des matériaux et plus particulièrement celui des matériaux hybrides suscite un intérêt croissant en raison de leurs nombreuses applications. Dans ce travail, deux stratégies synthétiques ont été considérées pour la synthèse de matériaux hybrides.Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à une approche de synthèse directe en faisant réagir des ligands organiques de type oligophénylène avec de l’isopropoxyde de titane. Malheureusement, ces réactions ont conduit à la précipitation de solides amorphes ne permettant pas la caractérisation de ces produits.Dans une seconde partie, une approche de synthèse séquentielle qui consiste à synthétiser un objet précondensé pouvant s’auto-Assembler dans un second temps avec des ligands organiques a été proposée. Cette approche nous a conduits à synthétiser une nouvelle brique de formule Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr)8 et de trois dérivés de formules analogues Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr’)8 (pyr’ = pyridines substituées) obtenus par échange de ligands. Ces complexes, qui présentent des propriétés d’absorption dans le visible, ont été étudiés par spectroscopie d’absorption UV-Vis et grâce à des calculs théoriques. Puis nous avons utilisé le motif [Ti10O12(cat)8] pour générer des matériaux hybrides via des substitutions de ligands par des molécules polytopiques comme la 4,4’-Bipyridine et la poly(4-Vinylpyridine)
In the field of materials science, hybrid materials are of crucial importance due to their numerous applications. In this work, two strategies were considered to synthesize such hybrid materials.In a first part, we have tackled a one step synthetic approach by reacting resorcinol-Based oligophenylene organic ligands with titanium isopropoxide. Unfortunately, these reactions led to amorphous solids and no further structural information concerning these precipitates was obtained.In a second part, we have described a sequential approach which first concerns the preparation of pre-Ordered systems that are, in a second step, self-Assembled with organic linkers. Thus, our approach deals with the preparation of a new building block formulated as Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr)8 and three derivatives formulated as Ti10O12(cat)8(pyr’)8 (pyr’ = substituted pyridine) obtained by ligands exchange. These complexes exhibit visible light absorption properties that were studied through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Then, the [Ti10O12(cat)8] motif was used to generate hybrid materials via ligands substitutions with polytopic ligands such as 4,4’-Bipyridine and poly(4-Vinylpyridine)

Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation mathématique de la coagulation sanguine et de la formation de thrombus dans des conditions normales et pathologiques. La coagulation sanguine est un mécanisme défensif qui empêche la perte de sang suite à la rupture des tissus endothéliaux. C'est un processus complexe qui est règlementé par différents mécanismes mécaniques et biochimiques. La formation du caillot sanguin a lieu dans l'écoulement sanguin. Dans ce contexte, l'écoulement à faible taux de cisaillement stimule la croissance du caillot tandis que la circulation sanguine à fort taux de cisaillement la limite. Les désordres qui affectent le système de coagulation du sang peuvent provoquer différentes anomalies telles que la thrombose (coagulation exagérée) ou les saignements (insuffisance de coagulation). Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous présentons un modèle mathématique de coagulation sanguine. Le modèle capture la dynamique essentielle de la croissance du caillot dans le plasma et le flux sanguin quiescent. Ce modèle peut être réduit à un modèle qui consiste en une équation de génération de thrombine et qui donne approximativement les mêmes résultats. Nous avons utilisé des simulations numériques en plus de l'analyse mathématique pour montrer l'existence de différents régimes de coagulation sanguine. Nous spécifions les conditions pour ces régimes sur différents paramètres pathophysiologiques du modèle. Ensuite, nous quantifions les effets de divers mécanismes sur la croissance du caillot comme le flux sanguin et l'agrégation plaquettaire. La partie suivante de la thèse étudie certaines des anomalies du système de coagulation sanguine. Nous commençons par étudier le développement de la thrombose chez les patients présentant une carence en antihrombine ou l'une des maladies inflammatoires. Nous déterminons le seuil de l'antithrombine qui provoque la thrombose et nous quantifions l'effet des cytokines inflammatoires sur le processus de coagulation. Puis, nous étudions la compensation de la perte du sang après un saignement en utilisant un modèle multi-échelles qui décrit en particulier l'érythropoïèse et la production de l'hémoglobine. Ensuite, nous évaluons le risque de thrombose chez les patients atteints de cancer (le myélome multiple en particulier) et le VIH en combinant les résultats du modèle de coagulation sanguine avec les produits des modèles hybrides (discret-continues) multi-échelles des systèmes physiologiques correspondants. Finalement, quelques applications cliniques possibles de la modélisation de la coagulation sanguine sont présentées. En combinant le modèle de formation du caillot avec les modèles pharmacocinétiques pharmacodynamiques (PK-PD) des médicaments anticoagulants, nous quantifions l'action de ces traitements et nous prédisons leur effet sur des patients individuels
This thesis is devoted to the mathematical modelling of blood coagulation and clot formation under flow in normal and pathological conditions. Blood coagulation is a defensive mechanism that prevents the loss of blood upon the rupture of endothelial tissues. It is a complex process that is regulated by different mechanical and biochemical mechanisms. The formation of the blood clot takes place in blood flow. In this context, low-shear flow stimulates clot growth while high-shear blood circulation limits it. The disorders that affect the blood clotting system can provoke different abnormalities such thrombosis (exaggerated clotting) or bleeding (insufficient clotting). In the first part of the thesis, we introduce a mathematical model of blood coagulation. The model captures the essential dynamics of clot growth in quiescent plasma and blood flow. The model can be reduced to a one equation model of thrombin generation that gives approximately the same results. We used both numerical simulations and mathematical investigation to show the existence of different regimes of blood coagulation. We specify the conditions of these regimes on various pathophysiological parameters of the model. Then, we quantify the effects of various mechanisms on clot growth such as blood flow and platelet aggregation. The next part of the thesis studies some of the abnormalities of the blood clotting system. We begin by investigating the development of thrombosis in patients with antihrombin deficiency and inflammatory diseases. We determine the thrombosis threshold on antithrombin and quantify the effect of inflammatory cytokines on the coagulation process. Next, we study the recovery from blood loss following bleeding using a multiscale model which focuses on erythropoiesis and hemoglobin production. Then, we evaluate the risk of thrombosis in patients with cancer (multiple myeloma in particular) and HIV by combining the blood coagulation model results with the output of hybrid multiscale models of the corresponding physiological system. Finally, possible clinical applications of the blood coagulation modelling are provided. By combining clot formation model with pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) models of anticoagulant drugs, we quantify the action of these treatments and predict their effect on individual patients

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The processing of heavy oil produced in Brazil is an emergency action and a strategic plan to obtain self-sufficiency and economic surpluses. Seen in these terms, it is indispensable to invest in research to obtain new catalysts for obtaining light fraction of hydrocarbons from heavy fractions of petroleum. This dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy reports the materials preparation that combine the high catalytic activity of zeolites with the greater accessibility of the mesoporosity, more particularly the HZSM-5/MCM-41 hybrid, done by synthesis processes with less environmental impact than conventional ones. Innovative methodologies were developed for the synthesis of micro-mesoporous hybrid material by dual templating mechanism and from crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate in the absence of organic template. The synthesis of hybrid with pore bimodal distribution took place from one-single organic directing agent aimed to eliminate the use of organic templates, acids of any kind or organic solvents like templating agent of crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate together with temperature-programmed microwave-assisted, making the experimental procedures of preparation most practical and easy, with good reproducibility and low cost. The study about crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate in the absence of organic template, especially MFI type, is based on use of H2O and Na+ cation playing a structural directing role in place of an organic template. Advanced characterization techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Highresolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Adsorption of N2 and CO2, kinetic studies by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Pyrolysis coupled to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Pyrolysis-GC/MS) were employed in order to evaluate the synthesized materials. Achieve the proposed objectives, has made available a set of new methodologies for the synthesis of zeolite and hybrid micro-mesoporous material, these suitable for catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oils aimed at producing light fraction
O processamento do petr?leo pesado produzido no Pa?s ? uma a??o emergencial e estrat?gica para obter a auto-sufici?ncia e super?vits econ?micos. Neste sentido, ? indispens?vel o investimento em pesquisas de novos catalisadores para obten??o de derivados leves a partir de fra??es pesadas do petr?leo. O trabalho de doutorado aqui reportado dedicouse ? prepara??o de materiais que combinem, numa ?nica estrutura, a elevada atividade catal?tica de ze?litas, com melhor acessibilidade de materiais mesoporosos, como a estrutura h?brida HZSM-5/MCM-41, utilizando processos de s?ntese com menor impacto ambiental que os convencionais. Metodologias inovadoras foram desenvolvidas para a s?ntese do catalisador h?brido micro-mesoporoso ou ze?lito-mesoporoso por mecanismo de direcionamento estrutural via duplo agente diretor org?nico e tamb?m a partir de estrutura zeol?tica sintetizada na aus?ncia total de direcionador org?nico. Esse ?ltimo, tamb?m chamado de s?ntese do h?brido com distribui??o bimodal de poros a partir de um ?nico agente diretor org?nico, visou eliminar o uso dos direcionadores org?nicos, ?cidos de qualquer natureza ou solventes org?nicos como molde estrutural da estrutura zeol?tica em conjunto com o m?todo hidrot?rmico assistido por irradia??o via micro-ondas, tornando o procedimento experimental de prepara??o pr?tico e simples, com boa reprodutibilidade e menor custo. A metodologia de prepara??o da ze?lita MFI do tipo ZSM-5 utiliza H2O e c?tions Na+ no papel de direcionamento estrutural e compensa??o de cargas na estrutura. T?cnicas relevantes de caracteriza??o, como Difra??o de Raios-X (XRD), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (SEM), Microscopia Eletr?nica de Transmiss?o de Alta Resolu??o (HRTEM), Adsor??o de N2 e CO2, estudos cin?ticos via An?lises Termogravim?tricas (TGA) e Pir?lise acoplada ? Cromatografia Gasosa/Espectrometria de Massas (Pyrolysis-GC/MS), foram empregadas no intuito de avaliar os materiais sintetizados. Alcan?ados os objetivos propostos, disponibilizou-se um conjunto de novas metodologias para s?ntese de catalisadores zeol?ticos e h?bridos micromesoporosos, estes adequados para pir?lise catal?tica de ?leos pesados visando ? produ??o de derivados leves

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The present work reports the study of nanoporous structures, aiming at their use in research directed to the current demand of the petroleum industry to value heavy oil. Initially, two ways were chosen for the synthesis of porous structures from the molecular sieves of type Si-MCM-41. In the first way, the structure MCM-41 is precursory for heteroatom substitutes of silicon, generating catalyst of the type Al-MCM-41 from two different methods of incorporation of the metal. This variation of the incorporation method of Aluminum in the structure of Si-MCM-41 was carried out through the conventional procedure, where the aluminum source was incorporated to the gel of synthesis, and the procedure post-synthesis, where the Aluminum source was incorporated in catalyst after the synthesis of Si-MCM-41. In the second way, the MCM-41 acts as a support for growth of nanocrystals of zeolite embedded in their mesoporous, resulting in hybrid MCM-41/ZSM-5 catalyst. A comparative analysis was carried through characterizations by XRD, FTIR, measures of acidity through n-butylamine adsorption for TGA, SEM-XRF and N2 adsorption. Also crystalline aluminosilicate with zeolitic structure MFI of type ZSM-5 was synthesized without using organic templates. Methodologies to the preparation of these materials are related by literature using conventionally reactants that supply oxides of necessary silicon and aluminum, as well as a template agent, and in some cases co-template. The search for new routes of preparation for the ZSM-5 aimed at, above all, the optimization of the same as for the time and the temperature of synthesis, and mainly the elimination of the use of organic templates, that are material of high cost and generally very toxic. The current study is based on the use of the H2O and Na+ cations playing the role of structural template and charge compensation in the structure. Characterizations by XRD, FTIR, SEM-XRF and N2 adsorption were also conducted for this material in order to compare the samples of ZSM-5 synthesized in the absence of template and those used industrially and synthesized using structuring
O presente trabalho relata o estudo de estruturas nanoporosas, visando o uso em pesquisas que atendam a atual demanda da ind?stria do petr?leo, de valorizar ?leos pesados. Inicialmente, optou-se por duas vertentes para a s?ntese de estruturas porosas a partir da peneira molecular do tipo Si-MCM-41. Na primeira vertente, a estrutura MCM-41 ? precursora para hetero?tomos substituintes do sil?cio, gerando catalisadores do tipo Al-MCM-41 a partir de dois diferentes m?todos de incorpora??o do metal. Essa varia??o do m?todo de incorpora??o do Alum?nio na estrutura do Si-MCM-41 se deu atrav?s do procedimento convencional, no qual a fonte de alum?nio foi incorporada ao gel de s?ntese e do procedimento p?s-s?ntese, no qual a fonte de Alum?nio foi incorporada ao catalisador ap?s a s?ntese do Si-MCM-41. Na segunda vertente, o MCM-41 age como suporte para o crescimento de nanocristais de ze?lita embutidos nos seus mesoporos, resultando no catalisador h?brido MCM-41/ZSM-5. Uma an?lise comparativa foi realizada atrav?s de caracteriza??es por XRD, FTIR, medidas de acidez atrav?s de dessor??o de n-butilamina por TGA, SEM-XRF e Adsor??o de N2. Tamb?m foi sintetizado um aluminossilicato cristalino com estrutura zeol?tica MFI do tipo ZSM-5, na aus?ncia total de direcionador org?nico. Metodologias relacionadas ? prepara??o desses materiais s?o relatadas pela literatura utilizando-se convencionalmente reagentes que forne?am os ?xidos de sil?cio e de alum?nio necess?rios, bem como um agente direcionador, e em alguns casos at? co-direcionadores. A busca por novas rotas de prepara??o para a ZSM-5 visou, sobretudo, a otimiza??o da mesma no que se refere ao tempo e ? temperatura de s?ntese, e principalmente a elimina??o do uso dos direcionadores org?nicos, que s?o materiais de alto custo e geralmente muito t?xicos. O atual estudo se baseia na utiliza??o da H2O e dos c?tions Na+ desempenhando o papel de direcionamento estrutural e compensa??o de cargas na estrutura. Caracteriza??es por XRD, FTIR, SEM-XRF e Adsor??o de N2 tamb?m foram realizadas para esse material, a fim de comparar as amostras de ZSM-5 sintetizadas na aus?ncia do direcionador e aquelas utilizadas industrialmente e sintetizadas utilizando estruturantes

This thesis explores two hybrid systems employing a core material reinforced by an external skin, namely, cladding walls composed of polyurethane foam core sandwiched between fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) skins, and beams composed of concrete-filled FRP or steel tubes. The walls were studied in two phases. In phase I, the polyurethane foam core was injected between two carbon-FRP (CFRP) skins. Ten panels were tested to investigate their structural performance and failure modes. Test parameters included quality control in terms of reproducibility of test results, moment-shear ratio, and the orientation of an architectural masonry-like coating. The study showed that design is governed by stiffness and not strength and that the CFRP was underutilized. Also, quality control was shown to be poor for this method of fabrication. As such, in phase II, ten panels were fabricated by laminating glass-FRP (GFRP) skins to prefabricated polyurethane foam blocks. Similar flexural testing was carried out to investigate two different densities of foam, and moment-shear ratio. The study showed evidence of high quality control and that the density of the foam core significantly affected flexural capacity and stiffness. Rectangular concrete-filled tubes (CFTs), with either steel or pultruded GFRP tubes were fabricated and tested as beams in three-point bending, at different shear span-to-depth (a/d) ratios of 1 to 5 to examine crack patterns, strength and failure modes. It was shown that the critical (a/d) ratio, at which moment capacity drops, is between 4 and 5 for CFTs with GFRP tubes and between 1 and 2 for CFTs with steel tubes. It was also shown that ductility is drastically reduced at (a/d) ratios below 3 for steel tubes. Crack pattern and size were highly dependent on the magnitude of slip between the concrete and tube. A major full depth flexural crack developed in all CFTs with GFRP tubes. However, when internal steel rebar was added, major diagonal cracks were formed in addition to fine flexural cracks. In CFTs with steel tubes, fine flexural cracks developed, except at a/d = 1, where fine diagonal cracks were predominant. A strut-and-tie model was developed and provided reasonable agreement with test results.
Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-12-23 12:25:09.685

碩士
靜宜大學
觀光事業學系
102
Nowadays, consumers go to restaurants not only just for a meal, but more caring about all of experience feeling. It has developed cat theme restaurants. The purpose of this study is to know how consumers perceive the experiential hybrids and consumer value in cat theme restaurants. And investigate the relationships between experiential hybrids and consumer value. We developed the questionnaire for 5 cat theme restaurant consumers, and 306 usable questionnaires were collected. The results of this study were as follows: Woman or students’ feeling degree in sense experience and act experience are higher than other groups, and more agree with hedonic value and altruistic value. The feeling degree of consumer who keeping pet in act experience, relate experience and altruistic value is higher than who do not keeping pet. Due to the high proportion of keeping pet in student group and younger group who are curious of cat theme restaurant, they will become the main consumers in such restaurant. The high correlation between relate experience and altruistic value can provide the suggstions on future experiential desigh. To take advantage of relate experience in design can create follow-up support for restaurant operations by consumers.

碩士
國立中正大學
財務金融研究所
100
In recent years, frequent and severe catastrophic events have caused significant loss to reinsurance companies, which seriously eroded equity value, increased bankruptcy risk, and thereby affected reinsurance contract valuation. When considering various risk factors, downside risk transfer in equity value of reinsurance companies, in addition to catastrophe risk transfer, has also become one of the factors to consider. This study constructs a contingent claim framework designed to evaluate reinsurance contracts and proposed-hybrid catastrophe (CAT) bond to scrutinize reinsurance companies as to how they reduce default risk and increase reinsurance contract value by issuing CAT or hybrid CAT bonds. The aim of reinsurance companies in issuing these bonds is to transfer catastrophe risk to capital market as a way to address the capital shortage problems these reinsurance companies had to face during catastrophe events. However, with an unprecedented number of natural disasters of recent years, along with resulting huge economic losses, catastrophe risk situation has become more serious. As suggested in literature, CAT bonds have been unable to meet the requirements of reinsurance companies due to the amount of issuance in the market. Based on the concept of hybrid instruments proposed by Barrieu and Louberge (2009), the study designed a variation of hybrid catastrophe bond that combines CAT bond with a catastrophe equity put option. Such a bond possesses instrument characteristics of pre- and post-loss financing that will better provide channels for risk transfer. Results showed that changes, basis risks, trigger levels, and catastrophe risks inherent in reinsurance contract and default risk premium value are related to the initial capital structure of the reinsurance company. Under the premise that instruments are set the same, even with the consideration of basis risk, the issuing of hybrid CAT bonds is comparable to that of CAT bonds in that it can further reduce default risk premium and increase reinsurance contract value. That is, a combination type of instrument is more able to increase the value of reinsurance contract than one that is standalone. It is more beneficial to reinsurance companies now if such type of hybrid CAT bond instrument were issued.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生理學研究所
97
ClC-2 is a member of the ClC family of chloride channels and transporters. It is mainly located on the plasma membrane and expressed in various kind of tissues, and most abundant in the brain and epithelium. Previous studies have shown that ClC-2 channel expression in neurons may modulate their membrane excitability. A disruption in the ClC-2 gene was reported to correlate with the presence of generalized epilepsy in human. In spite of the recent progress in the understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological significance of ClC-2 channels, their regulatory as well as signaling pathways remain unclear. Therefore, we applied yeast two-hybrid screen to search for ClC-2-interacting proteins, which will provide important insight on the physiological function of ClC-2 channels. We focused on a sequence between the CBS1-CBS2 region (amino acids 581-794) at the C-terminal tail of ClC-2, which was cloned into the bait vector pGilda. After screening a rat brain cDNA library, 124 prey clones were identified. By eliminating the clones with incorrect reading frames, we have obtained 51 positive clones. 10 potential candidates from 51 positive clones were chosen for further characterization. X-gal assays and Leucine requirement tests were performed to reconfirm the interaction between ClC-2 and potential candidate proteins. All of the 10 candidate proteins showed blue patches on X-gal-containing plates and were grown on leucine-deficient plates, suggesting that these clones may indeed interact with ClC-2 channels. We performed co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assay to verify the interaction between ClC-2 and potential candidates of ClC-2-interacting proteins. Despite of the fact that the signal intensity of co-immunoprecipitation was not optimal, our current data suggest that ClC-2 probably display direct interaction with with NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein), SMAD 1, and Carhsp 1 (calcium regulated heat stable phosphoprotein 1). Moreover, our preliminary GST pull-down results also support a direct interaction between NSF and ClC-2. Further experiments, hower, will be required to verify the foregoing observation. In the future, we plan to apply electrophysiological techniques to determine whether these candidate proteins may affect the biophysical properties and/or trafficking process of ClC-2 channels.

Hybrid male sterility (HMS) is typically the first mechanism fortifying reproductive isolation resulting from genomic incompatibilities. Three interspecies feline breeds derived from domestic cat crosses to wild cat species (Asian leopard cat and African serval) manifest HMS through several generations of backcrossing before eventually regaining fertility. This work utilized 199 hybrid individuals with varying fertilities in a genome wide association study (GWAS) comprising 63,000 genome wide SNPs. Leveraging these results with whole-testis transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR data facilitated the comparison of transcripts in sterile and fertile hybrids. This dissertation describes four loci with highly significant and fifty with moderately significant association to sterility within each individual hybrid domestic breed and combinations of breeds. These associations help identify epistatic targets for hybrid incompatibility contributing to sterility. Comparative QTL mapping between pairs of species provides a framework to describe the accumulation of clade-specific reproductive isolating loci. Detailed exploration of gene misregulation between domestic and hybrid individuals, as well as between littermate hybrids of varying fertilities outlines a pattern of expression consistent with a meiotic sex-chromosome inactivation failure in early generations and apoptotic failure in later hybrid generations. Combining comparative genomic association and transcriptomic characterization among hybrid felids of varying divergence, new insight is gained into the mechanisms of mammalian reproductive isolation.