Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Hunting crossbow“

To elaborate a fuller description of the beach hunting behavior displayed by Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in the Cananéia Estuary (CE) (25ºS, 48ºW), a photo-identification study was conducted from May 2000 to July 2003. Three land platforms were chosen at the main entrance of the above-mentioned estuary, where scientists enjoy a unique opportunity to observe dolphins at greater proximity, undisturbed. Observations were opportunistic and unevenly distributed in time and space. To enhance the identification efforts, an 80-pound crossbow was used to collect skin samples in order to determine the sex of the eight individuals thus monitored. In 67 days of surveys, rendering approximately 80h of direct observations, 4,102 photographs were taken, of which 1,098 (26.8%) were considered useful for identification purposes. A total of 103 groups were reported (3.7 ± 2.6 individuals), ranging from solitary dolphins to 15 individuals. Female-calf pairs were observed in 92.4% of all the groups investigated. On the first occasion, a calving interval was observed for the species in the CE: approximately 3 years and 9 months. Of the 40 individuals identified at least once, eleven used the sloping beaches regularly: females KN #s 10, 30, 255, 268 and 279; males KN #s 86 and 257; and four individuals of unknown sex. The characteristics of the associations among beach hunters were evaluated by the analyses of association indices. A total of 83 possible associations between dyads were analyzed using the half-weight index and two selective criteria (5+ and 8+ sightings/individual). Mean association indices varied from 0.12 to 0.16, evidencing weak bonds among beach hunters. Most regular beach hunters were females, showing that the beach hunting behavior should probably be considered more typically female. Beach hunting in the CE might be considered another example of cultural transmission in cetacean societies.

During the 20th century, deer (Odocoileus spp.) populations in many parts of the USA changed from locally extirpated to locally overabundant. In 1997, two comprehensive books were published on deer overabundance to help wildlife professionals understand the complex biological, ecological, sociopolitical, public, and legal issues associated with managing overabundant deer. Since then, there have been several advances in dealing with deer overabundance, which have been briefly summarised in this review article. Most notably, since 1997 ecologists have more definitively characterised the ecological consequences of chronically overabundant deer populations, not merely in terms of direct impacts on plant communities but also in terms of cascading effects on animal communities. While still acknowledging the complexity of the interactions that affect ecosystem services and states (e.g. top-down pathways, bottom-up forces, disturbance regimes), ecologists now believe that the presence of an apex predator can affect the density, as well as behaviour and physiology of ungulates, and thereby help maintain the natural structure and functioning of plant communities. In some situations, wildlife researchers in the USA have restored native predators or documented adaptive responses by colonising predators, both of which have helped reduce locally overabundant deer populations and helped restore plant community diversity. On the wildlife policy front, some state wildlife agencies have enacted new programs to manage overabundant deer in protected areas and in urban and suburban settings. Examples include special permits for lethal removal of urban deer, as well as public hunts using special weapons (e.g. crossbows) or sharpshooting programs to control deer in state parks. A better understanding of the human dimensions associated with deer overabundance has helped many agencies define appropriate public education programs. However, despite these efforts to educate stakeholders about deer overabundance, there have been legal challenges associated with programs designed to control deer populations in some suburban communities. Some nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) have implemented award-winning, classroom-based educational modules to help children learn how to live with deer. Some NGOs also have stressed the importance of hunting as an ecological service. Still other NGOs have worked to facilitate linkages and cover liability concerns to enable bowhunters to help control deer in suburban communities. There also have been major advances in the potential for managing overabundant deer with fertility control, including the recent approval of an immunocontraceptive vaccine for use in deer (GonaCon™). In summary, wildlife biologists now understand the complex issues associated with deer overabundance better and there are more ‘tools in the chest’, both in terms of agency policies and management procedures than in 1997. Yet, human dimensions, public education, and stakeholder concerns continue to be the most challenging aspects of managing deer overabundance. Therefore, this issue likely will continue to confront wildlife professionals for many decades to come, whether in the USA or other parts of the world.

Designed by the Vedic God Shiva, the crossbow has gone beyond mythical lore and became a tool of strategic warfare in helping decimate knights, paladins and armored cavalry by arbalests or men who shoot crossbows. This ancient design has stood the test of time and has still found favor with not only action cinema, but also the hunting community and the special forces across the world. It is interesting to note that the Far eastern as well as Nordic texts term it as a favorite tool of dragon slayers, it had found major applications in hunting whales, sharks and other edible marine harvests. Certain countries in the northern hemisphere issue crossbow licenses to farmers in ensuring crop protection from vermin as well as harvesting organic meat from any overpopulating species in a given area. Additionally, it has been extensively used to build rope based connectivity using hooks when a huge gap needs to be crossed. It has also evolved as a tool to track oceanic activities by pegging sensors on its tips to etch it on whales and thus gather crucial data as they navigate the sea. This evolution from an armor piercing weapon to a civilian application device goes to the next level when a crossbow bolt is used to gain atmospheric and aerial data without fear of gaseous exhaust or electro-magnetic fields of drones. The next progression may be of ‘Cold launch missiles’ that are nearly undetectable and may change the course of military technology in the times to come.

Traditional hunting is hunting using traditional tools, such as traps, chopsticks, spears, arrows, root and barracks to hunt fish in the river. Hunting equipment used is simple, the material is easily obtained in the surrounding environment and can be assembled and made by yourself. and crossbow. Manggala Village is a village in Melawi Regency where the people are still doing hunting activities, especially the Dayak Kubin tribe, even though Manggala Village has become the center of South Pinoh Sub-district and the conditions are already relatively advanced. This study aims to record the species of animals that are targeted by the Dayak Kubin community in Manggala village, Pinoh Subdistrict, South Melawi District, and examine the hunting techniques and tools used for hunting Dayak Kubin. This study uses a survey method, the determination of respondent with purposive sampling. Number of animal species utilized and targeted by Dayak Kubin people in Manggala Village, Pinoh Selatan District, Melawi Regency, as many as 12 species of 12 families, 2 types of animals, 1 family consisting of 1 species. Dayak Kubin hunting activities carried out by groups and individuals. Tools used in hunting activities are spears, snares, trawl, traps and fishing rods. Hunting techniques carried out by the Dayak Kubin people still use traditional methods such as the materials used are still derived from forest plants such as leaves and bark made concoctions, perform rituals before hunting.Keywords:Dayak Cubic Tribe, Etnotecnology, Hunting Technique

This master's thesis deals with the manufacturing of a hunting crossbow prototype. The first part summarizes the history of crossbows, their historical development and usage. The following chapter contains theoretical knowladge about the technological methods that are used in the production. This is followed by a designing of the prototype, creating a technological process and final production. Final part of this thesis evaluates individual parts of the production and the final prototype.