Dissertationen zum Thema „Humidité du sol – Conservation“
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Grégoire, Vincent. „L’apport de biomasse végétale et l’amélioration des propriétés hydrauliques des sols organiques cultivés“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66302.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSouth of Montreal (Québec, Canada), an area of 12 000 hectares is well known for its vegetable production. Accumulated vegetation led an organic soil with advantageous properties for vegetable production when compared to typical mineral soils. However, several degradation processes are affecting soil properties and a too low level (under 40 cm) of the organic layer thickness may be reached within in the next decades if conservation practices are not implemented. Physical and hydraulic properties have shown signs of deterioration leading to drainage problems. Thus, soil conservation strategies need to be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these agricultural land. Incorporation of plant biomass could compensate for losses of organic matter and could also improve the soil physical properties. To validate this mitigation practice, different vegetal biomass rates from woody and grass species were incorporated into undisturbed organic soil cores before an incubation period of 12 months. Discrete measurements allowed for the evaluation of the amplitude and persistency of the biomass effect on various physical and hydraulic properties. After an application of biomass at high rate (20% v/v), the final soil height within the cores increased up to 73 mm when compared to control cores. The modelling of the soil water retention curves led to linear relations between biomass application rates and air content. The latter increasing from 23,8% to 37,8% in the surface soil layer throughout the incubation period, but had only a minor effects on deeper soil layers. Three indicators of performance were chosen to evaluate the drainage behavior, which appeared to be fast under the experimental conditions. Drainage was slowed down with increasing biomass application rate, but surface aeration improved on the other end. In general, wood type biomass had a greater influence than the grass type biomass on the studied variables.
Ouédraogo, Mahaman. „Contribution à l'étude de l'impact de la variabilité climatique sur les ressources en eau en Afrique de l'ouest. Analyse des conséquences d'une sécheresse persistante : normes hydrologiques et modélisation régionale“. Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20217.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Guyader Elie. „Influence des amendements organiques issus de résidus de palmier dattier sur les propriétés et la fertilité de sols de régions arides et semi-arides“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REIMS028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD is part of the ISFERALDA project (Improving Soil FERtility in Arid and semi-arid regions using Local DAte palm residues), which aims to develop the transformation of date palm residues in organic amendments to improve the resilience of agroecosystems in dry regions. The objectives were to study the influence of compost and biochar inputs on soil properties and plant productivity. First, laboratory experiments were carried out to assess the effect of compost, biochar and compost-biochar mixtures on the water retention capacity of soils with contrasting textures. Results showed an increase in available water capacity (+80%) in a sandy soil with the addition of biochar, while compost had little effect (+12%). Incubations under controlled conditions with an oasis sandy soil enabled us to estimate the proportion of mineralized carbon in the compost produced in Tunisia (≈17% after 117 days). In parallel, Rock-Eval® analyses revealed contrasting thermal stability depending on the composts studied, highlighting difficulties in the date palm composting process. Finally, a barley crop was grown in an Ecolab cell under a simulated arid climate to study the effect of organic amendments on plant productivity and leaching losses of macronutrients. The results showed no improvement potential with biochar addition at the short-term, either alone or enriched with a nitrogen-rich organic source. Compost improved barley grain yields, although nitrogen supply was limited over time. In conclusion, compost improves the fertility of sandy soils in the short term, but its salt-rich composition requires specific attention to reduce the risk of salinization in cultivated environments in drylands. Date palm biochar is stable in the soil, but its use is limited in terms of plant mineral nutrition
Gruhier, Claire. „L’humidité du sol par télédétection micro-ondes en région sahélienne“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066435.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStaffolani, Sandrine. „La conservation du sol en droit français“. Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5a087dec-e13f-451f-9d87-b9bbf59dd3e0/blobholder:0/2008LIMO1012.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrom a law standpoint, soil is immovable by its nature, subject to property, but it is also a component of the environment. It provides ecological and economical fonctions, essential not only to ecosystems functioning but also to human life, as soil is at the same time an area, a natural resource and a natural environment. It is a living and vital environment stretching out to the subsoil. Facing the diversity and growing threats to soil (pollution, erosion, etc. ), French law seems at first sight, to be deprived of, as there is no specific regulation concerning the soil. But, it is nothing of the sort. The study of law rules related to the protection of this natural environment, allows to reveal a legal system of soil conservation aimed at ensuring its durability. Indeed, the scattering of rules related to soil preservation , hides the gradual and underlying adaptation of the law around two main lines : soil protection and soil remedying. In order to prove the existence of this soil conservation legal system (that is to say its conservation and reparation), this research has been carried out around the two main sources of soil alterations : property and exploitation. Thus soil conservation encompasses all the legal tools, equivalent or specific, ensuring not only the protection but also the reparation of the owned soil and the exploited soil
Tran, Thanh Chi. „Influence de l'oxygène et de l'humidité sur la performance de biodégradation de l'hexadécane dans un sol : étude expérimentale et modélisation“. Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1861.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe effect of oxygen and moisture on the biodegradation of hexadecane in soit was studied in microcosm. The tests of biodegradation in liquid phase (with biomass extracted from soif) allowed identifying the parameters related to the kinetics of growth and death with two different levels of pollution (1. 25 and 2. 5 g/1). The tests of biodegradation in solid phase (soi! with five moistures 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%) allowed identifying the parameters related on the transfer of oxygen and the influence of moisture. The results show that the biodegradation rate of hexadecane is maximal with the moisture of 20% and minimal with the moisture of 35%. Moreover, a protocol was developed in order to semi-quantitatively follow the influence of oxygen. This study also carried out the evolution of the respiratory quotient (RQ) with time which reflects the different phases of hexadecane biodegradation and Chus the adaptation of microbial population in soit to the environmental conditions. A mathematical model was developed, however, the algorithmic methods used did not allow satisfactorily identifying the parameters. If the model appears credible, the restricted number of data and their insufficient reliability did not allow mathematically identifying the parameters from the experimental values. However, the descriptive model allows a satisfactory description of the biodegradation in un-saturated soi!, in particular with regard to the influence of oxygen and moisture on its effectiveness
Escorihuela, Maria José. „Estimation de l'humidité du sol à partir de données radiométriques en bande-L : préparation de la mission SMOS“. Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7541/1/escorihuela1.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEffenguet, Hervé Crépin. „Écoulements préférentiels dans un sol fin compacté“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPLA94N.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of preferential flow paths in the porous medias constitutes an aspect which must be controlled for effective caracterizations of these materials. Ln order to understand this phenomenon in the fine soils, a study is realised according to the morphological method on a plastic fine soil, the silt of Jossigny. The Blue Brilliance is used to dye the preferential flow paths. The material at various water contents and sizes of the clods is compacted according to various methods of compaction (dynamic and semi-static) by layers. Infiltration of dye under various hydraulic pressures indicates the development of preferential flow paths in the dynamic compacted samples, while those resulting from the semi-static compaction present a quasi-homogeneous distribution and evolution of flow in the soil. The development of the preferential flow paths to low and average water contents in the dynamically compacted samples is not a function of the initial state of the soil and the applied hydraulic pressure. It depends exclusively to structural heterogeneity of such a medium after compaction. The data resulting from the image processing on these samples are used for an attempt at three-dimensional visualization of preferential flow paths. Simulation is realised with gOcad software modelisation. Homogeneous samples resulting trom semi-static compaction are prepared according to a particular proceeding developed during the present work. This proceeding results trom the study of preferential flows and the study of distribution and evolution of density in dynamically compacted samples, and the study of evolution of the void ratio in semi-static compaction of a fine soil. These homogeneous samples are used to study infiltration in a partir fine soil with a slight confining pressure. Ln the case of material used in this study, and for the conditions of test and experimental procedure considered, because of the soil-membrane effects and changes of the structure of the soil under the action of confining during infiltration process (hydro-mechanics coupling) some difficulties have been noted
Schneider, Sébastien. „Estimation des paramètres hydrodynamiques des sols à partir d’une modélisation inverse de données d’infiltration et de résistivité électrique“. Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112337.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis work aims to establish an inverse method for estimating soil hydraulic properties using infiltration data (during a disc infiltromètre experiment) and electrical resistivity data obtained in the wetting bulb zone. After introducing the method and suggesting it’s the relevance, we realized numeric study (synthetic data) for demonstrating the capability of the method to get a correct estimation of the hydraulic parameters (parameters of the Mualem-van Genuchten). Therefore maps of the objective function have been realized, and inversion scenarios have been tested. Three hydraulic parameters and two petrophysical parameters witch allow to convert by the Rhoades's law (1976) the soil electrical resistivity to the volumetric water content. The numerical study showed that the method is well suited for estimating the hydraulic parameters but not for the petrophysical parameters. The last chapter deals will real experiments and their associated numerical inversions. For the 3 soil textures tested, 4 inverse scenarios were realized. In comparison with other methods, we concluded, that, for the loamy soil case, the method has led to the correct estimations of the hydraulic parameters, but estimations on the Rhoades parameters is incorrect. The dispersivity is estimated with a large uncertainty. For the sandy soil estimations the hydraulic parameters and of the dispersivity are less accurate than for the loamy case. For the clay soil, hydraulic parameters are also estimated with a large uncertainty. The method, at this stage of development, seems to be more adapted for soils with medium texture
Claudeville, Xavier. „Mouvements d'eau dans les sols et sous-sols selon les grands types de terrains, et possibilités de contrôler les apports aux nappes“. Bordeaux 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR30006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research has a practical object, the validation of an analysis computer program, usable with any existing data, and applied on daily data of 85 catchments of 0. 2 to 7000 skm (but of 150 skm for the most), with three catchments in average per french geological unit; thereby it is also a survey about the spatial variability of the hydrological cycle elements on the geographical scale. The most important method elaborated for this purpose is a computer analysis of a two inputs- three outputs black box, applied on the rainfalls and groundwater inflow for the inputs, and the actual evapotranspiration, groundwater outflow, and runoff for the outputs. The overland flow, soil moisture, inputs into the capillary soil networks, water-table inputs by piston effect or solw transit flow, and capillary rise, are acomputed. The available in-situ measures as neutron probe soil moisture, piezometer elevations and isotopic surveys, are correlated with these computer data for five catchments. In the second part, the 80 catchments of the Dordogne basin are studied by this program, for testing the analysis sensitiveness, the coherence of the computed data, and the explation power of the different hydrogeological systems revelated by this analysis. The hydraulic heads are roughly well correlated with the storavity volumes estimated by morphometric methods. New methods for changing infiltration rates are proposed in the third part
Dupont, Patrick. „Évolution temporelle de la rétrodiffusion radar bande c, causée par l'humidité du sol et par les changements dans la morphologie du couvert“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11138.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOuedraogo, François. „Etude des transferts d'eau à l'interface sol-atmosphère : cas d'un sol du Burkina Faso à faible teneur en eau“. Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20235.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe transfer of water at the soil-atmosphere interface is addressed through a thermo dynamical approach which constitutes a general framework for describing both the thermodynamical status of the water in the soil and the transfer mechanisms at stake: liquid phase filtration, water vapor diffusion, liquid-vapor phase change. An experimental characterization of a soil has been carried out and completed with bibliographical data. Experimental tests of water transfer in columns of the same soil, placed in drying atmosphere enabled the establishment of the global kinetic of water loss and the evolution of the profiles of the water content through time. A numerical simulation of the water transfer in the neighborhood of the interface is proposed. A study about the sensitiveness to the physical parameters of the soil is presented. The results of the numerical model are then compared with the tests of the transfer on the columns. The correspondence is good on the basis of an adjustment of the hydrologic parameters as mentioned in the literature. Water and vapor fluxes evolutions in low water content soils allow the description of transfer mechanisms near the interface. It is shown that the phase change which ensures the continuity of the transfers between the soil and the atmosphere relates to a few centimeters of the soil under that interface
Chauchois, Alexis. „Modèles d'ordres non entiers appliqués à la caractérisation thermique de milieux évolutifs par méthode inverse : cas d'un sol humide“. Artois, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ARTO0202.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWork presented proposes to measure the water content of the in situ grounds. This study concerns the thermal characterisation of surface layers of the soil, and these changes rapidly with water content. This is divided into two parts. The first is the determination of the thermal parameters of a sample of ground in laboratory by traditional methods. These tests are carried out with a water content, from 0%, that must then be increased up to saturation with intermediate tests being performed to determine the changes in the thermal properties. A correlation curve is established, between the water content of the material and its thermal characteristics. The second part involves studying the soil in situ conditions. It calls upon more complex techniques. Because of the fast evolution of the studied system, a broad recourse is made to the methods of the signal theory, in particular : the use of noninteger models. We studied three different types of ground : at first, a sand, which was used to us as reference for our tests, then we extended the method on a ground of the argillaceous type, and a ground argilo-sandy. This work led to the monitoring of the evolution of the water content of these grounds, (according to time and depth). The results were validated by gravimetric tests
Tran, Xuan Truong. „Estimation de l' état hybride des sols en Afrique de L'ouest par télédétection spatiale“. Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis works have contributed to improve the surface soi! moisture estimates and the root-zone soil moisture estimates on the Sahel band in West Africa. The first part was dedicated to assess the ability of different algorithms to estimate soi! moisture based on satellite measurements in thermal infrared spectrum. Ln the second part, a method was developed in order to obtain a soi! moisture mapping at high temporal resolution « 3h) based on two satellite products: a satellite-based rainfall product and dai!y passive microwave measurements sensitive to soi! moisture. Ln a third part, an assessment of the reliability and robustness of the methodology has been proposed. Finally, a semi-empirical method was used to produce root-zone soil moi sture maps (0-1 m) over the Sahel region. Ground-based soi! moisture measurements obtained at three sites in Mali, Niger and Benin during the AMMA pro gram were used to assess the quality of estimates of near-surface and root-zone soil moi sture at each stage of this work. The results show that an estimate of the surface soi! moisture is possible with an accuracy of less than 3% vol. Over the Sahel band. The error is about 5% vol. Over the Sudanian zone (Benin). The accuracy is identical for the root-zone soi! moi sture estimate. Finally, the developed method allows at the same time to correct satellite-based rainfall products and notably the overestimation of the annual accumulation and the number of rain events of the three rainfall satellite products used in this work
Lesaignoux, Audrey. „Estimation de l'humidité de surface des sols nus à partir de l'imagerie hyperspectrale à haute résolution spatiale sur le domaine optique 0. 4 - 14 µm“. Toulouse, ISAE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ESAE0023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTa, An-Ninh. „Etude de l'interaction sol-atmosphère en chambre environnementale“. Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00517746.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBeauregard, Vincent. „Apport de la polarimétrie radar en bande C pour l’estimation de l’humidité du sol en zone agricole“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10611.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract: Remote sensing has been widely researched toward estimation of soil conditions over agricultural fields. Monitoring of surface soil moisture mv would benefit many applications in hydrology, climatology, precision agriculture and risk reduction applied to meteorological events. C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal’s, such as that of RADARSAT-2, is sensitive to soil and vegetation characteristics. Backscattering coefficients obtained from those sensors allowed the estimation of mv by inverting empirical or semi-empirical models, under very strict conditions that limit their applicability. Many on-going or future missions provides polarimetric SAR images. However, the potential of polarimetric SAR sensors operated in c-band is not yet fully understood for soil moisture estimation over vegetated fields. This paper study the effects of soil and vegetation characteristics on polarimetric RADARSAT-2 images and proposes a simple empirical model based on polarimetric parameters extracted from RADARSAT-2 imagery to retrieve surface soil moisture (0-5 cm) over agricultural fields. The data used in this study was obtained during the SMAPVEX12 campaign, which occurred on the summer of 2012 between june 6th and july 17th in Manitoba, Canada. Fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 images were acquired over 13 wheat fields over their whole growth cycle while their soil and vegetation conditions were monitored. Linear backscattering showed significant correlations for all polarizations before crops flowering. Sensitivity analysis of the extracted polarimetric variables to soil moisture demonstrated distinct correlations before and after the beginning of the crops flowering stage. The calibrated semi-empirical model proposed by Gherboudj et al. (2011) showed poor representation of the observed relationships between linear backscattering channels and crop conditions. The phase information, obtained by the RADARSAT-2 sensor, allowed extraction of polarimetric variables. Among those, phase difference HH-VV, the pedestal height and both the anisotropy H and entropy H obtained from Cloude-Pottier decomposition, showed significant correlations to soil moisture. A simple empirical model, calibrated with multiple linear regression from 2 to 6 polarimetric variables, allowed to retrieve soil moisture with a RMSD of 0,074 m³/m³ while it explained more than de 53.5% (R2) of observed soil moisture variability, while a simple linear model based only on incoherent variables could only estimate soil moisture with a RMSD of 0.098 m³/m³ and a R2 value of 19.0%.
Pardé, Mickaël. „Contribution à la méthodologie d'estimation de l'humidité du sol à partir de données micro-ondes passives en bande L“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00152566.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleL'émission d'un couvert végétal dans les micro-ondes est estimée par le modèle de transfert radiatif tau-omega ; de plus, l'inversion de ce modèle par régression non linéaire permet d'estimer les variables inconnues du modèle : humidité et paramètres de végétation (épaisseur optique et albédo de simple diffusion). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer les méthodes d'inversion du modèle en utilisant la configuration originale de visée de SMOS : observations multi-angulaires et en bi-polarisation.
Cette étude est basée sur des campagnes expérimentales sur différentes cultures : maïs, blé, luzerne, herbe, soja et sorgho. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué les paramètres micro-ondes de végétation en fonction du temps, de l'angle et de la polarisation, pour chacun de ces couverts. Cette étude nous permet de poser les hypothèses simplificatrices qui permettront d'estimer l'humidité du sol. Ensuite, nous avons testé l'inversion du modèle tau-omega sur l'ensemble des couverts simultanément. Différentes configurations d'inversion ont été comparées afin de prescrire une stratégie adéquate pour estimer l'humidité sous un couvert agricole quelconque selon les informations a priori disponibles. Nous montrons ainsi qu'il est possible d'estimer l'humidité du sol avec une précision relativement bonne (RMSE= 0.047 m3/m3) avec peu d'informations sur le type de sol et sur le type de couvert.
Quesada, Benjamin. „Extrêmes de températures en Europe : caractéristiques, retroactions, sol atmosphère et prévisibilité“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleExtreme temperature events largely impact socio-economic and environmental systems. Combining statistical analyses and modelling experiments in Europe, I show that in winter, global climate models simulate cold waves and associated climate variables. However, they overestimate their number by about 40%. A correct representation of snow cover and of the snow/atmosphere feedback reduces this bias in the models. In summer, they also simulate heat waves but tend to underestimate some linked physical mechanisms. Soil-moisture/atmosphere feedback explains the asymmetric predictability of heat waves: while high spring precipitation in Southern Europe contribute to their inhibition, in case of deficit, heat waves can develop or no. As soils become drier, this seasonal predictability is likely to be reduced in the future
Bexi, Warsama dris. „Nouvel instrument de mesure de la permittivité complexe des sols : sonde HYMENET“. Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe general framework of this thesis is the estimation of soil moisture in the vadoze zone by measuring the complex permittivity. The work is based on the validation of a new sensor HYMENET, and the study of the dielectric properties of soils. HYMENET is based on the measurement of the admittance of the probe imbedded in the soil in a wide range of permittivity (1-80) and conductivity (0. 1-103 mS. M−1 ) between [1-20]MHz. During the calibration with electronic componenents and validation with standard liquids, all the potential errors are discussed. For tests in controlled soils, six electromagnetic methods are selected to measure the dielectric permittivity : three capacitive sensors (HYMENET, ENVIROSCAN and HMS900) and three propagative (TDR, a quarter-wave, resonant cavity). Four sands are chosen from pure quartz to a sand with 5% clay. A specific protocol is implemented in order to perform for each sand three levels of conductivity of solution and for each conductivity, five moisture contents perfectly controlled. The soils are classified nonrelaxing/relaxing and/or conducting/nonconducting depending on clay content and the level of conductivity of aqueous solutions added. The results obtained in the four media show for two familly of sensors that the dispersion of permittivity is low in the dry sands, but this increases with the volumetric water content. The relative differences permittivities against the model of CRIM, used as standard, are 20 % maximum for the two families of sensors. However the specific uncertainties of each sensor are less than or equal to 10 %. These include the spatial heterogeneity of water content in the media. This dispersion has two origins : the sensivity of the procedure depending on the sensor and the characteristics of each sensor (volume scanned of soil, operating frequency. . . )
Desbiens, Guillaume. „Estimation de l'humidité du sol à l'aide d'images RADARSAT-2 et de réseaux de neurones : application aux bassins versants Trent et Severn, Ontario“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10526.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAl-Yaari, Amen Mohammed. „Global-scale evaluation of a hydrological variable measured from space : SMOS satellite remote sensing soil moisture products“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066678/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoil moisture (SM) plays a key role in meteorology, hydrology, and ecology as it controls the evolution of various hydrological and energy balance processes. The community of scientists involved in the field of microwave remote sensing has made considerable efforts to build accurate estimates of surface SM (SSM), and global SSM datasets derived from active and passive microwave instruments have recently become available. Among them, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched in 2009, was the first ever passive satellite specifically designed to measure the SSM, at L-band (1.4 GHz), at the global scale. Validation of the SMOS SSM datasets over different climatic regions and environmental conditions is extremely important and a necessary step before they can be used. A better knowledge of the skill and uncertainties of the SSM retrievals will help not only to improve the individual products, but also to optimize the fusion schemes required to create long-term multi-sensor products, like the essential climate variable (ECV) SSM product generated within the European Space Agency’s (ESA's) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. After the introductory Chapters I to III, this dissertation consists of three main parts. Chap. IV of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOS level 3 (SMOSL3) SSM products at L-band against the passive AMSR-E SSM at C-band by comparing them with a Land Data Assimilation System estimates (SM-DAS-2) produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This was achieved over the common period 2010-2011 between SMOS and AMSR-E, using classical metrics (Correlation, RMSD, and Bias). In parallel, Chap. V of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOSL3 products against the active ASCAT SSM at C-band by comparing them with land surface model simulations (MERRA-Land) using classical metrics, advanced statistical methods (triple collocation), and the Hovmöller diagram over the period 2010-2012. These two evaluations indicated that vegetation density (parameterized here by the leaf area index LAI) is a key factor to interpret the consistency between SMOS and the other remotely sensed products. This effect of the vegetation has been quantified for the first time at the global scale for the three microwave sensors. These two chapters also showed that both SMOS and ASCAT (AMSR-E) had complementary performances and, thus, have a potential for datasets fusion into long-term SSM records. In Chap. VI of the dissertation, with the general purpose to extend back the SMOSL3 SSM time series and to produce an homogeneous SM product over 2003-2014 based on SMOS and AMSR-E, we investigated the use of a multiple linear regression model based on bi-polarization (horizontal and vertical) brightness temperatures (TB) observations obtained from AMSR-E (2003 - 2011). The regression coefficients were calibrated using SMOSL3 SSM as a reference over the 2010-2011 period. The resulting merged SSM dataset was evaluated against an AMSR-E SSM retrievals and modelled SSM products (MERRA-Land) over 2007-2009. These first results show that the multi-linear regression method is a robust and simple approach to produce a realistic SSM product in terms of temporal variation and absolute values. In conclusion, this PhD showed that the potential synergy between the passive (AMSR-E and SMOS) and active (ASCAT) microwave systems at global scale is very promising for the development of improved, long-term SSM time series at global scale, such as those pursued by the ESA’s CCI program. It also provides new ideas on the way to merge the different SSM datasets with the aim of producing the CCI (phase 2) long-term series (a coherent "SMOS-AMSR-E" SSM time series for the period 2003 -2014), that will be evaluated further in the framework of on-going ESA projects
Barella, Ortiz Anais. „Analysis and modelling of soil moisture and evaporation processes, implications for climate change“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066115/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the study of evaporation and soil moisture, t wo main parameters of the hydrological cycle, and thus the climate system. First, potential evaporation (ET P ) is analysed. It is an important input to hydrological and agronomic models, key to describe the interactions between the surface e and the atmosphere, and the basis of most of the estimations of actual evapora tion. Physically-based and empirical methods to estimate ET P are evaluated, at a global scale, under current climate conditions and in a changing climate. The former methods correspond to those implemented in land surface models (LSM) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) reference evapotranspiration equation. The assumptions made in FAO's method underest imate ET P if compared to LSM methods. They also result in a lower sensitive ty of ET P to climate change. In addition, empirical equations are not able to reproduce the impact of climate change on ET P if compared to that from LSM methods. Soil moisture is the second aim of this thesis. It is treated t hrough the analysis of brightness temperatures (TB). These are a measure of the radiation emitted by the surface , and thus an optimum parameter to use in remote sensing techniques for soi l moisture retrieval. Measured TB from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are compared, over the Iberian Peninsula, to two sets of TB modelled estimates from two LSM. There is a good agreement in the temporal evolution between them. However, discrepancy es are found regarding the spatial structures, which become more evident during fall and winter and are mainly explained by differences in the annual cycle of measured and modelled TB
Alshihabi, Omran. „Étude en laboratoire du comportement d'un sol compacté non saturé : influence des cycles de séchage-humidification“. Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-167-168.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChkir, Najiba. „Mise au point d'un modèle hydrologique conceptuel intégrant l'état hydrique du sol dans la modélisation pluie-débit“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520737.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStefan, Vivien. „Modélisation mixte et télédétection multi-résolution de l'évaporation du sol“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30330/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEvapotranspiration (ET) and its two main components, soil evaporation and plant transpiration, play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle, especially over semi-arid regions. Monitoring soil evaporation at multiple scales is especially relevant to a multitude of agronomic, hydrologic, meteorological and climatic applications, where remote sensing-based approaches have great potential via two evaporation-related observable variables: the land surface temperature (LST) and the surface soil moisture (SM). The aim of this PhD was to try and improve the spatio-temporal representation of soil evaporation by developing a multi-scale modeling approach that makes use of the synergy between readily available remote sensing data. A new methodology was developed to estimate the soil evaporative efficiency or SEE (ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation) at 100 m to 40 km resolution by combining 40 km resolution microwave-derived SM, 100 m to 1 km resolution thermal-derived LST, 100 m to 1 km resolution reflectance-derived vegetation cover/surface albedo and available meteorological data. The approach was tested over three different semi-arid irrigated areas in Morocco, Mexico and Spain. In a first step, a soil energy balance model (EBsoil) was proposed to improve the determination of the dry/wet boundaries of a LST-based ET model. EBsoil outputs were validated against in situ measurements of dry/wet soil temperatures over the Moroccan site. ET estimates were subsequently derived either from remote sensing data solely or by using EBsoil and intercompared at 100 m and 1 km resolutions with a reference ET over the Mexican site. Results showed that integrating EBsoil improves ET estimates at a medium (1 km) resolution. The next step consisted in looking into the temporal dynamics of SEE, using the global modeling technique, approach used for a very small number of environmental contexts, with even fewer models obtained that are able to reproduce the original dynamics. For the first time ever, a four dimensional chaotic model was obtained for the daily cycle of SEE, able to reproduce the dynamics of the variable with a good approximation in the phase domain. In a final step, the two remote sensing approaches used in deriving SEE - as a function of LST or SM - were combined within a disaggregation algorithm (DISPATCH) of SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) SM data. EBsoil was integrated in DISPATCH and a new algorithm was developed: DISPATCH-E. An indirect validation of the SEE modeling approach was performed by assessing DISPATCH-E's results in terms of 1 km resolution SM estimates over the Spanish site. Implementing EBsoil significantly improves the downscaled SM. Furthermore it provides reference points for calibrating multi-resolution SEE models, as well as being an independent way of assessing uncertainty in remotely sensed data
Escorihuela, Maria Jose. „Estimation de l'humidité du sol à partir de données radiométriques en bande-L: préparation de la mission SMOS“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00168766.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIndarto. „Comportement des sols soumis à une pression interstitielle négative : application aux silos“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECAP0182.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMumen, Mohamed. „Caractérisation du fonctionnement hydrique des sols à l'aide d'un modèle mécaniste de transferts d'eau et de chaleur mis en œuvre en fonction des informations disponibles sur le sol“. Avignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AVIG0600.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDaoud, Farid Zineddine. „La perméabilité des sols fins compactés“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL056N.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParrens, Marie. „Assimilation des données SMOS dans un modèle des surfaces continentales : mise en œuvre et évaluation sur la France“. Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2147/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAssimilating surface soil moisture (SSM) in a land surface model permits a better monitoring of the soil water content. Remote sensing is an indispensable tool for monitoring the evolution of SSM, both spatially and temporally. SMOS was launched in November 2009 and it is the first satellite specifically dedicated to SSM mapping over continents. A comparison of the first SMOS data with ASCAT over France showed that the ASCAT product was better correlated with in situ SSM observations and with SSM simulations for the year 2010. Over bare soil plot of SMOSREX (2003-2005), in situ SSM were assimilated into a new multi-layer version of the soil module of the Interaction between the Soil, Biosphere, Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model. A simplified Extended Kalman Filter was used to analyze 11 soil layers of the ISBA multi-layer version (ISBA-DF). For dry periods, corrections affected a shallow 0-15 cm top soil layer. For wet period, weaker corrections were applied for the entire column. To prepare the assimilation of the TB, the TB were produced by coupling ISBA-DF with a microwave emission model (CMEM). With ISBA-DF, computing TB using the Wilheit smooth surface emissivity and taking into account an impact of SSM on soil roughness is recommended. Finally, the SMOSREX TB observations were assimilated by ISBA-DF. Considering CMEM as an observation operator provided a SSM and total soil water content analysis similar to the analysis obtained by assimilating direct SSM observations in ISBA-DF
Zhang, Xiaoyun. „Développement d'un système d'imagerie qualitatif et quantitatif microonde pour le contrôle de l'écoulement de l'eau dans une colonne de sol“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11015.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe present a new microwave probing technique which aims to monitor the variation of the soil water content at the depth of the crop roots. The dielectric permittivity plays a key role in this technique. Indeed, it is directly related to the soil water content and numerous models are formed to reveal their relationship. Meanwhile, it determines the interactions between the medium and the electromagnetic field which are governed by the Helmholtz equation. Besides, recovering the permittivity profile of the medium from the electromagnetic field is an inverse scattering problem. Therefore, one can access the map of water content in soil by solving an inverse scattering problem. A circular scanner which is designed for studying the 2D problem is employed to send and receiver back the electromagnetic signal which interacts with a soil column placed inside its cavity. The direct propagation problem corresponding to this configuration is formulated and solved with the FEM method. It serves to calibrate the imaging system and to generate the simulated data which will be useful to test the inversion methods discussed during this PhD work. In order to reduce the ill-posedness of the inverse scattering problem, we studied both qualitative imaging methods and quantitative ones. The support information of the scatterers provided by the qualitative methods may be of interest when used as an initial guess in the quantitative methods which can retrieve the refractive index of the medium. Three qualitative methods are studied, the DORT (Decomposition of the time reversal operator) method, the MUSIC (MUltiple-Signal-classification) method and the LSM (Linear sampling method) method. We also proposed the EDORT method which can cope with extended-size targets. Two quantitative methods based on the CG (Conjugate Gradient) minimization scheme are provided. The first one does not use any a priori information. The second one use some shape a priori information which is introduced into the inversion scheme by means of a modified Heaviside function coupled with a level set formalism. In order to test the ability of these inversion methods to monitor the variation of the soil water content, we simulate the water diffusive process in a soil column by solving the Richards equation and couple these simulations with the FEM software, and then the ‘measured’ fields with respect to time are obtained. The LSM method and the two quantitative methods are tested with this synthetic data. Besides, a controlled water diffusive process which occurs in a soil column was experimentally realized. The associated electromagnetic fields were measured using the circular scanner. The imaging results of the LSM method on the experimental data are also presented
Al, Majou Hassan. „Etude et prédiction des propriétés de rétention en eau des sols : prise en compte de la composition et de l'état structural du sol“. Orléans, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00286622.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHolah, Noha. „Potentiel des nouveaux capteurs radar multipolarisation et polarimétrique pour la caractérisation des états de surface en milieu agricole“. Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJuglea, Silvia. „Simulation de l'humidité du sol-température de brillance à partir des données in situ dans le cadre de la validation des produits SMOS : site test Valencia Anchor Station“. Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1533/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaunched in November 2009, the main goal of the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission is to map global fields of surface soil moisture with an accuracy better than 0. 04 m3/m3 land with a spatial resolution ranging from 35 km at nadir up to 55 km (43 km average) using L-band (1. 4 GHz) radiometry. The large pixel size of satellite missions such as SMOS, introduces a number of scientific questions that requires a minimum of field measurements representative of the area seen by the sensor. Thus, the validation of SMOS data requires the maintenance of long term measurements over large areas. This is the role of Valencia Anchor Station (VAS), established by the University of Valencia in December 2001, whose principal objective is to characterize an area dedicated to the calibration and validation of Earth Observation missions. In the context of the validation of the SMOS products over land, the main objective of this thesis consists in accurately generating the Match-ups over the VAS area (equivalent to a SMOS pixel) to be compared with the SMOS real data. The Match-ups are defined as simulated passive microwave brightness temperatures using the surface variables as well as the characteristics of the VAS area. A coupled SVAT (Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer) - radiative transfer model was developed for modelling the soil moisture and the resulting microwave emissions. The hydrological processes are simulated with a SVAT model named ISBA (Interactions between Soil Biosphere Atmosphere), while the microwave emission is simulated using the L-MEB (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere) model upon which the SMOS Level 2 processor is based
Ardilouze, Constantin. „Impact de l'humidité du sol sur la prévisibilité du climat estival aux moyennes latitudes“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0048/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSevere heat waves and droughts that episodically hit temperate regions have detrimental consequences on health, economy and society. The design and deployment of efficient preparedness strategies foster high expectations for the prediction of such events a few weeks or months ahead. Their likely increased frequency throughout the 21st century, as envisaged by climate projections, further emphasizes these expectations. Nevertheless, the summer season is the most difficult to predict over mid-latitudes. Well-known sources of predictability are weaker than in winter and current climate prediction systems struggle to adequately represent associated teleconnection mechanisms. An increasing number of studies have shown a statistical link over some regions between spring soil moisture and subsequent summer temperature and precipitation. This link has been partly confirmed in climate numerical models, but many questions remain. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to better understand the role played by soil moisture onthe characteristics and predictability of the summer climate in temperate regions. By means of the CNRM-CM coupled general circulation model, we have designed a range of numerical simulations which help us evaluate the persistence level of spring soil moisture anomalies. Indeed, a long persistence is a necessary condition for these anomalies to influence the climate at the seasonal scale, through the process of evapotranspiration. By imposing in our model idealized initial and boundary soil moisture conditions, we have highlighted areas of the globe for which the average state and the variability of temperatures and precipitation in summer is particularly sensitive to these conditions. This is the case in particular for Europe and North America, including over high latitudes. Soil moisture is therefore a promising source of potential seasonal climate predictability for these regions, although the persistence of soil moisture anomalies remains locally very uncertain. An effective predictability coordinated experiment, bringing together several prediction systems, shows that a realistic soil moisture initialization improves the forecast skill of summer temperatures mainly over southeast Europe. In other regions, such as Northern Europe, the disagreement between models comes from uncertainty about the persistence of soil moisture anomalies. On the other hand, over the American Great Plains, even the forecasts with improved soil moisture initialization remain unsuccessful. Yet, the literature as well as our assessment of climate sensitivity to soil moisture have identified this region as a "hotspot" of soil moisture - atmosphere coupling. We assume that the failure of these predictions relates to the strong hot and dry bias present in all models over this region in summer, which leads to excessive soil drying. To verify this assumption, we developed a method that corrects these biases during the forecast integration based on the CNRM-CM6 model. The resulting forecasts are significantly improved over the Great Plains. Understanding the origin of continental biases in the summer and reducing them in future generations of climate models are essential steps to making the most of soil moisture as a source of seasonal predictability in temperate regions
Molero, Rodenas Beatriz Molero. „Différence d'échelle spatiale entre les mesures satellitaires et in situ d'humidité du sol : analyse par des approches spatio-temporelles“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30264/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoil moisture is an essential climate variable that is globally monitored with the help of satellite borne microwave instruments. The accuracy of satellite soil moisture estimations is assessed by direct comparison to in situ measurements. While satellite estimates have a resolution ranging between 30 and 100 km, in situ sensors typically measure over an area of a few centimetres (point resolution). This spatial scale mismatch between satellite and in situ soil moisture estimates impairs the validation process and the respective summary statistics to an extent that is not currently known. This thesis aims at improving the knowledge of the spatial scale mismatch, as well as providing methods for its assessment applicable to any validation area. To this end, the connection between the SM spatial and time scales was investigated. Modelled and measured soil moisture series at different regions of the globe were decomposed into time scales ranging from 0.5 to 128 days, using wavelet transforms. The spatial representativeness of the point measurements was then assessed, on a per time scale basis, with 4 different approaches: temporal stability analysis, triple collocation, the percentage of correlated areas (CArea) and a new approach that uses wavelet- based correlations (WCor). Moreover, one of the components of the mismatch, the sampling uncertainty, has been assessed separately with bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulations of point-support series. It was found that the average of the spatial representativeness values tends to increase with the time scales but so does their dispersion. This implies that some stations had large representativeness areas at seasonal scales, while others do not. At sub-weekly scales, all stations exhibited very small representativeness areas. Finally, the sampling uncertainty has been observed to have a considerable impact on satellite validation statistics
Gibon, François. „Etude de la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l'humidité du sol : Applications du satellite SMOS au suivi de rendement agricole en Afrique de l'Ouest et à la correction des produits satellitaires de pluies“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoil moisture was declared Essential Climate Variable (ECV) in 2010 by the European Space Agency (ESA) in support of the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In vulnerable areas such as West Africa (poorly irrigated and subsistence agriculture, extreme temperatures and high variability of rainfall), the added value of informations on soil moisture is important, especially in a changing climate. The first part of this thesis concerns the representation of root-zone soil moisture on a large scale using the triptych in-situ measurements / remote sensing / modeling. These 3 methods each have limitations: (i) the low density of in-situ networks (3 measurement sites throughout West Africa), (ii) SMOS estimates only at the surface (0-5 cm) and (iii) the uncertainties of the real-time precipitation forcing used in surface models. In order to reduce these limitations, an assimilation method (particle filter) of SMOS data has been implemented in an empirical surface model (API) and compared to AMMA-CATCH in-situ measurements. The results show an improvement of the humidities modeled after assimilation. The second part concerns the impact of soil moisture variations on millet yields. A statistical relationship was first determined from yield data measured in 10 villages around Niamey. The results show that the 20-day soil moisture anomalies at the beginning of July and the end of August - mid September (reproductive period and grain filling period), at a depth of about 30 cm, explain the variations in yield measured at R2=0.77. This relationship was then applied to the Nigerien scale from FAO yield data and in-depth moisture maps developed in the first part of the thesis. The results show a correlation at R2=0.62 over the years 1998-2015. Then, the method was apply to 3 other sahelian countries, showing a agreement of 0.77. The last part of this work concerns the exploitation of the residuals of the assimilation scheme in order to reduce the uncertainties on the precipitations. The satellite precipitation products CMORPH, TRMM and PERSIANN, in their real-time version, were compared to rain gauges before and after assimilation. The result of this study shows a marked improvement in the estimated precipitations intensities. The method was then applied to a precipitation product used at the AGRHYMET regional center for agricultural monitoring, the TAMSAT product.This thesis work has led to further research into the potential of satellite moisture data for agronomic applications. The perspectives of this work mainly concern: (i) the use of other sensors (SMAP, ASCAT, AMSR) to increase the frequency of the observations of humidity in the assimilation, (ii) on methods of disaggregation of the coefficients for the correction of precipitation at higher spatial resolution and (iii) the use of multispectral data (vegetation indices, soil temperature, ...) for a better monitoring of yields
Baup, Frédéric. „Apport des données ENVISAT/ASAR pour le suivi des surfaces continentales : application à la zone Sahélienne“. Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30083.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe international project AMMA, in which this work of thesis is linked, aims to improve comprehension of the phenomena related to monsoon in West Africa, and in particular, exchanges of energy between continental, oceanic surfaces and the atmosphere. Concerning continental surfaces, these exchanges are mainly controlled by vegetation quantity and soil moisture. In this context, the use of radar sensors, sensitive to these two factors, appears useful in areas where the cloud cover is often marked. However, no sensors used up to now (Wind SCatterometers and SAR) offers at the same time a wide spatial cover combined to high space and temporal resolutions. The SAR of second generation, such as the one on board ENVISAT, offers an interesting compromise between spatial and temporal resolutions. This work is based on the use of ENVISAT/ASAR data and is organized around three complementary axes: (1) Treatment and analyzes data acquired in Global Monitoring and Wide Swath modes. This study showed a stronger aptitude of this last one for the estimations of the soil moisture at kilometric scales, while keeping a large space cover. The use of radar data in a bi-objective assimilation algorithm, associated with optical data, helped to improve biomass and LAI estimation. (2) Acquisition of ground data (soil roughness and soil moisture) allowed us to determine, via radar models, that the radar signal is mainly controlled soil characteristics. (3) Empirical estimate and cartography of the soil moisture from radar signal. .
Chkir, Najiba. „Mise au point d'un modèle hydrologique conceptuel intégrant l'état hydrique du sol dans la modélisation pluie-débit“. Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENPC9410.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConceptual hydrological modelling fails in describing the temporal evolution of soil hydric state by the use of classic methods of soil moisture measurement. It is well known that soil hydrodynamic behaviour is highly heterogeneous in the catchment. New remote sensed techniques of measurements can provide information about the spatial variability of this date. Actuel conceptual models use an index that represents the soil water content. This approach is not adapted to the use of remotely sensed data. The aim of this research is to develop a software which can estimate the soil hydric state evolution and simulate basin outflows. Thus, we will be able to use the remotely sensed data. This study is based on two existing tools. The first is the hydrologic conceptual model GR3J which is used to simulate the runoff. The second is the physically based two layers model, issued from de « Deardorff’s schema », and which is used to estimate the moisture evolution o f the two soil layers. These models were calibrated apart using date from basins of different hydrodynamic and morphological characteristics. He final model is obtained by a combination of the two previous models and can provide the capacity of each of them. This study have been done on the Orgeval’s catchment. The final model have been successfully validated on the Brittany region (France) where the ERS-1 project is situated. The model can run with two functional modes depending on the soil moisture data availability (simulation and assimilation)
Todoroff, Pierre. „Modélisation de la propagation de micro-ondes dans le sol afin d'obtenir un profil hydrique par réflectométrie temporelle“. Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646580.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLiu, Yuan. „Analyse de sensibilité et estimation de l'humidité du sol à partir de données radar“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElectromagnetic waves scattering from a randomly rough surface is of palpable importance in many fields of disciplines and bears itself in various applications spanned from surface treatment to remote sensing of terrain and sea. By knowing the backscattering patterns, one may detect the presence of the undesired random roughness of the reflection surface such as antenna reflector and accordingly devise a means to correct or compensate the phase errors. Therefore, it has been both theoretically and practically necessary to study the electromagnetic wave scattering from the random surfaces. This dissertation focuses on the retrieval of surface soil moisture from radar measurements. The description of the randomly rough surface is presented, followed by the electromagnetic wave interactions with the media. In particular, an advanced integral equation model (AIEM) is introduced. The validity of the AIEM model, which is adopted as a working model, is made by extensive comparison with numerical simulations and experimental data. Also analyzes the characteristics of the bistatic radar configurations and dissects the sensitivity of bistatic scattering to soil moisture and surface roughness of soil surfaces. Meanwhile presents a framework of soil moisture retrieval from radar measurements using a recurrent Kalman filter-based neural network. The network training and data inversion are described in detail
Jammali, Safa. „Analyse des signaux radars polarimétriques en bandes C et L pour le suivi de l'humidité du sol de sites forestiers“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9526.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract : Over forest canopies, soil moisture monitoring allows to prevent many disasters such as paludification, fires and floods. As this parameter is very dynamic in space and time, its large-scale estimation is a great challenge, hence the use of radar remote sensing. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor is commonly used due to its wide spatial coverage and its high spatial resolution. Unlike bare soils and agricultural areas, only few investigations focused on the monitoring of soil moisture over forested areas due to the complexity of the scattering processes in this kind of medium. Indeed, the high attenuation of soil contribution by the vegetation and the high vegetation volume contribution significantly reduce the sensitivity of the radar signal to soil moisture. Studies conducted at C-band have shown that the radar signal mainly comes from the upper layer and it quickly saturates with the vegetation density. However, very few studies have explored the potential of polarimetric parameters derived from a fully polarimetric sensor such as RADARSAT-2, to monitor soil moisture over forest canopies. With its large penetration’s depth, vegetation cover effect is less important at L-band, allowing thus to better inform on soil moisture. The main objective of this project is to monitor soil moisture from fully polarime tric L and C bands radar data acquired over forested sites. The data used were collected during the field campaign of Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation EXperiment 2012 (SMAPVEX12) which took place from June 6 to July 17, 2012 in Manitoba (Canada). Four deciduous forested sites were sampled. The main species is the trembling aspen. The data used included measurements of soil moisture, soil surface roughness, characteristics of the forested sites (trees, undergrowth, litter, etc.) and fully polarimetric airborne and satellite radar data respectively acquired at L-band (UAVSAR) with 30 ̊ and at 40 ̊ incidence angles and at C-band (RADARSAT -2) between 20 ̊ and 30 ̊. Several polarimetric parameters were derived from UAVSAR and RADARSAT-2 data: the correlation c oefficients (ρHHVV, φHHVV, etc); the pedestal height; entropy (H), anisotropy (A) and alpha angle extracted from Cloude-Pottier decomposition; surface (Ps) and double bounce (Pd) scattering powers extracted from Freeman-Durden decomposition, etc. Relationships between radar backscattering data (multifrequency and multipolarisation (linear/circular) backscattering coefficients and polarimetric parameters) and soil moisture were developed and analyzed. The results showed that 1) at L-band, several optimal parameters allow soil moisture monitoring over forested sites with a significant correlation coefficient (p-value < 0.05): linear and circular σ[superscript 0] (the correlation coefficient, r, varies between 0.60 and 0.96), Ps (r varies between 0.59 and 0.84), Pd (r varies between 0.60 and 0.82), ρHHHV_30 ̊, ρVVHV_30 ̊, φHHHV_30 ̊ and φHHVV_30 ̊ (r varies between 0.56 and 0.81). However, at C-band, there are only few optimal parameters φHHHV, φVVHV and φHHVV (r is around 0.90) . 2) at L-band, polarimetric parameters did not show any added values for soil moisture monitoring over forested sites compared to multipolarised σ[superscript 0]. Nevertheless, at C-band some polarimetric parameters show better significant relationships with the soil moisture than the conventional multipolarised backscattering amplitudes.
Albergel, Clément. „Assimilation de données de télédétection dans le modèle ISBA-A-gs pour une analyse conjointe de la biomasse et de l'état hydrique du sol“. Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/955/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main goal of this thesis is to study how the use of remotely sensed data can improve the performances of the ISBA-A-gs Land Surface Model. Firstly the ability of ISBA-A-gs for modelling the main surface variables, water energy and carbon fluxes, has been evaluated. Then, in situ observations of surface soil moisture gathered from the SMOSMANIA soil moisture network of Météo-France were used to evaluate remotely sensed surface soil moisture. These in situ soil moisture measurements have been also used to evaluate various synthetics soil moisture products: from the SIM suite of models and operational analysis of Météo-France (ALADIN model) as well as from ECMWF (IFS system). Finally step the root zone soil moisture has been analyzed from observed surface soil moisture. A simplified extended Kalman filter has been coupled to ISBA-A-gs. In situ data is also used in order to demonstrate the positive impact of the joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and LAI observations on vegetation, water, energy and carbon fluxes. The recursive formulation of an exponential filter depending only on surface soil moisture to retrieve the variations of the root zone soil moisture was used with satisfactory results, also
Lennoz-Gratin, Christiane. „Hydraulique à l'interface sol/drain : application à la prévision du risque de colmatage minéral des drains agricoles“. Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuimont, Sophie. „Devenir des pesticides dans les sols en fonction de l'état d'humidité et du mode de circulation de l'eau dans le sol“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_GUIMONT_S.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aqueous transfer of pesticides in agricultural soils involves their ability to potentially contaminate water resources. The present research focuses on the joint influence of the time and the water (humidity and dynamics in soil) on the downwards transfer of pesticides in soils. The investigation was led at three levels: the transfer of a pesticide (isoproturon) and a tracer (bromide) was studied within lysimeters, simulations of these transfers were carried out with the Agriflux© model, the dissipation of pesticides was characterised under controlled laboratory conditions. At the soil profile scale, exportations of isoproturon and bromide in percolates highlighted a variability between soils due to hydrodynamic differences. Heterogeneity between replicates was also obvious. The transfer simulations of these molecules with Agriflux provided results consistent with the lysimetric observations while stressing the slow adsorption/desorption kinetics effects on the availability of isoproturon to transfer in mobile water. Laboratory experiments showed that: the initial soil moisture is related to the pesticide mobility ; also that the products diffuse within intra-aggregates immobile water ; and that the residence time increases the immobilisation of the pesticide in the soil
Jannot, Yves. „Production d'eau, d'air frais et conservation des produits par des procédés solaires rustiques : possibilités d'application en zone sahélienne“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL076N.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLescure, Chantal. „Relation bassin versant-étang : étude quantitative de l'azote inorganique dans les échanges atmosphère-sol-eau“. Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11740.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKolassa, Jana. „Soil moisture retrieval from multi-instrument satellite observations“. Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066392.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, a neural network based retrieval algorithm has been developed to compute surface soil moisture from a combination of microwave, infrared and visible satellite obser- vations. A global estimate of monthly mean soil moisture values has been computed for the period 1993-2000 and is provided on an equal-area grid with an equatorial resolution of 0. 25◦. This soil moisture estimate has been evaluated against modelled, remotely sensed and in situ observations and was found to perform well on different spatial and temporal scales. An information content showed that each of the various satellite observations con- tributes information about a different soil moisture variation, with the active microwave data being more sensitive to the temporal evolution and the thermal infrared data better capturing the spatial patterns. Furthermore, a synergy analysis revealed that the combina- tion of all observations permits a reduction of the retrieval uncertainty by more than 18% and that the neural network methodology optimally exploits the synergy of observations compared to other approaches. A joint analysis of various remotely sensed datasets of ter- restrial water cycle components demonstrated the coherence of the retrieved soil moisture with other retrieval products and with global hydrological processes. This underlined its potential to be used for observation-based studies of the terrestrial water cycle. Finally, it has been shown that the proposed neural network methodology also provides an effective tool to evaluate Earth System Models on both a variable and a process basis
Lencrerot, Raphaël. „Outils de modélisation et d'imagerie pour un scanner micro-onde : application au contrôle de la teneur en eau d'une colonne de sel“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoil moisture information is a key variable for describing water and energy exchanges at the plant root/surface/air interface. Intensive effort has been undertaken to provide non-invasive geophysical methods, in particular using microwave sensors. Indeed, the real and imaginary part of the soil dielectric constant is linked to its volumetric water content as well as its salinity. The goal of the current project is to demonstrate the potentiality of a non-invasive microwave imaging system for water content monitoring. The interaction between an electromagnetic. Wave and a target of the order of a wavelength results in a scattered wave, which depends on the target properties. The measurement of this field will allow to retreive information about the scatterer, in particular its dielectric permittivity. This study will exploit the experimental circular scanner currently developed at Institut Fresnel which presents a simplified configuration adequate for monoliths monitoring. Modelling and imaging numerical tools have been specifically created for such application. In particular, performing quantitative microwave imaging is a nonlinear ill-posed problem. Moreover, the measured fields are perturbated with noise. Therefore, all available a-priori information are of great importance to stabilize the solution. To this hand, we have implemented a Zernike polynomials representation and worked on the calibration procedure. The reconstructed permittivity maps obtained from experimental measured fields will be presented and discussed. We have also perform some theoretical studies based on the properties of the scattering operator, in order to gain quantitative ideas on the a priori information which are relevant to consider as well as the amount of information which were available