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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Human settlements Environmental aspects“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Human settlements Environmental aspects"
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Nathasya, Sri, Tri Haryanto und Ni Made Sukartini. „Analisis Kondisi Pemukiman Penduduk Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia“. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 9, Nr. 3 (29.11.2020): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jep.v9i3.118.
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The settlement is a very important topic and is widely discussed in all countries. This study is a study that discusses the topic of settlement using the literature review method. In this study, we will discuss several articles related to housing and try to compare with the conditions of settlements in Indonesia. The findings of this study are that there are two aspects of empirical research that are not found to be running optimally in Indonesia, namely: aspects of consumption patterns and urban and environmental planning. Meanwhile, the empirical condition that is under the conditions of housing in Indonesia is the limited quality of human resources and types of housing in Indonesia as well as aspects of the interaction between the public sector, the interaction of the private sector to increase settlement growth.
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Miao, Yuan, und Shang-Chia Chiou. „Study on the Wind Environment of the Architecture Communities: Traditional Typical Min Nan Human Settlements’ Case“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/467076.
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In contrast to the modern urban planning, which can be done in short period in terms of the spatial qualified design, the traditional tribe needs longer period in terms of the villagers’ sense of community. The selection of location, planning, and construction reveals the wisdom of the former people’s use of the resourceful life experience. First, the paper employs PHOENICS to simulate the wind environments of two most representative patterns of rural settlements in the southern area of Southern Fujian, China. This was made to compare the different conditions caused by settlements of various architectural groups. Second, the engineering and construction aspects of settlements—such as the width of roads and building structures—will be further analyzed and examined as case study in attempt to discover the favorable environmental factors for generating winds as well as the construction dimension of the settlement, such as the road width and the architectural design. Finally, the paper tends to conclude with an energy conservation strategy applied to the construction of modern communities which has low density and small group buildings.
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Tao, Tingting, Sebastián Abades, Shuqing Teng, Zheng Y. X. Huang, Luís Reino, Bin J. W. Chen, Yong Zhang, Chi Xu und Jens-Christian Svenning. „Macroecological factors shape local-scale spatial patterns in agriculturalist settlements“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, Nr. 1866 (08.11.2017): 20172003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2003.
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Macro-scale patterns of human systems ranging from population distribution to linguistic diversity have attracted recent attention, giving rise to the suggestion that macroecological rules shape the assembly of human societies. However, in which aspects the geography of our own species is shaped by macroecological factors remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a first demonstration that macroecological factors shape strong local-scale spatial patterns in human settlement systems, through an analysis of spatial patterns in agriculturalist settlements in eastern mainland China based on high-resolution Google Earth images. We used spatial point pattern analysis to show that settlement spatial patterns are characterized by over-dispersion at fine spatial scales (0.05–1.4 km), consistent with territory segregation, and clumping at coarser spatial scales beyond the over-dispersion signals, indicating territorial clustering. Statistical modelling shows that, at macroscales, potential evapotranspiration and topographic heterogeneity have negative effects on territory size, but positive effects on territorial clustering. These relationships are in line with predictions from territory theory for hunter-gatherers as well as for many animal species. Our results help to disentangle the complex interactions between intrinsic spatial processes in agriculturalist societies and external forcing by macroecological factors. While one may speculate that humans can escape ecological constraints because of unique abilities for environmental modification and globalized resource transportation, our work highlights that universal macroecological principles still shape the geography of current human agricultural societies.
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Ульяниченко, Людмила, Lyudmila Ulyanichenko, Владимир Минаев, Vladimir Minaev, Евгений Цыщук und Evgeniy Tsyshchuk. „Methodical aspects of risk assessment and strategic benefits of tourism development in municipal units“. Servis Plus 9, Nr. 3 (28.08.2015): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12539.
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The article examines the questions of informational and methodological support of the assessment procedures and analysis of the benefits and risks of tourism development at the municipal level. There was proposed a method for evaluating the complex risk of tourism industry in the settlements of the municipality on the basis of expert procedures. Expert data on four aspects of the existence of risks and strategic benefits in the settlements was described on the example of one of the districts of the Moscow region: the first aspect is motivational characteristics of the local population and local leaders; human resources and opportunities for training of tourism personnel, infrastructure indicators of the tourism industry, regulatory support for the management of the tourist industry; the second one is environmental factors that affect tourism and recreational activities, and opportunities of the health care system for servicing tourists; the third aspect is municipal factors associated with the development of roads and transport, territorial disparities in the level and quality of life of the population, the costs of tourism infrastructure; and the fourth one is the possibility of development of settlements in connection with the development of their tourism potential, interregional ties and geographical position. Quantitative indicators for the complex potential benefits and risks of comprehensive development of tourism were introduced, grounded and experimentally tested on the example of settlements in the studied area. The analysis of the qualitative opinions of experts about the benefits and risks in the settlements of the district was made as an additional argument of summary quantitative findings. This allowed a more detailed dive into the problems of specific territories and their specialties of the development in tourism activities.
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Bimenyimana, Theoneste, Eric Derrick Bugenimana, Eliezel Habineza, Magreth S. Bushesha und Mohammod Ali. „Impact of Urbanization on Land use and Land Cover Changes in Growing Cities of Rwanda“. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, Nr. 8 (31.08.2022): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.8.258.
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Objectives : This research examined the effect of urbanization on environmental justice in Rwanda from 1999 to 2019. Specifically, the research sought to document changes in land use and land cover in the study region in order to analyze the environmental consequences of urban growth in Rwanda.Methods : Land use/land cover patterns were identified and modelled using remotely sensed data.Results and Discussion : The findings revealed that in the majority of cases, economic development influenced land use change in various aspects, both in terms of area and intensity, which replaced agricultural land with human settlements. For example Nyagatare city, built-up areas have expanded by 15 to 20%, while forests, vegetation, and waterbodies have decreased by 49%. It has been noted that urbanization is out of step with the natural urban environment, resulting in soil erosion, violent winds, flooding, and landslides, all of which are linked to environmental injustice. Also, settlement destruction, flooding, infrastructure damage, loss of natural habitat, and agricultural loss were all linked to urban expansion, particularly uncontrolled settlements in metropolitan contexts, with 64 people killed and 178 injured in just five years.Conclusion : Therefore, this shows that there are consequences of biodiversity losses which affect land use and land cover. To overcome, the research suggests current households located in high-risk zones be moved to the convenient zones and the government policy to focus on family planning, encouraging the flexibility of land use, crop production, and farming systems based on agroecosystem models, and strengthening the greening city strategy by raising public understanding on environmental issues.
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Wei, Wei, Pei Ji Shi, Jun Zhao, Xu Feng Wang und Xue Ping Wang. „Environmental Suitability Evaluation for Human Settlements in Arid Inland River Basin — A Case Study on the Shiyang River Basin“. Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (Mai 2012): 4874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4874.
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The paper selects slope, aspect, Relief Degree of Land Surface, land use, vegetation index, hydrology, transportation density and climate as evaluation indexes and sets up the Human Settlements Environmental Index (HEI) model to evaluate the environmental suitability for Human Settlements in Shiyang river basin. Through using spatial analysis technology of GIS such as spatial overlay analysis, buffer analysis and density analysis to establish the spatial situation of nature suitability and spatial pattern for human settlement. The Results showed that: the index of nature suitability for human settlement in Shiyang river basin was between 17.13 and 84.32. In general, nature suitability for human settlement decreased from southwest to northeast. Saw from area pattern, the suitable region mainly distributed in Minqin oasis, Wuwei oasis and Changning basin, which accounting for about1080.01 km2, 2.59% of the total area. Rather and comparatively suitable region mainly distributed around the county in Gulang, Yongchang and north of Tianzhu, which accounting for about1100.30 km2.The common suitable region mainly distributed outside of the county inYongchang, Jinchuan and most area of Minqin county, which accounting for about 23328.04km2, 56.08% of the total area. The unsuitable region mainly distributed upstream and north of river, which accounting for about 9937.60 km2, 23.89% of the total area. Meanwhile, the least suitable region distributed around the Qilian Mountain which covered by snow and cold desert and the intersecting area between Tenger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert. The total area was about 6154.05 km2, which accounting for 14.79% of the total area. Suitable regions for human inhabitance mainly distributed around rivers in the form of ribbons and batches, while others are scattered. Their distribution pattern was identical with the residential spatial pattern. In addition, the relationships between HEI and some factors were also analyzed. There was a clear logarithm correlation between situation of residential environment and population, that is, the correlation coefficient between evaluation value and population density reached 0.851. There was also positive correlation between situation of residential environment and economics, which reached 0.845 between evaluation value of residential environment and GDP. Results also showed the environment was out of bearing the existing population in Shiyang river basin. Spatial distribution of population was profoundly affected by severe environment such as the expanded deserts, the wavy terrains, and the changeful climate. Surface water shortage and slowly economic growth was the bottleneck of nature suitability for human settlement in Shiyang river basin. So according to these problems and various planning, some of residential parts need to relocate in order to improve situation of residential environment.
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Prihandrijanti, M., H. M. Kristanto und Y. D. Apritasari. „Integrating ecology and zero runoff in a vertical village residential design in West Jakarta“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, Nr. 1 (01.11.2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012008.
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Abstract Diminishing availability of urban land in metropolitan cities such as Jakarta resulting in high-density settlements, which impacted the quality of life of the urban village communities. One of the government’s efforts to solve this problem is by building subsidized apartments. However, this effort mainly focused on the land scarcity and the required housing aspects, while ecological and environmental roles toward the life quality of the dwellers are often set aside though very influential. On the other hand, Jakarta is very vulnerable to natural disasters related to water, such as flooding caused by stormwater runoff which cannot be accommodated by the insufficient capacity of the surrounding environment. Therefore, the development of urban settlements in Jakarta has to pay more attention to integrate ecology and zero runoff management from the design conception phase. A vertical village residential design in West Jakarta that integrates these two aspects through ecological architecture elements (nature, water, human and environment) was proposed as a role model design for vertical village housing. Various water design features have been creatively designed and integrated into the landscape and building elements resulting in zero runoff and an ecologically significant built environment.
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Thomas, Alyssa S., Francisco J. Escobedo, Matthew R. Sloggy und José J. Sánchez. „A burning issue: Reviewing the socio-demographic and environmental justice aspects of the wildfire literature“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 7 (28.07.2022): e0271019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271019.
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Larger and more severe wildfires are becoming more frequent and impacting different communities and human settlements. Much of the scientific literature and media on wildfires has focused on area of ecosystems burned and numbers of structures destroyed. Equally unprecedented, but often less reported, are the increasing socioeconomic impacts different people and communities face from wildfires. Such information seems to indicate an emerging need to account for wildfire effects on peri-urban or wildland urban interface (WUI) areas, newer socio-demographic groups, and disadvantaged communities. To address this, we reviewed the socio-demographic dimensions of the wildfire literature using an environmental justice (EJ) lens. Specifically using a literature review of wildfires, human communities, social vulnerability, and homeowner mitigation, we conducted bibliometric and statistical analyses of 299 publications. The majority of publications were from the United States, followed by Canada and Australia, and most dealt with homeowner mitigation of risk, defensible space, and fuel treatments in WUI areas. Most publications studied the direct effects of wildfire related damage. Secondary impacts such as smoke, rural and urban communities, and the role of poverty and language were less studied. Based on a proposed wildfire-relevant EJ definition, the first EJ publication was in 2004, but the term was first used as a keyword in 2018. Studies in WUI communities statistically decreased the likelihood that a publication was EJ relevant. There was a significant relationship between EJ designation and inclusion of race/ethnicity and poverty variables in the study. Complexity across the various definitions of EJ suggest that it should not be used as a quantitative or binary metric; but as a lens to better understand socio-ecological impacts to diverse communities. We present a wildfire-relevant definition to potentially guide policy formulation and account for social and environmental justice issues.
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Moura, A. S., A. T. M. Oliveira, L. B. Rosa und A. P. Machado Neto. „Use of fire in the hidden settlement, Mato Grosso-Brazil“. Scientific Electronic Archives 14, Nr. 2 (26.01.2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/14220211230.
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The practice of using fire by human populations is characterized as a production strategy in rural settlements, being used for several purposes, such as pasture cleaning, pest control, and to eliminate production waste. The study was conducted at the Federal Settlement Project Gleba do Escondido (PA Escondido), located in the municipality of Juara, in the northern region of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. In this context, we aim with the present work, to diagnose the previous knowledge of settled farmers on forest fires prevention and control strategies. To accomplish this, we applied a semi-structured questionnaire, with questions related to the use of fire, in addition to the approach on prevention techniques. In addition, we sought to know the social aspects, introducing questions regarding the social and cultural conditions of the interviewees. We applied the interviews to 42 settlers, involving individuals of both genders. The results show that part of the settlers still handle the fire inappropriately, in addition to little knowledge about the potential environmental effects of the fires. Thus, we verified that the socio-environmental profile of the settlers reflects the assistance policies employed in these communities. Therefore, the emergency tangent for maintaining a healthy environment would be the implementation of environmental education programs, with the objective of sensitizing the community about fire’s proper use and management, together with environmental conservation
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Korde, Janhavi Rajeev, Digvijay Sanjay Deshmukh und Sagar Pawar. „Urban Renewal: A Need to Redefine and Rebuild the Old City Area – Case of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali and Mira Bhayander“. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 12, Nr. 1 (30.10.2022): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3831.1012122.
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Urban renewal initiatives play an important role in achieving the targets of making human settlements and cities safe, inclusive, resilient and sustainable. Urban Renewal in India is a comprehensive presentation of strategic, technical and theoretical aspects of urban areas. ‘Urban Renewal’ refers redevelopment of urban areas to ensure quality of life, growth of infrastructure, promotion of tourism. The paper describes the tools or approaches for urban renewal namely slum clearance, redevelopment and rehabilitation. To describe the urban renewal scenario in Mumbai Metropolitan Region cases of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali and Mira Bhayandar are described.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Human settlements Environmental aspects"
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Smeddle-Thompson, Lisa. „Implementing sustainable human settlements“. Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20153.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In our rapidly urbanising world, the need for sustainable settlement planning, particularly for the poor in developing countries, is essential. In South Africa, apartheid spatial constructs segregated black population groups, denying them equal access to economic opportunities; housing; as well as basic and social services. After the first democratic elections in 1994, policy makers attempted to redress these inequalities. Though early housing policy aimed to provide secure tenure: permanent residential structures, and access to basic services for the poor, these policies failed to meet the objectives of the policy makers. In articulating that the state could not meet the needs of the homeless, and that housing for the poor should be delivered within a normalized market in order to attract private investment, these policies (which promoted private sector, contractor-driven development) only served to heighten inequalities previously entrenched by the apartheid regime. In 2004, after measuring delivery failures, policy makers empowered the state to become an enabler of subsidised and low-income housing delivery, rather than leaving housing provision solely to the market. The new policy included the use of multiple finance and delivery mechanisms, multiple housing typologies, and clearly expressed the need for capacity development. It also espoused the need for citizens to become participants in sustainable settlement delivery. Despite this, policy implementation continues to be fragmented and mostly ineffectual. Interviews, survey results and site visits reveal that there are some examples of integrated sustainable human settlements in the South African (SA) context. A few recent examples showcase better quality houses, a broader variety of housing options and typologies, better locations, functioning developmental relationships and the use of multiple financing mechanisms. Conversely, case studies and comparative analysis of developments reveal that most projects designated as Breaking New Ground (BNG) responsive by government officials (as defined in the study) fail to meet BNG policy objectives. This study argues that low-income housing provision continues to focus on the delivery of free-standing subsidy houses without providing a range of typologies and tenure options. It argues that basic and socialservice provision is intermittent and, at times, non-existent. It argues that current funding models for the development of sustainable human settlements in low-income communities are unable to meet basic needs within communities. It shows that skills scarcities within government prevent the acceleration of housing delivery and that participation strategies have failed to meet the policy objective of enabling citizens to become participants in sustainable settlement development. In conclusion, it recommends that the current focus on and allocations of subsidies toward ownership models for shelter and housing delivery be re-examined. It suggests that support should be provided for lending institutions to extend finance to creditworthy, low- and middle-income families. Additionally, accredited capacitybuilding programmes should be developed and funded for local authorities, enabling local government to be the sole driver of local development. It argues that capacity should be built in community organisations to speed up delivery processes, and recommends that provincial government’s power and authority be incrementally devolved to local government as capacity is increased within local authorities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Weens die snelle verstedeliking in Suid-Afrika het die behoefte aan beplanning van volhoubare nedersettings noodsaaklik geword, veral vir armes in ontwikkelende lande. Tydens apartheid is gesegregeerde swart gemeenskappe gelyke toegang tot ekonomiese geleenthede, behuising, sowel as basiese en maatskaplike dienste ontneem. Na 1994 het beleidmakers gepoog om hierdie ongelykhede reg te stel. Hoewel vroeë behuisingsbeleid daarop gemik was om permanente residensiële strukture wat toegang tot basiese dienste sou verseker, het hierdie beleid egter gefaal. Toe die staat nie sy doelwitte kon bereik nie, is daar besluit om private beleggings te lok. Hierdie privaatsektor gedrewe beleid, wat ontwikkeling binne 'n genormaliseerde mark sou bevorder, het egter slegs gedien om ongelykhede te verskerp. Dit is dan ook dieselfde ongelykhede wat voorheen in die apartheidsbeleid verskans is. In 2004, na besef is dat verskaffing misluk het, het beleidmakers die staat bemagtig om te verseker dat gesubsidieerde behuising vir lae-inkomste groepe verskaf word, eerder as om behuising slegs aan die private sektor oor te laat. Die nuwe beleid het ingesluit die gebruik van verskeie finansiële en leweringsmeganismes, meervoudige behuising-tipologieë, en het duidelik die behoefte aan kapasiteitsontwikkeling vergestalt. Dit het ook die behoefte onderstreep wat daar bestaan vir landsburgers om deel te neem aan die proses van lewering van volhoubare nedersettings. Ten spyte hiervan is min sukses behaal. Hierdie studie voer aan dat daar 'n paar voorbeelde van geïntegreerde volhoubare menslike nedersettings in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks bestaan. Onlangse voorbeelde dui op huise van ‘n beter gehalte, 'n groter verskeidenheid van behuisingsopsies en tipologieë, geskikter ruimtes, die funksionering van die ontwikkelingsverhoudings en die gebruik van verskeie finansieringsmeganismes. Aan die ander kant, alhoewel regeringsamptenare die meeste projekte aanvaar as synde dat hulle voldoen aan die vereistes van Breaking New Ground (BNG), voldoen hulle nie aan die vereistes van die BNG se beleid nie. Hierdie studie voer aan dat die voorsiening van lae-inkomste-behuising bly fokus op die lewering van subsidies vir vrystaande huise sonder dat 'n reeks tipologieë en ook opsies ten opsigte van verblyfreg verskaf word. Basiese en maatskaplike diensvoorsiening is gebrekkig en soms totaal afwesig. Hierbenewens is die huidige finansiële modelle vir die ontwikkeling van volhoubare menslike nedersettings in lae-inkomste gemeenskappe nie in staat om in die basiese behoeftes van die gemeenskappe te voorsien nie. Dis duidelik dat ‘n tekort aan vaardighede binne die regering verhoed dat die lewering van behuising versnel en dat die strategieë vir deelname deur burgers aan die proses ook gefaal het. Ten slotte beveel hierdie studie aan dat die huidige stelsel vir die toekennings van subsidies vir die lewering van skuiling en behuising weer nagegaan word. Ondersteuning moet gegee word aan instellings wat finansiering voorsien en dit behoort uitgebrei te word na lae- en middel-inkomste families wat kredietwaardig is. Kapasiteitsbou-programme behoort geskep te word vir plaaslike owerhede wat dan alleen sal omsien na plaaslike ontwikkeling. Gemeenskapsorganisasies behoort ook bemagtig te word om leweringsprosesse te bespoedig. Die provinsiale regering se magte en gesag moet inkrementeel oorhandig word aan plaaslike regering soos kapasiteit binne plaaslike owerhede self uitbrei.
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Rounsefell, Vanda Barbara. „From egocity to ecocity : an ecological, complex systems approach to humans and their settlements“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr8595.pdf.
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Fabri, Adriano. „Ecovilas: uma análise comparativa a partir das dimensões da sustentabilidade“. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1362.
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O projeto de dissertação tem como tema central a sustentabilidade, assunto que está cada vez mais em evidência devido à crise socioambiental vivida pela sociedade contemporânea. Analisar o nível de desenvolvimento das práticas relacionadas com as dimensões da sustentabilidade (ecológica, social, econômica e cultural) presentes nas ecovilas é o seu objetivo principal. A pesquisa é exploratória utiliza método bibliográfico para a contextualização teórica e para o embasamento empírico faz uso de levantamento de dados por amostragem (survey) com a aplicação de questionário on-line a representantes de (50) cinquenta ecovilas originárias da América Latina, a qual resultou em (9) nove respostas efetivas, das quais foram selecionadas 2 (duas) ecovilas para a realização das visitas de campo. Visa à investigação da forma como os moradores das ecovilas se relacionam entre si, com a natureza e quais tecnologias utilizam. Entre os resultados encontrados, ressalta-se o mapeamento das principais práticas, além do nível de desenvolvimento destas de acordo com a percepção dos respondentes e da observação realizada em campo. Finalmente destaca-se que os resultados encontrados na pesquisa podem auxiliar no aprimoramento de comunidades já existentes e no planejamento de novas iniciativas.The dissertation project is focused on sustainability, an issue that is increasingly evident due to the environmental crisis in contemporary society. Analyze the level of development of practices related to the dimensions of sustainability (ecological, social, economic and cultural) present in the ecovillage is your main goal. The research is exploratory uses literature method for the theoretical context and the empirical support makes use of data sample survey by applying online questionnaire to representatives of (50) fifty ecovillages from Latin America, which resulted in (9) nine effective responses, of which were selected two (2) ecovillages to carry out the field trip. Visa to the investigation of how the residents of the ecovillage relate to each other, with nature and which technologies they use. Among the results, we emphasize the mapping of the main practices, and the development level of these according to the perception of the respondents and observation performed in the field. Finally, we highlight that the results found in the research may help in the improvement of existing communities and planning new initiatives.
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Kristoffersen, Siv. „Organohalogenated Contaminants in Eggs of Snow Buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) from Human Settlements in Svalbard“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16811.
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Contaminants in the Arctic environment are mainly transported from lower latitude areas by atmospheric transport. However, the Russian settlements (Barentsburg and Pyramiden) in Svalbard have shown to be heavily influenced by local pollution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), as high concentrations have been found in vegetation, soil and sediments. The Norwegian settlements (Longyearbyen and Ny-Ålesund) are to a lesser extent influenced by local pollution of PCB. Birds have been utilized as sentinels for environmental pollution in several studies, as the use of bird-eggs is considered as a non-invasive method. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) is influenced by local pollution of PCB in the Russian settlements. During the 2010 field season and the 2011 field season, 32 eggs of snow buntings were collected in Longyearbyen (n=8), Ny-Ålesund (n=8), Barentsburg (n=9) and Pyramiden (n=7). The analysis was conducted at the Norwegian Institute of Air Research (NILU) in Tromsø. The eggs were analyzed for PCBs, organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and perfluoroalkylated compounds (PFASs). The results showed that PCBs were the most abundant contaminant group in the Russian settlements, while PFASs was the most abundant contaminant group in the Norwegian settlements. Significant higher concentrations (ng/g wet weigth) of ∑7PCB (sum of the seven most common PCBs) were found in the eggs from the Russian settlements (Barentsburg and Pyramiden) than in the eggs from the Norwegian (Longyearbyen and Ny-Ålesund). Further on, the PCB congener composition in the eggs was comparable with the technical PCB-mixtures previous used in the Russian settlements. The results thus indicate influence of local pollution of PCB in eggs of snow buntings in the Russian settlements. Further on, local influence of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) and PFASs cannot be excluded. However, the contaminant burden of hexachlorobenzen (HCB), trans-nonachlor, p,p’-DDE and PFASs in the eggs of snow buntings in Svalbard are mainly explained by; I: atmospheric transport of contaminants to the Arctic environment, II: transport of contaminants by sea birds, III: exposure during migration, IV: exposure in overwintering areas. The concentration of organohalogenated compounds (OHCs) in eggs of snow buntings in this study is considerable lower than concentrations in previously studies that have reported to cause adverse effect in other bird species. Further are the concentrations of OHCs in this study in general lower when compared with other studies on Svalbard seabirds. However, it should be noted that the concentration of ∑PCB in eggs of snow buntings is comparable with previous studies on Svalbard seabirds. The results in this study indicate that the snow bunting may be utilized as a sentinel of local pollution in Svalbard in the future.
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Anderson, Jamie Kathleen. „Human and environmental change at North Atlantic coastal settlements, ca. AD 900-1700 : a chronological perspective“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f1e55ad1-c690-4935-93df-249e59314171.
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How environmental change affects human settlement is a research question that is becoming increasingly important to us in the twenty-first century. The North Atlantic, from ca. AD 900-1800, is currently one of the most well-studied regions and times for answering this research question. Norse exploration of the North Atlantic and subsequent colonisation and settlement - both short- and long-term - of the various islands there has been interpreted as a narrative of adaptation to new and changing environmental conditions. Although there is a relative wealth of archaeological and environmental data from the region, chronology remains an area needing further study. This thesis synthesises a wide range of scientific chronological data - constructing new chronologies for two small-scale landscapes in case studies from Iceland and Orkney, and then using Bayesian modelling to derive new analyses from published dating information throughout the region - in order to work towards a cohesive narrative of North Atlantic settlement and adaptation that includes scientific chronologies.
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Bernardo, Sandra Maria de Vasconcelos. „Socioeconomic and Environmental Aspects in settlements that produce Mammon: A Case Study in Recreation and New Canaan, Quixeramobim - CE“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9088.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoA busca de novas alternativas de energia renovÃvel à de grande relevÃncia, pois a problemÃtica do aquecimento global tem causado consequÃncias adversas para a populaÃÃo. Fontes advindas dos Ãleos vegetais para a produÃÃo do biodiesel tÃm sido adotadas no Brasil e constituem uma boa opÃÃo para que os produtores rurais possam se inserir na cadeia produtiva dos biocombustÃveis. No contexto do semiÃrido nordestino, a mamona tem sido usada, pois à uma cultura adequada Ãs condiÃÃes de semiaridez. A partir desta compreensÃo, este trabalho teve o objetivo geral de analisar e comparar os aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais dos grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona nos assentamentos Recreio e Nova Canaà e, os objetivos especÃficos foram: (i) analisar os indicadores de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade entre os nÃo produtores e produtores de mamona, (ii) mensurar os custos e renda da produÃÃo dos produtores de mamona com o plantio e venda no ano de 2009 e (iii) avaliar a situaÃÃo ambiental atravÃs da anÃlise da variaÃÃo dos atributos quÃmicos do solo em funÃÃo dos plantios . A metodologia se baseou em trÃs aspectos visando abranger uma interdisciplinaridade. Primeiramente adotou-se o mÃtodo estatÃstico usando uma amostragem nos dois assentamentos em estudo e a partir dessas amostras foram calculados os Ãndices de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e a partir destes o Ãndice de sustentabilidade. No segundo aspecto foi calculada a renda dos agricultores atravÃs do calculo dos custos, receita e lucro com o plantio da mamona tomando como base o ano de 2009. No terceiro aspecto, o solo foi avaliado nas Ãreas cultivadas e nas Ãreas preservadas coletando-se amostras compostas e realizando-se anÃlises fÃsicas e quÃmicas do material em laboratÃrio. Entre os resultados verificados concluiu-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona em relaÃÃo aos Ãndices de capital social e ambiental, porÃm houve diferenÃa nos Ãndices de qualidade de vida, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade. NÃo se comprovou incremento de renda entre os produtores de mamona. No aspecto pedolÃgico foi comprovado que as Ãreas preservadas se mostraram com teores mais elevados de matÃria orgÃnica e de nutrientes, representando indÃcios de degradaÃÃo na Ãrea cultivada.
The search for new alternatives of renewable energy is of great importance, since the issue of global warming has caused adverse consequences for the population. Resulting sources of vegetable oils for biodiesel production have been adopted in Brazil and are a good option so that farmers may be inserted in the production chain of biofuels. Within the semiarid Northeast, castor bean has been used because it is an appropriate culture semiarid condition. From this understanding, this work was the general purpose of analyzing and comparing the economic, social and environmental groups of producers rather than producers of castor in the settlements Recreio and Nova CanaÃ, and the specific objectives were: (i) review the indicators quality of life, social equity, environmental and economic sustainability among non-producers and producers of castor, (ii) measure the costs of production and income of producers of castor oil with the planting and sale in 2009 and (iii) assess the environmental situation by analyzing the variation of soil chemical properties depending on the plantations. The methodology was based on three aspects in order to cover an interdisciplinary approach. First, we adopted the method using statistical sampling in a study in two settlements and from these samples were calculated for quality of life, social equity, environmental, economic and from these sustainability index. The second aspect was calculated farmers' income through the calculation of costs, revenue and profit with the planting of castor beans using as a base year of 2009. In the third aspect, the soil was evaluated in cultivated areas and preserved areas by collecting composite samples and performing chemical and physical analysis of the material in the laboratory. Among the results obtained it was concluded that there was no significant difference between groups of producers rather than producers of castor oil o growth of capital and environmental, but there was difference in the indices of quality of life and economic sustainability. No consistent increase in income between the producers of castor oil. In pedological point was proven that the preserved areas are shown with a higher content of organic matter and nutrients, suggesting a degradation in the cultivated area
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Nguyen, Khanh Hoang. „Analysis of emerging environmental contaminations using advanced instrumental tools : application to human and environmental exposure“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8662/.
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High throughput analytical methods based on UPLC-APCI-HRMS and/or UPLC-ESI-HRMS were developed for the multi-residue analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and their degradation/transformation products. The PPCPs method was successfully applied to analysis of freshwater samples from Egypt. Target PPCPs were ubiquitous in the Egyptian aquatic environment and displayed relatively high concentrations in an effluent sample from a hospital wastewater treatment plant. The BFRs method was applied to screen for legacy BFRs, novel BFRs and their potential degradation/transformation products in simulated landfill leachate samples. In vitro bioassays were developed to study for the first time the metabolism of the novel BFRs TBECH by human liver microsomes and EH-TBB and FM550 by human skin S9 fractions. TBECH was metabolised by hepatic CYP450-mediated enzymes to produce a complex mixture of hydroxylated, debrominated and α-oxidation metabolites. EH-TBB and TPhP (in the FM550 mixture) underwent biotransformation by carboxylesterases in human skin S9 fractions. Kinetic modelling of the studied hepatic and dermal human biotransformation reactions revealed that exposure to multiple chemicals significantly influences the metabolic rates of target compounds. In vitro – in vivo extrapolations were also modelled to investigate the xenobiotic clearance capacities of human liver and skin.
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Shearer, Megan Marie. „Tibetan Buddhism and the environment: A case study of environmental sensitivity among Tibetan environmental professionals in Dharamsala, India“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2904.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate environmental sensitivity among environmental professionals in a culture that is assumed to hold an ecocentric perspective. Nine Tibetan Buddhist environmental professionals were surveyed in this study. Based on an Environmental Sensitivity Profile Insytrument, an environmental sensitivity profile for a Tibetan Buddhist environmental professional was created from the participants demographic and interview data. The most frequently defined vaqriables were environmental destruction/development, education and role models.
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Van, Herwerden L. „Human recreational activity and its impact on a metropolitan coastline“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14356.
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Includes bibliography.Recreation has an important social function in modern societies, with ever-increasing pressures in the day-to-day life being felt by most people. This study addresses the impact of recreational activity on metropolitan shorelines, with particular reference to the False Bay shoreline. During summer holiday periods shoreline utilization in the Western Cape peaks on the public holidays of 26 December, 1 and 2 January, beach attendances reaching levels of 2 to 10 times higher than attendances on other days during the summer holidays. The greatest proportion of visitors to the beach (94%) engage in non-exploitative activities, such as sunbathing and swimming. Most visitors occur on the beaches between 12h00 and 16h00, week-ends being most popular during out-of-season periods, but in-season week day attendances exceed those of weekends. Only 6% of visitors surveyed were engaged in exploitative activities such as angling and bait- or food-gathering. Conservation awareness of visitors to the shore is related to the place of residence of the person, as well as activity engaged in by the person. Fish numbers and their size frequency distributions in protected areas differs to those of unprotected areas. If boulders on a sheltered shore are over-turned during bait gathering it has an adverse effect on the boulder communities, whether the boulders are replaced or left over-turned. When bait gatherers target on mussel-worms as bait, they may cause inadvertent damage to the primary matrix of mussel bed or tube-worm reef in the process, thereby affecting ecological succession processes in the intertidal environment. Management of metropolitan shorelines must therefore provide for quality recreational experiences, while applying conservation measures to selected areas that are susceptible to over-exploitation under the onslaught of ever-increasing numbers of recreationists. For such measures to be of any benefit to the marine environment, it is essential that people are not only informed, but that the regulations are also properly enforced.
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Goins, Jeffrey P. (Jeffrey Paul). „Expendable Creation: Classical Pentecostalism and Environmental Disregard“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278335/.
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Whereas the ecological crisis has elicited a response from many quarters of American Christianity, classical (or denominational) Pentecostals have expressed almost no concern about environmental problems. The reasons for their disregard of the environment lie in the Pentecostal worldview which finds expression in their: (1) tradition; (2) view of human and natural history; (3) common theological beliefs; and (4) scriptural interpretation. All these aspects of Pentecostalism emphasize and value the supernatural--conversely viewing nature as subordinate, dependent and temporary. Therefore, the ecocrisis is not problematic because, for Pentecostals, the natural environment is: of only relative value; must serve the divine plan; and will soon be destroyed and replaced. Furthermore, Pentecostals are likely to continue their environmental disregard, since the supernaturalism which spawns it is key to Pentecostal identity.
Bücher zum Thema "Human settlements Environmental aspects"
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Robbins, William G. Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment.: An environmental history. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1994.
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Robbins, William G. Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment.: An environmental history. Portland, Or. (333 S.W. First Ave., Portland 97208-3890): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1994.
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David, Satterthwaite, und Mitlin Diana, Hrsg. Human settlements and sustainable development: The role of human settlements and of human settlement policies in meeting development goals and in addressing the issues of sustainability at global and local levels. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements,(Habitat), 1990.
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Stephen, Owen. Planning settlements naturally. Chichester: Packard, 1991.
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Baldri, D. A. T. Environmental impact assessment of settlement and development in the Upper Léraba Basin: Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Mali. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1995.
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World Bank. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Environmental impact assessment of settlement and development in the Upper Lerabe Basin. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, 1995.
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Ecourbanismo, entornos humanos sostenibles: 60 proyectos = Ecourbanism, sustainable human settlements : 60 case studies. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 1999.
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Dalua, A. K. Environmental impact of large reservoir projects on human settlement: A case study of Upper Kolab Project in Orissa. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1993.
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Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (Netherlands), Hrsg. Capacity building for the urban environment. 2. Aufl. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, 1997.
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Consejo de Desarrollo de las Nacionalidades y Pueblos del Ecuador, Hrsg. Guía manual para la elaboración de un plan de ordenamiento ecológico, territorial y de asentamientos humanos (POETAH). Quito: CODENPE, 2008.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Human settlements Environmental aspects"
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Rosciszewski-Dodgson, Michael J., und Giuseppe T. Cirella. „The Pearl’s Social and Environmental Failures: Development Challenges“. In Human Settlements, 215–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4031-5_12.
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Farkas, Andrea, Janos Mika und Giuseppe T. Cirella. „Environmental Safety in the Sustainable Development Goals: Public Survey“. In Human Settlements, 179–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4031-5_10.
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Dikshit, Kamal R., und Jutta K. Dikshit. „Rural Settlements in North-East India“. In Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research, 503–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7055-3_14.
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Chivandire, Christine, Thebeth Masunda und Innocent Chirisa. „Environmental Resilience—Food and the City“. In Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 1–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0305-1_1.
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Dahiya, Bharat, und Bradford Gentry. „Public-Private Partnerships to Improve Urban Environmental Services“. In Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 77–105. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2973-3_4.
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Zhang, Jianfeng. „Soil Environmental Deterioration and Ecological Rehabilitation“. In Study of Ecological Engineering of Human Settlements, 41–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1373-2_2.
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Lin, Brenda B., Stacy M. Philpott, Shalene Jha und Heidi Liere. „Urban Agriculture as a Productive Green Infrastructure for Environmental and Social Well-Being“. In Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 155–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4113-6_8.
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Jegede, Foluke O., Eziyi O. Ibem und Adedapo A. Oluwatayo. „Environmental Planning in Mass Housing Schemes: Strategies for Achieving Inclusive and Safe Urban Communities“. In Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 301–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4424-2_17.
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Md Khalid, Rasyikah, Faridah Jalil und Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. „Environmental Sustainability as a Human Right“. In Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development, 81–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26021-1_5.
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Sini, Raffaella. „The Singapore Playground: System of Themed Public Parks that Addresses Environmental, Social and Cultural Sustainability“. In Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 253–328. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6746-5_9.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Human settlements Environmental aspects"
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Lopez Mateu, Vicente, und Teresa Pellicer Armiñana. „"Design for All” in Architectural Heritage conservation: the technology challenge“. In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10565.
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Among the United Nations 2030 objectives for the sustainable development, stand out those who seek social, economic and cultural equality of people, within the framework of different human settlements, their cultural heritage and the natural environment. This idea raises the need to establish effective strategies, resources and tools aimed to balance the current conditions in most disadvantaged groups, such as people with disabilities. The situation is complicated because the barriers to integration and inclusivity are diverse, the initiatives, legislation and ways of acting are also very different. Therefore, overcoming the situation requires a broad multidisciplinary approach. On the other hand, Heritage resources can be a valuable mean for permanent and sustainable development, if there is a proper combination of different aspects: design, management and maintenance, continuous improvement and dissemination with inclusive criteria. One of the possibilities to afford that difficult task is to promote in the field of university education different activities such as information exchange, cross-cutting networks, research studies, experimental ICT tools development and adequate dissemination. This proposal is structured in this sense to arouse the interest and participation of teachers, students and researchers in these actions, establishing collaborative projects and work proposals.
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Maheshwari, Zeel, und R. Ramakumar. „Human Environmental Aspects of SIRES“. In 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2018.8585950.
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Boichenko, N. „HUMAN BIRTH: ETHIC-PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS“. In SAKHAROV READINGS 2020: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. Minsk, ICC of Minfin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2020-1-44-47.
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Perino, Maria Antonietta, Fabiana Bobba und Francesco Brunelli. „Manned Missions to Mars: Human-Related Aspects“. In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/941262.
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Zapata, Ricardo, und Gabriela Vega. „Mitigation strategies for the environmental impact of informal settlements over the papagayo protective forest in the northwest of Guayaquil city.“ In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002728.
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The city of Guayaquil presents a constant economic growth and therefore a high demand for human labor, which leads to national migration from areas with lower labor supply, to the city, this generates an accelerated urban development and a high capital gain in consolidated areas of the city, so that the new inhabitants especially poor people to be forced to look for a habitat, and not having access to housing in a consolidated area with all basic services, seek areas with informal settlements whose cost are affordable for such dwellers.The objective of this study will be to generate a strategic mitigation plan for the environmental impact, taking as a study base the informal settlements on the papagayo protective forest in the northwest of Guayaquil.In this work, i have made a diagnosis of the current state of the Papagayo protective forest was made, in which information on the flora and fauna of the area was compiled and classified according to the level of affectation to which it has been subjected, in addition to the impact generated by informal settlements that directly affect the study area. Based on the study of concepts and theories of human settlements, environmental impacts, quantification of activities developed by the population through land use and parceling of the territorial surface affected by human settlements on the Papagayo Protected Forest using the ARCGIS geographic information system, complemented with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a tool that facilitates complex decision making, which allows establishing the impact levels of flora and fauna, obtaining mitigation strategies for the environmental impact, improving the quality of life of its inhabitants and increasing the green area index of the area.
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Schneider, Scott, Victoria Margiott, Edward Hodgson und Glenn C. Lutz. „Transient Aspects of Human Thermal Comfort in the Shuttle EMU“. In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/941381.
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Dueñas Parada, Myriam Cecilia. „Human aspects of the environmental information management in Colombia“. In the 2nd International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1509096.1509167.
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Yao, Xiaojing, Yujiao Zhu und Dacheng Wang. „Evaluation of the Environmental Quality of Human Settlements in Fuzhou Based on Multi-Source Data“. In IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss39084.2020.9323625.
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Imhof, Barbara. „[Interior] Configuration Options, Habitability and Architectural Aspects for ESA’s AURORA Human Mission to Mars Study“. In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-2850.
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Abedzadeh, Ali, Abdolhadi Daneshpour und Maryam Ostadi. „Explaining the Relationship between Changes in Iranian Lifestyle and Metamorphosis of Urban Form of Residential Environment in Contemporary Iran Case Study: Mashhad, Iran“. In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5705.
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Humanity settlement are formed as a result of decisions and actions of different people and become as a form of an identity of integrity. So urban form is influenced by desires, values, beliefs, and human activities, so the study of urban form is the study of its constituent human values and expression of physical aspects of their lifestyles. Before contemporary periods, urban form in Iran, continuity based on former patterns of changes, which was gradual, but after the beginning of the influence of west, one of the most important challenges of urban form in Iran is in the form of short-term changes. Changes occur in a cycle of destruction and construction. This paper use the way of content analysis investigate to texts, document to study form and typo-morphology of residential environment in the city of Mashhad. In the periods of one hundred years shows there is a direct and significant relationship between changes of Iranian lifestyle and metamorphosis of urban form, so that by sequential developments of Iranian lifestyle in a short time, the urban form is responded and metamorphosed and again is created in a new form.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Human settlements Environmental aspects"
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Yadav, Mukesh, und Deepika Jha. Decoding the Unique Codes for Revenue Plots in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Institute for Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ducrpup02.2022.
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In 2018-19, the Government of Uttar Pradesh (UP) became the first state in India to assign a unique property code to every rural land parcel to ensure its exclusivity. The Unique Property Identification Code (UPIC) is a 16-digit code combining census village code, khasra/ gata number, division of khasra, and land type. It has been used as a common identification number to integrate various other land-allied applications such as Bhu-Lekh, Bhu-Naksha, RCCMS, PRERNA, and Anti-Bhu-Mafia in the state. This policy brief is a part of the study on land records modernisation aspects in UP conducted by the Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS). The study found that some aspects of the UPIC needed improvement. This policy brief also compares UPIC with the Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN), launched by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, in some other states.
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Hassell, James M., Salome A. Bukachi, Dishon M. Muloi, Emi Takahashi und Lydia Franklinos. The Natural Environment and Health in Africa. World Wildlife Fund and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/111281.
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Much of recent human development has come at the expense of Nature - undermining ecosystems, fragmenting habitats, reducing biodiversity, and increasing our exposure and vulnerability to emerging diseases. For example, as we push deeper into tropical forests, and convert more land to agriculture and human settlements, the rate at which people encounter new pathogens that may trigger the next public health, social and economic crisis, is likely to increase. Expanding and strengthening our understanding of the links between nature and human health is especially important in Africa, where nature brings economic prosperity and wellbeing to more than a billion people. Pandemics such as COVID are just one of a growing number of health challenges that humanity is facing as a result of our one-sided and frequently destructive relationship with nature. This report aims to inform professionals and decision-makers on how health outcomes emerge from human interactions with the natural world and identify how efforts to preserve the natural environment and sustainably manage natural resources could have an impact on human and animal health. While the report focuses on the African continent, it will also be of relevance to other areas of the world facing similar environmental pressures.
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Breewood, Helen. What is food loss and food waste? Herausgegeben von Walter Fraanje und Tara Garnett. Food Climate Research Network, März 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/f98ed9f6.
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Around one third of the weight of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted, and around a third of crop calories are lost to the food system during livestock production. Meanwhile, the global food system causes significant environmental impacts and around 800 million people are undernourished. This building block examines the following aspects of food loss and waste: mainstream definitions and alternative understandings, global statistics, and ‘hierarchies’ for prevention and treatment.
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Fitzpatrick, Rachael, und Helen West. Improving Resilience, Adaptation and Mitigation to Cimate Change Through Education in Low- and Lower-middle Income Countries. Institute of Development Studies, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.083.
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Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate (C2ES, 2022). Mitigation focuses on reducing the human impacts contributing to climate change (Burton, 2007, cited in Rousell & Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020). Adaptation is about increasing people’s adaptive capacity, reducing the vulnerability of communities and managing risks (Anderson, 2012). Anderson further defines adaptation as not just being able to adapt from one stable climate to another but having the skills to adapt to uncertainty and make informed decisions in a changing environment. While ‘climate change’ is the term used throughout these briefs, it should be read as a shorthand for a more inclusive approach, which also captures associated environmental degradation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned, in their latest report, that global surface temperatures will continue to increase until 2050 (IPCC, 2021, p. 17). This will take place regardless of human intervention to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The report also warns that the traditional technocratic approaches are insufficient to tackle the challenge of climate change, and that greater focus on the structural causes is needed. High- and upper-middle-income countries have been persistently shown to be the biggest contributors to the global carbon dioxide emissions, with lower income countries facing the most disruptive climate hazards, with Africa countries particularly vulnerable (CDP, 2020; IPCC, 2021). The vulnerability of low-income contexts exacerbates this risk, as there is often insufficient infrastructure and resources to ensure resilience to climate hazards (IPCC, 2021). For decades, advocates of climate change education have been highlighting the potential of education to help mitigate against climate change, and support adaptation efforts. However, implementation has been patchy, with inconsistent approaches and a lack of evidence to help determine the most effective way forward.This paper is divided into three sections, drawing together evidence on the key aspects of system reform,green and resilient infrastructure and Curriculum, pedagogy, assessment and teacher development.
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Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo und Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.
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Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.
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Sukenik, Assaf, Paul Roessler und John Ohlrogge. Biochemical and Physiological Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Unicellular Algae with Special Emphasis on W-3 Very Long Chain Lipids. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604932.bard.
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Various unicellular algae produce omega-3 (w3) very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), which are rarely found in higher plants. In this research and other studies from our laboratories, it has been demonstrated that the marine unicellular alga Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) can be used as a reliable and high quality source for the w3 VLC-PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This alga is widely used in mariculture systems as the primary component of the artificial food chain in fish larvae production, mainly due to its high EPA content. Furthermore, w3 fatty acids are essential for humans as dietary supplements and may have therapeutic benefits. The goal of this research proposal was to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms which regulate the synthesis and accumulation of glycerolipids enriched with w3 VLC-PUFA in Nannochloropsis. The results of our studies demonstrate various aspects of lipid synthesis and its regulation in the alga: 1. Variations in lipid class composition imposed by various environmental conditions were determined with special emphasis on the relative abundance of the molecular species of triacylglycerol (TAG) and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG). 2. The relationships between the cellular content of major glycerolipids (TAG and MGDG) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis were studied. The results suggested the importance of UDP-galactose diacylglycerol galactosyl (UDGT) in regulation of the cellular level of MGDG. In a current effort we have purified UDGT several hundredfold from Nannochloropsis. It is our aim to purify this enzyme to near homogeneity and to produce antibodies against this enzyme in order to provide the tools for elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate this enzyme and carbon allocation into galactolipids. 3. Our in vitro and in vivo labeling studies indicated the possibility that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are associated with desaturation of the structural lipids, whereas shorter chain saturated fatty acids are more likely to be incorporated into TAG. 4. Isolation of several putative mutants of Nannochloropsis which appear to have different lipid and fatty acid compositions than the wild type; a mutant of a special importance that is devoid of EPA was fully characterized. In addition, we could demonstrate the feasibility of Nannochloropsis biomass production for aquaculture and human health: 1) We demonstrated in semi-industrial scale the feasibility of mass production of Nannochloropsis biomass in collaboration with the algae plant NBT in Eilat; 2) Nutritional studies verified the importance algal w3 fatty acids for the development of rats and demonstrated that Nannochloropsis biomass fed to pregnant and lactating rats can benefit their offspring.
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Saville, Alan, und Caroline Wickham-Jones, Hrsg. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, Juni 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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Overview of Sanitation Workers Programme in Trichy. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tnussposwpt0603.2021.
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The Indian Institute for Human Settlements and its partners along with the Trichy City Corporation have collaborated to improve the health, occupational safety and livelihoods of sanitation workers. The Tamil Nadu Urban Sanitation Support Programme has identified and engaged with different types of sanitation workers employed in urban areas such as Urban Local Body-managed workers, school toilet cleaners, public and community toilet cleaners, independent cleaners as daily wage workers, desludging truck operators and cleaners, privately managed solid waste workers, rag-pickers, and railway cleaners. The initiatives undertaken integrate multiple social, engineering, and behavioural aspects that focus on improving the living and working conditions of this vulnerable section of society. This note provides an overview of the initiatives.