Zeitschriftenartikel: „Human security – South Africa – Johannesburg“

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Dhanpat, Nelesh, Tlou Manakana, Jessica Mbacaza, Dineo Mokone und Busisiwe Mtongana. „Exploring retention factors and job security of nurses in Gauteng public hospitals in South Africa“. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 10, Nr. 1 (11.03.2019): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-10-2018-0311.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between employee retention and job security and the impact of retention factors on the job security of nurses in public hospitals in South Africa. The retention of nurses is essential in public hospitals in South Africa. It is therefore critical that retention strategies are primed to ensure the job security of nurses.Design/methodology/approachThe study is quantitative in nature, adopts a cross-sectional approach and is set within a positivist research paradigm. Pre-established questionnaires were used to collect data. Non-probability sampling was used to select a convenience sample. Questionnaires were distributed to three public hospitals in Johannesburg and 202 responses were received. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were established through validity and reliability. Inferential and descriptive statistics were deployed to analyse data.FindingsThe study established that there is a relationship between retention factors and job security. The study further identified retention factors as predictors of job security and noted that training and development was the strongest predictor of job security amongst nurses. In addition, the study contributes towards research on retention practices of nurses from a South African perspective.Practical implicationsThe study recommendations are diagrammatically represented. If implemented by human resource practitioners and nursing management, they are likely to enhance job security.Originality/valueThe study provides insights on the retention of nursing professionals in public hospitals in Gauteng and identifies retention factors which contribute most towards job security.

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Mare, I., S. Hazelhurst, B. Kramer und M. Klipin. „The Process of Installing REDCap, a Web Based Database Supporting Biomedical Research“. Applied Clinical Informatics 05, Nr. 04 (2014): 916–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/aci-2014-06-cr-0054.

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Summary Background: Clinical and research data are essential for patient care, research and healthcare system planning. REDCapTM is a web-based tool for research data curatorship developed at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, USA. The Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa identified the need for a cost effective data management instrument. REDCap was installed as per the user agreement with Vanderbilt University in August 2012. Objectives: In order to assist other institutions that may lack the in-house Information Technology capacity, this paper describes the installation and support of REDCap and incorporates an analysis of user uptake over the first year of use. Methods: We reviewed the staffing requirements, costs of installation, process of installation and necessary infrastructure and end-user requests following the introduction of REDCap at Wits. The University Legal Office and Human Research Ethics Committee were consulted regarding the REDCap end-user agreement. Bi-monthly user meetings resulted in a training workshop in August 2013. We compared our REDCap software user numbers and records before and after the first training workshop. Results: Human resources were recruited from existing staff. Installation costs were limited to servers and security certificates. The total costs to provide a functional REDCap platform was less than $9000. Eighty-one (81) users were registered in the first year. After the first training workshop the user numbers increased by 59 in one month and the total number of active users to 140 by the end of August 2013. Custom software applications for REDCap were created by collaboration between clinicians and software developers. Conclusion: REDCap was installed and maintained at limited cost. A small number of people with defined skills can support multiple REDCap users in two to four hours a week. End user training increased in the number of users, number of projects created and the number of projects moved to production. Citation: Klipin M, Mare I, Hazelhurst S, Kramer B. The process of installing REDCap, a web based database supporting biomedical research – the first year. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 916–929http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-06-CR-0054

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Jürgens, Ulrich, und Martin Gnad. „Gated Communities in South Africa—Experiences from Johannesburg“. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, Nr. 3 (Juni 2002): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2756.

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In the course of a broad liberalisation and globalisation of South African society, the transformation of the apartheid city to the postapartheid city has contributed to an increase in crime as well as a feeling of insecurity among the people. Urban blight has changed a lot of the inner cities into ‘no-go areas’ for blacks and whites. For personal protection, since the end of the 1980s (the phase of the abolition of apartheid laws) living areas have been created in the suburbs whose uniqueness and exclusiveness are defined by the amount of safety measures. These are called gated or walled communities, or security villages, and their population structure combines social and racial segregation. The authors made a complete survey of two housing areas in northern Johannesburg in 1999. The traditional wish of South African families for a big estate and a home of their own has been replaced by the wish to live in town houses, cluster housing, and sectional title flats with shared use of swimming pools or tennis courts.

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Moyo, Busani. „Crime, security and firm performance in South Africa“. Corporate Ownership and Control 9, Nr. 4-2 (2012): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i4c2art5.

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We use cross sectional data from the World Bank enterprise surveys gathered in 2007 in South Africa’s four cities (Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth) to assess the impact of business related crimes on firm performance proxied using firm sales. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Tobit model, we find that crime in the form of theft, robbery, arson and vandalism has a negative effect on sales and hence firm performance. However the impact of domestic shipment crime is mixed and varies from city to city depending on the magnitude of losses incurred by firms in each city. Results also show that crime is regressive in nature because crime related losses are relatively higher among small firms than large firms. The prevalence of crime amongst small firms and its negative effect on firm performance suggest the need for government and the business community to come together and develop security systems that are effective and affordable to small businesses. This is because, supporting small businesses is important for growth and employment creation

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Ferreira, Rialize, und Dan Henk. „“Operationalizing” Human Security in South Africa“. Armed Forces & Society 35, Nr. 3 (03.04.2008): 501–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x08316148.

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Kromberg, Jennifer G. R., und Amanda Krause. „Human genetics in Johannesburg, South Africa: Past, present and future“. South African Medical Journal 103, Nr. 12 (11.10.2013): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.7220.

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Rudolph, Michael, Florian Kroll, Evans Muchesa, Mark Paiker und Paul Fatti. „Food Security in Urban Cities: A Case Study Conducted in Johannesburg, South Africa“. Journal of Food Security 9, Nr. 2 (07.04.2021): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jfs-9-2-2.

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Lalthapersad-Pillay, P. „A socio-economic analysis of african female street traders in the Johannesburg CBD“. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, Nr. 1 (23.07.2004): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i1.1426.

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In recent years the informal sector in both less developed countries and in developing countries, including South Africa, has undergone rapid growth. In South Africa, high levels of unemployment and poverty have pushed many of the unemployed into self-employment activities in the informal sector. The informal sector is a highly diversified segment, and street trading is one type of survivalist activity. In South Africa, street trading is conducted mainly by African women, who sell mostly fruits, vegetables and cooked foods. The quintessential feature of informal sector work is its precarious nature, especially as it evades the ambit of social security and labour legislation. This article explores the nature of street trading undertaken in the Johannesburg CBD, characterised by poor working conditions, low income, extremely long hours and overcrowding.

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Gladun, E. „BRICS DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE ECONOMY“. BRICS Law Journal 5, Nr. 3 (13.10.2018): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2018-5-3-152-159.

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The 10th BRICS Academic Forum, consisting of scholars, think tanks and non-governmental organizations from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, took place in Johannesburg, South Africa on 28–31 May 2018. The event was hosted jointly by the BRICS Think Tank Council (BTTC) and the South African BRICS Think Tank (SABTT) with the support of the South African government and the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) as the SABTT custodian and coordinator. Under South Africa’s direction as chair of BRICS, participation at the Academic Forum was extended to other African countries as part of the Africa Outreach Initiative: Angola, Burundi, Ethiopia, Gabon, Namibia, Uganda, Togo, Rwanda and Senegal accepted invitations. Participants commended the efforts made by China during its turn as chair of BRICS to promote BRICS cooperation and suggested working together to strengthen the three-wheel-driven areas of economy, peace and security, and people-to-people exchanges. For the final four days of May, Johannesburg became a vibrant intellectual capital offering for the Academic Forum participants much debate and discussion, plenary sessions and side events all united under the theme “Envisioning Inclusive Development Through a Socially Responsive Economy.” The 2018 Academic Forum focused on the topics most important for the BRICS group ranging from peace and security, energy, gender relations and health to regional integration. The Forum was a complete success with broad consensus and submitted a list of recommendations for the consideration of the leaders of BRICS.

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Ignatov, Alexander Alexandrovich. „BRICS Summit in Johannesburg: More Instruments and Fewer Decisions“. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, Nr. 1 (15.12.2019): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-89-99.

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This article presents an analysis of the outcomes of the tenth anniversary BRICS summit that took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, and the meetings of ministers of BRICS countries. The achievements of the ministerial meetings and the main summit were analyzed taking into account such parameters as the implementation of the priorities of the host country; ensuring continuity of the BRICS agenda; launching new initiatives and making decisions that are in line with the interests of the host country and BRICS partners. Beyond that, the article presents analysis of distribution of the functions of global governance (“Discussion”, “Decision making”, “Direction setting”, “Delivery”) and issues of the global governance by the number of symbols used in the texts of the Johannesburg declaration and the documents agreed during ministerial meetings. The author used the method of content analysis when reviewing the strategic documents of South Africa on issues of national development and the documents agreed during the ministerial meetings and the summit in Johannesburg, and the method of historical analysis when determining impact of South Africa on the BRICS agenda and success of the chairmanship. South Africa as the BRICS chair country preserved continuity over the key issues of the agenda (macroeconomic policy, cooperation in humanitarian sphere, etc.). Security issues were not fully developed, although they were put on the priority list by the chair country. Decisions made at the summit in Johannesburg and during the ministerial meetings result in creation of new working mechanisms (PartNIR, BRICS Vaccine Development and Research Center, etc.) that meet the current global challenges and match the interests of the parties. Nevertheless, the share of “Decision making” function decreased significantly against the background of the growing number of “Deliberation” function in the documents that were analyzed, which indicates a divergence of interests of the parties on a number of issues under discussion.

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Firnhaber, C., M. Sello, M. Maskew, S. Williams, D. Schulze, A.-L. Williamson, B. Allan und D. Lewis. „Human papillomavirus types in HIV seropositive men with penile warts in Johannesburg, South Africa“. International Journal of STD & AIDS 22, Nr. 2 (Februar 2011): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2010.010306.

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Dirsuweit, Teresa. „Between ontological security and the right difference : Road closures, communitarianism and urban ethics in Johannesburg, South Africa“. Autrepart 42, Nr. 2 (2007): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autr.042.0053.

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Harper, Julia. „Food Security in South Africa: Human Rights and Entitlement Perspectives“. Agrekon 56, Nr. 4 (02.10.2017): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2017.1389126.

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Winkler, Inga T. „Food Security in South Africa: Human Rights and Entitlement Perspectives“. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 18, Nr. 2 (03.04.2017): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2017.1294751.

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Ramkissoon, Yuri. „Food security in South Africa: human rights and entitlement perspectives“. South African Journal on Human Rights 33, Nr. 3 (02.09.2017): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2017.1395954.

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Mawonde, Albert, und Muchaiteyi Togo. „Implementation of SDGs at the University of South Africa“. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 20, Nr. 5 (01.07.2019): 932–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-04-2019-0156.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how universities can play a pivotal role in implementing sustainable development goals (SDGs). It recognises the advantage that universities have in responding to social challenges through their functions and operations, mainly through research and innovation and academic prowess. Not much guidance is available on how they can contribute to SDG implementation. The research is a case study of the University of South Africa, a distance education institution. It showcases how its science campus in Johannesburg has incorporated SDGs in its operations. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through interviews with campus operations managers and sustainability office managers, a survey with environmental science honours students was conducted and observations of the Unisa Florida campus environment were undertaken to establish practices that contribute towards SDG implementation. Document analysis assisted in complementing the data collection process. Data were analysed by aligning practices with SDG indicators. Findings The research revealed a number of practices that align with SDGs in teaching, research, community engagement and campus operations management. Unisa is however challenged by financial limitations and as an open distance education and learning (ODeL) institution, it struggles to involve students in these projects. The paper concludes that while the most obvious contribution of universities to SDGs is towards quality education (SDG 4), higher education, including distance education institutions, can play an active role in implementing other SDGs as well. Research limitations/implications This research was limited to one institution, Unisa, owing to time limitations. While this might seem like the research was too selective, it was intentional, as the aim was to research a distance education institution. The research targeted staff involved in campus operations at Unisa’s Florida Campus, which is located in Johannesburg. Interviews were limited to students pursuing BSc Honours in Environmental Management. This was a methodological decision to contain the research, but making sure that the targeted respondents were the most informed. Individual case studies are often critiqued for being insufficiently representative to allow generalisations to other contexts (Jupp, 2006). This applies to this research in terms of “populations and universes” (Yin, 2003, p. 10), but generalisations to “theoretical propositions” (ibid) are possible. Originality/value There are few studies in Africa which researched implementation of SDGs in universities, let alone in ODeL institutions. The research revealed the challenge of involving students in sustainability practices in distance education institutions and serves as a testimony that such institutions can still have successful projects on and off campus. It suggests involving students in applied research based on the current sustainability projects on and off campus.

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Firnhaber, Cynthia, Hoa Van Le, Audrey Pettifor, Doreen Schulze, Pam Michelow, Ian M. Sanne, David A. Lewis et al. „Association between cervical dysplasia and human papillomavirus in HIV seropositive women from Johannesburg South Africa“. Cancer Causes & Control 21, Nr. 3 (01.12.2009): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9475-z.

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Hlatshwayo, Mondli. „The Trials and Tribulations of Zimbabwean Precarious Women Workers in Johannesburg: A Cry for Help?“ Qualitative Sociology Review 15, Nr. 1 (23.05.2019): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.15.1.03.

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There is a growing literature on the conditions of Zimbabwean women working as migrant workers in South Africa, specifically in cities like Johannesburg. Based on in-depth interviews and documentary analysis, this empirical research paper contributes to scholarship examining the conditions of migrant women workers from Zimbabwe employed as precarious workers in Johannesburg by zooming in on specific causes of migration to Johannesburg, the journey undertaken by the migrant women to Johannesburg, challenges of documentation, use of networks to survive in Johannesburg, employment of the women in precarious work, and challenges in the workplace. Rape and sexual violence are threats that face the women interviewed during migration to Johannesburg and even when in Johannesburg. The police who are supposed to uphold and protect the law are often found to be perpetrators involved in various forms of violence against women. In the workplace, the women earn starvation wages and work under poor working conditions. Human rights organizations and trade unions are unable to reach the many migrant women because of the sheer volume of violations against workers’ rights and human rights.

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Goldblatt, Beth. „Social Security in South Africa – a Gender and Human Rights Analysis“. Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 47, Nr. 1 (2014): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2014-1-22.

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Wong, Marcia, Stephanie Shiau, Michael T. Yin, Renate Strehlau, Faeezah Patel, Ashraf Coovadia, Lisa K. Micklesfield, Louise Kuhn und Stephen M. Arpadi. „Decreased Vigorous Physical Activity in School-Aged Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Johannesburg, South Africa“. Journal of Pediatrics 172 (Mai 2016): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.01.034.

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Bribena, Kelvin. „Constitutional development and promotion of human security in Africa : focus on Nigeria & South Africa“. Ubuntu : Journal of Conflict Transformation SI, Nr. 1 (15.03.2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2050-4950/2019/sin1a2.

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Kehoe, Sarah H., Stephanie V. Wrottesley, Lisa Ware, Alessandra Prioreschi, Catherine Draper, Kate Ward, Stephen Lye und Shane A. Norris. „Food insecurity, diet quality and body composition: data from the Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (HeLTI) pilot survey in urban Soweto, South Africa“. Public Health Nutrition 24, Nr. 7 (26.02.2021): 1629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898002100046x.

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AbstractObjective:To determine whether food security, diet diversity and diet quality are associated with anthropometric measurements and body composition among women of reproductive age. The association between food security and anaemia prevalence was also tested.Design:Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (HeLTI) study. Food security and dietary data were collected by an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Hb levels were measured using a HemoCue, and anaemia was classified as an altitude-adjusted haemoglobin level < 12·5 g/dl. Body size and composition were assessed using anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.Setting:The urban township of Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa.Participants:Non-pregnant women aged 18–25 years (n 1534).Results:Almost half of the women were overweight or obese (44 %), and 9 % were underweight. Almost a third of women were anaemic (30 %). The prevalence rates of anaemia and food insecurity were similar across BMI categories. Food insecure women had the least diverse diets, and food security was negatively associated with diet quality (food security category v. diet quality score: B = –0·35, 95 % CI –0·70, –0·01, P = 0·049). Significant univariate associations were observed between food security and total lean mass. However, there were no associations between food security and body size or composition variables in multivariate models.Conclusions:Our data indicate that food security is an important determinant of diet quality in this urban-poor, highly transitioned setting. Interventions to improve maternal and child nutrition should recognise both food security and the food environment as critical elements within their developmental phases.

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du Plessis, Gretchen Erika. „Gendered human (in) security in South Africa: what can ubuntu feminism offer?“ Acta Academica 51, Nr. 2 (17.12.2019): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/24150479/aa51i2.3.

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MacLean, Sandra J. „Human Security as “Freedom from Want”: Inequities and Health in South Africa“. Policy and Society 24, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1449-4035(05)70049-7.

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Chikulo, Bornwell C. „An Analysis of Climate Change, Poverty and Human Security in South Africa“. Journal of Human Ecology 47, Nr. 3 (September 2014): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906764.

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Pieterse, Hendrik J. C., Johannes A. Van Der Ven und Jaco S. Dreyer. „Human Rights in the Name of God?“ Religion and Theology 8, Nr. 1-2 (2001): 165–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430101x00080.

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AbstractThis article is a study of the tension which arises because South Africa is a religious society within a secular state, or a secular state embedded in a religious society. The belief in God among Grade 11 students in the Johannesburg/ Pretoria region is investigated, and questions are posed as to the role belief in God plays in the formation of their attitudes towards human rights. Fundamental aspects of the relationship between belief in God and human rights are dealt with, students' belief in God is investigated and described, and finally, it is asked whether the students believe that there is a God of human rights.

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Odek, Willis Omondi. „Social networks and mental health among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Johannesburg, South Africa“. AIDS Care 26, Nr. 8 (01.04.2014): 1042–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.902421.

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Kruger, Loren. „“White Cities,” “Diamond Zulus,” and the “African Contribution to Human Advancement”: African Modernities and the World's Fairs“. TDR/The Drama Review 51, Nr. 3 (September 2007): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2007.51.3.19.

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From the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, representations of Africans at the world's fairs were often aligned with the colonial cultural logic of contrasting the “savage” Other with the “civilized” subject, illustrating the politics of modernity, racialization, and imperial conquest. Certain showcases, however, at the world's fairs in the U.S. and South Africa—as well as performances in the white urban environments of Chicago and Johannesburg—undid this binary by introducing new spectacular economies depicting African modernities.

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Mesarovic, Miodrag. „Controversial reversal of nuclear option“. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 17, Nr. 1-2 (2002): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0202050m.

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Nuclear option is in a unique position to restore its original role of the main source of energy with an increased attention paid to the security of electricity supply as well as regulatory changes affecting fossil fuels, particularly with due introduction of climate change prevention measures. Recent developments indicate the advantages of nuclear option over other possible options in terms of sustainable development. However, a large number of controversial issues on nuclear energy make its reversal less clear. These are discussed with particular attention paid to recent developments worldwide, including the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in September 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

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Moyo, Vusani. „Navigating The Debt-Equity Decisions Of Financial Services Firms: Some Evidence From South Africa“. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, Nr. 2 (01.03.2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i2.9586.

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Empirical studies on the impact of regulation on the financial policies of banks have documented that unconstrained forward-looking banks with sufficient franchise value build and actively maintain capital buffers. This financing behaviour thus relegates the regulatory intervention to non-binding and of secondary importance. This study used a sample of 29 financial services firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) during the period 2003 to 2012 to test for the validity of the market timing, pecking order and the dynamic trade-off theories in explaining the financing behaviour of financial services firms. Consistent with the dynamic trade-off theory and contrary to the market timing and pecking order theories, the study documents that, leverage is positively correlated to firm profitability, size and asset tangibility. The firms’ true speed of adjustment is 56.80% for the market-to-debt ratio (MDR) and 71.31% for the book-to-debt ratio (BDR). The modified external finance-weighted average market-to-book has an insignificant positive and negative correlation with the MDR and the BDR respectively. Taken together, the JSE-listed financial services firms have target optimal capital structures which they actively adjusts towards. Their security issuance decisions are not driven by the stock market performance, share returns or the time-varying adverse selection costs.

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Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo. „Hydropolitics versus Human Security: Implications of South Africa's Appropriation of Lesotho's Highlands Water“. Daedalus 150, Nr. 4 (2021): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01879.

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Abstract The Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which exports water to South Africa, has enhanced the unequal structural relationship that exists between both states. Lesotho, one of the few countries in the world that exports water, has transformed from one of the largest sources of labor for South Africa to a water reservoir for South Africa. Though the project provides mutual strategic economic and political benefits to both riparian states, its construction has negatively affected environmental and human security in Lesotho. Due to hydropolitics, environmental threats in Lesotho caused by the project's construction are overlooked. These threats, which have devastating effects on resettled communities and the country's ecosystem, also constitute a threat to domestic and international security. The desire to prevent interstate conflict and maintain cooperation between the two riparian states further enhances the lopsided interstate relationship.

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Barchiesi, Franco. „Privatization and the Historical Trajectory of “Social Movement Unionism”: A Case Study of Municipal Workers in Johannesburg, South Africa“. International Labor and Working-Class History 71, Nr. 1 (2007): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547907000336.

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AbstractThe article discusses the opposition by the South African Municipal Workers' Union (SAMWU) to the privatization of Johannesburg's municipal services under Apartheid and in the new democratic dispensation. The unionization of South African black municipal workers has been shaped by a tradition of “social-movement unionism,” which greatly contributed to the decline and fall of the racist regime. The post-1994 democratic government has adopted policies of privatization of local services and utilities, which SAMWU opposed in Johannesburg by resurrecting a social movement unionism discourse. Conditions of political democracy have, however, proven detrimental to such a strategy, whose continued validity is here questioned.

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Dunne, Ilka, und Anita Bosch. „Graduate identity development in South Africa“. Journal of Managerial Psychology 30, Nr. 3 (13.04.2015): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-06-2013-0200.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the misunderstandings that hamper the graduate identity development process of black South African graduates in the first year of work. The authors introduce the role of an independent mediator in supporting identity development in a graduate development programme (GDP). The independent mediator mediates between graduate and manager when misunderstandings occur that inhibit the warranting process during professional identity development. Design/methodology/approach – In seeking to understand the graduate transition from student to professional, the authors used identity studies as the foundation from which to track a group of 21 graduates on a year-long GDP, in a financial institution in Johannesburg, South Africa. A model of emergent graduate identity was utilised to gain insight into the warranting process and associated behaviours that graduates employ in their interactions with others in the workplace. Findings – As warranting is based on people’s own assumptions and beliefs about a particular situation or role, misunderstandings can occur during the warranting process when graduates are determining their professional identity, and managers are either affirming of disaffirming this identity. These misunderstandings were exacerbated by the fact that the graduates were often South African multi-cultural, first-generation professionals who lacked insight into and experience of corporate dynamics, this impacted on how they found their place in the organisation. Both graduates and managers were often not equipped to deal with cultural, racial, and other differences. When the graduate programme manager stepped in to play the additional role of independent mediator, helping to mediate misinterpretations during the identity formation process, the negative impact of misunderstandings was lessened, and graduates transitioned to a professional identity with greater ease. Managers also learned about managing multi-cultural individuals and their own, often limiting, experiences and worldviews. Practical implications – This highlights the value of a third-party intervention in graduate identity transitions, particularly in contexts where the graduate has little or no experience of what it means to be professional, and where managers are not equipped to deal with people who come from backgrounds that differ vastly from their own. Originality/value – The role of a third-party in shaping the identities of graduates during the identity warranting process, referred to as the independent mediator in this paper, has not been presented in research before. Studies of this nature would give us insight into how best to support graduate identity development and improve the design of GDPs.

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Etta Odok, Godwin. „Economic or climate migrants? Human security experiences of Nigerian migrants in South Africa“. Ubuntu : Journal of Conflict and Social Transformation 8, Nr. 2 (15.09.2019): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2050-4950/2019/sin2a14.

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Ong, Jason J., Mahlape Precious Magooa, Admire Chikandiwa, Helen Kelly, Marie-Noelle Didelot, Etienne E. Muller, Venessa Maseko et al. „Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection Among Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study“. Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Nr. 5 (29.01.2019): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz045.

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Abstract This prospective cohort study of 622 women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from Johannesburg (2012) detected Mycoplasma genitalium in 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.5–9.7, 46/622), with detection more likely with lower CD4 counts(adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.02 per 10 cells/μL decrease, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03) and higher plasma HIV-1 RNA (AOR 1.15 per log copies/mL increase, 95% CI: 1.03–1.27). No mutations for macrolide/quinolone resistance was detected.

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Mudau, Naledzani, Dennis Mwaniki, Lesiba Tsoeleng, Morwapula Mashalane, Donatien Beguy und Robert Ndugwa. „Assessment of SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Urban Growth Trends of Major and Small Cities in South Africa“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 17 (29.08.2020): 7063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177063.

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Geospatial technologies play an important role in understanding and monitoring of land cover and land use change which is critical in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 and related goals. In this study, we assessed SDG Indicator 11.3.1, Ratio of Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate (LCRPGR) and other urban growth trends of four cities in South Africa using Landsat 5 TM and SPOT 2&5 satellite images and census data collected in 1996, 2001 and 2011. The 2011 built-up areas were mapped using South Africa’s SPOT 5 Global Human Settlements Layer (GHSL) system whereas the 1996 and 2001 built-up areas were extracted from Landsat 5 and SPOT 2 satellite imagery using a kNN object-based image analysis technique that uses textural and radiometric features. We used the built-up area layer to calculate the land consumption per capita and total urban change for each city, both of which have been identified as being important explanatory indicators for the ratio of LCRPGR. The assessment shows that the two major cities, Johannesburg and Tshwane, recorded a decline in the ratio of LCRPGR between the periods 1996–2001 and 2001–2011. In contrast, the LCRPGR ratios for secondary cities, Polokwane and Rustenburg increased during the same periods. The results further show that Tshwane recorded an increase in land consumption per capita between 1996 and 2001 followed by a decrease between 2001 and 2011. Over the same time, Johannesburg experienced a gradual decrease in land consumption per capita. On the other hand, Polokwane and Rustenburg recorded a unique growth trend, in which the overall increase in LCRPGR was accompanied by a decrease in land consumption per capita. In terms of land consumption, Tshwane experienced the highest urban growth rate between 1996 and 2001, whereas Johannesburg and Polokwane experienced the highest urban growth rates between 2001 and 2011. The information derived in this study shows the significance of Indicator 11.3.1 in understanding the urbanization trends in cities of different sizes in South Africa and creates a baseline for nationwide assessment of SDG 11.3.1.

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Moss, Viyusani, Hasan Dincer und Umit Hacioglu. „The Nature of the Creditor-Debtor Relationship in South Africa“. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) 2, Nr. 2 (03.01.2013): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v2i2.67.

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This article was a result of an investigation measuring the ‘Correlation between Borrower Education and Non-payment Behaviour in Low Income Homeowners in South Africa as the premise of the study and poor relationship between lenders and borrowers as the secondary proposition. The study was motivated by the high level of foreclosures for non-payment of mortgages in the Protea Glen area in Johannesburg, Gauteng, as reported by the Human Rights Commission Inquiry in 2008. In investigating this non- payment behaviour the researcher employed largely quantitative instruments supplemented by qualitative methods. The study revealed interesting empirical findings that largely invalidated the founding hypotheses, despite existing theoretical frameworks - underpinned by various scholars - that sought to corroborate the hypotheses. The findings have however supported the premise that households reporting poor relationships with lenders were susceptible to non-payment behaviour. The rest of the secondary hypotheses were rejected by the empirical findings, viz. that there was no correlation between the level of formal education and non-payment behaviour; the link between propensity to default and the age of homeowners were also invalidated. From these findings, it can be demonstrated that there is a critical need for mitigating measures to remedy the identified shortcomings in this sector.

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Cohen, Tamara, und Luendree Moodley. „Achieving "decent work" in South Africa?“ Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, Nr. 2 (25.05.2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2490.

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The fundamental goal of the International Labour Organisation is the achievement of decent and productive work for both women and men in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. The South African government has pledged its commitment to the attainment of decent work and sustainable livelihoods for all workers and has undertaken to mainstream decent work imperatives into national development strategies. The four strategic objectives of decent work as identified by the ILO are: i) the promotion of standards and rights at work, to ensure that worker's constitutionally protected rights to dignity, equality and fair labour practices, amongst others, are safeguarded by appropriate legal frameworks; (ii) the promotion of employment creation and income opportunities, with the goal being not just the creation of jobs but the creation of jobs of acceptable quality; (iii) the provision and improvement of social protection and social security, which are regarded as fundamental to the alleviation of poverty, inequality and the burden of care responsibilities; and (iv) the promotion of social dialogue and tripartism. This article considers the progress made towards the attainment of these decent work objectives in South Africa, using five statistical indicators to measure such progress namely: (i) employment opportunities; (ii) adequate earnings and productive work; (iii) stability and security of work; (iv) social protection; and (v) social dialogue and workplace relations. It concludes that high levels of unemployment and a weakened economy in South Africa have given rise to a growing informal sector and an increase in unacceptable working conditions and exploitation. The rights of workers in the formal sector have not filtered down to those in the informal sector, who remains vulnerable and unrepresented. Job creation initiatives have been undermined by the global recession and infrastructural shortcomings and ambitious governmental targets appear to be unachievable, with youth unemployment levels and gender inequalities remaining of grave concern. Social protection programmes fail to provide adequate coverage to the majority of the economically active population. Social dialogue processes and organisational structures fail to accommodate or represent the interests of the informal sector. Until these problems are overcome, the article concludes, it remains unlikely that decent work imperatives will be attained.

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Hungwe, Chipo. „Zimbabwean Migrant Entrepreneurs in Kempton Park and Tembisa, Johannesburg: Challenges and Opportunities“. Journal of Enterprising Culture 22, Nr. 03 (September 2014): 349–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495814500150.

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The study explores the lives of seventeen Zimbabwean entrepreneurs studied in Tembisa and Kempton Park, Johannesburg in 2012. It analyses the structure of opportunity available to these entrepreneurs and argues that although migrants can create employment, they do not necessarily benefit the local populations because their businesses are too small and also because of their reluctance to employ locals whom they consider lazy and troublesome. Zimbabweans originally migrated to South Africa in search of good salaried jobs rather than self-employment. Self-employment is largely a result of dissatisfaction with the conditions of employment, inability to get desired jobs and having a better command of human and social capital. These migrants have a short history in self-employment and are the first to establish such economic ventures in their families. Their businesses thrive because of hardwork, engaging in activities that they are familiar with (thus they do not venture into complicated, unfamiliar territory) and relying on the neighbourhood which serves as a market. All the entrepreneurs studied view South Africa as a land of opportunities where one can establish himself/herself and survive, although the environment is riddled with xenophobia. However, most can be classified as survival entrepreneurs.

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Jansen van Vuuren, Joey, Louise Leenen, Jackie Phahlamohlaka und Jannie Zaaiman. „An Approach to Governance of CyberSecurity in South Africa“. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 2, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2012): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2012100102.

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A government has the responsibility to provide, regulate and maintain national security, which includes human security for its citizens. Recent declarations from the UK and USA governments about setting up cybersecurity organisations and the appointment of cyber czars reflect a global recognition that the Internet is part of the national critical infrastructure that needs to be safeguarded and protected. Although the South African government approved a draft National Cyber Security Policy Framework in March 2012, the country still needs a national cybersecurity governance structure in order to effectively control and protect its cyber infrastructure. Whilst various structures have been established to deal with cybersecurity in South Africa, they are inadequate and implementation of the policy is still in the very early stages. Structures need to be in place to set the security controls and policies and also to govern their implementation. It is important to have a holistic approach to cybersecurity, with partnerships between business, government and civil society put in place to achieve this goal. This paper investigates different government organisational structures created for the control of national cybersecurity in selected countries of the world. The main contribution is a proposed approach that South Africa could follow in implementing its proposed cybersecurity policy framework, taking into account the challenges of legislation and control of cybersecurity in Africa, and in particular, in South Africa.

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Munongi, Lucia, und Jace Pillay. „A South African Perspective of Grade 9 Learners’ Experiences of Children’s Rights“. International Journal of Children’s Rights 26, Nr. 2 (03.05.2018): 278–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02602003.

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This study aimed to determine children’s experiences of their rights. The sample consisted of 185 Grade 9 pupils (females = 95; males = 90) randomly sampled from 13 secondary schools from Johannesburg, South Africa, from a previous study. The participants were requested to write their responses to an open-ended question: ‘What do you think of children’s rights in South Africa?’ The data were analysed using content analysis since the data from the open-ended question was qualitative in nature. Results indicated that children were aware that they have rights, and that adults were still violating them. Based on the findings and a human rights-basedframework, several recommendations were made, such as, the need to adopt a more radical approach when dealing with children’s rights and the need to encourage schools and families to develop a culture of respecting children’s rights.

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Seedat-Khan, Mariam, und Belinda Johnson. „Distinctive and continued phases of Indian migration to South Africa with a focus on human security: The case of Durban“. Current Sociology 66, Nr. 2 (23.11.2017): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392117736303.

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A long-term analytical view of Indian migration and their human rights experiences in South Africa is essential to understand what prompts continued Indian migration and the factors that shape migrants’ human security experiences. The intersections of global, social, political and economic powers combine with national and international forces to determine the experiences of migration and human (in)security among Indian migrants in South Africa. This article focuses on historical Indian indentured migrants and the continued post-apartheid contemporary migration of Indians to South Africa. Throughout South Africa’s turbulent, violent and exploitative history, the political constructs of slavery, colonialism, economic expansionism, economic dispossession and apartheid convened in the passage of poor men, women and children from the Indian subcontinent. The article argues that traces of earlier exploitative histories continue to shape the framework for present-day Indian migrants in a way that impacts directly on their human security within a contemporary context.

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Jaars, K., J. P. Beukes, P. G. van Zyl, A. D. Venter, M. Josipovic, J. J. Pienaar, V. Vakkari et al. „Ambient aromatic hydrocarbon measurements at Welgegund, South Africa“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, Nr. 4 (17.02.2014): 4189–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-4189-2014.

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Abstract. Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with direct adverse human health effects and can have negative impacts on ecosystems due to their toxicity, as well as indirect negative effects through the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol that affect human health, crop production and regional climate. Measurements were conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa) that is considered to be a regionally representative background site. However, the site is occasionally impacted by plumes from major anthropogenic source regions in the interior of South Africa, which include the western Bushveld Igneous Complex (e.g. platinum, base metal and ferrochrome smelters), the eastern Bushveld Igneous Complex (platinum and ferrochrome smelters), the Johannesburg–Pretoria metropolitan conurbation (>10 million people), the Vaal Triangle (e.g. petrochemical and pyrometallurgical industries), the Mpumalanga Highveld (e.g. coal-fired power plants and petrochemical industry) and also a region of anti-cyclonic recirculation of air mass over the interior of South Africa. The aromatic hydrocarbon measurements were conducted with an automated sampler on Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B adsorbent tubes with heated inlet for one year. Samples were collected twice a week for two hours during daytime and two hours during night-time. A thermal desorption unit, connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector was used for sample preparation and analysis. Results indicated that the monthly median total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations ranged between 0.01 to 3.1 ppb. Benzene levels did not exceed local air quality standards. Toluene was the most abundant species, with an annual median concentration of 0.63 ppb. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations measured during daytime and night-time were found and no distinct seasonal patterns were observed. Air mass back trajectory analysis proved that the lack of seasonal cycles could be attributed to patterns determining the origin of the air masses sampled. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in general significantly higher in air masses that passed over anthropocentrically impacted regions. Interspecies correlations and ratios gave some indications of the possible sources for the different aromatic hydrocarbons in the source regions defined in the paper. The highest contribution of aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to ozone formation potential was also observed in plumes passing over anthropocentrically impacted regions.

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Page, M. J. „Empirical testing of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory using data from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange“. South African Journal of Business Management 17, Nr. 1 (31.03.1986): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v17i1.1032.

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In 1976 Stephen A. Ross developed a new theory of securities pricing called the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). According to the APT the return an investor can expect from a share is related to the risk-free rate and numerous other factors rather than just the return on the market as predicted by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Although a considerable amount of empirical research has been carried out into the APT in the United States of America, little appears to have been done in South Africa In this article empirical research is carried out into the APT using data from the JSE. The research involves both attempting to establish the number of 'priced' factors influencing risky security returns on the JSE and comparing the explanatory ability of the APT and CAPM. Factor analysis is used to establish the number of 'priced' APT factors and regression analysis is used to assess the explanatory ability of the models. The findings suggest that at least two factors determine security returns, rather than just the return on the market as predicted by the CAPM, and that a two-factor APT model has significantly better explanatory powers than the CAPM in an ex-post sense. Finally, it is apparent that considerably more empirical research needs to be done if the factors are to be conclusively identified and checked for stability through time.

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Fikiri Cinini, Samuel, und Balgobind Shanta Singh. „Xenophobia in South Africa : a human security perspective on African foreign nationals in Durban“. Journal of African Foreign Affairs 6, Nr. 2 (17.08.2019): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2056-5658/2019/v6n2a3.

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Ngie, A. „THERMAL REMOTE SENSING OF URBAN CLIMATES IN SOUTH AFRICA THROUGH THE MONO-WINDOW ALGORITHM“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W11 (14.02.2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w11-117-2020.

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Abstract. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is among some of the challenges plaguing urban environments. There is increase human population within urban environments especially in the developing world, which is a need to understand the climates for their wellbeing. The use of multispectral satellite remote sensing to investigate the climatic conditions through radiation measurement is applied across the two major South African cities. The thermal remote sensing technique applied for this study is the direct determination of land surface temperatures (LST) using multispectral thermal imagery (ETM+). In addition, meteorological data which included air temperature and relative humidity for the same satellite image dates were used. The LST values obtained showed Johannesburg has many micro heat islands scattered across the metro than in Cape Town. These areas of heat islands corresponded to areas of human settlement and more so the unplanned as opposed to the planned ones. The estimated LST values and observed air temperature values with an R2 of 0.9. It could be concluded that expansion of urban areas in South Africa has led to increased thermal radiation of land surface in densely populated areas.

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Terblanche, Anél, und Gerrit Pienaar. „Raamwerkwetgewing ter Verwesenliking van die Reg op Toegang tot Voldoende Voedsel“. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, Nr. 5 (01.06.2017): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i5a2524.

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Various South African government reports list food security as a development priority. Despite this prioritisation and despite the fact that South Africa is currently food self-sufficient, ongoing food shortages remain a daily reality for approximately 35 percent of the South African population. The government's commitment to food security to date of writing this contribution manifests in related policies, strategies, programmes and sectoral legislation with the focus on food production, distribution, safety and assistance. A paradigm shift in the international food security debate was encouraged during 2009, namely to base food security initiatives on the right to sufficient food. During a 2011 visit to South Africa, the Special Rapporteur for the Right to Food of the United Nations, accordingly confirmed that a human rights-based approach to food security is necessary in the South African legal and policy framework in order to address the huge disparities in terms of food security (especially concerning geography, gender and race). A human rights-based approach to food security will add dimensions of dignity, transparency, accountability, participation and empowerment to food security initiatives. The achievement of food security is further seen as the realisation of existing rights, notably the right of access to sufficient food. The right of access to sufficient food, as entrenched in section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 will accordingly play a central role within a human rights-based approach to food security. Section 27(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 qualifies section 27(1)(b) by requiring the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of the section 27(1) rights. The South African government's commitment to food security, as already mentioned, currently manifests in related policies, strategies and programmes, which initiatives will qualify as other measures as referred to in section 27(2) mentioned above. This contribution, however, aims to elucidate the constitutional duty to take reasonable legislative measures as required by section 27(2) within the wider context of food security. This contribution is more specifically confined to the ways in which a human rights-based approach to food security can be accommodated in a proposed framework law as a national legislative measures. Several underlying and foundational themes are addressed in this contribution, amongst others: (a) the relationship between food security and the right of access to sufficient food; (b) food security as a developmental goal; and (c) the increasing trend to apply a human rights-based approach to development initiatives in general, but also to food security.

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Jaars, K., J. P. Beukes, P. G. van Zyl, A. D. Venter, M. Josipovic, J. J. Pienaar, V. Vakkari et al. „Ambient aromatic hydrocarbon measurements at Welgegund, South Africa“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, Nr. 13 (11.07.2014): 7075–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7075-2014.

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Abstract. Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with direct adverse human health effects and can have negative impacts on ecosystems due to their toxicity, as well as indirect negative effects through the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol, which affect human health, crop production and regional climate. Measurements of aromatic hydrocarbons were conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa), which is considered to be a regionally representative background site. However, the site is occasionally impacted by plumes from major anthropogenic source regions in the interior of South Africa, which include the western Bushveld Igneous Complex (e.g. platinum, base metal and ferrochrome smelters), the eastern Bushveld Igneous Complex (platinum and ferrochrome smelters), the Johannesburg–Pretoria metropolitan conurbation (> 10 million people), the Vaal Triangle (e.g. petrochemical and pyrometallurgical industries), the Mpumalanga Highveld (e.g. coal-fired power plants and petrochemical industry) and also a region of anticyclonic recirculation of air mass over the interior of South Africa. The aromatic hydrocarbon measurements were conducted with an automated sampler on Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B adsorbent tubes with heated inlet for 1 year. Samples were collected twice a week for 2 h during daytime and 2 h during night-time. A thermal desorption unit, connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector was used for sample preparation and analysis. Results indicated that the monthly median (mean) total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations ranged between 0.01 (0.011) and 3.1 (3.2) ppb. Benzene levels did not exceed the local air quality standard limit, i.e. annual mean of 1.6 ppb. Toluene was the most abundant compound, with an annual median (mean) concentration of 0.63 (0.89) ppb. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations measured during daytime and night-time were found, and no distinct seasonal patterns were observed. Air mass back trajectory analysis indicated that the lack of seasonal cycles could be attributed to patterns determining the origin of the air masses sampled. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in general significantly higher in air masses that passed over anthropogenically impacted regions. Inter-compound correlations and ratios gave some indications of the possible sources of the different aromatic hydrocarbons in the source regions defined in the paper. The highest contribution of aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to ozone formation potential was also observed in plumes passing over anthropogenically impacted regions.

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Pithouse, Richard. „Frantz Fanon: Philosophy, Praxis, and the Occult Zone“. Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 24, Nr. 1 (12.10.2016): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2016.761.

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In 2011, Achille Mbembe asserted that “the human has consistently taken on the form of waste within the peculiar trajectory race and capitalism espoused in South Africa.” He added that the end of apartheid had shifted rather than undone the lines of exclusion and dispute. Since the massacre on the platinum mines in 2012 it has become widely accepted that the state is resorting to repressive measures to enforce these lines and contain the dispute that they occasion. With notable exceptions academic philosophy, and theory more broadly, has offered remarkably little illumination of the widening distance between the promise of national liberation and democracy and the often bitter realities of contemporary South Africa. [i] Achille Mbembe ‘Democracy as Community Life’ Johannesburg Workshop in Theory & Criticism, 2011 http://jwtc.org.za/volume_4/achille_mbembe.htm

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Mahlangu, Mahlape P., Etienne E. Müller, Johanna M. E. Venter, Dumisile V. Maseko und Ranmini S. Kularatne. „The Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Association With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Symptomatic Patients, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007–2014“. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 46, Nr. 6 (Juni 2019): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000984.

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