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Kasemi, Naruzzaman. „Strategies for the development of household industries in Jalpaiguri Districts, West Bengal“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/280.
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Zhang, Fan. „Regional disparity in homeownership, investment choice, and intra-household bargaining : evidence from Chinese household surveys“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52103/.
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This thesis contains three studies that provide theoretical and empirical evidence on household decisions in housing and investment portfolios in China, using 2010-2014 data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The first study investigates regional disparities in homeownership and value of owner-occupied housing in Chinese cities by using panel data from 2010-2014 CFPS. The results show that demographic characteristics actively shape the housing outcomes of urban households in different regions. The results also reveal development trajectories of regional economies. The findings indicate that while urban households benefit from an emerging population and an enormous growth in the private sector in the Eastern and Central regions, in the Northeastern region households are hindered in homeownership by an ageing population and an economy dominated by oversized but inefficient state-owned enterprises (SoEs). The second study adopts a nested logit approach, applying three data sets from the 2010-2014 CFPS. This approach explores how household investment choice differs with personal and household characteristics (e.g., such as health, demographic features, and institutional factors) across the broad investment categories of financial assets, private businesses, and real estate. I also employ a sub-sample from the 2012 CFPS that is restricted to parental households to examine how parenthood alters household investment decisions by building a binomial logistic model. The empirical results show that migration and income have a positive effect on investment decisions in the nested logit models. The evidence from the subsample finds that there are significant differences in the impact of demographic composition between investment categories. Using the 2010-2014 CFPS panel data, the third study investigates how household investment holdings vary according to demographic composition and intra-household bargaining strength in urban China. In addition, to explore the allocation of household investment, a further examination is carried out in the fixed-effect model with the specification of the Working-Leser function and in a Tobit model with two limits. Empirical evidence supports the following hypotheses: (a) changes in demographic composition considerably alter household investment holdings; and (b) the existence of a higher proportion of female children is strongly associated with an increase in household investments in financial assets.
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Tu, Yong. „Local housing submarket structure and regional household housing choice behaviour“. Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1995. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3603.
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As home ownership in the UK housing market has become mature, economic and econometric analyses of urban and regional owner-occupier housing markets have become a long-standing concern of housing economists. This thesis defines a nestedl ocal housing submarkets tructureT. he dynamic stock flow model with trade friction is revised and applied to analysing the local owner occupier housing submarket operational process. The short run and long run equilibrium and discquilibrium nature of a local owner occupier housing submarkct system are divulged. This model explores the submarket house price determinants and the role of housing submarket trade friction in submarket house price formation. The computer simulation reveals the relationship between the housing submarket structure and the system stability. The role of household housing choice behaviour in directing the system has been carefully demonstrated. On the premise of the utility maximisation approach, a behavioural model of regional household housing choice per housing submarket is set up. It is argued that the structure of the regional labour market determines household dwelling location choice. The influence of housing submarket marketability (defined as an inverse of the submarket trade friction) on household housing choice behaviour is considered. The family life cycle pattern of housing choice behaviour and the influence of household financial constraints on housing choice are also developed in the model. The empirical analysis is based on both Stated and Revealed preference information in order to overcome the dwelling supply constraint. The data is derived from the Lothian Region owner occupier housing market. The empirical results are compared with those of the existing housing choice models. The policy implications which follow from this thesis are then discussed in the light of the findings
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Urassa, Justin Kalisti. „Rural household livelihoods, crop production and well-being after a period of trade reforms : a case study of Rukwa, Tanzania“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2484/.
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Production of staples occupies an important part in Sub-Saharan Africa‘s crop production, and maize is its single most important food staple. This thesis mainly examines the role of maize in farmers‘ livelihoods and wellbeing in Tanzania, in the context of a long period of reforms that have affected both the maize market, agriculture more widely. It does so by exploring the role of maize in household‘s on and off-farm diversification, the determinants of crop productivity, and the relationship between diversification, commercialisation and‘ well-being. A number of specific issues are explored including the importance of factors such as farm size and education, access to key inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agricultural extension services. The thesis uses data collected from three districts of Rukwa, one of Tanzania‘s major maize producing regions, and some secondary agricultural data from official sources. The research found that households with more land were generally more diversified (both on-farm and off-farm) than those with less land, and they experienced higher levels of well-being as measured by a range of concepts of well-being, but that maize continues to play an important role households‘ livelihoods and well-being. The research also revealed low levels of use of important agricultural inputs such as modern fertilizers and extension services, which may explain the low yields observed in the region. Education emerged as an important factor in raising yields, increasing commercialisation and also well-being, suggesting that nonagriculture policies may also be important for improving productivity and welfare of farmers. Despite the importance of crop production to their‘ well-being, households face several constraints; these include access to fertilizers, improved seeds and other chemical inputs necessary for higher production, and extension services. These findings have important policy implications as many rural households continue to rely on agriculture, especially production of staples. Therefore, these results could help the central and local governments to formulate strategies geared towards improving rural well-being.
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Agne, Chaiane Leal. „Agroindústrias rurais familiares e a rede de relações sociais nos mercados de proximidade na região do Corede Jacuí Centro/RS“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22721.
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A diversificação das atividades produtivas e sociais é uma realidade da agricultura familiar brasileira. O processamento da produção agropecuária e a inserção do produto agroindustrial nos mercados são formas desta diversificação. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo descrever as relações que formam a rede social dos mercados de proximidade, ou seja, demonstrar as relações que as ARFs mantêm com outros agentes para realizar as ações de troca e comercialização de produtos agroindustriais. A região estudada compreende os municípios que compõe o Corede Jacuí Centro: Cachoeira do Sul, Cerro Branco, Novo Cabrais, Paraíso do Sul, Restinga Seca, São Sepé e Vila Nova do Sul. O estudo caracterizouse como exploratório-descritivo, com a coleta de informações secundárias e primárias. As informações do IBGE sobre as indústrias rurais serviram de suporte para definir o número de entrevistas que seriam efetuadas em cada município. Foram realizadas 41 entrevistas, com o auxílio de um formulário semiestruturado e diários de campo. Utilizou-se de metodologia qualitativa (análise de conteúdo) e quantitativa (medidas de dispersão: média aritmética simples e desvio padrão; medidas de localização: máximo e mínimo) para a análise dos dados. A formação social da rede dos mercados de proximidade envolve interações dos produtores com atores de instituições e da comunidade, com intermediários, pontes de inserção, consumidores e demais agentes da sociedade civil. Destaca-se a venda direta para consumidores urbanos, representando uma média de 51% da produção vendida, cujas formas de comercialização são: de porta em porta, por encomenda, em feiras, em eventos e na propriedade. Nas relações de comercialização e trocas com parentes e vizinhos, as famílias comercializam uma média de 14% e 1%, respectivamente. Estas interações são evidenciadas pela troca de produtos, matéria-prima e serviços na atividade agroindustrial. Quanto às relações comerciais com as pontes de inserção e intermediários, correspondem a 19% e 15% da produção vendida, respectivamente. Para os agricultores, as características de diferenciação dos seus produtos são: o natural, o jeito de fazer, o sabor, o trabalho do agricultor para produzir, o preço, a certificação SIM e a produção ecológica. Dentre as inovações destacamse: a embalagem, a consistência, o tempero, os sabores, a produção light, o tamanho, a concentração do produto e a modificação da receita.The diversification of the social and productive activities is what usually happens in the Brazilian household agriculture. The agricultural production processing and the agro industrial product insertion in the markets are manners of this diversification. This paper had as main objective to describe the relations that constitute the social networking of the proximity markets to the change and merchandising of the agroindustrial products. The region studied comprehends the cities that belong to Corede Jacuí Centro: Cachoeira do Sul, Cerro Branco, Novo Cabrais, Paraíso do Sul, Restinga Seca, São Sepé and Vila Nova do Sul. This study was characterized as an exploratory-descriptive analysis, with the gathering of secondary and primary information. The data about agrobusiness provided by IBGE gave a support to define the number of interviews that would be done in each city. 41 interviews have been accomplished, with the assistance of a semi-structured form and field diaries. Qualitative methodology has been used (content analysis) and quantitative (disperse measurements: simple arithmetic average and standard deviation; localization measurements: maximum and minimum) for the data analysis. The social formation of the proximate market networking involves interactions of the producers with actors of institutions and the community, with middlemen, insertion bridges, consumers and other agents of the civil society. The direct sale to the urban consumer has been highlighted, representing an average of 51% of the sold production, whose merchandising forms are: door to door, by order, at fairs, at events and at the property. In the relationships of marketing and exchanges with relatives and neighbors, the families commercialized an average of 14% and 1% respectively. These interactions are spotlighted by the exchange of products, raw material, and services at the agroindustrial activity. Concerned with the commercial relationship with the insertion bridges and middlemen, it corresponds to 19% and 15% of the commercialized production, respectively. According to the peasants, the characteristics that differ their products are: the natural, the way to make, the flavor, the farmer’s work to produce, the price, the SIM certification and the ecological production. Among the innovations some are pointed out: the package, the consistency, the seasoning, the flavors, the light production, the size, the product concentration and the recipe modification.
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Blanc, Guillaume. „Les pratiques audiovisuelles domestiques : Cadres de réception et (ré)appropriations du foyer au prisme des techniques numériques et des stratégies industrielles“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAL021/document.
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Depuis les vingt dernières années, les techniques numériques connaissent un développement sans précédent et semblent favoriser une diversification des formes de réception des contenus audiovisuels. La délinéarisation de ces contenus, la multiplication des offres d’accès ou encore l’entrée de nouveaux acteurs industriels dans la filière audiovisuelle nous poussent à interroger ce que veut dire aujourd’hui « regarder la télévision ». Ce travail doctoral propose de dépasser la question de la pérennité de la télévision comme média de flux en interrogeant plutôt les évolutions des pratiques audiovisuelles des publics dans leurs dimensions symboliques, sociales et affectives. En s’appuyant sur une enquête menée dans plus de quarante foyers et auprès de professionnels du secteur télévisuel, cette recherche montre ainsi que les cadres de réception des publics se complètent et s’articulent plus qu’ils ne s’opposent. Par ailleurs, au travers d’une analyse des mutations des stratégies industrielles, il est également montré que les rapports de force entre chaînes de télévision et acteurs industriels de la communication (du Web, des télécommunications ou du matériel) n’impliquent pas nécessairement une remise en cause du rôle d’intermédiation des chaînes ou de la fonction structurante du modèle socio-économique de flot dans cette filière. Cette recherche souligne également la continuité de l’ancrage domestique des pratiques audiovisuelles malgré la multiplication des écrans et des formes d’accès aux contenus. Ainsi, les usages que les publics ont du numérique ne redessinent pas fondamentalement les rapports familiaux et les modes d’habiter. Au contraire, ces relations symboliques sont parfois renforcées au travers de (ré)appropriations quotidiennes des espaces-temps du foyer, dont les pratiques émergentes sont le support. Cette analyse du rôle des pratiques audiovisuelles dans la création des liens qui se tissent entre les personnes vivant sous le même toit permet ainsi de montrer en quoi ces pratiques participent à la construction du sentiment de « chez-soi » et font partie intégrante de l’économie morale du foyerFor the last twenty years, digital technology achieved an unprecedented development and seem to accelerate a diversification of the forms of audiovisual contents reception. The delinearization of these contents, the multiplication of the access offers or the entry of new industrial actors in the audiovisual sector push us to question what "watching television" means today. This PhD tries to go beyond the question of the durability of television as a broadcast media by questioning rather the evolution of the public audiovisual practices in their symbolic, social and affective dimensions. Based on a study conducted in more than 40 homes and with professionals of the television sector, this research shows that public reception frames are complementary and articulated more than in opposition. Moreover, through an analysis of the industrial strategies mutations, it is also shown that the balance of power between television channels and communication industries (Web, telecommunications or hardware) does not necessarily put in danger the intermediation role of the channels or the structuring function of the flow model. This research also highlights the continuity of the importance of the domestic dimension in the audiovisual practices despite the multiplication of the devices and the contents offers. Therefore, the uses of the digital technology do not fundamentally redraw the family relations and the modes of living. On the contrary, these symbolic relationships are sometimes reinforced by the daily (re)appropriations of the household spaces-times, through the emerging practices. This analysis of the linking role between people living under the same roof that the audiovisual practices perform shows how they contribute to the construction of the feeling of "home" and are an integral part of the household moral economy
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Kirakozian, Ankinée. „Trois essais en économie des déchets : comportements individuels et politiques publiques“. Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0013/document.
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Le constat d'un volume de déchets en augmentation constante en France et dans le monde appelle des études permettant de comprendre les comportements de tri des ménages. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette perspective et a pour ambition de comprendre comment modifier le comportement des consommateurs afin que ces derniers réduisent leurs déchets. Nous présentons d'abord une revue de la littérature analysant les différentes politiques publiques en matière de gestion des déchets. L'approche traditionelle consistant à dire que les individus répondent avant tout à un comportement rationnel, la recherche de gain, a ses limites. Nous soutenons l'idée que des politiques spécifiques prenant en compte les facteurs comportementaux sont nécessaires dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques en faveur du recyclage. Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons aux déterminants du tri sélectif à partir de données issues d'une enquête originale auprès de 694 habitants de la région PACA. Nous estimons avec un modèle Probit la probabilité d'adopter un comportement de tri sélectif. Ce modèle teste les hypothèses étudiées jusqu'ici principalement par les sociologues et psychologues. Notre analyse empirique démontre que l'influence sociale impacte négativement le recyclage. Enfin, nous complétons cette étude avec un modèle mutli-agent qui cherche à expliquer le tri des déchets et l'impact des politiques publiques. Notre modèle considère des ménages hétérogènes choisissant de recycler selon quatre caractéristiques: leurs préférences environnementales, le coût d'opportunité de la taxe, le coût du tri et leur image de soi. Trois politiques sont testées : l'information, la taxe, et les "nudges"The observation of a positive trend in the amount of waste in France and in the world has called for studies explaining household sorting behavior. This thesis lies in this perspective and aims at determining how to lead consumers to reduce their waste. We first present a review of the literature analyzing the portfolio of waste management public policies. We discuss the limits of the traditional approach stating that individuals adopt a rational behavior, seeking utility gains. Instead we support the idea that addressing behavioral factors is required for public policies supporting recycling behavior to succeed. In a second step, we investigate the the determinants of sorting behavior by building an original survey on 694 individuals in the PACA region. Our study combines and tests hypotheses first developed by sociologists and psychologists with concepts from behavioral economics. We use a probit model to estimate the probability to adopt a selective sorting behavior. Our empirical analysis shows that social influence negatively impacts recycling. Finally, we complete this study with an agent-based model which seeks to explain the sorting of waste as well as how such behavior is impacted by public policies. Our model considers heterogeneous households whose recycling decision is affected by four elements: individual environmental preferences and self-image, the opportunity cost of a tax on sorting, and the cost of sorting. Three public policies are tested: information, tax and "nudges"
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Han-Suck, Song. „Risk management of the housing market : with a focus on low income households“. Licentiate thesis, KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-398.
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Lèbre, Eléonore. „Modelling environmental benefits of household waste prevention“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18704.
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Waste prevention can be seen as a form of waste treatment, and it is then considered as the most desirable option to mitigate the environmental impacts of waste generation. However, some have already pointed out the fact that the true potential of waste prevention might lie in its connection to sustainable consumption, and not as a substitute to waste treatment (Ekvall 2008, Olofsson 2004). Sustainable consumption and waste prevention are concepts that are closely related. Goods that people consume always end up as waste. In some cases, waste prevention also results in reduced consumption and this is what was analysed in this master thesis. The aim is to assess the environmental benefits of household waste prevention by considering the overall production chain and not only the waste management system.To assess the benefits of waste prevention, a hybrid LCA model was developed. This model combines an Input Output Analysis of consumer expenditures with a Life Cycle Analysis of household waste generation. The Input Output Analysis is an appropriate tool to assess a basket of product categories that are expressed in monetary terms, as it is the case for household consumption. The Input Output dataset is connected to the Consumer Expenditure Survey which gathers a household’s total yearly purchases. The Life Cycle Analysis of a waste generation vector includes all data characteristic of the Waste Management System in Trondheim and the future of the waste is assessed from its collection and sorting to its recycling and use in secondary production.The scenarios chosen to evaluate the potential of waste prevention are targeting food, textiles and paper products. They all assume that waste prevention results in a proportional decrease in consumption, thus affecting both the LCA and the IOA results. The aim is to compare these two sets of results. In the IO scenarios, the influence of a rebound effect was also tested. Rebound effects are due to a constant income that settles the total amount of expenditure: scenarios generate reduced consumption and hence money savings that will still be spent on something else in the end. The ways they are re-spent will determin the final results. Various cases were tested: the rebound on holidays, restaurant, culture, repair, the marginal rebound and the simple rebound. The two latter ones distribute the savings on all categories.From this study the main results are the following:- The environmental benefits of waste prevention occur mostly at the production chain level: most changes occurring at the waste management level are 2 to 4% of the ones occurring upstream. Benefits generated by the waste management system are low and sometimes even negative, meaning that the reduction scenarios generated more impact than the reference scenario. This is because the Waste Management System generates environmental benefits on its own, thanks to energy recovery and material recycling that substitute primary production. Decreasing the amounts of waste collected hence reduces these benefits.- The influence of the rebound effects on the results is significant. In the case of global warming, the holiday rebound is the one that mitigates the most the initial benefits (they are reduced from 7% to 1% in the results that combine all scenarios together). The marginal and the simple rebounds come next. Rebounds on restaurant and culture are most of the time the most beneficial in the way that they reduce the benefits only from 7% to 5.5%. - Even though comparison between the different targeted categories is subject to uncertainties, one can still notice the importance of food, which generates significant benefits even though the consumption was only reduced by 11%. The results also show that preventing paper waste is the least beneficial scenario.
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Roux, Charlotte. „The life cycle performance of energy using household products“. Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11012.
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The number of household gadgets that use energy, usually electricity, has multiplied in recent decades and energy use in a category that was long called other has risen significantly. In the mean time, another concern has arisen: the carbon cost related to the production and disposal of the gadgets. Investigating household electric and electronic equipment (EEE) as a specific household consumption category, the objective of this project is to get more understanding of their consumption and of their carbon footprint over there life-cycle. Space and water heating as well as lighting are excluded. The focus is on Norwegian household carbon footprint considering its specificities both in terms of consumption patterns, external trade and energy mix. First, an economic and statistical analysis of product ownership is conducted. It uses several data sources, such as the recent REMODECE campaign, sales data, lifetime estimation, EE-register data (registration of input and output of Electric and electronic equipment on the Norwegian market) and data from statistical office of Norway. Second, the project aims to record, analyze and compare different sources of information considering production and end-of-life. Both bottom up and top down approaches are investigated, even if a stress is put on bottom-up studies, such as ongoing European EuP study with its Ecoreport tool and EcoInvent database. Third it gives a best estimate of EEEs share in household carbon footprint, found to be 8,1% at 1,5 tons of CO2equivalent per household with production phase as a main contributor. A discussion on uncertainties assessing precision and identifying information gaps is also conducted. In addition to facilitate further research by setting up a framework grouping information sources critically analyzed, this project highlights the increasing importance of EEE products regarding sustainable consumption by putting numbers on the table.
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Zhang, Jin. „In silico Identification of Thyroid Disrupting Chemicals : among industrial chemicals and household dust contaminants“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125631.
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Thyroid disruptions by xenobiotics have been associated with a broad spectrum of severe adverse human health effects, such as impaired brain development and metabolic syndrome. Ingestion of indoor dust and contact with industrial chemicals are two significant human exposure routes of thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals (THDCs), raising serious concerns for human health. However, it is a laborious and costly process to identify THDCs using conventional experimental methods, due to the number of chemicals in commerce and the varieties of potential disruption mechanisms. In this thesis, we are aimed at in silico identification of novel THDCs targeting transthyretin (TTR) and thyroid hormone receptor (THR) among dust contaminants and commonly used industrial chemicals. In vitro assays were used to validate the in silico prediction results. Co-crystallization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to reveal binding modes of THDCs at the studied biological targets and to explain their intermolecular recognition. The main findings presented in this thesis are: 1. Over 144 environmental pollutants have been confirmed as TTR-binders in vitro and these cover a wide range of environmental pollutants and show distinct chemical profiles including a large group of halogenated aromatic compounds and a second group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. (Paper I) 2. In total 485 organic contaminants have been reported to be detected in household dust. The developed QSAR classification model predicted 7.6% of these dust contaminants and 53.1% of their metabolites as potential TTR-binders, which emphasizes the importance of metabolic bioactivation. After in vitro validation, four novel TTR binders with IC50 ≤ 10 µM were identified, i.e. perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid, 2,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP2), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. (Paper II) 3. The development of a robust structure-based virtual screening (VS) protocol resulted in the prediction of 31 dust contaminants as potential binders to THRβ1 including musk compounds, PFASs, and bisphenol A derivatives. The in vitro experiments confirmed four compounds as weak binders to THRβ1, i.e. 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether, 2,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. (Paper III) 4. We revealed the binding conformations of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and BP2 in the thyroxine binding sites (TBSs) of TTR by co-crystallizing TTR with the three compounds. A VS protocol was developed based on the TTR complex structures that predicted 192 industrial chemicals as potential binders to TTR. Seven novel TTR binders were confirmed by in vitro experiments including clonixin, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol (DNPC), triclopyr, fluroxypyr, bisphenol S, picloram, and mesotrione. We further co-crystallized TTR with PBS, clonixin, DNPC, and triclopyr, and their complex structures showed that the compounds bind in the TBSs as proposed by the VS protocol. In summary, 13 indoor dust contaminants and industrial chemicals were identified as THDCs using a combination of in silico and in vitro approaches. To the best of our knowledge, none of these compounds has previously been reported to bind to TTR or THR. The identifications of these THDCs improve our understanding on the structure-activity relationships of THDCs. The crystal structures of TTR-THDC complexes and the information on THDC-Target intermolecular interactions provide a better understanding on the mechanism-of-actions behind thyroid disruption. The dataset compiled and in silico methods developed serve as a basis for identification of more diverse THDCs in the future and a tool for guiding de novo design of safer replacements.
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VandenBosch, Jon C. „Lithic economy and househould interdependence among the late classic Maya of Belize /“. Ann Arbor : UMI dissertation services, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40086766f.
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Stute, Pia-Marie. „Open House : Reclaiming the technological interior of household electronics“. Thesis, Konstfack, Industridesign, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6298.
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The relationship people have to electronic devices relys on their passive acceptance rather than an understanding of their functioning – often leaving the users alientated and helpless as their products break. Which qualities do electronic artifacts need to embody in order to be repairable? As opposed to a black-box, the metaphor of a white-box can describe this repairable ideal: A white-box is meant to be opened and allows easy access to all inner parts. It is designed to communicate functions and connections and aids the user in understanding. Therefore, a white-box is designed to allow the consumer to act. How «open» can household electronics be?
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Arvesen, Anders. „Direct and Indirect Energy Consumption of Households in Beijing“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12877.
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China's economy has grown at remarkable rates in the last three decades, bringing about big improvements in people's quality of life. On the downside, the increased economic activity has contributed to serious environmental problems, many of which are related to the country's energy system. Focusing particularly on Beijing, this study aims at illuminating how income growth and lifestyle changes relate to energy use in the society. An extended input-output analysis is applied to estimate the direct and indirect household energy consumption (HEC) of Beijing households at different levels of development in the year 2005. Using observations of how HEC varies across income groups in 2005 as a basis, projections of HEC towards 2015 are made. According to the results, the total HEC in Beijing amounts to 42% of the total direct energy use occurring in all sectors within Beijing's geographical boundaries. Hence, a significant portion of the energy use in the society can be linked with consumer activities. For urban residents, indirect influences on energy use are found to be more than three times greater than the direct influences. Mainly due to growing incomes, total HEC in urban Beijing will grow substantially in the period 2005-2015, even with overall efficiency improvements corresponding to the central government's targets. The results indicate that the share of transport related energy use to total HEC will increase significantly. Without major efficiency improvements, huge increases in transport related energy use is to be expected towards 2015. Air conditioners will be the most important single electrical appliance contributing to increased residential electricity consumption in the near future.Due to significant uncertainty, the figures should be taken as rough guides to the magnitude of different types of energy use only. Nonetheless, it is the author's opinion that the study produces valuable insights that can add to our understanding of the underlying drivers of energy use in the Beijing society. The estimates are considered sufficiently accurate to serve as a basis for making some recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of the society. Based on the findings of the study, the author calls on central and local governments to: 1) Further incorporate the important role of consumer behaviour and lifestyle into energy conservation policies; 2) Make strong efforts to mitigate transport related environmental problems, focusing attention both on producers and consumers; 3) Give high priority to constructing energy efficient buildings; 4) Further strengthen and expand the performance standard and labelling scheme for electrical appliances; 5) Consider imposing constraints on the promotion of consumerism by the mass media and advertising industry.
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Botha, Francis-Marie. „An ethno-consumeristic approach to household technologies in Swaziland“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52101.
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Assignment (MComm) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: According to Costa and Basommy (1995) ethno-consumerism is the study of consumption from the point of view of a social or cultural group, which is the subject of the study. The purpose of the study was to document and critically analyse the use of modern household technologies by Swazi families and their experiences with them. The focus of analysis was at micro leveL A combined sample (N= 1449), consisting of Swazi females (N=810) and Swazi males (N=639) was requested to complete a questionnaire concerning the research project with issues relating to the adoption of household technologies. To explore the research issues concerning household technologies in Swaziland an ethno consumeristic framework consisting of four elements were developed: The Cultural context, Modernisation in the Swazi Culture, Rising Consumerism in Swaziland and the Technological Context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Etniese verbruikersgedrag is volgens Costa & Basommy (1995) 'n studie van verbruiking vanuit die oogpunt van 'n kulturele of sosiale groep wat die onderwerp van die studie vorm. Die doel van die studie was om die gebruik van huishoudelike tegnologie deur Swazi families en hulle ondervinding daarmee te dokumenteer en analiseer. Die fokus van analise was op mikro vlak. 'n Gekombineerde steekproef (N=1449) was saamgestel uit Swazi dames (N=810) en Swazi mans (N=639). Die Swazi families het die navorsings projek van inligting voorsien oor kwessies wat verband hou met die aanvaarding van huishoudelike tegnologie. Om die navorsings kwessies aangaande huishoudelike tegnologie te ondersoek was 'n etniese verbruikersraamwerk saamgestel wat uit die volgende vier elemente bestaan het naamlik: Die Swazi se Kulturele Konteks, Modernisering in die Swazi Konteks, Toenemende Verbruikersorientasie en die Tegnologiese Konteks.
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Cloutier, Martin. „Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis“. Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.
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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption.The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income.
In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.
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Chan, Yuen Tung. „Production relocation to southeast Asia : electronics transnational corporations in Vietnam“. HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/772.
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After the turn of the new millennium, the transformation of the'World Factory'- China under the restructuring Asian production network has been increasingly witnessed. Due to the changing dynamics at local, national, and global levels, production relocations of the labor-intensive industries from coastal China to the developing countries nearby, such as Vietnam, have been observed. Yet, little attention so far has been focused to see how these industries and the firms have been relocated out of China and reorganized their production networks. Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page, viewed November 12, 2020. Since the last decades, the global production network (GPN) approach in economic geography has been widely applied to study geographically dispersed production activities. Notably, the newly developed'GPN 2.0' theory has offered a framework to systemically understand the ways the transnational corporations (TNCs) have interacted with various firms and non-firm actors to orchestrate their production networks at different scales. Hence, drawing mainly upon the notions from the GPN 2.0 theory, particularly the firm-specific strategies, as well as the ideas from other social science studies, such as the institutional perspective, to develop a more comprehensive analytical framework, and taking the consumer electronics industry as a case, this thesis looks into the current production relocation from China to Vietnam, and the restructuring of the electronics production networks, particularly in Asia, since the late 00s. To be more explicit, based on extensive field investigation since December 2017, especially in-depth interviews in both host and home regions, the current study examines, firstly, a broader picture of the restructuring of the global and Asian electronics production networks and the participation of Vietnam into the networks; secondly and more specifically, how firms from different origins, including the relatively established TNCs from Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) and the emerging TNCs (ETNCs) from emerging economies, such as China, have spatially and organizationally reconfigured their cross-border production networks in Vietnam. This thesis argues that the restructuring of the Asian electronics production networks is not only a sequential production relocation solely led by TNCs from Japan and the NIEs, but it is also driven by the ETNCs from China. Changing roles of emerging and developing countries, such as Vietnam as an assembly hub and an emerging market and China as an intermediate good's exporter, in the restructuring process have been witnessed. This study also illustrates that various closeness of the firm-state relationships has led to different results of the extra-firm bargaining process between the TNCs and the multi-scalar host institutions and thus the production relocation and the strategic coupling outcomes. As for the ETNCs originated from China, the current study showcases that the inherent legacies of the home institutions embedded in these firms have significantly impacted both spatial and organizational configurations of their production networks in Vietnam. Apart from empirically updating the restructuring and regionalization of the electronics production networks in Asia, particularly in developing Southeast Asia, this thesis enriches the economic geography literature primarily by taking the actors from the emerging and developing economies, which have been largely ignored in previous conceptualizations of the GPNs, particularly the ETNCs as well as the multi-scalar institutions in both host and home regions, into account.
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Song, Gahyung Stephanie. „Design for invisibility : designing a placing system through the study of user-object relationships in everyday life /“. Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11635.
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Ladino, Carolina. „Maquiladora employment, low-income households and gender dynamics : a case study in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2871/.
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Based on data collected in Juarez, northern Mexico, this thesis argues that the incorporation of low-income women into modern forms of industrial employment, i.e. assembly industries or as called locally 'maquilas', alters patriarchal forms of domination at the household level. As women enter maquila employment the focus of patriarchal control shifts from the private sphere of the home to the public sphere of the workplace. That is, the thesis argues that women's incorporation in maquilas prompted a shift from a private form of patriarchy to a public one, or else a capitalist patriarchy. This said, capitalist patriarchy shaped respondents' lives and their households in varying ways according to respondents' stage in the life course, their households and individual characteristics. Indeed, the complex interrelation between women's life course, and their households, as they intersect with the particular patterns and characteristics of the maquiladora industry and individual workers' characteristics illuminated the heterogeneity of workers' responses to emerging forms of capitalist patriarchy. While the thesis is grounded on life course analysis with special reference to low- income maquila workers' households, the study is comparative at two different levels. At one level it is inter-generational in that it looks at three different 'industrial generations' of women in Juarez; at a second level it is comparative in that it looks at the case of women maquila workers with respect to non-maquila workers, including the case of low-income housewives. Finally, the thesis analyses women workers' responses to the pace of changes. Contrary to other studies carried out in Juarez on maquila workers, the data collection for this thesis was not conducted in factory premises but in the low-income settlements. Interviews conducted combined structured and semi-structured interviews and life and work histories. 82 households located in 25 settlements spread across the northern, central and southern parts of low-income Juarez were visited and from those, 33 life and work histories and 6 inter-generational meetings with maquila mothers and maquila daughters formed the core bulk of data. Whilst the main findings point to an emerging form of patriarchal control in women maquila workers' lives, this thesis highlights the heterogeneity among the various generations of maquila workers that form the labour pool related to the changing nature of maquilas in the city over time.
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Akintan, Oluwakemi Bolanle. „Socio-cultural perceptions of indoor air pollution among rural migrant households in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27599/.
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Many households in developing countries rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural wastes, sawdust, and animal dung) and coal to meet their energy needs. The burning of these fuels in open fires creates environmental problems one of which is indoor air pollution (IAP). For effective reduction of indoor air pollution in sub-Saharan Africa, it is therefore, important to understand factors that determine the choice and uptake of cleaner fuels for household energy use. This research investigates the salient factors influencing households in developing countries in choosing fuel types, using the households in peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria as a case study. This research used holistic approaches to understand energy issues in the study area and used methods such as questionnaires, interviews, and field observation during data collection. Key findings suggest that underlying socio-cultural contexts of households’ ethnic groups guided wood-fuel harvesting in the peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Wood fuel continues to be households’ main domestic energy source irrespective of their socio-economic status. The open burning of wood fuel causes indoor air pollution as the recorded 24-hour particulate matter levels was between 42µg/m3 – 275µg/m3 for indoor kitchens and 48µg/m3 – 648µg/m3 for outdoor kitchens. The cultural perception of the households that natural aeration blows particulates into buildings hinders them from believing that the open of burning of biomass fuels for domestic activities is the cause of indoor air pollution. Based on the findings of this study, it is argued that the traditional norms and values of the householders, being embedded in their socio-cultural contexts, are vital for understanding energy issues in the global South.
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Lewis, James R. „Modelling complex human-based industrial systems“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95884/1/James_Lewis_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a case study in modelling a complex human-based industrial system which addresses the problem of network peak demand for electricity by residential customers. The study demonstrates the importance of designing interventions aimed at reducing peak demand that take into account the interactions of the various elements of the system. Available data from industry-specific and public sources was combined with data from relevant expert opinion through a Bayesian network (BN) approach. Applying the BN to investigate various market-based and government interventions provided insights into the major influencing factors in the system.
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Loveland, Simon James. „Spatial aspects of greenhouse gas emissions from transport demands by households in Trondheim“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19063.
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The aim of this study was to explore the spatial variation in household greenhouse emissions from local transportation in Trondheim, the reasons for this variation, and explore scenarios of what bearing these variations might have on greenhouse gas emissions in the future. Data from a national travel survey was used together with modal emissions coefficients to model the average emissions per capita for 46 geographic zones in Trondheim. Linear regression was used to explain the variation in average emissions using a number of explanatory variables identified from the literature. The regression models explained around 75–80 per cent of the spatial variation in average emissions (0.75 ≤ adj r2 ≤ 0.79), with centre distance explaining the majority of variation. Using a regression function containing centre distance and access to public transport as explanatory variables, five scenarios were constructed for emissions in 2030, which suggest that centralisation of new residential building developments and improvement in the public transport network could limit the growth in annual greenhouse gas emissions to approximately 10 per cent in the presence of approximately 30 per cent population growth.
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Pope, Stephen Michael. „Designing for technology obsolescence through closing the product life cycle : an investigation and evaluation of three successional audio-video products“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23138.
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Midões, André de Carvalho. „Mobiliário modular componível para cozinhas: panorama do descarte de materiais nas etapas de produção industrial, projeto e montagem“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16134/tde-13062017-103936/.
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Esta investigação tem como ponto de partida a preocupação contemporânea quanto ao desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis e, desta forma, considera-se como objeto do estudo o descarte de materiais pré-consumo no segmento de móveis modulados componíveis para cozinhas, popularmente denominados \"móveis planejados\", que tem como uma das principais características o desenvolvimento de projetos personalizados a partir de módulos padronizados. Com o objetivo de traçar um panorama qualitativo do tema e olhar a questão a partir de uma visão sistêmica do processo, a coleta de dados partiu de três principais enfoques: produção industrial, projeto e montagem dos móveis. Na fase de produção industrial, foram utilizadas entrevistas com profissionais e especialistas do setor, tais como empresários industriais, engenheiros de produção, designers do produto e feita observação não participante nas indústrias em que os móveis são produzidos. Na fase de projeto técnico, buscou-se junto aos projetistas compreender a relação entre o objeto da investigação e os métodos projetuais utilizados durante o processo de criação e na fase de montagem, final do processo, a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e da observação não participante com os montadores durante a instalação dos móveis nas cozinhas. Como resultado, são apresentados os dados mais relevantes quanto ao descarte de materiais neste segmento do mobiliário residencial, identificando-se os tipos recorrentes de material descartado, sua eventual destinação e as principais circunstâncias no sistema produto geradoras destes insumos, apontando caminhos para novas investigações e abordagens, dentro e fora da área de design.This research has as its starting point the contemporary concern about the development of sustainable products and, therefore, the object of the study is considered the disposal of preconsumption materials in the segment of modular furniture for kitchens, popularly called \"planned furniture\" , which has as one of the main characteristics the development of customized projects from standardized modules. With the objective of tracing a qualitative panorama of the theme and looking at the question from a systemic view of the process, the data collection came from three main focuses: industrial production, design and furniture assembly. In the industrial production phase, interviews with professionals and industry experts such as industrial entrepreneurs, production engineers, product designers and nonparticipant observation were used in the industries in which the furniture is produced. In the technical design phase, the designers sought to understand the relationship between the object of the investigation and the design methods used during the creation process, and in the assembly phase, at the end of the process, the data collection was performed through interviews And the non-participant observation with the assemblers during the installation of the furniture in the kitchens. As a result, we present the most relevant data regarding the disposal of materials in this segment of residential furniture, identifying the recurrent types of discarded material, their eventual destination and the main circumstances in the productsystem generating these inputs, pointing out the ways for further investigations and approaches, inside and outside the design area.
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Jonsson, Malin. „Kvinnors arbete och hushållens försörjning. Vävinkomsternas betydelse för hushållsekonomin i Siljansbygden 1938–1955“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7077.
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The principal purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the importance of women´s waged work with handicrafts for the household economy in the Swedish countryside during a period of rapid industrialisation and growth. The point of departure for the analysis has been a theoretical and methodological frame of interpretation on three levels. The levels that have been studied are the national institutional level of society, the level of the local society and the household level.
This thesis has shown that women’s ways of providing for themselves cannot be explained with reference to any one factor. The explanation for the gender division of labour must be seen as the result of the interplay of several different factors on different levels. By investigating how the conditions for making a living looked like on the three different levels, the thesis has shown that, together, factors on the national institutional and the local societal levels, as well as on the individual household level, affected women’s work and how it can be understood.
The thesis has described how the ideal of the breadwinner has changed during the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society. By studying a traditional form of female wage work – handicrafts – during a period when women were not expected to be gainfully employed, the thesis has shown that this transition was a slow process that manifested itself differently on different levels and that the old agrarian gender order survived for a long time despite the fact that people’s means of making a living had changed in a fundamental way. Women’s handicraft work was a continuing feature during this transitional period.
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Touré, Mabetty. „Les rapports de genre et la filière néré en Haute Guinée“. Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967988.
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Les dynamiques des rapports de genre se construisent à travers une analyse globale depuis la mise en place des populations. Cette analyse permet de porter un regard nouveau sur les rapports de genre autour d'enjeux social, culturel et économique en Haute Guinée. De l'organisation sociale et politique des communautés rurales de base ressort la position sociale qu'occupe chaque catégorie sociale à divers niveaux d'échelles (village, clan, famille). Les inégalités liées au genre influencent les processus sociaux et économiques. Les rapports de genre s'organisent à travers les faits et pratiques qui montrent une différenciation sociale mais aussi une hiérarchisation en faveur des hommes et des aînés. L'organisation sociale codifie les pratiques des uns et des autres dans un système gérontocratique. Les asymétries du genre constituées de différences et d'inégalités se transforment parfois, en réponse à l'évolution de la société ainsi qu'à des changements de conditions socio-économiques. C'est dans ce cadre que beaucoup de femmes de la Haute Guinée ont pris des initiatives et s'inscrivent actuellement dans des logiques d'exploitation du néré, un produit de cueillette utilisé comme condiment, ce qui leur permet d'avoir plus d'autonomie et peuvent, de ce fait, accéder aux moyens de production. Elles adhèrent aux organisations collectives, se déplacent de plus en plus vers des horizons lointains, bousculant ainsi l'ancienne hiérarchie de pouvoir fondé sur le sexe et l'âge.
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Malveiro, Ana Mateus. „Expor para divulgar: a memória das exposições de eletricidade e rádio e eletricidade realizadas em Portugal nas décadas de 20 e 30 do século XX“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12114.
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Esta dissertação aborda as exposições de eletricidade e as exposições de rádio e eletricidade realizadas em Portugal nas décadas de 1920 e 1930, com os objetivos de conhecer os objetos elétricos do quotidiano doméstico e recuperar a memória destas exposições como eventos importantes na divulgação das aplicações de eletricidade. O estudo dos objetos de uso do quotidiano que estiveram presentes nos stands dos certames liga-se com a necessária valorização do património móvel de eletricidade, que tem sido pouco estudado, preservado e valorizado em Portugal.
Como propostas de valorização patrimonial apresentam-se: a construção de um website sobre a “V Exposição de Rádio e Electricidade”, realizada em 1934 no Palácio de Exposições do Parque Eduardo VII e um inventário do património móvel de uso doméstico realizado com base numa ficha construída por nós; a realização de uma possível exposição temporária onde os objetos inventariados seriam expostos ao público; Expose to Disclose - The Memory of Electricity and Radio and Electricity Exhibitions held in Portugal in the 20s and 30s of the XXº century.
Abstract
:This dissertation focus on the electricity and radio and electricity exhibitions held in Portugal in the 1920s and 1930s. Its main goals are to improve the knowledge about everyday domestic electrical appliances to recover the memory of these exposures, as important events in the dissemination of applications of electricity. The study of the everyday domestic electrical appliances which were in the stands during this exhibitions binds with the necessary enhancement of the electrical movable heritage, which has been rarely studied, preserved, and valued in Portugal.
The proposals for asset valuation are: the construction of a website about the "V Exposição de Rádio e Electricidade" held in 1934 at the Palácio de Exposições of Parque Eduardo VII; the inventory of movable heritage household using a record built by us and finally the realization of a temporary exhibition where objects inventoried would be exposed to the public.
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Lima, Paula Coêlho Magalhães de. „Curadoria de objetos industriais: acervos de utensílios domésticos pré-elétricos em São Paulo“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/103/103131/tde-15012015-164350/.
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O presente estudo tem como objetivo central o estabelecimento de um quadro referencial que possa contribuir para uma metodologia para gestão de acervos museológicos de uma tipologia específica aqui determinada - os utensílios domésticos industrializados e pré-elétricos. Compreendemos que a relevância desta tipologia de objetos está no papel que exerceu no processo de modernização e racionalização do espaço doméstico que culminará na eletrificação das residências ao longo do século XX. Sendo assim, traçamos aqui um panorama dos ciclos de vida destes produtos em seu contexto original de fabricação e consumo - através da investigação da publicidade que circulava em São Paulo na virada para o século XX - e sua posterior incorporação a instituições museológicas. Tendo como hipótese que a incorporação destes utensílios a acervos de museus históricos configure uma tendência relacionada às mudanças conceituais e metodológicas que ocorrem nos campos da História e da Museologia ao longo da segunda metade do século XX, nos debruçamos sobre coleções do Museu Paulista e do Museu da Casa Brasileira, propondo uma análise da historicidade destas coleções, assim como dos parâmetros curatoriais a eles empregados, buscando então elencar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento e pesquisa dentro dos processos de curadoria desta tipologia de objetos em museus com vocação histórica.The present study is aimed at building a referential framework that may contribute to the establishment of collections management methodologies concerning a specific category of objects - pre-electrical household utensils and appliances of industrial manufacture. The relevance of such objects lies in the role they played in a process of modernization and rationalization of the household which would culminate in the spread of electrical power for residential use throughout the 20th century. Thus, we present an outlook of the life cycles these products took part in, whether in the context of their production and mass consumption in the turn-of-the-century São Paulo - for which we investigate the advertisements published in this period - whether in the context of their posterior accessioning by museums. On the assumption that the acquisition of such objects by History museums reveals a trend linked to conceptual and methodological transformations that guide the fields of History and Museum Studies throughout the second half of the 20th century, we look into the collections of Museu Paulista and Museu da Casa Brasileira, analysing the history of these collections as well as the curatorial process they were subject to, aiming at the possibilities for research and development of this category of objects within the curatorial process of History museums.
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Bell, Sandra. „International brand management of Chinese companies : case studies on the Chinese household applicances and consumer electronics industry entering US and Western European markets /“. Heidelberg : Physica, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/558190448.pdf.
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Mankazana, Thozama Betty. „A case study analysing the dropout rate of children who are heads of households at Mandela Village in Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng Province“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3382.
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Thesis (MPhil (Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.The study was about assessing the dropout rate of children who are heads of households at Mandela Village in Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng Province. Given the number of orphans who are escalating in each year as a result of HIV/AIDS pandemic especially in the Sub Saharan region, the author’s intention was to analyse what are the causes for these children to drop out from school, and what can be done to minimize the dropout rate of these children. All the participants were the children who are heads of households and residents of Mandela Village, East of Mamelodi Township, and Pretoria. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with thirty-one children who are heads of households, as well as with two educators in schools where these children are attending school or were attending school. This was followed by two focus groups with the same children. The intention of using the focus group was to investigate the issues raised during the interviews and to establish an understanding of how the children who are heads of households want to improve their own circumstances. The study findings observed that there were no strong linkages in assisting children who are heads of households between the Department of Social Development and Department of Education in the North Rand Region, Gauteng. Other findings were that the schools have no support programmes or teachers assigned to assist these children to cope with schoolwork. Due to multiplicity of responsibilities they are faced with, they are not copying with their studies.
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Franco, Antonio. „Conteúdo & Continente: Integração entre o Móvel Componível e a Habitação Padronizada no Brasil“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16134/tde-08032016-143329/.
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Este trabalho aborda a relação do móvel seriado e componível, para fins residenciais no Brasil, com as novas habitações destinadas à população de baixa renda. O enfoque do estudo centra-se na pesquisa dos principais aspectos dos processos atuais do mobiliário no tocante a sua produção, comercialização, montagem e uso, junto às figuras intervenientes - o usuário, o fabricante, o comerciante e o montador. Seus resultados são confrontados com o padrão das moradias produzidas atualmente para esta classe social, cujo modelo referencial majoritário é refletido pelas habitações geradas pelo programa \'Minha Casa Minha Vida\' do governo federal, na busca de proposições e recomendações, no âmbito do mobiliário, que melhor integrem ambos os sistemas.This work brings into focus the relationship between the mass production of modular furniture for residential purposes in Brazil and new housing programs for the low income class. The core of the study emphasizes the research of the main aspects of the current furniture processes regarding its production, marketing, assembly and use, with the agents of the chain - the costumer, the manufacturer, the dealer and the assembler. The results are compared with the standard of houses currently produced for that social class, which major reference model is the houses of the program \"My Home My Life\" (\"Minha Casa Minha Vida) sponsored by the federal government, aiming to search proposals and recommendations, under the furniture scope, which can better integrate both systems - furniture and housing industries.
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Ekman, Vivika. „Minska svinn av frukt och grönsaker genom produktdesign“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23318.
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Av all mat som produceras slängs ca en tredjedel, av det beräknas upp till 50% vara svinn. Svinn är onödigt matavfall, sådant som hade kunnat ätas om det hanterats annorlunda. Exempelvis en grönsak som blivit möglig. Hushållen står för den absolut största delen av det onödiga matavfallet och det är personer i enpersonshushåll som slänger mest per person och år. Denna studie har undersökt svinnet av färsk frukt och grönsaker, eftersom det är det livsmedel som slängs mest frekvent. Att slänga mat är att slösa på resurser vilket drabbar miljön och naturen negativt. Det finns mycket forskning på hur mycket mat som slängs och hur det påverkar miljön negativt, men det finns inte lika mycket forskning kring vad som genererar svinnet och varför. Denna studie har därför, med forskning genom design, undersökt bakomliggande faktorer till svinn och hur design kan användas som ett hjälpmedel för att minska svinnet. Det samlades empiri från personer i enpersonshushåll genom enkätundersökning, observation och intervju - svinnkarta, loggböcker. Det som framkom var att alla personer som var delaktiga slänger grönt någon eller flera gånger i veckan trots att nästan alla personer uttryckte att de endast slänger lite eller inget alls. Frukt och grönt slängs oftast på grund av att de glöms bort, oftast i grönsakslådorna i kylskåpet och blir dåliga vid förvaring. Studien fokuserade på lösningar kring hur frukt och grönt kan synliggöras och stödjas vid förvaring för att förebygga svinn. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur forskning genom design kan bidra till minskning av svinn för personer i enpersonshushåll, och ta fram en förebyggande åtgärd. Slutsatsen är att en förebyggande produkt bör erbjuda god förvaring samtidigt som frukt och grönt synliggörs så att det ej glöms bort. Denna studie visar ett exempel på hur en sådan produkt skulle kunna se ut.Of all the food produced, about one-third is discarded, of which up to 50% is estimated to be avoidable food waste, avoidable food waste is unnecessary food waste, food that could have been eaten if it had been managed better. For example, moldy vegetables. Households account for the largest part of the unnecessary food waste and single person households waste the most food on a per capita basis. This study has examined the waste of fresh fruits and vegetables, as it is the most frequently thrown food. Wasting food is to waste resources which harmfully affects the environment and nature. There is a lot of research on how much food is thrown away and how it affects the environment in a negative way, but there is a lack of research on what is driving the waste. This study, therefore, with research through design, examined the underlying factors of wasting food and how design can be used as an aid to reduce the avoidable waste. Empirical data were gathered from people living in single households. This has been done through internet-based survey, observation and interview and probes. What emerged was that all people throw away fresh fruit and vegetables between one to five times a week even though almost everyone expressed that they do not throw much. Fruits and vegetables are usually thrown away because they are forgotten, usually in the refrigerator boxes caused of the lack of visibility. This study focused on solutions on how to prevent fruit and vegetable from being wasted, by exposing the fresh fruit and vegetables when stored and supporting produce while storing. The purpose of this study was to investigate how research through design can contribute to reducing wastage for individuals in single-person households, and to develop a preventive invention. The conclusion is that a preventive solution should support the fresh fruit and vegetables and at the same time make them visible when stored so that it is not forgotten and thus thrown away. This study shows an example of how such a product could look like.
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Watanabe, Ana Teruko Yokomizo. „Monitoramento, controle e parametrização de eletrodomésticos numa rede sem fio via interface virtual remota“. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2008. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1890.
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Previous issue date: 2008-05-29Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The wireless communication in the residential automation has became a very promising technology due to the easinesses in the installation, and for its flexibility, mobility and scalability. Inside this context, the objective of this work is to analyze and to implement two wireless communication standard protocols: Bluetooth and ZigBee. They are used to analyze theirs functionalities and applications under a domestic environment. Firstly, the Bluetooth protocol was used in order to verify its operation because this one is an already well known protocol. Secondly, the ZigBee protocol - IEEE 802.15.4 MAC was also tested due to its new protocol applied to small data communication and its low baud rate, star topozlogy and low energy consumption, which allows the control of householdelectric network. The project consisted of monitoring, controlling and configuring washing machines by using a wireless network through a remote virtual interface. The user interface of this system was done through a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), which allowed to change the times of washing programs manual or automatic mode. The results indicated the feasibility of monitoring and controlling household-electric by implementing the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer of ZigBee protocol. This implementing reached the main characteristics as described above. The maximum distance achieved in a star topology in the typical residence was 14 meters, without using routers. This distance can be increased implementing full ZigBee Protocol. Although the project was developed to washing machine, it also can be implemented to other household-electrics, such as: microwaves, heaters, air conditioners, refrigerators, etc.
A comunicação sem fio em automação residencial tem se tornado uma tecnologia muito promissora devido às facilidades na instalação, flexibilidade, mobilidade e escalabilidade. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e implementar dois padrões de comunicação sem fio: Bluetooth e ZigBee, a fim de analisar suas funcionalidades e aplicações em ambiente doméstico. O protocolo Bluetooth por se tratar de um protocolo já consagrado no mercado, foi utilizado no controle remoto de uma máquina lavadora, como proposta inicial deste trabalho. Depois, o protocolo ZigBee - IEEE 802.15.4 MAC foi implementado, pois este padrão é um protocolo novo aplicado a comunicação com pequenos pacotes de dados, baixa taxa de transmissão, topologia estrela e baixo consumo de energia, que são características importantes para controle de uma rede de eletrodomésticos. O projeto consistiu em desenvolver um protótipo de hardware e de software para monitorar, controlar e parametrizar máquinas lavadoras de roupas numa rede sem fio através de uma interface virtual remota. Esta interface do usuário com a rede foi feita através de um PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) que permitiu alterar os tempos de programação da máquina no modo manual ou automático. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade de se construir uma rede de eletrodomésticos, implementando a camada de enlace IEEE 802.15.4MAC do protocolo de comunicação ZigBee. Esta implementação atingiu as principais características descritas acima. A distância máxima alcançada na topologia estrela numa residência típica foi de 14 metros, sem o uso de roteadores. Esta distância poderá ser aumentada através da implementação da camada de rede ZigBee. Embora o projeto tenha sido desenvolvido utilizando máquinas lavadoras, pode-se estendêlo a outros eletrodomésticos tais como: fornos de microondas, aquecedores, condicionadores de ar, refrigeradores, etc.
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Massukado, Luciana Miyoko. „Sistema de apoio à decisão: avaliação de cenários de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos domiciliares“. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4292.
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Previous issue date: 2004-08-12Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The amount of waste generated by human activities associated with the decrease of appropriate final disposal sites have been presented as one of the great challenges to be faced by local administrations as well as by waste generating communities. Nowadays, household solid waste management is analyzed according to Descartes and Newton models, which are characterized by the separation and analysis of a system through its parts, resulting in isolated and narrow sighted decisions. Aspects such as the lack of technical training and financial resources contribute to this ongoing scenario. Considering the exposed problem this work aims to develop a decision support system to support the managers in the evaluation household solid waste management scenarios. The method consisted in defining and delimiting the work field of decision support system, followed by the construction of a conceptual model based on the acquired knowledge. The model was then translated in action screens and decision workflows, which were programmed in Delphi 6.0. The Extreme Programming (XP) methodology was applied, meaning that programmer and cognitive agent act together in the code of the system. Finally, the validation of the SIMGERE software in São Carlos (São Paulo State) was made in two moments - first on program s usability, in other words, if the system is friendly and easy understanding by user for treating of a new environment for him and; second on the coherence of the results obtained by the simulation of the municipal household solid waste management. For São Carlos case study, the landfill lifetime projection, nearly 2 years, was coherent with the expected. However, the economical simulation needs to be revised in order to better reflect the current management model.
A quantidade de resíduos gerada pela atividade humana aliada a diminuição de locais adequados para a disposição final têm se apresentado como um dos grandes desafios a serem enfrentados não só pelas administrações municipais como também por toda a comunidade geradora de resíduos. Atualmente a gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares é tratada segundo o modelo reducionista de Descartes e Newton, caracterizada pela separação e análise de partes do sistema, resultando em tomadas de decisão isoladas e pontuais. Aspectos, como a carência de capacitação técnica e de recursos financeiros, contribuem para a continuidade deste cenário. Ciente desta problemática e incorporando alguns princípios do pensamento sistêmico, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de apoio à decisão na perspectiva de auxiliar os gestores na avaliação de cenários de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos domiciliares. O método consistiu, primeiramente, em definir e delimitar o campo de trabalho do sistema de apoio à decisão seguindo-se para a construção do modelo conceitual com base no conhecimento adquirido na literatura pertinente, para depois traduzi-lo em telas de ação e fluxogramas de decisão, atividade imprescindível para a próxima etapa. Terminado estes procedimentos iniciou-se a codificação do modelo em linguagem de programação (Delphi 6.0). Esta etapa foi realizada aplicando a metodologia Extreme Programming (XP) em que o programador e o agente cognitivo atuam juntos na codificação do sistema. Por fim, a aplicação em São Carlos (SP) possibilitou verificar a validação do software SIMGERE em dois momentos primeiro com relação à usabilidade do programa, ou seja, se o sistema é amigável e de fácil compreensão para o usuário por se tratar de um ambiente novo para ele e, segundo com relação à coerência dos resultados obtidos para a gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares do município. Concluiu-se que, para o caso de São Carlos (SP) a projeção da vida útil do aterro sanitário, estimada em aproximadamente mais 2 anos, foi coerente com o esperado, porém a simulação econômica precisa ser revisada de forma a refletir corretamente o modelo de gestão atualmente empregado.
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Avendaño, Luis Emiliano Costa. „Análise da prática do design na micro e pequena indústria no setor moveleiro do Estado de São Paulo: contexto, estratégia e competitividade nas empresas que possuem a cultura do design“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16134/tde-08062017-090917/.
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Nos anos recentes tem-se percebido o interesse pela contribuição do design na inovação e nos negócios, mas esta visão com foco no design, por outro lado, ainda não está plenamente inserida na estratégia da indústria. Esta tese tem por objetivo analisar não só a cultura de design na micro e pequena indústria, tomando como exemplo o setor moveleiro no estado de São Paulo, como também, dentro do contexto estratégico, quais são os fatores que interferem e decidem o sucesso ou não da inserção da ferramenta de design e sua gestão. Neste sentido,são estudados os aspectos relativos ao design como diferencial do negócio, a estrutura organizacional das micro e pequenas indústrias, a Gestão de Design como sistema integrador de competências, seu consumidor, e como toda esta estrutura desenvolve as características do design na organização, para finalmente propor um modelo teórico que possa indicar soluções estratégicas para a inserção do design dentro da Micro e Pequena Indústria. A tese inicia-se na proposta de que o design e sua gestão podem alavancar a indústria pela sua visão estratégica, trazendo não só inovação nos conceitos desenvolvidos, própria da cultura do design, bem como sendo um fator integrador de estratégias no âmbito do design e do marketing. O estudo mostra que a Gestão de Design e o Modelo teórico aqui proposto podem ser um componente importante para implementar soluções competitivas e integradoras com outras ferramentas estratégicas da organização.In recent years, there has been great interest in design innovation and contribution to the business; however, this business vision, focusing on design, is not yet fully in line with the industry strategy. This thesis aims to examine not only the design culture in the Micro and Small Industry, taking as an example the furniture sector in the State of São Paulo, but also within the strategic context and business. These factors interfere with and help decide the success or failure of an integration design tool and its management. In this sense, the aspects studied are design as a differential business, the organizational structure of Micro and Small Industries, Design Management as a system integrator skill, customers, and how all this structure develops the design features in the organization to finally propose a theoretical model that can indicate strategic solutions for integrating design within the business vision. The thesis begins by proposing that design and management can leverage the industry towards its strategic vision, not only innovating developed concepts, its own design culture, but integrating factor strategies in design and marketing as well. The study shows that Design Management and the Theoretical Model proposed herein can be an important component to implement competitive solutions and integrated with other strategic organizational tools.
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Ivanov, Gunnela. „Vackrare vardagsvara – design för alla? : Gregor Paulsson och Svenska Slöjdföreningen 1915–1925“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Historical Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-275.
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This thesis is structured in six chapters. Chapter I contains an introduction and includes purpose, theory, method, and concepts. The main purpose, as depicted by the title, is to examine the roots of Swedish ideology concerning what today is generally named design, as embodied in the concept of more beautiful or better things for everyday life (in Swedish: ”vackrare vardagsvara”).
Chapter II contains a background and includes philosophical ideas and aesthetic movements in Europe which have influenced the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts (in Swedish ”Svenska Slöjdföreningen”, abbreviated SSF) which was later renamed the Swedish Society of Crafts and Design (in Swedish: ”Föreningen Svensk Form”). It considers these activities: the Arts and Crafts movement in England, the Swedish national romantic movement, Deutscher Werkbund in Germany, and Swedish moulders of public opinion and new ideas, like Ellen Key, Carl Larsson and Gregor Paulsson.
Chapter III is an ideological biography of Gregor Paulsson. The chapter deals with biographical data and ideological development, and the social aesthetical texts which were important in his activity in the National Museum and as director of The Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts. Gregor Paulsson is considered mainly in his role as social aesthetical propagandist and museologist.
Chapter IV concerns the early history and activities of the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts seen as an introduction to the Baltic Exhibition 1914, and the subsequent schism which eventually led to its reorganization and a new ideological orientation. Its activities were directed towards increased cooperation between artists and industry, and a special department was established as an employment office for companies and designers under the management of the textile artist Elsa Gullberg. This chapter also includes a brief portrait of key persons in the Society.
Chapter V is a study in several sections of the articles for everyday use seen in industrial practice, with Gustavsberg’s china factory and Orrefors’ glassworks as two separate historical studies. The 1917 Home Exhibition is surveyed as an example of the educational ambitions in the development of people’s taste. The focus of the chapter, however, is the international industrial art exhibition in Paris 1925, Exposition International des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, and the debate about it in the Swedish and French press.
Chapter VI consists of a concluding discussion with a final epilogue. It contains suggested questions for future research including relations between design and ethics.
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Zouaghi, Salma. „Implication des femmes dans le cycle de changement des produits d'ameublement domestique : manifestations du désir de changement, pratiques de consommation divergentes et contribution au design écologique“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H309/document.
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Les produits d'ameublement domestique sont soumis à l'accélération de leur cycle de renouvellement. Ce phénomène n'est pas sans conséquences écologiques et sanitaires. Cette recherche analyse les pratiques de consommation de ces produits par les femmes, le genre le plus intéressé par l'aménagement et la décoration intérieure, dans le but d'étudier les facteurs qui sont à l'origine du désir de changement, notamment du sentiment de lassitude, les habitudes et les fréquences de renouvellement ainsi que leurs intentions en matière de préoccupation écologique. La mise en œuvre des méthodes de recherche et de traitement, issues pour l'essentiel des sciences humaines et sociales, met en lumière une catégorie de consommatrices qui résistent à la consommation des produits industrialisés et choisissent des pratiques de consommation citoyenne qui se basent essentiellement sur Je bricolage et le recyclage des produits usagés. Ces «créatifs culturels» sont à l'origine de l'émergence d'une culture éthique qui est en train de se confirmer et qui va sans doute modifier les valeurs de la société du futur. Les designers sont plus que jamais invités à se pencher de plus près sur ce nouveau profil de consommatrices dans l'idée de la production participative, du co-designHome furnishings are subject to an acceleration of their renewal cycle. This phenomenon has ecological and sanitary consequences. This research analyzes the consumption practices of these products by women, the gender that is most interested in interior design and decoration. It studies the factors that drive the desire for change, such as the feeling of weariness, the habits and frequencies of renewal, and women's concerns towards ecological issues. The implementation of research and treatment methods, ail coming from social sciences, highlights a category of consumers who resist to the consumption of industrialized products and choose consumption practices that are mainly based on DIY and recycling. These "cultural creatives" individuals are at the origin of the emergence of an ethical culture that is growing and that will undoubtedly modify the values that will shape the society of the future. The designers are more than ever invited to look more closely at this new profile of consumers in the idea of participative production : the co-design
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Liu, Kuo-Shiung, und 劉國雄. „A Study on Green Accounting System for Major Household Industries in Taiwan“. Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04923208036621362909.
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碩士中原大學
國際貿易研究所
93
With the technology development, human’s productive activities also brought some impacts on the ecological environment. These environmental troubles in turn also affect the social welfare and future development. Therefore, each country begins to take into account for the impacts on the environment. Becasuse the gross national product has some defects on reflecting the environmental impacts, so that each country starts to disclose the information of environmental accounting, and to account the environmental costs. This paper uses the weighted-mean of descriptive statistics to probe the significance of the environmental costs for main household industries. Then we can set the green accounting for these industries. We also use structural equation modeling to find the latent variables and observed variables for environmental costs. Fianl, we wish to use the green accouting to reflect the coporation’s environmental activities, and to disclose the information of environmental pollutions and pollution prevention in annual report of firms. Should the real product cost be estimated, then the coporation can make the long-term decision to achieve the economic development and balance the social welfare.
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Choo, Sungjae. „Production system changes across the urban system in an industrializing country the case of the Korean consumer electronics sector /“. 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/30695578.html.
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Thanamai, Patcharee. „Patterns of industrial policymaking in Thailand Japanese multinationals and domestic actors in the automobile and electrical appliances industries /“. 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20022896.html.
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Sebok, Bryan Robert 1978. „Convergent Hollywood, DVD, and the transformation of the home entertainment industries“. Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3679.
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In 1997, DVD was introduced to the American public, beginning the fastest diffusion of any consumer electronics product in history. In this dissertation, I show how DVD, via favorable conditions in industry, technology, culture, economics, and the regulatory environment, replaced existing home video and computing technologies while transforming home entertainment. I analyze how DVD was successfully developed and commercialized by member firms in the filmed entertainment, consumer electronics, and computing industries from 1994-2002. I demonstrate how a new industry developed around DVD through unprecedented cooperation between these three industries. This study uses trade publications, mainstream press reports, industry data, advertisements, depositions to congress, and published interviews with industry members to analyze a process that has been understudied by scholars. Through the use of these resources, I explore how demand for the technology developed within existing contexts and how myriad forces aligned to enable the emergence of a new disc technology. Furthermore, I demonstrate how DVD reshaped these contexts while transforming the nature and business of filmed content distribution. DVD initiated a new era for digital content distribution. This era was marked by the convergence of three industries, new levels of access to filmed entertainment, mobilized viewing opportunities, the conflation of the computer and the television set, and heightened efforts to protect content through a variety of legal, regulatory, and technological strategies.
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Saber, Abdullatef. „The Impact of Financial Literacy on Household Wealth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia“. Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42152/.
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This thesis aims to measure the level of financial literacy among Saudi workers. It also focuses on the impact of financial literacy and demographic factors including age, gender, level of education, work experience, marital status, number of children, sector of work and level of income, on household wealth of Saudi workers. These objectives were measured in an empirical study using a survey method. The data collected underwent several steps of analysis including univariate, bivariate and multivariate (multiple regression) analyses.
Since Saudi Arabia is a key country in the Middle East and is part of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regional economic community this study focuses on one of the most important studies in the region. The study is especially important for Saudi Arabia itself for several reasons. First, financial literacy and household wealth are an important area of investigation because financial crises have affected many individuals in the country. For example, in mid- 2015 international oil prices dropped and the Saudi economy was greatly affected and in response the Saudi Arabian government reduced its budget, including salaries. Moreover, the government introduced a new taxation system in 2018 in addition to a significant increase in the basic costs of daily life requirements such as electricity, water and petroleum, which increased by more than 200%. Thus, people in Saudi Arabia were forced to change their spending patterns to accommodate their new income levels and higher daily expenses. Second, in 2013, the Saudi government revealed its intention to enhance the economic situation of the country through Saudi Vision 2030, which aims to reduce the country’s dependence on oil as its main source of income. This goal can be achieved only through effective collaboration between the government and financially literate people who have the skills required to create wealth for both themselves and their country through wise financial decision-making. This study provides practical recommendations to policymakers and key individuals in Saudi Arabia and the MENA by shedding light on the most affected segment; the financially illiterate. The study confirms that demographic issues have a significant relationship with household wealth. It also transpired that financial literacy is instrumental in many of the practical aspects of people’s day-to-day financial behaviour.
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Ragie, Fatima Hassen. „Relationships between household resource dependence, socio-economic factors, and livelihood strategies: a case study from Bushbuckridge, South Africa“. Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21725.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2016.Environmental income in rural socio-ecological systems consists of the monetary and non-monetary value derived by people from non-agricultural ecosystem goods and services that are sourced from wild or uncultivated natural systems. This environmental income forms an important part of rural households' diversified livelihood income portfolios and includes resources like fuelwood, herbs, fruits, game, medicinal plants and other materials that are used for clothing, shelter, arts and crafts. Rural households also depend on income from two other land-based income streams, crop farming and livestock husbandry, and off-farm activities income stream, which includes grants and wages, for both consumption and cash generation. While rural livelihoods are becoming increasingly reliant on off-farm income, land-based livelihood income streams (including environmental income) still play an important supplementary role, especially to satisfy subsistence needs. Past studies in the developing world have quantified livelihood incomes and have often associated these income values to the socio-economic characteristics of households. However, neither do these studies examine the different livelihood income streams collectively as a portfolio, nor do they sufficiently account for and create understanding around the correlations within the suites of influencing factors. Livelihoods are often analysed using frameworks that are used to understand households' livelihood income portfolios, especially their environmental income dependencies, in relation to influencing factors. These frameworks can be useful tools to gain a quantitative understanding of households’ livelihood income portfolios. This study aimed to quantify and understand the contribution of environmental income to rural households as part of their diversified livelihood portfolios and relate these livelihood portfolios to household socio-economic characteristics and adopted livelihood strategies using the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) framework. Interviews were conducted during 2010 in 590 households spread across nine villages in the Bushbuckridge region, Mpumalanga, South Africa. The interviews focussed on the quantification of four livelihood income streams — environmental, livestock, crops and off-farm. These income streams were assessed at three points of assessment (POAs) in the livelihood income chain — the initial, primary income value into the household, the value used for household consumption, and the amount of cash generated. Livelihood incomes were analysed using summary statistics, frequency distributions and ordinations. These were used to gauge the value of these incomes to individual households as well as to the system as a whole, in both absolute terms and relative to each other. Ordinations were then used to explore the relationships between variables within the suite of household socio-economic characteristics and within the suite of adopted household livelihood strategies, and finally incorporating both. Lastly, the proportional environmental income dependencies of households were explored using global fractional logit generalised linear models (GLMs). The models first included the socio-economic characteristics as explanatory variables, and then the adopted livelihood strategies. Almost all households used the environmental, crop and off-farm income streams for primary income and consumption, with the primary income from off-farm activities being in the form of cash generation. In contrast, less than 12% of households were involved in the primary collection and consumption of livestock income. In general, fewer households were involved in the cash generation from the land-based livelihood income streams. However, these sellers represented a larger fraction of users for the livestock income stream then when compared to the other two land-based income streams. While livestock income was used less frequently than the other two land-based income streams, it was comparatively as valuable as the off-farm income stream to its users. Overall, absolute changes in the correlated land-based income streams were not related to the off-farm income streams. Relative variation in livestock primary income was related to the relative variation in primary income values from off-farm activities. Relative variation in the crops and environmental cash generation was related to corresponding cash generation values from off-farm activities. Whether the livelihood incomes were examined for primary income, consumption or cash generation, the worth of the different livelihoods were valued differently to the socio-ecological system as a whole compared to their value to households that were involved in those activities, and their value to individuals within households. The collective variations at all POAs of the land-based strategies were associated with different sets of household socio-economic characteristics and adopted livelihood strategies, compared to the sets that were associated with the off-farm livelihood income stream. Factors that were associated with an income stream at one POA did not necessarily have the same association at the other POAs. The choice of adopted livelihood strategies reduces the need to understand and account for all factors that influences the translation of different types of capital, which includes household socio-economic characteristics, into livelihood incomes. This simplified connection is crucial to standardising and creating models that can be put into practice at all POAs within the livelihood chain in these socio-ecological systems. Furthermore, proportional environmental income dependencies can be useful for evaluating how the worth of environmental income is related quantitatively to influencing factors. However, many of the dynamics between influencing factors and the income streams that contribute to environmental income stream are not captured. The methodological approach used in this study in analysing the livelihoods of households in the Bushbuckridge region provides a standardised framework of analysis. The quantification of the livelihood data in common monetary units at the three different POAs of primary income, household consumption and cash generation, allows the analysis to be expanded to different platforms of understanding. The collective understanding of the variation between the different income streams can be expanded to understand the worth of these income streams to households and individuals within these households, as well as to understand the worth of these income streams to the socio-ecological system as a whole. When combining the collective understanding of the income portfolios at the different POAs with a collective understanding of the suite of household socio-economic characteristics or with a collective understanding of the suite of adopted livelihood strategies, a platform for understanding the dynamics within livelihoods is created. This has potential for creating workable predictive models of environmental income dependency in these systems, especially using the adopted livelihood strategies. The results of this dissertation also raise caution that analyses of these socio-ecological systems needs to be interpreted at all POAs simultaneously with the collective understanding of the links between incomes and socio-economic characteristics, and with the links between incomes and adopted livelihood strategies. There is more value during strategic planning in asking how to encourage a set of adopted livelihood strategies that are associated with the desired dependencies than asking which socio-economic household factors are likely to result in said dependencies. Policy intervention in the area that is aimed at increasing households' dependence on land-based activities needs to differentiate whether it will be encouraging the subsistence sourcing and consumption of resources, or will it encourage the cash generation from these income streams. Particular attention needs to be paid as to which households will be addressed. It will be wiser to implement some interventions across all households and rather focus other interventions on a few more involved households.
LG2017
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Mohono-Nyabela, Mosebatho. „If a man is a head of the household what is a woman? The impact of rural women's engagement in the textile industries of Lesotho on gendered relations in their households: a case study in Mafeteng, Lesotho“. Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/7294.
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ABSTRACT__________________________________________________________
This study examines the gender aspects of household dynamics in rural households in
Mafeteng, Lesotho. It was inspired by the impact of changes resulting from the major
retrenchment of Basotho men from South African mines which has coincides with the
employment of a large number of women in relatively newly established textile
industry. Snowball sampling was used to elicit data from ten women employed in the
textile industries. Moreover, in order to establish the significance of employment on
gendered household dynamics, purposive sampling was used to elicit data from ten
unemployed women. This study reveals how decision-making is done in rural
households of employed women. Among things that influence decision-making is
economic status. Furthermore, it exposes the gender aspects of household labour
within the employed women’s households. It also reveals the influence that women’s
employment has on marital conflict between spouses.
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Ahunamure, Solomon Eghosa. „An assessment of household energy use, emissions and deforestation in the Thulamela Local Municipality“. Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/360.
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MENVMDepartment of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences
Fuel wood is regarded as a major source of energy around the world, particularly in developing nations. Most rural communities around the world, consider forests as the repository of stored energy. The high dependence on forests as a source of fuel wood has a major impact on vegetation because trees take a long time to regenerate to maturity, hence high dependence leads to deforestation. Fuel wood is used for household needs, such as cooking and heating and its uses contribute to the emissions of Green House Gases (GHG) such as CO2, CH4, and Black Carbon amongst others. The study assesses household energy use, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the combustion of fuel wood, the extent of de-vegetation and strategies to ensure sustainable energy provisions in the case study areas. Primary and secondary methods were used to collect data. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 21.0), showing the frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and chi-square to determine the extent of fuel wood used in relation to electricity. The primary data were collected through personal observations, field surveys, interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data included the 2011 South Africa Census data and remote sensing images, which with the aid of GIS, were used in mapping the vegetation change.
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Zheng, Meris. „A critical analysis of current practices in the treatment of household food waste in Australia: strategic and technical improvements within a Micro Circular Economics (MCE) context“. Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42169/.
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Food waste (FW), generated from the point of production to the dinner table, represents approximately one third of all the food produced worldwide. It is estimated that more than 95% of household food waste (HFW) goes to landfill and is the major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from such sites, with other environmental impacts such as pollution of groundwater. There are also significant costs involved with the management of FW worldwide. These issues are compounded by increasing urban populations and there is an urgent need to better address the management and disposal/treatment of FW generally - and HFW in particular. In order to achieve this, more research is urgently needed to obtain specific information on the details of HFW management and on the development of appropriate technologies that are consistent with a micro circular economic (MCE) approach. To this end, an extensive review of HFW management and technology worldwide has been conducted.
Together with the above information, in collaboration with three local Councils, research has been undertaken with respect to the Melbourne metropolitan area specifically that involves the design and implementation of a strategy to survey residents across three different well-defined dwelling types, in order to obtain detailed information on their household management and disposal of domestic food waste. Thus, an extensive survey has been designed and conducted that separately targets residents of detached houses, semi-detached/low-rise and high-rise dwellings. This survey has revealed differences in HFW management, attitudes and practices, that that depend on dwelling type - and that also provide important general information and data that has informed the subsequent design, construction and testing of a miniaturized anaerobic-digestion (AD) pilot-plant. This information is of both a qualitative and quantitative nature. For example, it is important to know both the nature and the quantity of the food waste generated as well as residents’ attitudes towards disposal and treatment. The designed and constructed pilot plant is meant to serve as a prototype for the on-site treatment of HFW that will produce biogas for domestic consumption. An ultimate goal here is to utilize HFW to supplement a household’s gas supply and at the same time remove the necessity of sending HFW to landfill.
Thus the pilot-plant experimental program has collected and analysed replicate temporal data on the effect on biogas (CH4) production of parameters such as household food waste composition and quantity (as informed by the survey) and texture, the nature of the inoculate, operating conditions such as pH and temperature, oxygen infiltration and fatty acid production - as well as design aspects such as the footprint, the number of tanks and the required control equipment. In terms of biogas yield, a multiple tank set-up has been found to be superior to a single tank set-up and an important aspect has been found to be an appropriate mixing of food waste substrate between AD tanks that results in an increased biogas yield.
In summary, the combination of an extensive targeted survey of HFW management in the Melbourne metropolitan area, coupled with the design and trialling of a potential household pilot plant for the on-site generation of biogas, has yielded valuable information that will eventually result in a commercially viable product.
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Briggs, Gregory M. „Households in industrial agriculture“. 1998. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9909152.
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This work investigates the historical development of mechanized agriculture within the framework of family farming in Friesland province, the Netherlands. The research follows changing domestic composition in three historic municipalities which have been incorporated into the present day municipality of Franekeradeel. Changes within households are compared to changes in the sources of farm labor and the number of people and farms commercially involved in agriculture. The overall impact of these changes is then weighed with respect to the demographic, as well as the spatial make-up of the rural locality. The objective of the research is to study cultural continuity under conditions of rapidly changing technology. The main inquiry focuses on how rural families have modified productive and consumptive technologies over the last one hundred years to fit local and domestic social conditions. The primary focus is to study how an expansion of agricultural productivity has been effected within the households organizing farming. The secondary focus has been to study the effect expanding productivity has on farming households and local rural society. The analytical framework outlines changing dimensions of property rights by focusing on changes in the social form of labor, which is itself a dynamic property relationship. Other dimensions of historic property relations explored include domestic dynamics, technical change, land tenure patterns, patterns of productive ownership and devolution. Results of the demographic research indicate that since the advent of industrial processing, particularly dairying and crop harvesting, lack of employment and changing expectations for women have led to a higher outmigration of women than men, engendering changes in domestic composition. A diminished number of female headed households and a diminished retention of unmarried adult female, versus male children within the domestic unit are two primary markers. Conclusions arising from the analysis of the social construction of property rights indicate an ongoing diminution of private alienable rights, in favor of increased public/state allocation of property right's content. The construction of rights around the ownership of dairy production values following the establishment of the 1983 European Community quota system provides an example of this.
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Brand, Kyle Graham. „Design and development of a single household farming kit“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11035.
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M.Tech. (Industrial Design)One of the greatest social problems we face as society as a whole and South Africa in particular, is food insecurity. Food insecurity manifests itself in many forms and has a dramatic impact on the wellbeing of people. People need food to survive, but often the food systems they rely on are vulnerable to price shocks and changes, which in turn diminishes their resilience. Local food systems are crucial in reducing vulnerability and improving food security. But often the tools used are not appropriate, especially for household farming. In this study design is used to bring about considered change in the area of household food security, by addressing the tools used for household farming. Household farming is not a typical focus for designers, but well-designed tools could have a dramatic influence on the ability of a household to have a more productive food garden therefore well designed tools is a valuable place for design to be applied. The design intervention of a Household Farming Kit (HFK) and its development is explored. The methods used for the design and development are human-centric in nature, but also acknowledge the opportunity for the designer to have a meaningful influence on the final outcome. The influence could be toward more environmentally sound farming practices. The process adopted used the development of a series of prototype iterations which were evaluated by participants to recommend the alteration or changing of the prototypes. Three phases of prototypes were developed and evaluated, with each building on the knowledge gained from the previous. These were tested predominantly in two locations: Noordgesig outside Johannesburg and Kanana in the North West province in South Africa. The evaluations by the farmers who participated in this study were essential in the development process, in order for the designs to be appropriate to their needs. This study had a very practical focus, with the development of the Household Farming Kit, but it also had a strong methodological focus, experimenting with methods used to design products in a developmental context. The successes and failures of the study are documented in order to contribute to the field of Industrial Design, specifically design research in the area of Design for Development.
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Cravey, Altha Jane. „The changing relationship of the state, market and household industrial strategies in Mexico /“. 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32828051.html.
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Hsueh, Yun-Cheng, und 薛云程. „Diagnosis of Industrial Enterprises of household air-conditioners—A Case Study of Company A“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a7r3ap.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
金融系金融資訊碩士在職專班
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Facing an ever-changing global economy, small and medium sized enterprises are fighting to survive. It is difficult for them to sustain profitability in a difficult and complicated business environment. To deal with these outside challenges, an enterprise must strengthen its competitiveness by assessing the external business environment while keeping its internal business operations under control. In order to penetrate the mainstream of the industry, the enterprise should undertake extensive self-examination in order to discover and correct the problems within. This is a case study based on the finance/management/strategy/analysis (FMSA) model architecture created by Chu-yi, You. This study conducted an enterprise diagnosis on a subject company in the household air-conditioning industry. The diagnosis procedures were carried out in an outside-in, stepwise manner. First, an external conditions assessment was conducted to analyze the present status and future trends of the household air-conditioning industry in China, Taiwan, and all over the world. The results were used to complete a five force analysis and SWOT analysis. Secondly, an internal assessment was conducted by analyzing the breakeven point as the foundation for creating profitability, and employing the seven management functions (production, marketing, human resources, research and development, finance, administration, and information) as the basis of for formulating an improvement action plan. The final step was to determine the strategy direction and propose a scheme for achieving key goals. A total of ten improvement plans were drafted with the specific practices expected to help the subject company create an appropriate business strategy to achieve its business goals. In addition to serving as the enterprise diagnosis reference model, the findings of this study can also help other enterprises to improve their operational approach while assisting bank credit officers to judge risk and serve their clients with professionalism.