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1
Xu, Chengcheng, und Shuyue Wu. „Evaluating the Effects of Household Characteristics on Household Daily Traffic Emissions Based on Household Travel Survey Data“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 6 (20.03.2019): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061684.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of household characteristics on household traffic emissions. The household travel survey data conducted in the Jiangning District of Nanjing City, China were used. The vehicle emissions of household members’ trips were calculated using average emission factors by average speed and vehicle category. Descriptive statistics analysis showed that the average daily traffic emissions of CO, NOx and PM2.5 per household are 8.66 g, 0.55 g and 0.04 g respectively. The household traffic emissions of these three pollutants were found to have imbalanced distributions across households. The top 20% highest-emission households accounted for nearly two thirds of the total emissions. Based on the one-way ANOVA tests, the means of CO, NOx and PM2.5 emissions were found to be significantly different over households with different member numbers, automobile numbers, annual income and access to the subway. Finally, the household daily traffic emissions were linked with household characteristics based on multiple linear regressions. The contributing factors are slightly different among the three different emissions. The number of private vehicles, number of motorcycles, and household income significantly affect all three emissions. More specifically, the number of private vehicles has positive effects on CO and PM2.5 emissions, but negative effect on NOx emissions. The number of motorcycles and the household income have positive effects on all three emissions.
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Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal, und Stephan Klasen. „Affluence and emission tradeoffs: evidence from Indonesian households' carbon footprint“. Environment and Development Economics 22, Nr. 5 (09.08.2017): 546–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000262.
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AbstractThis study estimates Indonesian households’ carbon emissions that are attributed to their expenditures in 2005 and 2009 to analyze the pattern, distribution and drivers of their carbon footprint. Employing an input-output-emission-expenditure framework, the authors find a significant difference in household carbon emissions between different affluence levels, regions and educational levels. They also find that, while many household characteristics influence emissions, total expenditure is by far the most important determinant of household emissions, both across households and over time. Consequently, emissions inequality is very similar to expenditure inequality across households. The decomposition analysis confirms that changes in emissions are predominantly due to rising expenditures between the two periods, while expenditure elasticities analysis suggests that the rise in household emissions is mainly caused by the overall rise in total household expenditure, and not by shifting consumption shares among consumption categories. The paper discusses policy options for Indonesia to reduce this very strong expenditure–emissions link.
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Lai, Siyue, Xinyue Wang und Yuchen Li. „Carbon Footprint of Household Consumption of Different Income Groups —— Evidence from Micro-data of Chinese Households“. E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018502019.
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It is significant to discuss the carbon emissions in household consumption to achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. Based on the CLA analysis method, this paper calculates the carbon emissions of Chinese households in 2015 from a micro perspective, and analyzes the characteristics and structure of household carbon emissions at different income levels in different regions. The results show that most household carbon emissions come from direct energy, food, medical and daily necessities consumption, and the proportion of these three factors in household total carbon emissions gradually decreases with the increase of income level. At the regional level, the increase in income level does not necessarily lead to an increase in carbon emissions. Household carbon emissions and carbon emission structure fluctuate with income in a certain trend.
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Fan, Jingbo, Aobo Ran und Xiaomeng Li. „A Study on the Factors Affecting China’s Direct Household Carbon Emission and Comparison of Regional Differences“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 18 (09.09.2019): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184919.
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As the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, China has been attracting attention. In the global carbon emission structure, the proportion of household carbon emissions continues to increase, and it is necessary to focus on the issue of household emissions. Based on the perspective of the family sector and the comparison of urban–rural and interprovincial differences, this study makes a thorough and systematic analysis of the factors affecting direct household carbon emissions. The average carbon emission of urban households is higher than that of rural households. Both personal background and household energy consumption facility use have important impacts on household carbon emissions, and the degree of impact varies between urban and rural areas and between provinces. Reducing household carbon emissions and achieving a harmonious coexistence between man and nature are the common goals of the government and society. The government should explore the model of green sustainable development on the basis of ensuring the energy needs of residents. Residents should also further establish a low-carbon life concept and focus on the cultivation of low-carbon lifestyles.
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Mwaura, F. M., M. Ngigi und G. Obare. „Determinants of Households’ Agricultural and Energy Associated Greenhouse Gases Emissions among Smallholders in Western Kenya“. Journal of Sustainable Development 12, Nr. 4 (30.07.2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n4p177.
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Global efforts in reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change necessitates prioritization of developing effective strategies for estimating per capita carbon footprint, forecasting and addressing the major drivers. A survey was administered among 380 agricultural households in western Kenya with specific objectives of i) to utilize various emissions indices to establish total households emissions, ii) to establish households production and consumption related GHGs’ emissions and iii) determine socio-economic factors influencing per adult equivalent GHGs’ emissions at the households. Four cluster Sub-counties including Mt. Elgon, Bumula, Bungoma North and Sabatia were purposively sampled as influenced by agro-ecological, socio-economic, agricultural production and biomass energy sourcing characteristics for the study. A pre-set questionnaire was used to collect demographic, agricultural production, and energy sourcing and utilization information. Using the survey, households various agricultural activities and levels of utilization of agricultural inputs and energy sources were quantified. The quantified values were multiplied by respective emission’s factor derived from global statistics to estimate total emission. Enteric emissions accounted for 98 percent of livestock management associated GHGs. Every household emitted 2922kg CO2 Equivalent (Eq) from livestock management per annum. Maize associated GHGs emission in 2017 was 12817kg CO2 Eq with 81, 13 and 6 percent linked to residue decomposition, organic soil management and soil nutrient replenishment respectively. Maize production, biomass cooking energy, livestock management and lighting accounted for 47, 37, 13 and 3 percent respectively of total household emissions. Factors that significantly influenced adult equivalent GHGs emissions were consumption expenditure (P<0.01), household size (P<0.01), maize yield (P<0.01) and geographical locations. Efforts to reduce households GHGs emissions need to address adoption of clearner cooking and lighting energy, efficiency in livestock production and use of inorganic farming inputs for crop production.
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Zhang, Hongwu, Lequan Zhang, Keying Wang und Xunpeng Shi. „Unveiling Key Drivers of Indirect Carbon Emissions of Chinese Older Households“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 20 (17.10.2019): 5740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205740.
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The rapid urbanization and growing population aging have become salient features in China. Understanding their impacts on household emissions is crucial for designing mitigation policies for household carbon emissions. By integrating Chinese older household survey data with an unconditional quantile regression model, this paper examines the heterogeneous impacts of household characteristics on indirect carbon emissions of older Chinese households. There are three main findings: (1) The effects of urbanization on emissions at different quantiles of carbon emissions appear to be inverted U-shaped, which means that the rise of urbanization level increases carbon emissions more at the middle than at the bottom or the top, and helps to alleviate carbon emission inequality, (2) though carbon emissions rise with the increase of income, there is a clear urban-rural divide in the effects of income on carbon emissions, and (3) the rise in the share of well-educated people contributes to the increase in carbon emissions. The higher the degree of education is, the larger the impact is. These findings contribute to understanding the determinants of carbon emissions and are helpful for policymakers to design targeted policies in reducing carbon emissions from the consumption-side.
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Khaosang, Jutamas, und Sarawut Thepanondh. „Emission of Oxide of Nitrogen from Household Activity in Rayong Province, Thailand“. Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (Mai 2014): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.655.
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This study is aimed to determine the emission of oxide of nitrogen (NOx), released from combustion of LPG, used in households cooking. The emission factor and emission inventory of NOX for the household activity are developed taking into consideration local characteristic of the household in Thailand. Activities data in this study are collected in Rayong province. These data will serve and assist in developing the emission database under the Pollutant Release and Transfer Registration (PRTR) program. Emission factors of NOx, based on amount of LPG usage per household per year are calculated for different size of household. These values are 142.2, 213.3 and 426.6 kg of NOx /1000 household/year for small, medium and large sizes of household, respectively. It is estimated that the total amount of NOx emissions from households LPG cooking will be about 60.31 tons per year in Rayong province.
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Liu, Yulin, Min Zhang und Rujia Liu. „The Impact of Income Inequality on Carbon Emissions in China: A Household-Level Analysis“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 7 (30.03.2020): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072715.
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This study investigates the impact of income inequality on household carbon emissions in China using nationwide micro panel data. The effect is positive—households in counties with greater income inequality emit more—and remarkably robust to a battery of robustness checks. We also explore the roles that consumption patterns, time preference, and mental health play in the relationship between income inequality and household carbon emissions. The findings suggest that the change in consumption patterns caused by income inequality may be an important reason for the positive effect of inequality on household carbon emissions and that a lower time preference for consumption and improved mental health can mitigate the positive effect of income inequality on household carbon emissions. Furthermore, substantial differences are found among households at different income levels and households with heads of different ages. The findings of this study provide important insights for policy makers to reduce both inequality and emissions.
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Nurani, Idea Wening, Sandy Budi Wibowo, Zithny Ilman Prihastopo, Aura Puteri Pelangi und Sunardi Sunardi. „Contribution of waste bank in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Bandung Regency“. E3S Web of Conferences 200 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020002004.
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Households with all their activities produce waste which can be a source of GHG emissions if not managed properly. Reducing waste from its source is one of the ways to reduce GHG emissions. In Bandung Regency, one of the ways to reduce household waste is by running the Waste Bank program. Research is needed to find out how much the reduction of GHG emissions from waste management in the Waste Bank. This study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods with descriptive analysis including IPCC method to estimate GHG emission reductions from waste management and in-depth interview with the operators in one of the Master Waste Banks (Bank Sampah Induk) in Bandung Regency, Y Waste Bank. The results showed that the potential GHG emission reductions from Y Waste Bank reached 0.016 Gg CH4 or equivalent to 401.273 tons of CO2eq, reducing GHG emissions from total household waste in Bandung Regency by 0.0007 %. Program and technology innovations and also assistance for customers or fostered groups are expected to be able to increase the quantity of waste managed at the Y Waste Bank up to the household level so that it can give higher contribution in reducing GHG emissions in Bandung Regency.
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Eshete, Zerayehu Sime, Dawit Woubishet Mulatu und Tsegaye Ginbo Gatiso. „CO2 emissions, agricultural productivity and welfare in Ethiopia“. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, Nr. 5 (28.09.2020): 687–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2019-0046.
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Purpose Climate change has become one of the most important development challenges worldwide. It affects various sectors, with agriculture the most vulnerable. In Ethiopia, climate change impacts are exacerbated due to the economy’s heavy dependence on agriculture. The Ethiopian Government has started to implement its climate-resilient green economy (CRGE) strategy and reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of CO2 emission on agricultural productivity and household welfare. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to fill these significant research and knowledge gaps using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model to investigate CO2 emissions’ impact on agricultural performance and household welfare. Findings The results indicate that CO2 emissions negatively affect agricultural productivity and household welfare. Compared to the baseline, real agricultural gross domestic product is projected to be 4.5% lower in the 2020s under a no-CRGE scenario. Specifically, CO2 emissions lead to a decrease in the production of traded and non-traded crops, but not livestock. Emissions also worsen the welfare of all segments of households, where the most vulnerable groups are the rural-poor households. Originality/value The debate in the area is not derived from a rigorous analysis and holistic economy-wide approach. Therefore, the paper fills this gap and is original by value and examines these issues methodically.
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Wang, Wenxiu, Daiqing Zhao und Wenjun Wang. „Decomposition Analysis on Influence Factors of Direct Household Energy-related Carbon Emission in Guangdong Province-Based on Extended Kaya Identity“. E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 04034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185304034.
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The decomposition quantitative model of household energy-related carbon emission in Guangdong is established based on the extended Kaya identity with the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method. Influence factors of household energy-related carbon emission are decomposed into five factors. Main results show that total household energy-related carbon emissions in Guangdong province show increase trend from 1995 to 2016. Electric power consumption is the biggest source of household energy-related carbon emission. The results of decomposition show that population size is the first promote factor to household energy-related carbon emission in 1996-2004. Energy use level become the first promote factor in 2005-2016. Carbon emission coefficient show reduction effect, which is the first inhibit factor to energy-related carbon emission. Finally, two effective means to reduce household carbon emissions are given to Guangdong province.
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Huang, Yuzhuo, Yosuke Shigetomi, Andrew Chapman und Ken’ichi Matsumoto. „Uncovering Household Carbon Footprint Drivers in an Aging, Shrinking Society“. Energies 12, Nr. 19 (30.09.2019): 3745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193745.
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In order to meet climate change mitigation goals, nations such as Japan need to consider strategies to reduce the impact that lifestyles have on overall emission levels. This study analyzes carbon footprints from household consumption (i.e., lifestyles) using index and structural decomposition analysis for the time period from 1990 to 2005. The analysis identified that households in their 40s and 50s had the highest levels of both direct and indirect CO2 emissions, with decomposition identifying consumption patterns as the driving force behind these emissions and advances in CO2 reduction technology having a reducing effect on lifestyle emissions. An additional challenge addressed by this study is the aging, shrinking population phenomenon in Japan. The increase in the number of few-member and elderly households places upward pressure on emissions as the aging population and declining national birth rate continues. The analysis results offer two mitigatory policy suggestions: the focusing of carbon reduction policies on older and smaller households, and the education of consumers toward low-carbon consumption habits. As the aging, shrinking population phenomenon is not unique to Japan, the findings of this research have broad applications globally where these demographic shifts are being experienced.
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Boarnet, Marlon G., Raphael W. Bostic, Andrew Eisenlohr, Seva Rodnyansky, Raúl Santiago-Bartolomei und Huê-Tâm Webb Jamme. „The Joint Effects of Income, Vehicle Technology, and Rail Transit Access on Greenhouse Gas Emissions“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, Nr. 24 (28.07.2018): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787087.
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This paper examines the relationship between income, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for households with varying access to rail transit in four metropolitan areas—Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, San Diego, and Sacramento—using data from the 2010–2012 California Household Travel Survey. Daily vehicle GHG emissions are calculated using the California Air Resources Board’s 2014 EMFAC (emission factors) model. Two Tobit regression models are used to predict daily VMT and GHG by income, rail transit access (within or outside 0.5 miles of a rail transit station in Los Angeles and the Bay Area, and linear distance to rail in San Diego and Sacramento), and metropolitan area. Comparing predicted VMT and GHG emissions levels, this paper concludes that predicted VMT and GHG emission patterns for rail access vary across metropolitan areas in ways that may be related to the age and connectivity of the areas’ rail systems. The results also show that differences in household VMT due to rail access do not scale proportionally to differences in GHG emissions. Regardless, the fact that GHG emissions are lower near rail transit for virtually all income levels in this study implies environmental benefits from expanding rail transit systems, as defined in this paper.
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Hudec, Matej. „Impact of Human Activity on Local Climate Change in Veľké Turovce by Heating and Possibilities for Carbon Dioxide Decrease“. Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica 11, Nr. 2 (01.12.2014): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aree-2014-0010.
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Abstract The paper is aimed at detecting CO2 emissions from heating process of households in Veľké Turovce. It offers solutions for 100 % and 20 % replacement of conventional fuels by solar collector systems. In the village, 242 households heat by natural gas during average length of 21 weeks a year. Average amount of energy consumed in heating process after conversion is 18,503.06 kWh per household. For 100 % replacement of natural gas, 63 units of vacuum tube solar collector type Watt CP C 9 are required. In average duration of 23 weeks a year, 12 households heat by brown coal with average consumption of 20,339.75 kWh. For complete replacement, 69 pieces of solar collectors are required. The remaining 18 households heat by firewood in average duration of 22 week a year. The consumption of one household represents in average 19,125.07 kWh. In this case, the replacement of 100 % of firewood energy requires 65 pieces of solar panels. The amounts of saved CO2 emissions by collector system replacing 100 % of natural gas represent 926,336.39 kg of CO2 for 242 households. For 12 households heated by brown coal, it represents 152,767.65 kg of saved CO2 emissions. Last but not least, 30,553.53 kg of CO2 represent the amount of saved CO2 emission for 18 households heating by firewood. Prices of collector systems in case of 100 % replacement of conventional fuels would be 37,111.45 € for natural gas, 40,356.79 € for brown coal, and 38,203.23 € in case of replacement of firewood
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Weyant, Cheryl L., Ryan Thompson, Nicholas L. Lam, Basudev Upadhyay, Prabin Shrestha, Shovana Maharjan, Kaushila Rai, Chija Adhikari, Maria C. Fox und Amod K. Pokhrel. „In-Field Emission Measurements from Biogas and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Stoves“. Atmosphere 10, Nr. 12 (21.11.2019): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120729.
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Household air pollution from solid fuel cooking causes millions of deaths each year and contributes to climate change. These emissions can be reduced if households transition to cleaner cooking fuels such as LPG or biogas, yet emission measurements during actual use are limited. Six LPG and 57 biogas cooking event emissions were measured during typical cooking practices in Nepal. Emission factors are reported for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) and compared to measurements from wood stoves in the same households. Biogas cooking emission factors were 7.4 ± 10.9 mg MJ − 1 for PM 2.5 and 0.2 ± 0.3 mg MJ − 1 for EC on a fuel energy basis, and were not significantly different from LPG stoves (9.5 ± 6.8 mg MJ − 1 for PM 2.5 and 0.3 ± 0.3 mg MJ − 1 for EC, p > 0.05). Wood stoves emitted 50 times more PM 2.5 than biogas on a fuel energy basis and 230 times more EC. EC emissions were about 3% of total particle emissions from biogas and LPG stoves. Most PM 2.5 emissions from gas stoves were attributed to food frying and stove ignition (90%), not the gas fuel (10%), implying that there is a limit to emission reductions that can be achieved with improved fuels.
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Wang, Huihui, und Weihua Zeng. „Revealing Urban Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Characteristics and Influencing Mechanisms from the Perspective of Commuting“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 2 (14.01.2019): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020385.
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Commuting to and from work is one of the most important and regular routines using urban transport, being a major source for an increase in transport-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In this study, we explore the characteristics of CO2 emissions from commuter travel in Beijing from different perspectives. A bottom-up approach from a macro perspective is used to analyze recent changing trends of carbon emissions due to commuter travel modes in Beijing, and to identify the main sources of carbon emission increases that affect transportation. To identify CO2 emission characteristics and influencing mechanisms in Beijing, the proportion of commuting modes, commuting distance, and commuting-related CO2 emissions by Ring Roads was analyzed. The commuting-related CO2 emission model, based on Tobit models from the microscopic perspective, was constructed to explore the main factors affecting CO2 emissions of individuals/households. Results show that CO2 emissions due to commuting in Beijing in recent years has presented an increasing trend. In 2014, the amount of CO2 emissions from commuters had already reached the level of 553.68 × 104 t, with CO2 emissions generated by car trips accounting for 75–80% of emissions. Average individual/household commuting-related CO2 emissions on the Ring Road inside the main urban areas of Beijing shows a gradual increasing trend, with the growth trends between the 3rd–5th Ring Road being the largest. Household locations separated by Ring Roads and the occupation type of residents are important factors affecting CO2 emissions. Commuters with access to a car, those having a higher income, and those located in the outer regions of the main urban areas produce more CO2 emissions. To reduce the increasing trend of CO2 emissions in Beijing, it is important that the government accelerates the development of public transport, industry, and residential facilities along the outskirts of the city, along the Ring Road, and along the radix road.
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Senadza, Bernardin, Babette Never, Sascha Kuhn und Felix A. Asante. „Profile and Determinants of the Middle Classes in Ghana: Energy Use and Sustainable Consumption“. Journal of Sustainable Development 13, Nr. 6 (12.10.2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n6p11.
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High and sustained economic growth rates of the Ghanaian economy in the past two to three decades have been accompanied by a growing urban middle class. With a rapidly growing middle class, overall consumption is not only increasing but changing too. This paper analyses the asset ownership patterns among the Ghanaian middle class, and examines the effect of household wealth, environmental concern and environmental knowledge on carbon dioxide emissions emanating from energy use and transport based on urban household survey data collected in Accra, the capital city, in 2018. We find that middle class households consume a variety of energy intensive consumer goods, and the intensity of consumption increases with household wealth. Regression results reveal statistically significant relationship between household wealth and carbon emissions from energy and transport use. We also find that environmental knowledge has a statistically negative effect on carbon emissions from transport. The policy implications are discussed.
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Xu, Xin Kuo. „Does the Household Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Exist? Micro Evidence from Cities in China“. Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (Dezember 2013): 1067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.1067.
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By linking household consumption and CO2 emissions, it utilizes the household financial survey data to analyze the relationship of CO2 emissions and income on the household level. By testing the model of household Environmental Kuznets Curve about CO2 emissions and another model involving more factors than income, it finds the household Environmental Kuznets Curve about CO2 emissions exists in cities of China. Moreover, it finds the household financial factors, besides household borrowing, credit card loans, non-savings insurance, asset level and cash level, affect the relationship of CO2 emissions and income. According to the empirical result, it predicts that the CO2 emissions will be the most when the household income reaches about 200 thousand Yuan.
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Bai, Shukuan, Boya Zhang, Yadong Ning und Ying Wang. „Comprehensive analysis of carbon emissions, economic growth, and employment from the perspective of industrial restructuring: a case study of China“. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, Nr. 36 (10.05.2021): 50767–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14040-z.
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AbstractIndustrial restructuring is a significant measure for low-carbon transition. In principle, carbon emissions can be effectively reduced by limiting the output of high-emission sectors; however, the socio-economic effects of the sectors should also be considered. Moreover, owing to the limitations of the method or data, the interactions between households and production sectors have been neglected in the study of industrial restructuring, resulting in an incomplete and potentially biased understanding of the role of households. To fill this gap, we applied a semi-closed input–output model to identify key sectors by economic and emission linkages and measure the employment impacts (direct, indirect, and induced) of reduced carbon emissions. The empirical results for China in 2010–2018 showed that relatively small changes in key emission sectors would significantly affect the economic growth, and reduced carbon emissions reduction would generally lead to high job losses. Promoting labor-intensive sectors, particularly the service sector, is conducive to achieving a “multi-win” situation for economic development, carbon emission reductions, and stable employment. Furthermore, our results highlight the significance of households: expanding consumption and increasing household income can bring multiple benefits, such as economic growth, job creation, and low carbon emissions. These findings can provide useful information for identifying the optimized path of restructuring and helping achieve the sustainable development of the environment, economy, and society.
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Si, Pan, Yuan, Lu und Zhang. „Assessing the Impact of Environmental Regulation on Livestock Manure Waste Recycling: Empirical Evidence from Households in China“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 20 (16.10.2019): 5737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205737.
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Livestock manure waste (LMW) has turned into an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock manure waste recycling (LMWR) has great significance for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the LMW management process. For a long time, the government has mainly adopted environmental regulation to accelerate LMWR, but the recycling degree is still low. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of environmental regulation on LMWR. Empirical evidence was obtained through methods of in-depth measures and questionnaire investigation from 465 households engaged in breeding pigs in Hebei, Henan, and Hubei, China. The double hurdle model was employed to empirically assess the impact of environmental regulation on household LMWR behavior, and the moderating effects of guiding regulation were further verified. The results were that (1) 62.30% of the households in the sample were willing to implement LMWR behavior, but the recycling degree was only 42.50% of the LMW emission amount. (2) Environmental regulation was found to positively impact household LMWR behavior, while the effects were mainly contributed by imperative and guiding regulation. (3) Guiding regulation was shown to positively moderate the influences of imperative and incentive regulation on household LMWR behavior. (4) The impact of environmental regulation on different scales of household LMWR behavior was found to be heterogeneous. Finally, some recommendations, such as improving subsidy standards, classifying to promote LMWR technology, as well as increasing the matched proportions of planting and breeding, were proposed.
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Rahmani, Omeid, Shahabaldin Rezania, Amin Beiranvand Pour, Shahram M. Aminpour, Mohammad Soltani, Yousef Ghaderpour und Bahareh Oryani. „An Overview of Household Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Iran“. Processes 8, Nr. 8 (16.08.2020): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080994.
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This review tends to obtain a deeper understanding of the methods used in household energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Iran. Issues relating to energy consumption and CO2 emissions are very complex. This complexity arises from the fact that energy demand and energy consumption in Iran are influenced by many factors, such as income, household size, age, and gender. In Iran, the relevant energy sources mostly include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, which are used for different sectors, such as transportation, industry, and residential. This overview looks at both the theories and empirical studies of household energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Iran. Since energy consumption typically results in air pollution, it is often used as an indicator of environmental degradation. Although Iran is recently faced to energy efficiency improvement from all sectors, household energy requirements have been significantly increased. In Iran, a prime motivator had been improving living standards. As Iran gradually turns into a consumer society, households have an enormous influence on the direct use of energy and related CO2 emissions as well as through indirect use, as embodied in goods and services. The findings of this study can help policymakers to focus on renewable energy projects in order to reduce energy consumption and mitigate CO2 emissions.
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Liu, Lina, Jiansheng Qu, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Yibo Niu, Jingjing Zeng, Lihua Zhang und Li Xu. „Household CO2 Emissions: Current Status and Future Perspectives“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 19 (27.09.2020): 7077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197077.
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The household sector, which plays a critical role in emission reduction, is a main source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although numerous academic journals have published papers on household CO2 emissions (HCEs), great challenges remain in research on assessments, determinants, and further research prospects. This work reviews and projects HCEs using a bibliometric analysis and a systematic review based on the data from the Web of Science (WOS) platform from 1991 to 2020. Over the last 30 years, there has been a rapid and active trend of research on HCEs. We find that (1) the scale of the bibliometric analysis shows that research on HCEs is interdisciplinary and must consider overall cognition of the environment, the economy, society, and technology. It also needs to strengthen cooperation between different countries/territories to emphasize the quality and influence of papers on HCEs. (2) A review of previous literature shows that research on HCEs mainly focuses on the research object, mainstream assessments, and influencing factors. The following six main aspects impact HCEs: demographic, income, social, technological, policy, and natural factors. (3) The research discussion suggests that more micro-level research needs to be conducted, such as research on the city level and the individual level, which is important for sustainable development and low consumption. A comparative analysis of the differences in HCEs is a future research direction. Additionally, localized carbon emission reduction measures need to be implemented.
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Brizga, J., und I. Kudreņickis. „Mājsaimniecību Ietekme uz Klimatu Latvijā: Oglekļa Pēdas Rādītājs“. Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 3, Nr. 3 (01.01.2009): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10145-009-0004-9.
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Mājsaimniecību Ietekme uz Klimatu Latvijā: Oglekļa Pēdas Rādītājs People more and more recognize climate change as one of the main environmental problems and the term ‘carbon footprint’ (CF) has become popular and is now in widespread use. In this paper, the CF concept has been applied to analyse average per capita household Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Latvia. We explore household CF in housing (heating and electricity consumption), transport, food and goods and service sectors, which are the main household environmental pressure areas. This paper provides an understanding of both direct and indirect (embodied) GHG emissions. Results from the study suggest that the average Latvian exceeds its global fair share of GHG emissions - the average per capita GHG in 2006 was 4.35 t CO2e. The highest household emissions arise from housing (37%), mobility (26%) and food consumption (25%), goods and services together account only for 12% of total household GHG emissions. This study, however, does not cover capital investments in infrastructure (roads, public buildings etc.) which could increase total emission by almost a ton. The study emphasizes that attention must be paid to the lifestyles, infrastructure and institutions that result in considerable amounts of carbon being locked up in the household activities through which people meet their everyday needs. The findings also indicate that policies should be targeted at the segments in society responsible for the highest carbon footprints, ie. housing, food and mobility.
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Li, Shu Lin, Zhong Ying Qi und Zun Liang Yang. „Analysis about CO2 Emissions Related to Household Consumption“. Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1808.
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Though analyzing the environmental impacts of household consumption has been well studied, little attention has been paid to a few basic questions. Compared to the CO2 emissions related to the productive process, we discuss the characteristics of the emissions related to household consumption. Extending the household metabolism model to open economy, we divide the emissions related to household consumption into three categories: direct and indirect emissions; domestic and imported emissions; autonomous and induced emissions. Then we build the estimative formulas respectively.
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Ivanova, Diana, und Milena Büchs. „Household Sharing for Carbon and Energy Reductions: The Case of EU Countries“. Energies 13, Nr. 8 (14.04.2020): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081909.
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As households get smaller worldwide, the extent of sharing within households reduces, resulting in rising per capita energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article examines for the first time the differences in household economies of scale across EU countries as a way to support reductions in energy use and GHG emissions, while considering differences in effects across consumption domains and urban-rural typology. A country-comparative analysis is important to facilitate the formulation of context-specific initiatives and policies for resource sharing. We find that one-person households are most carbon- and energy-intensive per capita with an EU average of 9.2 tCO2eq/cap and 0.14 TJ/cap, and a total contribution of about 17% to the EU’s carbon and energy use. Two-person households contribute about 31% to the EU carbon and energy footprint, while those of five or more members add about 9%. The average carbon and energy footprints of an EU household of five or more is about half that of a one-person average household, amounting to 4.6 tCO2eq/cap and 0.07 TJ/cap. Household economies of scale vary substantially across consumption categories, urban-rural typology and EU countries. Substantial household economies of scale are noted for home energy, real estate services and miscellaneous services such as waste treatment and water supply; yet, some of the weakest household economies of scale occur in high carbon domains such as transport. Furthermore, Northern and Central European states are more likely to report strong household economies of scale—particularly in sparsely populated areas—compared to Southern and Eastern European countries. We discuss ways in which differences in household economies of scale may be linked to social, political and climatic conditions. We also provide policy recommendations for encouraging sharing within and between households as a contribution to climate change mitigation.
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Izumi, Taro, Eiji Matsubara, Duong T. Dung, Nguyen V. C. Ngan, Nguyen H. Chiem und Yoshiro Higano. „Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Vietnam through Introduction of a Proper Technical Support System for Domestic Biogas Digesters“. Journal of Sustainable Development 9, Nr. 3 (30.05.2016): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n3p224.
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A domestic biogas digester (BD) is a household-sized system that produces biogas from organic waste under anaerobic conditions. By substituting conventional cooking fuel with biogas, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced. In addition, improved livestock manure management from use of the BD system can lead to further GHG emission reductions. However, because the main component of biogas is methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), with 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), leakage of biogas from the BD system can counteract the benefits of this system. Thick vinyl-type BDs were introduced to farming households in a rural area of Vietnam’s Mekong Delta in an effort to reduce GHG emissions as a Clean Development Mechanism project. In this project, selected farmers were trained as Key Farmers (KFs). These farmers acquired knowledge about appropriate techniques relating to the BD system and provided technical support to households. Then, biogas usage was monitored in the households where the BD technology was installed. The average proportion of operational BDs reached as high as 92.3%. Therefore, the technical support system provided by the KFs was regarded as practical and effective. Additionally, leakage of biogas from the BD systems was monitored. The average leakage was estimated at 8% of the produced biogas. Including emission reductions from improved livestock manure management, the total GHG emission reductions from the introduction of BD systems was calculated as 2.95 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> per year per household. Overall, the emission reduction effects can only be achieved with appropriate installation, operation, and maintenance of the BD systems.
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Santillán Vera, Mónica, und Angel de la Vega Navarro. „Do the rich pollute more? Mexican household consumption by income level and CO2 emissions“. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, Nr. 3 (02.09.2019): 694–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-07-2018-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively examine if varying household consumption activities at different income levels drove CO2 emissions to different degrees in Mexico from 1990 to 2014. Design/methodology/approach The paper applied a simple expenditure-CO2 emissions elasticity model – a top-down approach – using data from consumption-based CO2 emission inventories and the “Household Income and Expenditure Survey” and assuming a range of 0.7-1.0 elasticity values. Findings The paper results show a large carbon inequality among income groups in Mexico throughout the period. The household consumption patterns at the highest income levels are related to significantly more total CO2 emissions (direct + indirect) than the household consumption patterns at the lowest income levels, in absolute terms, per household and per capita. In 2014, for example, the poorest household decile emitted 1.6 tCO2 per capita on average, while the wealthiest decile reached 8.6 tCO2 per capita. Practical/implications The results suggest that it is necessary to rethink the effect of consumption patterns on climate change and the allocation of mitigation responsibilities, thus opening up complementary options for designing mitigation strategies and policies. Originality/value The paper represents an alternative approach for studying CO2 emissions responsibility in Mexico from the demand side, which has been practically absent in previous studies. The paper thereby opens a way for studying and discussing climate change in terms of consumption and equity in the country.
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Nair, Sumita, Sukhpreet Kaur Bhatia und Madhu Chandrakar. „Household Carbon Emissions in India: Correlation with Income and Household Size“. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 16, Nr. 2 (24.04.2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw190022.
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Liu, Yan, und Cinzia Cirillo. „Model System to Evaluate Impacts of Vehicle Purchase Tax and Fuel Tax on Household Greenhouse Gas Emissions“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2503, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2503-06.
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This paper proposes a model system to forecast household-level greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) from private transportation and evaluate the effects of car-related taxation schemes on vehicle emissions. The system contains four submodels that specifically capture households' vehicle and vintage, quantity, usage, and GHGE rates (GHGERs) by vehicle type. The vehicle GHGERs are calculated with the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator 2014, which is authorized by the Environmental Protection Agency. The whole model system was applied to the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. The 2009 National Household Travel Survey was employed with supplementary data from Consumer Reports, American Fact Finder, and 2009 state motor vehicle registrations. The study proposed two tax schemes, vehicle purchase tax and fuel tax, and predicted their effects on reductions in vehicle GHGEs. The average annual GHGE per vehicle was 5.86 tons of carbon dioxide–equivalent gas without the proposed taxes. After two taxation policies were implemented, the results showed the following: (a) the impacts on reducing GHGEs from fuel taxes were higher than those from purchase taxes, (b) purchase taxes reduced GHGEs mainly by decreasing the number of cars of households with more vehicles, and (c) fuel taxes successfully reduced GHGEs by decreasing the use of cars by households with fewer vehicles. The model system can be extended to other zones, counties, states, and nations.
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Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal, und Stephan Klasen. „Inequality in emissions: evidence from Indonesian household“. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 18, Nr. 4 (11.08.2015): 459–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10018-015-0119-0.
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Munksgaard, Jesper, Klaus Alsted Pedersen und Mette Wien. „Impact of household consumption on CO2 emissions“. Energy Economics 22, Nr. 4 (August 2000): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-9883(99)00033-x.
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Pizer, William, James N. Sanchirico und Michael Batz. „Regional patterns of U.S. household carbon emissions“. Climatic Change 99, Nr. 1-2 (09.09.2009): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9637-8.
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Martínez, Miguel A., und Ángeles Cámara. „Environmental Changes Produced by Household Consumption“. Energies 14, Nr. 18 (11.09.2021): 5730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185730.
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This paper analyzes the impact of the fall in household consumption after an economic crisis in Spain on greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, household consumption is differentiated by the age of the main provider by using a conversion matrix that relates consumption groups to activity sectors. A multisectoral model was used to quantify and compare the environmental impact caused by the consumption of each age group, indicating that the older the age of the main household provider, the smaller the reduction in GHG emissions associated with their consumption. The results facilitate an analysis of how the greenhouse gas emissions of the different sectors of the Spanish economy, associated with the population under study, varied before and after the 2008 crisis, and confirm that the sectors with the greatest reduction in emissions were, in this order, extractive industries, construction, manufacturing industry, wholesale and retail trade and transport and storage. This is relevant for decision making in the field of environmental policies in crises, akin to the one the world is currently experiencing.
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Goldstein, Benjamin, Dimitrios Gounaridis und Joshua P. Newell. „The carbon footprint of household energy use in the United States“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 32 (20.07.2020): 19122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922205117.
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Residential energy use accounts for roughly 20% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. Using data on 93 million individual households, we estimate these GHGs across the contiguous United States and clarify the respective influence of climate, affluence, energy infrastructure, urban form, and building attributes (age, housing type, heating fuel) in driving these emissions. A ranking by state reveals that GHGs (per unit floor space) are lowest in Western US states and highest in Central states. Wealthier Americans have per capita footprints ∼25% higher than those of lower-income residents, primarily due to larger homes. In especially affluent suburbs, these emissions can be 15 times higher than nearby neighborhoods. If the electrical grid is decarbonized, then the residential housing sector can meet the 28% emission reduction target for 2025 under the Paris Agreement. However, grid decarbonization will be insufficient to meet the 80% emissions reduction target for 2050 due to a growing housing stock and continued use of fossil fuels (natural gas, propane, and fuel oil) in homes. Meeting this target will also require deep energy retrofits and transitioning to distributed low-carbon energy sources, as well as reducing per capita floor space and zoning denser settlement patterns.
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Oota, Masato, Yumiko Iwafune und Ryozo Ooka. „Estimation of Self-Sufficiency Rate in Detached Houses Using Home Energy Management System Data“. Energies 14, Nr. 4 (12.02.2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040975.
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Japan’s energy consumption in 2018 was about 2.5 times that in 1975, with the increase in the household sector being the largest at 28%. Most of primary energy is still fossil fuel, and it is urgent to reduce energy consumption in the household sector. The purpose of this paper was to identify ways to reduce household energy consumption without compromising the quality of life in residence. However, the reduction methods vary by region, building specifications, household type, equipment specifications, season, and weather. The value of this paper is based on a systematic analysis of home energy management systems (HEMS) data from about 50,000 households under various conditions. We are analyzing ways to reduce energy consumption. Few studies have analyzed this much back-up data, which is likely to lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions across the household sector. To explore ways to reduce energy consumption in this sector, the company has introduced and provided services for home energy management systems (HEMS) since 2011 and is currently collecting HEMS data for up to 50,000 households. In order to grasp the actual state of energy consumption in each household, HEMS data are systematically analyzed, necessary conditions for energy reduction and self-sufficiency rate (SSR) improvement are analyzed, and energy consumption under certain conditions is estimated using storage batteries (SB) and heat pump water heaters (HPWH). In addition, energy consumption was investigated by actual measurement and simulation for several hundred households. Since power generation and consumption vary greatly depending on the region, building specifications, household type, equipment specifications, season, weather, etc., it is necessary to analyze these factors systematically. As a conclusion, in order to improve SSR, it is necessary to (1) reduce surplus power consumption and energy consumption of heat pump water heaters (HPWHs), (2) increase solar power generation, and (3) increase the size of SB. This study contributes to the spread of advanced housing and the reduction of CO2 emissions in the household sector.
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Spalding-Fecher, Randall. „Suppressed demand in the clean development mechanism: conceptual and practical issues“. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, Nr. 2 (13.04.2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i2a2190.
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One of the challenges of applying greenhouse gas emission accounting approaches in poor communities is that the current consumption of many household services (e.g. heating and cooking, lighting and potable water) may not reflect the real demand for those services. This could be the result of lack of infrastructure, lack of natural resources or poverty, particularly the high costs of these services relative to household incomes. The situation of ‘suppressed demand’ creates a problem for setting emissions baselines against which to compare project performance, and has negatively affected CDM project development in Africa, Least Developed Countries and other regions with very few CDM projects. Ironically, although new large-scale power plants do not have to show that they actually displace other plants (existing or new), many small-scale energy projects can only claim credit for displacing historical (very low level) emissions from households. While the CDM rules are evolving to consider suppressed demand, much more can be done to catalyse investment in these types of climate change mitigation projects in poor communities. Furthermore, making progress will require significant expert and stakeholder input to ensure that simplification is balanced with maintaining overall environmental integrity.
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Gagelman, Lance, und Bailey Norwood. „Investigating the greenhouse gas emissions of grass-fed beef relative to other greenhouse gas abatement strategies“. Rangeland Journal 40, Nr. 5 (2018): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17035.
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Beef is often identified as one of the foods with the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, causing climate-conscious persons to seek changes in their diets. This study evaluated the ability of a household to reduce its GHG emissions by replacing conventional US beef with grass-fed beef and compared its effectiveness to three other strategies: replacing beef with chicken, becoming a vegetarian, and purchasing carbon offsets. These potential GHG-reducing strategies were considered within a model of a typical US household, using a framework that accounts for all household expenditures and carbon emissions. Replacing beef with chicken and adopting vegetarianism reduced the household’s GHG emissions by 1% and 3%, respectively. Grass-fed beef only reduced emissions if the GHG sequestration rate for pastureland and/or the price of grass-fed beef was high. It is shown that persons paying higher prices for grass-fed beef with the goal of smaller GHG emissions might want to consider buying conventional beef instead and using the savings to purchase carbon offsets. Also, although vegetarianism is often touted as a climate-friendly diet, the model shows that meat-eaters can achieve the same GHG reduction by spending only US$19 per year on carbon offsets. These results assume that additional land for grazing is acquired from recently abandoned cropland, which gives grass-fed beef its best chance at being climate-friendly. Alternative land-use assumptions would only reinforce the result that grass-fed beef does not emit less GHG emissions than conventional beef.
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JÖST, FRANK, und MARTIN F. QUAAS. „Environmental and population externalities“. Environment and Development Economics 15, Nr. 1 (21.05.2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x09005294.
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ABSTRACTWe analyze the external effects that arise in the decisions of firms on polluting emissions and in the decisions of parents on the number of births in an optimal control model with three stock variables representing population, economic capital, and pollution. We distinguish two different types of households, which represent opposite ends of a spectrum of potential familial structures: ‘dynastic households’, in which the family sticks together forever and ‘micro-households’, in which children leave their parent's household immediately after birth. We show that the decision of parents on the number of births involves an externality that is qualitatively different for both types of familial structure. Hence, population policy should be different, according to the type of household. A first best result may be obtained in the case of dynastic households if an appropriate tax on the household size is applied, or, in the case of micro-households, if an appropriate tax on children is applied.
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Jia, Junsong, Zhihai Gong, Chundi Chen, Zhongyu Gu und Dongming Xie. „Incorporating carbon emissions from landfills and wastewater treatment into a household emission inventory for systematically analysing household behaviour“. Journal of Water and Climate Change 10, Nr. 4 (30.04.2018): 708–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.071.
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Abstract In this paper, taking Nanchang, China, as an example, we first systematically divided household behaviour into three components: entrance (eight lifestyles), kernel (energy uses and private vehicles) and outlet, which was a concern of few scholars and contained the carbon emissions (CEs) of domestic wastewater treatment and landfills. The CEs of entrance were calculated by consumer lifestyle approach and others by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results showed all the CEs of entrance, kernel and outlet had increasing trend from 1998 to 2014. They were 172.65 × 104, 22.19 × 104 and 9.18 × 104 t CO2 in 1998 and increased to 283.10 × 104, 78.83 × 104 and 23.03 × 104 t CO2 in 2006 and to 458.43 × 104, 206.82 × 104 and 33.55 × 104 t CO2 in 2014. Their shares were 66%–85%, 11%–30% and 4–6%, respectively. Although the CE shares of wastewater treatment and landfills are currently modest, they will become increasingly greater in the future. Thus, it is significant to construct this new accounting frame, especially for analysing sustainable household consumption behaviour. Finally, some attributes of the new frame are clarified, and related policy implications are put forward.
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Chang, Y. H. „Non-agricultural ammonia emissions in urban China“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, Nr. 6 (31.03.2014): 8495–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-8495-2014.
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Abstract. The non-agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions in cities have received little attention but could rival agricultural sources in term of the efficiency in PM formation. The starting point for finding credible solutions is to comprehensively establish a city-specific Non-agricultural Ammonia Emission Inventory (NAEI) and identify the largest sources where efforts can be directed to deliver the largest impact. In this paper, I present a NAEI of 113 national key cities targeted on environmental protection in China in 2010, which for the first time covers NH3 emissions from pets, infants, smokers, green land, and household products. Results show that totally 210 478 Mg, the NH3 emissions from traffic, fuel combustion, waste disposal, pets, green land, human, and household products are 67 671 Mg, 56 275 Mg, 44 289 Mg, 23 355 Mg, 7509 Mg, 7312 Mg, and 4069 Mg, respectively. The NH3 emission intensity from the municipal districts ranges from 0.08 to 3.13 Mg km−2 yr−1, with a average of 0.84 Mg km−2 yr−1. The high NH3 emission intensities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta region and Pearl River Delta region support the view that non-agricultural NH3 sources play a key role in city-scale NH3 emissions and thus have potentially important implications for secondary PM formation (ammonium-sulfate-nitrate system) in urban agglomeration of China. Therefore, in addition to current SO2 and NOx controls, China also needs to allocate more scientific, technical, and legal resources on controlling non-agricultural NH3 emissions in the future.
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Herrmann, Alina, Rainer Sauerborn und Maria Nilsson. „The Role of Health in Households’ Balancing Act for Lifestyles Compatible with the Paris Agreement—Qualitative Results from Mannheim, Germany“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 4 (18.02.2020): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041297.
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Household lifestyles are the main drivers of climate change. Climate change mitigation measures directed to households often have substantial health co-benefits. The European mixed-methods study HOPE (HOuseholds’ Preferences for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in four European high-income countries) investigates households’ preferences for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and particularly researches the role of information on health co-benefits in households’ decision making. The results presented in this study are derived from 18 qualitative interviews, conducted with a subsample of households from Mannheim, Germany. The in-depth interviews were transcribed verbatim, analyzed with a qualitative content analysis, supported by NVivo software. They showed that, in order to reduce their greenhouse gas emission in a way compatible with the 1.5 °C goal, households have to undertake a difficult balancing act, considering factors from the individual sphere, such as health co-benefits, as well as from the public sphere, such as (climate) policies. Shared responsibility and equity are important aspects of households. In conclusion, health is an important factor in households’ decision making. However, information policies about health co-benefits need to go along with structural policy measures, in order to support households effectively in the implementation of healthy and climate-friendly lifestyles, especially in sectors where behavior change is difficult, like the mobility sector.
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GUO, LIN. „INCOME INEQUALITY, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION AND CO2 EMISSIONS IN CHINA“. Singapore Economic Review 62, Nr. 02 (28.04.2017): 531–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590817400239.
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This paper analyzes the relationship between household income disparity and CO2 emissions based on a panel dataset in China over the period from 1995 to 2010 by employing a two-step, generalized method of moments estimation (GMM-3SLS estimator) to estimate the simultaneous equation model (SEM). The main findings of this study reveal that there is a U relationship between per capita CO2 emissions and income in China. The indirect effect that household income inequality affects CO2 emissions through household consumption is positive. The reasons for this positive effect are as follows: (1) an increase in household income inequality results in lower consumer demand and higher scale of investment, which leads to excess capacity, a rise in the waste of energy consumption and an increase in CO2 emissions. (2) The total consumption amount is inhibited and the consumption structure is influenced by household income inequality. The energy-intensive and low-quality-preferred consumption structure is an obstacle to the upgrading of the industrial structure and to technological innovation from the demand side. Thus, reducing CO2 emissions by upgrading the industrial structure and developing energy-saving technologies is inhibited by the consumption structure.
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Tu, Tran Thi. „ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS IN LIVESTOCK MANURE TREATMENT AT VAN CU RICE NOODLE CRAFT VILLAGE, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE“. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, Nr. 4C (24.03.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12121.
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This paper used some calculation techniques of IPCC to quantify the economic and environmental benefit from greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation at Van Cu rice noodle craft village, Huong Toan commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien Hue province. The resulting calculation showed that the GHG emission amount of Van Cu rice noodle craft village was 1,572.3 tonnes of CO2e/ year, in which the GHG emission of households who had activities of swine breeding and rice noodle producing had accounted for 78% of total emissions of the whole village. There were 24 biogas digesters in 31 households had built biogas works that were working well and creating biogas for usage as fuel to service of life. Therefore, this study surveyed at 24 households were using biogas works efficiency. Before using biogas works, average GHG emission reached 51.0 tonnes CO2e/ household/ year. After using biogas digesters, total GHG emission of 24 households reduced 267.6 tonnes of CO2e/ year. Thus, the total GHG emission amount was cut down 956.5 tonnes of CO2e/ year, corresponding to revenue from the sale of certified emission reductions (CERs) was 13.04 million dong/ year.
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Fercovic, Juan, und Sumeet Gulati. „Comparing household greenhouse gas emissions across Canadian cities“. Regional Science and Urban Economics 60 (September 2016): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.06.010.
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KAGAWA, Shigemi, Keisuke NANSAI und Yuichi MORIGUCHI. „Relationship between household characteristics and industrial waste emissions“. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 2, Nr. 1 (2006): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.2.56.
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Alberini, Anna. „Household energy use, energy efficiency, emissions, and behaviors“. Energy Efficiency 11, Nr. 3 (16.12.2017): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9597-1.
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Schulz, Maximilian, und Kai Hufendiek. „Discussing the Actual Impact of Optimizing Cost and GHG Emission Minimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Distributed Energy Systems“. Energies 14, Nr. 3 (02.02.2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030786.
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Electric vehicles represent a promising opportunity to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets in the transport sector. Integrating them comprehensively into the energy system requires smart control strategies for the charging processes. In this paper we concentrate on charging processes at the end users home. From the perspective of an end user, optimizing of charging electric vehicles might strive for different targets: cost minimization of power purchase for the individual household or—as proposed more often recently—minimization of GHG emissions. These targets are sometimes competing and cannot generally be achieved at the same time as the results show. In this paper, we present approaches of considering these targets by controlling charging processes at the end users home. We investigate the influence of differently designed optimizing charging strategies for this purpose, considering the electrical purchase cost as well as the GHG emissions and compare them with the conventional uncontrolled charging strategy using the example of a representative household of a single family. Therefore, we assumed a detailed trip profile of such a household equipped with a local generation and storage system at the same time. We implemented the mentioned strategies and compare the results concerning effects on annual GHG emissions and annual energy purchase costs of the household. Regarding GHG emissions we apply a recently proposed approach by other authors based on hourly emission factors. We discuss the effectivity of this approach and derive, that there is hardly no real impact on actual GHG emissions in the overall system. As incorporating this GHG target into the objective function increases cost, we appraise such theoretical GHG target therefore counterproductive. In conclusion, we would thus like to appeal for dynamic electricity prices for decentralised energy systems, leading at the same time to cost efficient charging of electric vehicles unfolding clear incentives for end users, which is GHG friendly at the end.
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Kudrenickis, I., und G. Klavs. „SOLID BIOMASS CONSUMPTION IN HOUSEHOLDS AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION IN LATVIA / CIETĀS BIOMASAS PATĒRIŅŠ UN SILTUMNĪCEFEKTA GĀZU EMISIJU SAMAZINĀŠANAS PERSPEKTĪVA LATVIJAS MĀJSAIMNIECĪBĀS“. Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 50, Nr. 6 (01.12.2013): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2013-0037.
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Abstract Utilisation of biomass is an important factor in reducing emission of greenhouse gases (GHG); at the same time, high efficiency of biomass combustion technologies is to be ensured to minimise the methane (CH4) emission thus achieving the most efficient reduction in the total GHG emission. The authors analyse the GHG emission breakdown in Latvia among the sectors not included in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), and, in the context of emission reduction, evaluate the energy supply in the Latvian household sector, the types of combustion technologies and the used fuels. The trend is considered for the CH4 emission factor during 1990-2010 in the household sector of EU countries, and the numerical index is calculated which illustrates decoupling the consumption of biomass fuel from CH4 emission. To evaluate the perspective of CH4 emission reduction in the Latvian household sector, two scenarios are investigated for efficiency improvement as related to the central heating equipment based on wood fuel.
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Sang-Arlt, Xuefang, Haoxiang Fu, Yinan Zhang, Xiang Ding, Xinming Wang, Yanan Zhou, Lilin Zou, Georg F. Zellmer und Guenter Engling. „Carbonaceous Aerosol Emitted from Biofuel Household Stove Combustion in South China“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 1 (17.01.2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010112.
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Near-source measurements of smoke emissions from household stove combustion in a rural area of South China were conducted with 7 typical biomass fuels. Particulate matter samples (both PM10 and PM2.5) were analyzed for their carbonaceous components, including organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) as well as levoglucosan (molecular tracer of biomass burning), employing thermal-optical and GC-MS analysis. The OC and EC content in PM2.5 and PM10 smoke particles derived from the various types of vegetation showed different patterns with the smallest values observed for straw type fuels. The OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 and PM10 showed an order of straw > hardwood > bamboo > softwood. Mass concentrations of particulate matter emitted from rice straw burning were highest with 12.23 ± 0.87 mg/m3 (PM10) and 9.31 ± 0.81 mg/m3 (PM2.5), while the mass ratios (LG/PM and OC/PM) were lowest among the 7 fuels, indicating that particle emissions from straw burning were higher than those from woody fuels, using similar burning conditions. The levoglucosan emission ratios were rather high and this single most abundant organic species was mainly present in the fine particle mode. Linear correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between levoglucosan and EC emissions.
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Stankiewicz, Sebastian K., Rafael Auras und Susan Selke. „Modeling American Household Fluid Milk Consumption and their Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 7 (11.04.2019): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072152.
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U.S. consumers are the largest contributors to food waste generation (FWG), but few models have explained how households waste food. This study examines how discrete-event simulation (DES) can identify areas for reducing FWG through packaging and consumer milk consumption behavioral changes. Household model parameters included: amount and type of consumption, type and number of containers bought, buying behavior, and shelf life of milk. Simulations comparing the purchase of quart, half gallon, and gallon milk containers were run for 10,000 days to identify which package type reduced waste for 50 1, 2 and 4-person households. Based on consumption averages from the U.S. National Dairy Council, results suggest that if 1 and 4-person households change their purchasing behavior from 1 half-gallon to 1 quart and 2 gallons to 3 half-gallons, they can reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from milk consumption by 33% and 12%, respectively, without reducing their total milk consumption. Purchasing enough smaller containers to be equivalent to a larger size decreased spoilage, but not enough to reduce a consumer’s total milk consumption GHG emissions. Results showed that packaging accounts for 5% of the total milk consumption GHG emissions; most of a consumer’s impact comes from milk spoilage and consumption.