Zeitschriftenartikel: „Hordeum marinum“

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Nishikawa, Tomotaro, Björn Salomon, Takao Komatsuda, Roland von Bothmer und Koh-ichi Kadowaki. „Molecular phylogeny of the genus Hordeum using three chloroplast DNA sequences“. Genome 45, Nr. 6 (01.12.2002): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-088.

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The genus Hordeum consists of three cytotypes (2x, 4x, and 6x). Its reproductive isolation has been incomplete between closely related species and hence the genetic relationship is reticulate and complex. We used 32 taxa of Hordeum and three chloroplast DNA sequences, matK, atpBrbcL, and trnLtrnF, in the current study. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data of the three chloroplast DNA regions clearly demonstrated genetic relationships among taxa and origin of polypoids. The formation of H. secalinum likely involved hybridization between Hordeum marinum subsp. marinum and a Eurasian diploid possessing the H genome. The formation of hexaploid Hordeum brachyantherum involved hybridization between tetraploid H. brachyantherum and diploid H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum. The formation of three tetraploids, H. brachyantherum, Hordeum jubatum, and Hordeum guatemalense, probably involved hybridization between H. brachyantherum subsp. californicum and an altered H genome diploid. The formation of Hordeum arizonicum involved the two taxa Hordeum pusillum and H. jubatum.Key words: chloroplast DNA, phylogeny, Hordeum, barley.

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Linde-Laursen, Ib, Roland von Bothmer und Niels Jacobsen. „Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of Hordeum marinum and H. murinum“. Genome 32, Nr. 4 (01.08.1989): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-491.

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Giemsa C-banding patterns of the predominantly self-pollinating, annual species Hordeum marinum (2x, 4x) and H. murinum (2x, 4x, 6x) showed mostly very small to small bands at centromeric and telomeric positions, at one or both sides of the nucleolar constrictions, and at intercalary positions with no preferential disposition. A similar distribution of bands has been observed in other Hordeum species, suggesting that the pattern is the basic one in the genus Hordeum. Hordeum murinum, especially the hexaploid cytotype, was distinguished from H. marinum by having more numerous and more conspicuous bands, resulting in a significantly higher percentage of constitutive heterochromatin (9–17 vs. 4–8%). The differences in C-banding patterns supported by differences in chromosome morphology confirm that H. marinum and H. murinum are not closely related. Banding-pattern polymorphism was prevalent among populations but unobserved within populations. In spite of this polymorphism, banding patterns in combination with chromosome morphology identified homologous chromosomes of different populations of a taxon and indicated that the chromosome complements of the polyploids of both species comprised the genome of the related diploid as well as one or two "unidentified" genomes. This agrees with an alloploid origin of polyploids. The C-banding patterns of H. marinum ssp. marinum and H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum (2x) showed some divergence in spite of the close relationship. The C-banded karyotypes of H. murinum ssp. murinum and H. murinum ssp. leporinum (4x) were very similar, supporting conspecificity. Chromosome lengths and longest/shortest chromosome ratios were fairly similar to those previously published, supporting the conclusion that linear relationships of chromosomes are normally stable within genomes. The taxonomy of the two species is discussed.Key words: C-banding, karyotypes, Hordeum.

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Bustos, Alfredo De, Consuelo Soler und Nicolás Jouve. „Analysis by PCR-based markers using designed primers to study relationships between species of Hordeum (Poaceae)“. Genome 42, Nr. 1 (01.02.1999): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-109.

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An investigation was made into the relationships between six species or subspecies of the genus Hordeum that grow in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Plant material included samples of 19 populations of the annual species H. marinum subsp. marinum, H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum, H. murinum subsp. murinum, and H. murinum subsp. leporinum, and the perennial species H. bulbosum and H. secalinum. Relationships were analysed using PCR-based molecular markers. Thirteen sets of primers were designed and synthesized based on sequences of mapped RFLPs from genomic libraries and conserved regions of structural genes of known function in cultivated species. Primers were used to amplify genomic DNA from all populations. The number of amplified products ranged from 1 to 18 per primer and a total of 168 markers were scored. The markers revealed different degrees of relationships. Hordeum bulbosum was clearly separated from the rest. The populations of both subspecies of H. murinum were closely related. H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum appeared to be closely related to H. secalinum, yet relatively separated from its conspecific subspecies marinum. The use of a large number of DNA markers in this kind of analysis is discussed.Key words: Hordeum, barley, DNA markers, restriction endonucleases, variability, DNA analysis.

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Baum, Bernard R., und L. Grant Bailey. „Relationships among native and introduced North American species of Hordeum, based on chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation“. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, Nr. 11 (01.11.1991): 2421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-300.

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Restriction-site analysis of chloroplast DNA was carried out on a total of 13 North American species of Hordeum, 7 native and 6 introduced. Sites associated with polymorphic banding patterns were omitted so that only invariant sites within species were used in the analyses. A number of taxa whose species status is in dispute can indeed be supported at species rank, i.e., H. brachyantherum, H. californicum, H. pusillum, H. intercedens, H. marinum, and H. geniculatum. The maternal progenitor of H. arizonicum is H. pusillum, and this is further discussed in light of other possibilities. Both phenetic and cladistic analyses indicate a tripartite relationship whereby H. vulgare is distant from the group of H. leporinum, H. glaucum, and H. murinum and from a second group comprising the native species H. brachyantherum, H. californicum, H. arizonicum, H. jubatum, H. pusillum, H. intercedens, and H. depressum. Hordeum marinum and H. geniculatum occupy a central position in this relationship. Speculation that the putative ancient form of Hordeum resembled a H. murinum – H. geniculatum-like species is discussed. Key words: chloroplast DNA, Hordeum, phylogenetic relationships.

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Bothmer, R., J. Flink, N. Jacobsen und R. B. Jørgensen. „Variation and differentiation in Hordeum marinum (Poaceae)“. Nordic Journal of Botany 9, Nr. 1 (Februar 1989): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1989.tb00975.x.

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6

Konnerup, Dennis, A. l. Imran Malik, A. K. M. R. Islam und Timothy David Colmer. „Evaluation of root porosity and radial oxygen loss of disomic addition lines of Hordeum marinum in wheat“. Functional Plant Biology 44, Nr. 4 (2017): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16272.

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Hordeum marinum Huds. is a waterlogging-tolerant wild relative of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Greater root porosity (gas volume per root volume) and formation of a barrier to reduce root radial O2 loss (ROL) contribute to the waterlogging tolerance of H. marinum and these traits are evident in some H. marinum–wheat amphiploids. We evaluated root porosity, ROL patterns and tolerance to hypoxic stagnant conditions for 10 various H. marinum (two accessions) disomic chromosome addition (DA) lines in wheat (two varieties), produced from two H. marinum–wheat amphiploids and their recurrent wheat parents. None of the DA lines had a barrier to ROL or higher root porosity than the wheat parents. Lack of a root ROL barrier in the six DA lines for H. marinum accession H21 in Chinese Spring (CS) wheat indicates that the gene(s) for this trait do not reside on one of these six chromosomes; unfortunately, chromosome 3 of H. marinum has not been isolated in CS. Unlike the H21–CS amphiploid, which formed a partial ROL barrier in roots, the H90–Westonia amphiploid and the four derived DA lines available did not. The unaltered root aeration traits in the available DA lines challenge the strategy of using H. marinum as a donor of these traits to wheat.

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Yu, Suping, und Qingwei Du. „The complete chloroplast genome of Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum“. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 8, Nr. 12 (02.12.2023): 1426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2023.2294893.

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Symeonidis, L., und M. Moustakas. „Biosystematic Study of Hordeum marinum Group in Greece“. Flora 178, Nr. 3 (1986): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)31489-5.

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Baum, Bernard R., und Douglas A. Johnson. „The South African Hordeum capense is more closely related to some American Hordeum species than to the European Hordeum secalinum: a perspective based on the 5S DNA units (Triticeae: Poaceae)“. Canadian Journal of Botany 81, Nr. 1 (01.01.2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-001.

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Several authors have proposed that the European Hordeum secalinum and the morphologically similar South African Hordeum capense are conspecific. In this paper we provide evidence that the two species differ in their 5S DNA unit class composition. We also report on the diversity of 5S DNA units in Hordeum muticum, a South American species. When the 5S rDNA unit class composition for these three species is compared with the unit class composition for all Hordeum species thus far investigated, it appears that H. capense is more closely related to the American Hordeum species containing the long Y2 unit class, than to H. secalinum, which lacks the long Y2 unit class but contains the long X2 unit class found in H. marinum. This analysis suggests H. capense may have originated from a stock common to the South American species, such as H. muticum.Key words: 5S DNA unit class, Hordeum capense, Hordeum secalinum, Hordeum muticum, continental drift.

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Bothmer, Roland von, Jan Flink und Tomas Landström. „Meiosis in interspecific Hordeum hybrids. IV. Tetraploid (4x × 4x) hybrids“. Genome 30, Nr. 4 (01.08.1988): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-080.

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The meiotic pairing behaviour of 31 interspecific combinations of tetraploid Hordeum species are reported. The autoploid H. bulbosum with the II genomic constitution has no homology to the other species. The constitution of tetraploid H. murinum is not clear, but it is not homologous to other tetraploids. Hordeum marinum is a probable autoploid (XX) but with a very strong genetic regulation of pairing. The X genome is possibly found in H. secalinum and H. capense, both of which also possess the H genome in several diploids. Hordeum fuegianum, H. tetraploidum, H. jubatum, H. brachyantherum, and H. roshevitzii are segmental alloploids all with the same two partly homoeologous genomes. Hordeum depressum is probably a segmental alloploid with the H genome and with a very strong pairing regulation. Hordeum brevisubulatum is a pure autoploid with two homologous H genomes.Key words: Hordeum, interspecific hybrids, meiosis, tetraploids.

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Bothmer, R. von, und N. C. Subrahmanyam. „Assessment of chromosome associations in haploids and their parental accessions in Hordeum“. Genome 30, Nr. 2 (01.04.1988): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-035.

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Meiotic pairing was studied in the following species and their haploid derivatives: Hordeum cordobense 2x, H. marinum 2x and 4x, H. secalinum 4x, H. capense 4x, H. jubatum 4x, H. brachyantherum 4x and 6x, H. lechleri 6x, and H. procerum 6x. The study revealed (i) homologous pairing in diploid species and very little nonhomologous associations in their mono-haploids; (ii) the alloploid nature of the polyploid taxa; (iii) a certain degree of homoeologous pairing in polyhaploids despite the diploid-like meiotic behaviour of the polyploids; (iv) genetic variation in the suppression of homoeologous chromosome pairing in different Hordeum species.Key words: Hordeum, meiotic pairing, haploids.

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Alamri, Saud A., Edward G. Barrett-Lennard, Natasha L. Teakle und Timothy D. Colmer. „Improvement of salt and waterlogging tolerance in wheat: comparative physiology of Hordeum marinum-Triticum aestivum amphiploids with their H. marinum and wheat parents“. Functional Plant Biology 40, Nr. 11 (2013): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12385.

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Hordeum marinum Huds. is a waterlogging-tolerant halophyte that has been hybridised with bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to produce an amphiploid containing both genomes. This study tested the hypothesis that traits associated with waterlogging and salinity tolerances would be expressed in H. marinum-wheat amphiploids. Four H. marinum accessions were used as parents to produce amphiploids with Chinese Spring wheat, and their responses to hypoxic and 200 mM NaCl were evaluated. Relative growth rate (RGR) in the hypoxic-saline treatment was better maintained in the amphiploids (58–71% of controls) than in wheat (56% of control), but the amphiploids were more affected than H. marinum (68–97% of controls). In hypoxic-saline conditions, leaf Na+ concentrations in the amphiploids were lower than in wheat (30–41% lower) but were 39–47% higher than in the H. marinum parents. A strong barrier to radial oxygen loss formed in basal root zones under hypoxic conditions in two H. marinum accessions; this barrier was moderate in the amphiploids, absent in wheat, and was weaker for the hypoxic-saline treatment. Porosity of adventitious roots increased with the hypoxic treatments; values were 24–38% in H. marinum, 16–27% in the amphiploids and 16% in wheat. Overall, the amphiploids showed greater salt and waterlogging tolerances than wheat, demonstrating the expression of relevant traits from H. marinum in the amphiploids.

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Jakob, S. S., und F. R. Blattner. „Phylogeographic analysis of the Mediterranean Hordeum marinum Species Group (Poaceae)“. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (31.07.2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6134-cjgpb.

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Ovesna, Jaroslava, Jana Chrpova, Lucia Kolarikova, Pavel Svoboda, Alena Hanzalova, Jana Palicova und Vojtech Holubec. „Exploring Wild Hordeum spontaneum and Hordeum marinum Accessions as Genetic Resources for Fungal Resistance“. Plants 12, Nr. 18 (13.09.2023): 3258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12183258.

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Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs), as potential sources of new genetic variants, are being extensively studied to identify genotypes that will be able to confer resistance to biotic stresses. In this study, a collection of barley wild relatives was assessed in the field, and their phenotypic variability was evaluated using a Barley Description List, reflecting the identified ecosites. Overall, the CWRs showed significant field resistance to various fungal diseases. To further investigate their resistance, greenhouse tests were performed, revealing that several CWRs exhibited resistance against Fusarium culmorum, Pyrenophora teres, and Puccinia hordei G.H. Otth. Additionally, to characterize the genetic diversity within the collection, DNA polymorphisms at 21 loci were examined. We successfully employed barley-specific SSR markers, confirming their suitability for identifying H. spontaneum and even H. marinum, i.e., perennial species. The SSR markers efficiently clustered the investigated collection according to species and ecotypes, similarly to the phenotypic assessment. Moreover, SSR markers associated with disease resistance revealed different alleles in comparison to those found in resistant barley cultivars. Overall, our findings highlight that this evaluated collection of CWRs represents a valuable reservoir of genetic variability and resistance genes that can be effectively utilized in breeding programs.

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FERRER-GALLEGO, P. PABLO, und JAVIER FABADO. „Typification of two names in the genus Hordeum (Poaceae, Triticeae)“. Phytotaxa 536, Nr. 1 (22.02.2022): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.6.

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The typification of the name Hordeum marinum Hudson (Poaceae) is discussed. The name is lectotypified using an original illustration from Morison’s Plantarum historiae universalis Oxoniensis, and an epitype is also selected. The type of the name H. gussoneanum is also discussed, and a specimen preserved at FI is designated as second step lectotype.

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Isayenkov, Stanislav, Alexander Hilo, Paride Rizzo, Yudelsy Antonia Tandron Moya, Hardy Rolletschek, Ljudmilla Borisjuk und Volodymyr Radchuk. „Adaptation Strategies of Halophytic Barley Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum to High Salinity and Osmotic Stress“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 23 (27.11.2020): 9019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239019.

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The adaptation strategies of halophytic seaside barley Hordeum marinum to high salinity and osmotic stress were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, as well as ionomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic approaches. When compared with cultivated barley, seaside barley exhibited a better plant growth rate, higher relative plant water content, lower osmotic pressure, and sustained photosynthetic activity under high salinity, but not under osmotic stress. As seaside barley is capable of controlling Na+ and Cl− concentrations in leaves at high salinity, the roots appear to play the central role in salinity adaptation, ensured by the development of thinner and likely lignified roots, as well as fine-tuning of membrane transport for effective management of restriction of ion entry and sequestration, accumulation of osmolytes, and minimization of energy costs. By contrast, more resources and energy are required to overcome the consequences of osmotic stress, particularly the severity of reactive oxygen species production and nutritional disbalance which affect plant growth. Our results have identified specific mechanisms for adaptation to salinity in seaside barley which differ from those activated in response to osmotic stress. Increased knowledge around salt tolerance in halophytic wild relatives will provide a basis for improved breeding of salt-tolerant crops.

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Saoudi, W., M. Badri, W. Taamalli, O. T. Zribi, M. Gandour und C. Abdelly. „Variability in response to salinity stress in natural Tunisian populations of Hordeum marinum subsp. marinum“. Plant Biology 21, Nr. 1 (19.09.2018): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12890.

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Baum, Bernard R., und Douglas A. Johnson. „The 5S rRNA gene in sea barley (Hordeum marinum Hudson sensu lato): sequence variation among repeat units and relationship to the X haplome in barley (Hordeum)“. Genome 41, Nr. 5 (01.10.1998): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-066.

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We have investigated the molecular diversity of the 5S rDNA units in sea barley, comprising Hordeum marinum and Hordeum geniculatum. Although we were unable to detect "short" units after screening of 639 clones, we found two unit classes, one 602-607 bp long and the other 507-512 bp long. We classify the shortest unit class of the two as belonging to the "long H1" unit class, identified in previous papers. The longest unit class is not similar to any unit class so far identified, and is therefore unique. It was coined by us as the "long X1," to reflect the X haplome. We present a summary of all the unit classes so far described in Hordeum. We carried out a cladistic analysis, based on the "long H1" (orthologous) sequences, that included H. vulgare, H. spontaneum, H. bulbosum, H. marinum, H. geniculatum, and H. bogdanii. As a result, the first three grouped in one clade, and the other three in the other clade, with the latter clade being more isolated. These results reflect current knowledge of relationships based on morphology, cytology, and genome analysis. Furthermore, the sequences from the 5S unit classes may be potentially useful as DNA probes for genomic identification and genetic transfer in the Triticeae.Key words: 5S rDNA, genomes, X haplome, sea barley, Triticeae.

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Bothmer, Roland Von, Jan Flink und Thomas Landström. „Meiosis in interspecific Hordeum hybrids. I. Diploid combinations“. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, Nr. 4 (01.08.1986): 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-077.

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The meiotic pairing behaviour of 39 new interspecific combinations between diploid Hordeum species are reported. On the basis of this data, four "basic genomes" are probably present in the genus. Hordeum bulbosum and H. vulgare have the same genome (I); H. marinum ("X") and H. murinum ("Y") each have one distinct genome. All other diploid taxa have either the same or a somewhat modified form of genome H. In this latter group of diploids, the South American taxa together with H. pusillum and H. intercedens in North America constitue a homogeneous group with respect to genomic structure, which differs somewhat from that found in the other Asiatic and North American species. Hordeum roshevitzii from Central Asia is unique, showing high affinity to both the Asiatic and to the American taxa. Evidence suggesting genetic regulation of chromosome pairing (both pairing promoting and pairing reducing) was obtained from a number of the diploid hybrids.Key words: Hordeum, interspecific hybrids, meiosis, diploids.

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Shimron-Abarbanell, D., und A. Breiman. „Comprehensive molecular characterization of tissue-culture-derived Hordeum marinum plants“. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 83, Nr. 1 (November 1991): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00229228.

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Taheri, M., J. Gherekhloo, S. Sohrabi, A. Siahmarguee und S. Hassanpour-bourkheili. „Sea Barley (Hordeum Marinum) Seed Germination Ecology and Seedling Emergence“. Acta Botanica Hungarica 66, Nr. 1-2 (08.05.2024): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.66.2024.1-2.8.

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Sea barley is weedy grass in agricultural landscapes and infrastructure habitats (roads, railroads, etc.) in Golestan province (the northern part of Iran). This study investigated the germination of sea barley in response to temperature, water potentials, salinity, pH levels, waterlogging, heat stress and also seedling emergence in response to burial depth. Results showed that sea barley seeds germinated over a wide range of temperatures from 5 to 35 °C, with the highest germination at 25 °C. Seed germination was rapidly reduced with increasing osmotic potential so that germination declined by 36% at –0.2 MPa. This was also the case for the salinity stress, and germination declined by 30% at 40 mM NaCl. Seed germination was the highest (> 65%) in 6 to 7 pHs and no germination was observed at alkali levels. Heat stress completely inhibited the germination of seeds at all tested temperatures and durations. Sea barley seed germination was higher than 50% after being waterlogged for 45 days, and some germination (12%) still occurred 60 days after waterlogging. The highest seedling growth occurred at 1–2 cm soil depth and was negligible at ≥5 cm soil depths. The results of this study indicate that deep tillage or flamethrower may be good options to mitigate the negative impacts of this weed.

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Saoudi, W., M. Badri, M. Gandour, A. Smaoui, C. Abdelly und W. Taamalli. „Analysis of genetic diversity and spatial structure in Tunisian populations of Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum based on molecular markers“. Journal of Agricultural Science 157, Nr. 5 (Juli 2019): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000716.

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AbstractHordeum marinum commonly known as sea barley is a salinity-tolerant species of grass. In the current study, 150 lines from ten populations of H. marinum ssp. marinum collected from five Tunisian bioclimatic sites were screened for polymorphism with 13 selected random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. Results exhibited a high level of polymorphism (160 polymorphic bands with an average of 12.46 per primer) and a high level of genetic diversity in all the studied populations (on average UHe = 0.247 and I = 0.358). High discrimination capacity was found for the 13 primers and a combination of three allowed assignation of a unique profile for each of the 150 lines. The partition of genetic diversity with Analysis of Molecular Variance suggested that the majority of genetic variation (67%) was within populations. The components between-populations within ecoregions and between-ecoregions explained 21 and 12%, respectively, of the total genetic variance. There was no significant association of population differentiation (ФPT) with geographical distance or altitudinal difference. Results also showed that the 150 lines grouped into three clusters with no respect to geographic origin. A sub-set of 13 lines was identified, which captured the maximum genetic diversity of the entire collection. The genetic variation found in this collection of H. marinum is deemed to be useful in formulating conservation strategies for this species.

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Eilam, T., Y. Anikster, E. Millet, J. Manisterski und M. Feldman. „Genome size in natural and synthetic autopolyploids and in a natural segmental allopolyploid of several Triticeae species“. Genome 52, Nr. 3 (März 2009): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-004.

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Nuclear DNA amount (1C) was determined by flow cytometry in the autotetraploid cytotype of Hordeum bulbosum , in the cytologically diploidized autotetraploid cytotypes of Elymus elongatus , Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum and Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum, in Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum, in their progenitor diploid cytotypes, and in a newly synthesized autotetraploid line of E. elongatus. Several lines collected from different regions of the distribution area of every taxon, each represented by a number of plants, were analyzed in each taxon. The intracytotype variation in nuclear DNA amount of every diploid and autotetraploid cytotype was very small, indicating that no significant changes have occurred in DNA amount either after speciation or after autopolyploid formation. The autotetraploid cytotypes of H. bulbosum and the cytologically diploidized H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum had the expected additive amount of their diploid cytotypes. On the other hand, the cytologically diploidized autotetraploid cytotypes of E. elongatus and H. murinum subsp. murinum and H. murinum subsp. leporinum had considerably less nuclear DNA (10%–23%) than the expected additive value. Also, the newly synthesized autotetraploid line of E. elongatus showed similar reduction in DNA as its natural counterpart, indicating that the reduction in genome size occurred in the natural cytotype during autopolyploidization. It is suggested that the diploid-like meiotic behavior of these cytologically dipolidized autotetraploids is caused by the instantaneous elimination of a large number of DNA sequences, different sequences from different homologous pairs, leading to differentiation of the constituent genomes. The eliminated sequences are likely to include those that participate in homologous recognition and initiation of meiotic pairing. A gene system determining exclusive bivalent pairing by utilizing the differentiation between the two groups of homologues has been presumably superimposed on the DNA reduction process.

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Ferchichi, Selma, Kamel Hessini, Emilia Dell'Aversana, Luisa D'Amelia, Pasqualina Woodrow, Loredana F. Ciarmiello, Amodio Fuggi und Petronia Carillo. „Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum maritimum respond to extended salinity stress displaying different temporal accumulation pattern of metabolites“. Functional Plant Biology 45, Nr. 11 (2018): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18046.

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Hordeum maritimum With. (= H. marinum Huds. subsp. marinum, 2n = 14) is a wild cereal present in the saline depressions of the Soliman and Kelbia Sebkhas, which contributes significantly to annual biomass production in Tunisia. This species is able to tolerate high NaCl concentrations at the seedling stage without showing symptoms of toxicity; however, the tolerance strategy mechanisms of this plant have not yet been unravelled. Our metabolite analysis, performed on leaves of H. maritimum during extended stress in comparison with Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Lamsi, has revealed an adaptive response of the wild species based on a different temporal accumulation pattern of ions and compatible metabolites. Further, wild and cultivated genotypes with contrasting salt-tolerant behaviour display different pattern of metabolites when salt stress is prolonged over 2 weeks. In particular, when exposed to up to 3 weeks of 200 mM NaCl salt stress, H. maritimum is able to maintain lower leaf concentrations of sodium and chloride, and higher concentrations of potassium compared with H. vulgare. This likely restricts sodium entry into plants at the root level, and uses the toxic ions, glycine betaine and low levels of proline for osmotic adjustment. Under prolonged stress, the accumulation of proline increases, reaching the highest levels in concomitance with the decrease of potassium to sodium ratio, the increase of hydrogen peroxide and decrease of chlorophylls. The modulation of proline accumulation over time can be interpreted as an adaptive response to long-term salinity. Moreover, once synthetised glycine betaine is transported but not metabolised, it can contribute together with proline to osmotically balance H. maritimum leaves and protect them from oxidative stress. The 2–3 week delay of H. maritimum in showing the symptoms of stress and damages compared with H. vulgare could be important in the survival of plants when soil salinity is not a permanent condition, but just a transient state of stress.

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Wang, Huan, Dongfa Sun und Genlou Sun. „Molecular phylogeny of diploid Hordeum species and incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear datasets“. Genome 54, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2011): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g11-063.

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The phylogeny of diploid Hordeum species has been studied using both chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences. However, the studies of different nuclear datasets of Hordeum species often arrived at similar conclusions, whereas the studies of different chloroplast DNA data generally resulted in inconsistent conclusions. Although the monophyly of the genus is well supported by both morphological and molecular data, the intrageneric phylogeny is still a matter of controversy. To better understand the evolutionary history of Hordeum species, two chloroplast gene loci (trnD-trnT intergenic spacer and rps16 gene) and one nuclear marker (thioreoxin-like gene (HTL)) were used to explore the phylogeny of Hordeum species. Two obviously different types of trnD-trnT sequences were observed, with an approximately 210 base pair difference between these two types: one for American species, another for Eurasian species. The trnD-trnT data generally separated the diploid Hordeum species into Eurasian and American clades, with the exception of Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum. The rps16 data also grouped most American species together and suggested that Hordeum flexuosum has a different plastid type from the remaining American species. The nuclear gene HTL data clearly divided Hordeum species into two clades: the Xu + H genome clade and the Xa + I genome clade. Within clades, H genome species were well separated from the Xu species, and the I genome species were well separated from the Xa genome species. The incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear datasets was found and discussed.

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Pedersen, Ole, Al I. Malik und Timothy D. Colmer. „Submergence tolerance in Hordeum marinum: dissolved CO2 determines underwater photosynthesis and growth“. Functional Plant Biology 37, Nr. 6 (2010): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09298.

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Floodwaters differ markedly in dissolved CO2, yet the effects of CO2 on submergence responses of terrestrial plants have rarely been examined. The influence of dissolved CO2 on underwater photosynthesis and growth was evaluated for three accessions of the wetland plant Hordeum marinum Huds. All three accessions tolerated complete submergence, but only when in CO2 enriched floodwater. Plants submerged for 7 days in water at air equilibrium (18 µM CO2) suffered loss of biomass, whereas those with 200 µM CO2 continued to grow. Higher underwater net photosynthesis at 200 µM CO2 increased by 2.7- to 3.2-fold sugar concentrations in roots of submerged plants, compared with at air equilibrium CO2. Leaf gas films enhancing gas exchange with floodwater, lack of a shoot elongation response conserving tissue sugars and high tissue porosity (24–31% in roots) facilitating internal O2 movement, would all contribute to submergence tolerance in H. marinum. The present study demonstrates that dissolved CO2 levels can determine submergence tolerance of terrestrial plants. So, submergence experiments should be conducted with defined CO2 concentrations and enrichment might be needed to simulate natural environments and, thus, provide relevant plant responses.

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Boustani, A., F. Fatehi und R. Azizinezhad. „The proteome response of “Hordeum marinum” to long-term salinity stress“. Cereal Research Communications 45, Nr. 3 (September 2017): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0806.45.2017.020.

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Huang, Lu, Liuhui Kuang, Liyuan Wu, Dezhi Wu und Guoping Zhang. „Comparisons in functions of HKT1;5 transporters between Hordeum marinum and Hordeum vulgare in responses to salt stress“. Plant Growth Regulation 89, Nr. 3 (05.09.2019): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-019-00538-7.

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Taketa, S., H. Ando, K. Takeda und R. von Bothmer. „Detection of Hordeum Marinum Genome in Three Polyploid Hordeum Species and Cytotypes by Genomic in Situ Hybridization“. Hereditas 130, Nr. 2 (06.05.2004): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00185.x.

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30

Huang, Lu, Liuhui Kuang, Xin Li, Liyuan Wu, Dezhi Wu und Guoping Zhang. „Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the reasons why Hordeum marinum has higher salt tolerance than Hordeum vulgare“. Environmental and Experimental Botany 156 (Dezember 2018): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.08.019.

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Kotula, Lukasz, Lukas Schreiber, Timothy D. Colmer und Mikio Nakazono. „Anatomical and biochemical characterisation of a barrier to radial O2 loss in adventitious roots of two contrasting Hordeum marinum accessions“. Functional Plant Biology 44, Nr. 9 (2017): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16327.

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A barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) in roots is an adaptive trait of waterlogging-tolerant plants. Hordeum marinum Huds. is a waterlogging-tolerant species that, in contrast to its waterlogging-sensitive cultivated relatives, forms a tight barrier to ROL in basal root zones. To evaluate the nature of the barrier to ROL in roots, we combined measurements of ROL with histochemical and biochemical studies of two contrasting H. marinum accessions. H21 formed greater aerenchyma (up to 38% of cross-sectional area) and a tight barrier to ROL when grown under deoxygenated stagnant conditions, whereas the barrier was only partially formed in roots of H90 and aerenchyma was up to 26%. A tight barrier to ROL in roots of H21 corresponded with strong suberisation of the exodermis. In agreement with anatomical studies, almost all aliphatic suberin quantities were greater in roots of H21 grown under stagnant conditions compared with roots from aerated controls, and also to those in H90. By contrast to suberin, no differences in root lignification were observed between the two accessions raised in either aerated or stagnant conditions. These findings show that in adventitious roots of H. marinum, suberisation rather than lignification restricts ROL from the basal root zones.

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Baum, Bernard R., und Douglas A. Johnson. „The 5S rRNA gene units in the native New World annual Hordeum species (Triticeae: Poaceae)“. Canadian Journal of Botany 78, Nr. 12 (01.12.2000): 1590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-131.

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We have employed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based approach to amplify 5S rDNA sequences from 20 accessions representing five Hordeum species native to the Americas. Sequence analysis of 88 clones revealed three sets of orthologous sequences in Hordeum pusillum Nutt. and two sets in the other four species. The long H1 unit class, previously known in Hordeum bulbosum L., Hordeum marinum L. s.l., Hordeum murinum L. s.l., Hordeum spontaneum Boiss., and Hordeum vulgare L., was found also in Hordeum depressum (Scribner & Smith) Rydberg and in H. pusillum; however, the majority of the sequences fell within two new classes of orthologous sequences. Sequences of the long H2 unit class were found in four species but not in H. depressum. Sequences of the long Y2 unit class were found in all five species. The long H2 and long Y2 unit classes appear to be unique to this group of five, mostly annual, North and South American species. Cladistic analysis of the orthologous sequences from the species with the long H1 unit class places the long H1 sequence of Hordeum flexuosum Steudel in the same clade with H. murinum, whereas H. depressum is more closely related to the perennial species, Hordeum bogdanii Wilenski and H. bulbosum. This association differs from previously described species relationships and it may be that the gene tree differs from the species tree. A cladistic analysis of paralogous sequences of the two new unit classes defined in this study together with the long H1, the long Y1 and the long X2 unit classes uncovered in previous work in Hordeum, was performed. Based upon these analyses, we hypothesize that the possible order of divergence was first the division into two branches leading to the long H1 unit class and the long H2 unit class; the lineage leading to the long H2 class was further divided to give rise to branches leading to the long Y1, the long Y2 and the long X2 classes.Key words: 5S rDNA, genomes, haplomes, unit classes, Hordeum, Triticeae.

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Saoudi, Warda, Wael Taamalli, Chedly Abdelly und Mounawer Badri. „Morphological and physiological behaviour of sea barley (Hordeum marinum ssp marinum) genotypes originating from Soliman Sebkha under increasing salinity“. JOURNAL OF OASIS AGRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 5, Nr. 2 (22.05.2023): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56027/joasd.102023.

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Evaluation of germplasm in salt stress environment may help identifying salt-tolerant genotypes. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of Hordeum marinum, genotypes originated from Soliman Sebkha in response to salinity (0, 250 and 400 mM) by measuring a set of parameters related to growth, water statue and photosynthetic activity. Results of ANOVA showed that variability of measured parameters was explained by the effects genotypes, treatment and their interaction, with treatment factor recorded the highest values. Salinity significantly reduced the photosynthetic rate and related parameters, including stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration (E). Several indices for salt tolerance indices comprising tolerance index (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI) and Salt Tolerance (ST) were calculated based on drought biomass (ADW) under non-stressed and under stress conditions. Results showed that lower values of TOL and higher values of ST and STI indicate the superiority of the genotypes having enough plasticity to respond to extreme conditions. Principal Component Analysis clustered genotypes into sensitive (21.43%), moderately tolerant (50%), and highly tolerant (28.57%) groups, depending on their relative potential to sustain good growth under high salinity. Results indicating sufficient genetic variability for salinity tolerance among the studied genotypes, hence tolerant genotypes can be good candidates in future breeding programs.

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Rotem-Abarbanell, Daphne, und Adina Breiman. „Plant regeneration from immature and mature embryo derived calli of Hordeum marinum“. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 16, Nr. 3 (März 1989): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00043746.

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Islam, S., A. Malik, A. Islam und T. Colmer. „Salt tolerance in a Hordeum marinum-Triticum aestivum amphiploid, and its parents“. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, Nr. 5 (13.01.2007): 1219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl293.

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Pershina, L. A., N. V. Trubacheeva, V. K. Shumny und E. D. Badaeva. „Development and characterization of a line with substitution of chromosome 4B of wheat Triticum aestivum L. on chromosome 4Hmar of wild barley Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum (4x)“. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 27, Nr. 6 (01.11.2023): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-23-66.

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Introgressive hybridization is the main method of broadening the genetic diversity of bread wheat. Wild barley Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Hudson (2n = 4x = 28) has useful agronomical traits, such as high resistance to stress factors, that could be a potential source of new genes for bread wheat improvement. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of introgression of H. marinum chromosomes into the genome of bread wheat using an incomplete amphiploid H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum (4x)–T. aestivum (Pyrotrix 28) (2n = 54) carrying the cytoplasm of wild barley. For this purpose, we crossed the line of bread wheat variety Pyrotrix 28 with an incomplete amphiploid, and then selected cytogenetically stable 42chromosome plants with a high level of fertility in hybrid progeny. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) revealed a pair of H. marinum chromosomes in the genome of these plants. C banding analysis confirmed that bread wheat chromosome 4B was replaced by wild barley chromosome 4Hmar. SSR markers Xgwm368 and Xgwm6 confirmed the absence of chromosome 4B, and EST markers BAWU808 and BAW112 identified chromosome 4Hmar in the genome of the isolated disomic wheatbarley substitution line. The study of this line showed that the substitution of chromosome 4B with chromosome 4Hmar resulted in a change of some morphological traits. It included intense anthocyanin coleoptile coloration, specific for H. marinum, as well as a lack of purple coloration of the ears in the leaf sheath, specific for Pyrotrix 28. Line 4Hmar(4B) showed increased performance for several traits, including plant height, number of spikes and tillers per plant, spikelet and grain number in the main spike, grain number per plant, but it had decreased values of 1000grain weight compared to wheat. Cytogenetic stability and fertility of line 4Hmar(4B) indicated a high compensation ability of barley 4Hmar for wheat chromosome 4B and confirmed their homeology.

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Linde-Laursen, Ib, Elly Ibsen, Roland Von Bothmer und Henriette Giese. „Physical localization of active and inactive rRNA gene loci in Hordeum marinum spp. gussoneanum (4x) by in situ hybridization“. Genome 35, Nr. 6 (01.12.1992): 1032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-158.

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Two populations of the diploid and 10 populations of the tetraploid cytotype of Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum were studied for the presence of chromosomal segments harbouring rDNA. Conventional cytological methods established the presence of only one satellited (SAT) chromosome pair in both cytotypes. This was supported by silver staining revealing two NORs and two standard-sized nucleoli. Two additional micronucleoli were observed in a few interphases of two tetraploid populations indicating the presence of an extra chromosome pair with very low nucleolus-forming activity. In situ hybridization with the wheat rDNA probe pTA71 identified intense signals at the nucleolar constrictions of the SAT chromosomes of both cytotypes and weaker signals in a chromosome pair of the tetraploid cytotype, morphologically similar to the SAT chromosomes but without visible nucleolar constrictions. This confirms the presence of rDNA in two chromosome pairs in the tetraploid cytotype. The morphological similarity between these two pairs and the SAT-chromosome pair of the diploid cytotype as well as an identical position of the signals in all three pairs give additional support to an autoploid origin of the tetraploid cytotype. The rDNA at the nucleolar constrictions consisted of two segments of condensed rDNA of different sizes connected by diffuse rDNA. The rDNA of the chromosome pair without nucleolar constrictions was condensed supporting that this conformation is connected with inactivity. The tripartite structure of the rDNA at the nucleolar constrictions corresponds to similar tripartite structures observed after silver staining and Giemsa C-banding.Key words: in situ hybridization, rDNA location, Hordeum marinum, autoploidy, inactive NORs.

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Malik, Al Imran, Jeremy Parker English und Timothy David Colmer. „Tolerance of Hordeum marinum accessions to O2 deficiency, salinity and these stresses combined“. Annals of Botany 103, Nr. 2 (14.08.2008): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn142.

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JØRGENSEN, RIKKE BAGGER, und ROLAND VON BOTHMER. „Haploids of Hordeum vulgare and H. marinum from crosses between the two species“. Hereditas 108, Nr. 2 (14.02.2008): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00302.x.

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Efremova, Tatyana, Valentina Arbuzova, Nataliya Trubacheeva, Tatyana Ocadchaya, Evgenia Chumanova und Lidiya Pershina. „Substitution of Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum chromosome 7HL into wheat homoeologous group-7“. Euphytica 192, Nr. 2 (30.11.2012): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0843-5.

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Barrett-Lennard, Edward G., und Sergey N. Shabala. „The waterlogging/salinity interaction in higher plants revisited – focusing on the hypoxia-induced disturbance to K+ homeostasis“. Functional Plant Biology 40, Nr. 9 (2013): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12235.

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Salinity and waterlogging (root-zone hypoxia) are abiotic stresses that often occur together on saltland. It is widely recognised that these two factors interact to increase Na+ and/or Cl– concentrations in shoots, which can have adverse effects on plant growth and survival. This review expands on this understanding, providing evidence that the adverse effects of the interaction are also associated with a disturbance to plant K+ homeostasis. This conclusion is based on a comparative analysis of changes in ion concentrations and growth reported in the literature between species (glycophytes vs halophytes) and within a single species (Hordeum marinum L.). Comparisons between species show that hypoxia under saline conditions causes simultaneous increases in Na+ and Cl– concentrations and decreases in K+ concentrations in shoots and that these changes can all be related to changes in shoot dry mass. Comparisons between accessions of a single species (Hordeum maritima L.) strengthen the argument, with increases in Na+ and decreases in K+ being related to decreases in shoot relative growth rate.

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Saoudi, Warda, Mounawer Badri, Mhemmed Gandour, Abderrazak Smaoui, Chedly Abdelly und Wael Taamalli. „Assessment of Genetic Variability among Tunisian Populations of Hordeum marinum Using Morpho-Agronomic Traits“. Crop Science 57, Nr. 1 (28.11.2016): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.03.0205.

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Linde-Laursen, Ib, und Roland Von Bothmer. „Connection between rod bivalents and incomplete meiotic association at NORs in Hordeum marinum Huds.“ Hereditas 149, Nr. 4 (August 2012): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.2012.02253.x.

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Kotula, Lukasz, Timothy David Colmer und Mikio Nakazono. „Effects of organic acids on the formation of the barrier to radial oxygen loss in roots of Hordeum marinum“. Functional Plant Biology 41, Nr. 2 (2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13178.

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A barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) is an adaptive trait of many wetland plants, yet the signal(s) for barrier induction remain uncertain. We assessed the effects of monocarboxylic acids produced in waterlogged soils (acetic, propionic, N-butyric and caproic acids) on barrier formation in adventitious roots of the waterlogging tolerant Hordeum marinum Huds. These acids were applied in nutrient solution either individually (at 0.4 mM) or as a mixture (‘cocktail’) at various total concentrations (0.1, 0.4 and 2 mM) at pH 6. The barrier to ROL was formed in basal zones of roots exposed to the cocktail at 0.4 mM, but not at 0.1 mM. Individually, only N-butyric and caproic acids invoked a ‘tight’ barrier in subapical positions of the roots. These organic acids accelerated deposition of suberin in the hypodermis/exodermis, but did not affect overall root porosity (% gas space). The organic acids also reduced root extension rate and tissue K+; effects were more pronounced at higher concentrations of the cocktail and as the molecular weight of the organic acid increased. Moreover, the cocktail at 2 mM and caproic acid at 0.4 mM alone induced development of intercellular occlusions, suggesting phytotoxin injury. In summary, even relatively low concentrations of organic acids can promote barrier formation in roots, and the potential toxicity of these compounds was demonstrated by declines in root growth and tissue K+ in the wetland species H. marinum.

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Seckin, Burcu, Ismail Turkan, Askim Hediye Sekmen und Ceyda Ozfidan. „The role of antioxidant defense systems at differential salt tolerance of Hordeum marinum Huds. (sea barleygrass) and Hordeum vulgare L. (cultivated barley)“. Environmental and Experimental Botany 69, Nr. 1 (September 2010): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.02.013.

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Yin, Bo, Genlou Sun, Daokun Sun und Xifeng Ren. „Phylogenetic analysis of two single-copy nuclear genes revealed origin of tetraploid barley Hordeum marinum“. PLOS ONE 15, Nr. 6 (30.06.2020): e0235475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235475.

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Pershina, L. A., E. P. Devyatkina, L. I. Belova, N. V. Trubacheeva, V. S. Arbuzova und L. A. Kravtsova. „Features of alloplasmic wheat-barley substitution and addition lines (Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum)-Triticum aestivum“. Russian Journal of Genetics 45, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2009): 1223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s102279540910010x.

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48

Komatsuda, T., B. Salomon, T. Bryngelsson und R. von Bothmer. „Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum marinum Huds. based on nucleotide sequences linked to the vrs1 locus“. Plant Systematics and Evolution 227, Nr. 3-4 (13.06.2001): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s006060170044.

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Barati, Mohammad, Mohammad Mahdi Majidi, Fateme Mostafavi, Aghafakhr Mirlohi, Maryam Safari und Zohre Karami. „Evaluation of wild barley species as possible sources of drought tolerance for arid environments“. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, Nr. 3 (11.05.2017): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262117000168.

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AbstractIn this study, agro-morphological and yield-related traits associated with drought tolerance in 80 barley genotypes belonging to 15 wild species together with the cultivated one, and their potential to improve adaptation to different levels of drought stress conditions (moisture environments) were studied. There was significant genetic variation among the genotypes and species for all of the measured traits, as well as differential responses of genotypes across environments. The results indicated high variation for grain yield (GY) under drought stress among the genotypes, and that some of the wild genotypes had consistently superior specific adaptation to the water stress conditions. The genotypes belong to wild barley species, especially Hordeum murinum and Hordeum marinum had lower GY but relatively higher yield stability under different environments. Traits such as number of seed per plant and hundred kernel weight were positively correlated with GY in all of the environments. High negative correlation between GY and days to ripening was observed only under intense drought environment, showing drought escape as a strategy of wild plants under highly stressed conditions. Grouping of the genotypes by principal component analysis completely separated cultivated barley and its progenitor (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) from other wild genotypes; however, the other wild species were slightly separated from each other. In addition, the Iranian and foreign genotypes did not completely separate from each other. The identified wild barley genotypes with favourable characters and high drought tolerance could be used in genetic studies and barley improvement programmes especially for drought stress.

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Malik, A. I., A. K. M. R. Islam und T. D. Colmer. „Transfer of the barrier to radial oxygen loss in roots of Hordeum marinum to wheat (Triticum aestivum ): evaluation of four H. marinum -wheat amphiploids“. New Phytologist 190, Nr. 2 (03.11.2010): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03519.x.

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