Dissertationen zum Thema „Hommes en milieu rural“
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Louargant, Sophie. „L'approche de Genre pour relire le territoire : les trajectoires hommes-femmes dans les projets touristiques ruraux (Ardèche méridionale, Ligurie, Fès-Boulemane)“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10205.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBellier, Irène. „El temblor y la luna : ensayo sobre las relaciones entre las mujeres y los hombres Mai huna /“. Quito : Lima : Ed. Abya-Yala ; IFEA, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35706537f.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDion, Jennifer. „Techniques agroforestières au féminin : analyse sociologique entourant la haie vive améliorée en milieu rural au Mali“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25157/25157.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBonnet, Amélie. „Les effets des programmes du Fonds Social Européen pour les femmes dans le milieu rural polonais“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research deals with the implementation of the European Social Fund (ESF) in Poland and its impact on women living in rural areas. Our aim is to study the concrete action of the European Union at the local level in the field of employment and social integration; to identify the specific aspects of Polish rural areas and rural women’s situation to which ESF programs are confronted; to analyze the way the different actors mobilize for implementing these programs, how female beneficiaries react to them and what the effects are.Our theoretical field is the Europeanization of public policy, who is considered hereas an adjustment process of institutions, ideas and interests, expressed at a regionaland sub-regional level and through actors’ interactions. We add a micro-sociologicaldimension to our work, in order to question the limits of this process.We begin with a historical return to understand the specificity of the Polish case regarding the situation of women, rural areas, the labor market and the territorialbalance; then we develop a comparative approach between three Polish regions presenting different economic, social and rural backgrounds: Podkarpackie, a region located in the southeast of the country, Łódzkie, in the center, and Zachodniopomorskie, in the northwest. The comparison is based inter alia on a several month empirical research, conducted in each region, and on 152 semistructured interviews with ESF actors and their beneficiaries
Afouda, Fulgence. „L'eau et les hommes dans le Bénin septentrional : étude de la variabilité des bilans de l'eau dans leurs relations avec le milieu rural de la savane africaine“. Paris 4, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA040099.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work treats about the savana countries situated between 8 to 12o30n. (south and north sudanian climates) we aim to show in this thesis the fragility of the rainfall system, to study the precariousness of types of water balances in order to found out the consequences on the activities of agricultural development and ecology. The main characteristic of the organisation of rains resides in the preponderance of thundery manifestations. It ensued a significant loss of precipitations by a strong flowing and evaporation. This is why the notion of effective and real rainfall is extremely important here. The agroclimatic water balance like brochetgerbier's pattern will be improved with this notion. These assessments will show the scope of water indigence of savana countries, particularly through the evaporation deficit (etp-etr) and the very high level of the agroclimatic index (etp-etr etp). The rainfall recessions of the last two decades, which are not cyclicales, aggravate this situation and throw the underground aquifers into danger. This situation makes delicate the problem of agricultural development and the protection of the vegetation. The practice of perennials and irrigation are limited. The annual bush-fire aggravates the whole situation, confirming the theory of charney on the drought cycle
TORNATORE, JEAN LOUIS TREPOS JEAN YVES. „LE CHARBON ET SES HOMMES. TENSIONS, COORDINATION ET COMPROMIS DANS LE RESEAU SOCIOTECHNIQUE DE L'EXPLOITATION DU CHARBON DES ALPES BRIANCONNAISES, XVIIIE - XXE SIECLES /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2000/Tornatore.Jean_Louis.LMZ0003.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSongnaba-Yameogo, Alice. „Le rapport "Homme - Eau" dans le milieu rural en Afrique Subsaharienne : Formes, pratiques et modes d'usage de l'eau potable introduite dans la commune de Koubri au Burkina Faso“. Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSongnaba-Yameogo, Alice. „Le rapport "Homme - Eau" dans le milieu rural en Afrique Subsaharienne : Formes, pratiques et modes d'usage de l'eau potable introduite dans la commune de Koubri au Burkina Faso“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTornatore, Jean-Louis. „Le charbon et ses hommes : tensions, coordination et compromis dans le réseau sociotechnique de l'exploitation du charbon des Alpes briançonnaises, XVIIIe - XXe siècles“. Phd thesis, Université de Metz, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769798.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFlores, Hernández Aurelia. „Género, tirra, trabajo y migración en el contexto de las nuevas ruralidades en Tlaxcala, México“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20976.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDíaz, Susa Dora Isabel. „La transformation des relations de genre au sein de l'Association nationale des usagers paysans de Colombie, unité et reconstruction, ANUC-UR : la mise en place de la proposition d'organisation des femmes, le programme Femme et famille au niveau national et dans le département du Huila“. Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010593.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePagès, Alexandre. „La pauvrete en milieu rural“. Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA054017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleROSENBERG, MICHEL. „Grossesse en milieu rural : a propos d'une enquete effectuee aupres de 1024 femmes domiciliees en milieu rural“. Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1M308.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouchard, Nathalie. „Les hommes gagnent-ils à soutenir l'égalité des sexes en milieu de travail ?“ Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24804/24804.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarin, Josiane. „Tabagisme passif des entreprises de milieu rural“. Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23105.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVachey, Élodie Bauduceau Bernard. „Le syndrome métabolique en milieu militaire“. Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2006. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0248258.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRaelison, Elysée. „Développement de l'élevage porcin en milieu rural malgache“. Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON10045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the malagasy rural area, which is complicated and diversified, one can find porcine breeding everywhere, but its importance, is different from a region to another? the breeding specially takes place in the high plateau and in the middle-west of madagascar and also at the coast side of the country where the migration of the high land population is very im1ortant the promotion of the branch of the porcine breeding goes through of a control of the agricultural production whose value of the by-products can be enhanced by this activity and a better framing and then by supporting the farmers. In a politic of agricultural development, the revival of this activity is based on the fact that it comes to complete the farmers' agricultural activities and on its role of transition, which entitles an economy of subsistence of self-consumption to change into an economy of exchange. Moreover, the porcine breeding could be a solution to the food problems in madagascar by changing the structure of food consumption in supplying more animal proteins, specially when cattle-meat is
Raelison, Elysée. „Développement de l'élevage porcin en milieu rural malgache“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609123g.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePilandon, Véronique. „Enquête sur les personnes âgées en milieu rural et semi-rural en Auvergne“. Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF13002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLebugle, Amandine. „La baisse de la fécondité en milieu rural iranien“. Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00552827.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLauga-Clercq, Marie-Pierre. „Médecin de famille et soins palliatifs en milieu rural“. Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M190.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMAGUREANU, BOGDAN. „Le depistage des troubles mentaux en milieu rural roumain“. Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA054008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLebugle-Mojdehi, Amandine. „La baisse de la fécondité en milieu rural iranien“. Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00552827.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFOUERE, THIERRY. „Hygiene de l'eau de boisson en milieu rural africain“. Nantes, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NANT079M.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOuvrier, Mary-Ashley. „Anthropologie de la recherche médicale en milieu rural sénégalais“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32091.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis documents the social dynamics that occur in a rural context in Senegal — the area of Toudinga— where essentially demographic and medical research have been held since 1964 by the IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement) formerly Orstom (Office de la recherche scientifique dans les territoires d’outre-Mer). At the crossroads of medical anthropology and African ethnology and sociology of science and organizations, the theoretical position adopted in this thesis allows for the examination of numerous social aspects related to medical research in sub-Saharan Africa. This PhD deals with the social organisation of the area of Toudinga. It describes the representations of medical research and the interactions between the research professionnals and the inhabitants of the region and highlights the influence of historic, identity and instititional factors on the local construction of ethics. Futhermore, this work examines wider thematics related the anthropology of medical research such as the influence of the social context on the consentent collection (gender, age group, gift and conter-gift), the impact of medical research on local medical care and the analysis of blood stealing rumors
Champagne, Alain. „L'artisanat rural en Haut-Poitou, milieu XIVe-fin XVIe /“. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410303707.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOndo, Jean-Daniel. „PME mondiales en milieu rural : une étude de cas“. Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1996. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5144/1/000623577.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRakotoson, Holiarisoa Lina. „La baisse de la fécondité en milieu rural malgache“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn Madagascar, rural areas used to present all the favorable characteristics to a strong fertility. Even recently the idea that children generate superior profits than costs was widely shared. Demographic surveys show that if the fertility in rural areas stays higher than in urban areas (in 2003, ISF was 5.7 children by woman in rural areas and 4.0 children in urban areas), fertility in rural areas begins to decrease. The ISF of rural areas fell from 6.7 children by woman in 1997 to 5.7 children by woman in 2003. This fertility decline is noticed without important socioeconomic change. Poverty in rural areas remains high and even increased quicker than urban poverty.This thesis proposes to introduce demographic transitions models in Malagasy rural areas by focusing on the debate on the link between economic development and fertility decline which was notably questioned in Southern countries.The analysis shows that if in certain provinces, the central role of the economy is strong and that it’s definitely the modernization process that allowed the reduction of fertility, there are provinces where in spite of a persistent poverty and even a worsening of it, other factors allowed fertility changes. Among them, one of the most important is the social system which is based on cultural traditions influencing demographic situations
Diarra, Ibrahim. „Dynamique de la pauveté en milieu rural agricole ivoirien“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD003/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe notion of poverty has been the subject of much debate around the world. Previous analyses have emphasized the one-dimensional character based essentially on a monetary approach (income or consumption expenditure). Thanks to the work of some authors such as Townsend and Sen, the multidimensional character is highlighted, considering the difficulty of quantifying certain variables that translated the idea of lack. In addition, many empirical studies show that the rural sector remains the most affected by poverty.In the case of Côte d'Ivoire, poverty is also a rural phenomenon and most studies have focused on the monetary approach.This study addresses the analysis of poverty by focusing on rural farming and apprehends the phenomenon of poverty from three (03) approaches: (i) monetary; (ii) relative deprivation and (iii) wealth.The results show that poverty remains important in this sector with a high rate for the indicator of the relative deprivation. In addition, there is greater monetary inequality than other types of poverty whatever the year (2002 and 2008).The identification of the explanatory factors of the membership or not in the class of the poor shows that the variables related to the gender, to the type of religion and the age group are the most common in the various years and various approaches.Based on the obtained results , the following recommendations are formulated: (i) towards the Ivorian government, use monetary and non-monetary approaches in next analyses on poverty in Côte d’Ivoire; emphasize the construction of new infrastructures and the purchase of new equipment; improve communication about government actions; build the capacity of producers to use improved inputs and relevant tools; (ii) to agricultural producers, adopt agricultural technologies and techniques and quality inputs, accept to join cooperative enterprises; (iii) for cooperatives, it is necessary to look for outlets for its members, to negotiate better remunerations for agricultural productions, to transform farmers into real agricultural entrepreneurs
Coquard, Benoît. „Sauver l'honneur". Appartenances et respectabilités populaires en milieu rural“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Poitiers, 2016. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.cairn.info/ceux-qui-restent--9782348075735.htm.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThrough participant observation in a small town in rural France, this work questions both the social reproduction and the daily interactions of young twenty to thirty-five year-old women and men living in a region populated mainly by the working classes. The thesis begins with a literature review of the established research pertaining to "rural youth" in the social sciences. As an "insider" to the studied community, the researcher then had to analyze self-reflexively the conditions under which this ethnography was conducted. By joining different spaces of sociability during the field work – ranging from a local soccer team to small exclusive friend groups – I was able to examine the everyday life of individuals belonging to a large circle of acquaintances, family members and friends and closely analyze this circle's structure and segmentation. The study focuses on a local generation: it traces the processes of juvenile socialization in their rural hometown to then depict the eventual dispersal of these young adults, provoked by their different educational and migratory trajectories. The study seeks then to understand the logics of distinction and the search for recognition at play among those living and established in the region. Here, the gendered dimension of social relations is essential. The men become men through a collective process, which is both more visible and socially valued. Through such observations, the study can elucidate on daily preoccupations of these rural young women and men, constantly preoccupied by the need to receive recognition in a community where reputation is key
Golinelli, Éric. „Élaboration d’un outil d'assistance à l'assainissement en milieu rural“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPLA002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNeeds for natural environment protection are increasing at a world scale. Sewage treatment installations of local collectivities have to comply with the European legislation. The deadlines are December 31, 2005. The aim of our research is the proposition of a methodology for developing an aid to representation tool in order to conduct such environmental projects. This tool is intended to small French local collectivities of less than 1000 inhabitants. The originality of this work consists, according to a simple formalism, in integrating into the same tool relationships of actors in the project, technical and organizational legislative obligations and sewage treatment processes adapted to small collectivities. In a first part, the implementation of a sewage treatment in rural environment is tackled as a social fact at both the world and local levels. Through the second part, the project is then defined according to a three poles representation: impulse, strategy and management. Impulse consists in understanding the project according to a general model developed from a complex reality. The implementation of the strategy of the project provides a long-term vision, bringing to actors the means for acting in a common sense. Managing the project finally consists in leading actions or correcting them using indicators in order to reach the target defined in the strategy pole. In a last part, an application of the aid to representation tool to a real case is suggested. This case is based on a global approach. Law and processes adapted in rural environment are also integrated. As a result, the presented work links organization and technology, while understanding the state of what the system was, what it is all along the project and what it will become
Botuna, Eleko Éric. „Prévalence de l'infection à hélicobacter pylori en milieu rural québécois“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21368/21368.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoubadou, Gislain. „L'irrigation à la Réunion : caractéristiques, enjeux, transformations du milieu rural“. La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_12_Soubadou.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTolmbaye, Hassane. „Socialisation et formation de l'enfant en milieu rural Sara (Tchad)“. Caen, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CAEN1015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWouters, Denis. „La malnutrition protéino-énergétique infantile en milieu semi-rural algérien“. Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePannetier, Gilles. „La polyvalence administrative postale en milieu rural : une occasion manquée ?“ Paris 4, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA040101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe authorities became aware in the 1970's of the gravity of the rural exode, and particularly of the retirement of public services in the country - side areas, and had helped between 1974 to 1979 the Post in spite of the reserve of some government departments, to introduce in the rural post offices the administrative diversification, allowing the postmaters to make some operations for other government departments or bodies (for instance: displaying of job vacancies of the national employment agency, sale of fiscal stamps, issue of identity cards, lending books). If nine years after its officialisation, that is interfered in 1979, this administrative diversification has little progressed and has not really answered to the objectives of its heads, because of reserved reactions launching and continuation sometimes failing and an unknowledge of the real needs of the local population, its prospect's and its follow-up possibilities are not negligible
Rasoloherindraibe, Seth. „Les problèmes d'ineffectivité du droit foncier en milieu rural malgache“. Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010294.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZerouali, Allal. „Couloir de Taza : croissance urbaine et évolution du milieu rural“. Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRiziky, Christiane. „Système de plantation et milieu rural dans le Sambirano (Madagascar)“. Montpellier 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON30003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThanks to favourable natural conditions, to the colonization and to the facility of the peasants to adopt a new agricol development, the sambirano is nowadays a great region of export cultures. Coffee, cocoa and perfume plants are essentially developped there. Three agricultural societies inherited from the colonial period and the peasant plantations of all sizes divide the enhancement of this space. Upstream the system has been equiped with a substructure of research work and with a supervision of the peasants and downstream with a system of products collect. But the equipments, especially the road ones are not fitted to the needs of the region. The plantation system has got three important consequences. It has provoked migrations of hands coming from the south of madagascar and the tsimihety region, making the sambirano an important ethnical crucible. The development of rich cultures has led to the destructuration of the traditional system of production, based on breeding and rice-growing, involving rice penury, which has been worsened by an unfavourable national situation. The unequal distribution of the lands, legacy from. The colonial period is the source of the pressured land which is expressed in many conflits
Champagne, Alain. „L'artisanat rural en Haut-Poitou : milieu XIVe-fin XVIe s“. Poitiers, 2000. http://books.openedition.org/pur/6161.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHADDIYA, EL MOSTAFA FISCHER GUSTAVE. „SOCIALISATION ET IDENTITE : L'ENFANT RURAL SCOLARISE. ETUDE DU MILIEU D'AHMAR /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1987/El_Mostafa.Haddiya.LMZ8701.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLorillard, Marie. „De la souffrance en milieu rural sénoufo (Afrique de l'Ouest)“. Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21425.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work examines different practices and representations of suffering in Senufo society (West Africa). In songs and tales found in the popular oral literature, in informal or historic discourses, suffering appears as a marker of identity. The heterogeneity of these representations reflects differing positions of social actors in society
Lambert, Philippe. „Enquete sur la reponse aux appels urgents par le generaliste en milieu rural“. Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31154.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOwen, Thomas. „Un essai de pharmacovigilance en medecine rurale : nogaro en gascogne du 1er janvier au 30 juin 1991 ; a propos de 49 observations“. Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU31009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSABLONNIERE, GUY. „Deux ans d'activite obstetricale au centre hospitalier general de cahors : etude des grossesses en milieu rural“. Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU31028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePuget, Françoise. „Stratégies féminines et développement rural“. Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU2A080.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study investigates development through an analysis of the relations between the women of the rural areas of the sahel and the outsiders, based on observation and the narration of practices. The effects of female participation in development casts some light on endogenous questions. In order to grasp the interplay of the forces involved the study concerns itself, in an initial phase, with endogenous factors highlighted by female strategies. There is in fact a gap between the social position of these women and their economic role the minimisation of the latter is useful to them in their agricultural and pastoral strategies. It enables them to occupy male preserves while maintaining continuity in their ostensible position in local society. Village women adopt the roles which, linking them to a food supplier function, enable them to carry out accumulation strategies. This study underlines the discrepancy between rules and practice. The growing involvement of women in agricultural and pastoral production goes hand in hand with a tendency towards the homogenisation of the practices of different groups. In this context of endogenous forces, we are witness to a redefinition of the relations between the sexes. The second phase of the study concerns the difficulties created by the confrontation of the local endogenous population and the exogenous development personnal using three main avenues of approach ambiguities in relations with the outsider, what is to be gained or lost by participating in a development project and the effects of relations between the sexes
Fan, Diomandé [Verfasser]. „De la désorganisation à l’organisation apprenante en milieu rural / Diomandé Fan“. Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079294708/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNicolas, Lucien Venel. „Système de crédit, endettement paysan et développement en milieu rural haïtien“. Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26728.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLefèvre, Patricia. „Protéger en partageant : stratégies de croissance intelligente applicables en milieu rural“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHaddiya, El Mostafa. „Socialisation et identité : l'enfant rural scolarisé : étude du milieu marocain d'Ahmar“. Metz, 1987. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/prive/UPVM_T_1987_El_Mostafa_Haddiya_LMZ8701.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAs a third-world country, Marocco enperienced dramatic changes that stongly shaked its socialization system and the process of identity building. The study addresses several aspects of this problem among children attending school in a rural setting Ahmar, which is located in the Ahmar "cercle" of the Safi proninve. The study indicates that a new socialization process takes place. Besides the fact that it occurs in a context of acculturation, this new process is characterized by confusion as well as contradiction. A formal and consistent system of values, (one that implies some form of continuity between socializing settings, particularly the family and the school), does not exist. Consequently, as regards the identization process, the study evidenced that the rural child attending school has developed a negative (i. E. , a reformative) identity. The major features of this identity are expressed in criticisms of the current state of affairs, and a search for better material living conditions in rural areas. It is, there fore, a shallowly-formed psychosocial identity, that is morally and spiritually bound with the world of adults. Because the process of socialization is truncated and distorted, it favoured a dependent and conformist social identity