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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Holy See -Government"
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Hailu, Tseday Gizaw. „The Holy See: The Government of the Catholic Church“. International Journal of Children’s Rights 25, Nr. 3-4 (17.11.2017): 779–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02503011.
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The Holy See ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) in its dual personae as the government of the Catholic Church, and as the government of Vatican City State (vcs). The extent of the Holy See’s obligations under the crc in its former capacity is a current international debate, and the focus of this paper. The Committee on the Rights of the Child in its recent review process concluded that by ratifying the crc, the Holy See committed to its implementation, not only within the territory of vcs, but worldwide on behalf of Catholics “under its authority.” Conversely, the Holy See restricts its duty to that of the transmission of moral principles recognised in the crc to all people. This paper critically reviews the Committee’s concluding observations on the Holy See’s second periodic report, and ends by presenting possible alternatives to the Committee’s recommendations.
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Tzouvala, Ntina. „The Holy See and Children’s Rights: International Human Rights Law and Its Ghosts“. Nordic Journal of International Law 84, Nr. 1 (20.02.2015): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08401003.
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The revelation of a series of child abuse incidents committed by Catholic priests and other members of religious orders has given rise to the question of establishing the responsibility of the Holy See for these acts under international human rights law. This article focuses on the report issued in 2014 by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the monitoring body of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (crc). It is argued that in order to fulfil this task we need to take three steps: first, to establish the relationship between the Vatican City state and the Hole See, a distinct and peculiar international legal subject. To do so, a historical account of the Holy See and its position within the fabric of international law is considered necessary. Secondly, this article argues that the crc was ratified by the Holy See both in its capacity as the government of the Vatican City and as a non-territorial legal subject. Hence, the application of the crc is not confined within the limited territory of the Vatican City, but ‘follows’ the authority of the Holy See irrespective of state borders. Thirdly, it is argued that the vertical, hierarchical structure of the Holy See is homologous to that of the modern state and, therefore, attribution rules can be applied by analogy in this case. The final conclusion is that it is possible to hold the Holy See responsible under the crc for acts of child abuse that occurred under its authority around the globe.
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Holló, László. „The Ratification of the 1932 Accord Relating to the Interpretation of Section 9 of the Concordat Concluded between the Holy See and the Romanian Government on 10 May 1927“. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 66, Nr. 2 (20.12.2021): 254–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.66.2.13.
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Following the Treaty of Trianon, the situation of the Catholic Church operating on the territory of the Kingdom of Romania was regularized within a concordat agreement concluded in 1927 between the Romanian Government and the Holy See as interested parties. Since due to the compromises Section 9 of the Concordat, addressing the legal situation of the church, became meaningful ─ a development that parties opposing the Concordat exploited –, the contracting parties agreed on a detailed explanation under an accord drafted in the early 1930s. Our study presents the thriller-like antecedents and aftermath of the Accord, signed on 30 May 1932 between the contracting parties, relating to the interpretation of Section 9 of the Concordat concluded between the Holy See and the Romanian Government on 10 May 1927. The successive, short-lived Romanian governments could not give effect to the agreement due to the nationalist propaganda heavily present in the media. Abuses arising from the various interpretations eventually led to the appearance of the Accord in the form a decree-law on 2 May 1940. Keywords: concordat, accord, Holy See, Romanian Government, Roman Catholic Status of Transylvania
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Yanubi, Yustinus Stevanus, Josina Augustina Yvonne Wattimena und Johanis Steny Franco Peilouw. „Penundukan Diri Suatu Negara Terhadap Keputusan Penunjukan Uskup Oleh Takhta Suci, Pespektif Hukum Internasional“. PAMALI: Pattimura Magister Law Review 2, Nr. 2 (31.08.2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/pamali.v2i2.841.
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Introduction: The existence of the Holy See is recognized in the international community, especially in matters of religious spirituality to appoint bishops as part of its rights as subjects of international law.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to find out how the existence of the Holy See as a subject of international law in confession by international community, and how the submission of a state in international law to the decision to appoint bishops by the Hole See.Methods of the Research: This study uses a normative legal research method, which aims to find out how the existence of the Holy See as a subject of international law in confession by international community, and how the submission of a state in international law to the decision to appoint bishops by the Hole See.Results / Findings / Novelty of the Research: The existence of the Holy See as a subject of international law is recognized through the recognition of states of the decision to appoint bishops by the Pope. The decision to appoint bishops by the Pope is basically capable of making states submit to themselves. This is reflected in various forms of recognition by states such as positive legal recognition, political recognition, and tacit recognition. In the context of the case with the Chinese government, it can be seen that China has made tacit recognition of the Pope’s authority in appointing bishops. So, that can be firmly said that the recognition is a respect for the rights of the Holy See in accordance with international law.
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Tylkowski, Marek. „Ku normalizacji? Relacje Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego z władzami Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej po 1949 roku“. Azja-Pacyfik 1, Nr. 23 (29.02.2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ap202003.
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The article is concerned with the relations between the Catholic Church and the government of the People’s Republic of China. It starts with a short summary of the history of Christianity in China. Then it focuses on the analysis of changes of policies toward China on the part of the Holy See and their reception from Chinese authorities. It points out that the Vatican government consequently is making efforts in order to normalize the situation of Catholics in China and that it is ready to for a deep compromise with the Chinese government if necessary. In that context, the agreement between the Holy See and the Chinese government, which was prolonged on the 22nd of October 2020, is more understandable.
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Kornat, Marek. „Stolica Apostolska w polskiej polityce zagranicznej na uchodźstwie (Wrzesień 1939 – czerwiec 1940)“. Polski Przegląd Stosunków Miedzynarodowych, Nr. 5 (03.05.2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ppsm.2015.05.02.
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The Holy See In Polish Foreign Policy of the Government on exile (September 1939 — June 1940) The article is devoted to the reexamining of the policy of Polish Government on exile toward the Holy See after Poland’s defeat in September 1939 and the reestablishment of the legal authorities of Poland in France, under President Raczkiewicz and General Sikorski as Prime Minister. Terminus ad quem of the narration is the collapse of France and transfer of the Government of Poland to London in June 1940. Problems of Vatican’s perception of Polish Question is discussed on the basis of Polish archival documents, especially those of Polish Embassy to the Holy See. Vatican-Polish relations at the beginning of the World War II require special attention because the last treatment of this highly debatable problem was made in historiography by Zofia Waszkiewicz more than thirty five years ago in her monograph Polityka Watykanu wobec Polski 1939–1945 [Policy of the Vatican toward Poland 1939—1945] (Warsaw 1980). How much Polish diplomacy achieved fighting for the Holy See’s support against Nazi Germany? Two things must be said. Firstly, the Holy See recognized the legal continuity of Polish State after the German-Soviet occupation of Poland’s territory in September 1939, but did not sent the papal nuncio to Angers, when Polish Government resided. Secondly, Polish thesis on the special significance of Polish Question as the test-case of international justice received the positive response of the Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Summi Pontificatus published on October 20 1939, but the guidelines of Vatican’s policy were based on the doctrine of strict neutrality of the Papacy in the international relations. It did not permit for Papal condemnation ex officio of the Nazi crimes and criminal policy of extermination in Poland.
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Radić, Radmila. „Pregovori o konkordatu između Kraljevine SHS i Svete stolice 1925. godine“. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 69, Nr. 1 (23.03.2021): 74–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_21103a.
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The Kingdom of SCS and the Holy See established diplomatic relations in March 1920. The Holy See accepted the new country with hostility and hesitation. The nuncio monitored not only the state’s religious policy but also the political atmosphere. He wanted to achieve unity among Roman Catholics in the civil and political spheres. The authorities of the Kingdom of SCS emphasized the need to maintain religious unity as the primary motivation in preparation for the concordat negotiations. Meanwhile, the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy dissatisfied with the state’s religious legislation asked the Holy See not to sign a concordat until their conditions were met. Much of the controversy during the talks concerned government ownership of church land, the establishment of religious orders, and the appointment of bishops. The negotiations were postponed with the intention of being continued. The 1925 talks did not achieve the goal but helped to define certain issues.
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Somavilla, Enrique. „Protocolo Y Ceremonial En La Iglesia Católica | Protocol And Ceremonial In The Catholic Church“. REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 6, Nr. 10 (31.05.2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.6.n.10.2019.24396.
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La Santa Sede es el órgano de gobierno de la Iglesia católica, que se encuentra físicamente en el diminuto territorio del Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano; que se encuentra sujeta al Derecho Internacional con personalidad jurídica internacional. La Curia romana es el brazo ejecutivo del gobierno de la Sede Apostólica. La autoridad suprema del Santo Padre se extiende por igual a la jerarquía eclesiástica como a los fieles cristianos; tanto individual como colectivamente. En virtud de su oficio pastoral, le corresponde dirigir al Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano, como su Jefe de Estado; de llevar adelante la misión de Pedro como su sucesor al frente de la Sede Apostólica y ejercer el servicio de Supremo Pastor de la Iglesia católica en cuanto Vicario de Cristo, como ejercicio del ministerio petrino___________________________________________The Holy See is the organism of Catholic Church’s government which is found physically in the small territory of the Vatican City State. This one is subject of International Law with international judicial personality. The Roman Curia is the executive branch of the Apostolic See government. The higher authority of the Holy Father spreads equally for ecclesiastical hierarchy and the faithful Christians, individually and collectively. The Pope, in virtue of his pastoral function, is the responsible of leading the Vatican City State as his chief of State. He also has to carry forward Peter’s mission as his successor in front of the Apostolic See and exercise the service as Supreme Shepherd of the Catholic Church as Vicar of Christ, exercising the Petrine Ministry.
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Feraro, Shai. „Modern Paganism in the Holy Land“. International Journal for the Study of New Religions 5, Nr. 1 (03.06.2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v5i1.3.
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Israeli Pagans are a small and relatively new spiritual community, that have taken root in country in recent years. This article will analyze the contemporary discourse maintained by Israeli Pagans when discussing questions of organization and of religious-political rights. As such it will deal with the complexities of identifying oneself as a (Jewish-born) Pagan in Israel, the nation state of the Jewish people. I will argue that although Israeli Pagans may employ a community-building discourse, they constantly fear the perceived negative consequences of public exposure, and see the bond between (Jewish) religion and the state in Israel as a main factor in the intolerance and even persecution that they expect from the government and from members of the Haredim (Ultra Orthodox) religious group.
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Danyliuk, Ivan. „Diplomacy of the Holy See in the process of de-isolation of Cuba“. American History & Politics Scientific edition, Nr. 7 (2019): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.37-48.
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In the article are considered the role of the Holy See and the Catholic Church in the de-isolation of Cuba in the international community and the promotion of the restoration of relations with the world community. The article analyzes the change in the international situation that has forced the Cuban government to dialogue with the Catholic Church, as well as the strengthening of the position of the Catholic Church on the Cuban island. The resumption of relations between Cuba and the Holy See was mutually beneficial and necessary for both sides. The Cuban government needed a new ally to get out of isolation. For the Vatican it was necessary to legalize the activities of the Catholic Church on the Cuban island. It is noted that three popes John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis played a part in the withdrawal from international isolation. The visit of Pope John Paul II to Cuba attracted attention to Cuba and became a step that began the process of legalizing the Catholic Church on the island and de-isolating Cuba. Benedict XVI’s visit came at a time when the leadership changed, when Cuba was governed by Raul Castro, who conducted a series of reforms. And of course, Pope Francis played a key role in the process of restoring relations with the United States and the de-isolation of Cuba in the international arena. Cuba has undoubtedly benefited from the active interventions of Vatican diplomacy and the Holy See, which has been distinguished how in Cuba’s international statuses and so in Cuba’s economic, tourism and information areas. However, the Cuban breakthrough was also an achievement for the Holy See’s peacekeeping diplomacy on international arena. For a long time, Vatican diplomacy has once again received vocal recognition on the international stage. The Cuban breakthrough testified that even today in the XXI-st century, the «soft power» of the Vatican diplomacy See and the Pope of the Catholic Church are able to engage the conflicting parties in dialogue, to promote mutual understanding, tolerance, peaceful coexistence, international cooperation and security.
Bücher zum Thema "Holy See -Government"
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Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis. Centre de recherches en histoire du droit et des institutions. Sede vacante: La vacance du pouvoir dans l'Eglise du Moyen Âge. Bruxelles: Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 2001.
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Theutenberg, Bo Johnson. The Holy see, the order of Malta and international law. Skara: Johnny Hagberg and Skara stiftshistoriska sällskap, 2003.
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The wimp factor: Gender gaps, holy wars, and the politics of anxious masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.
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Jr, Moore John, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office. und Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Sea Grant Program., Hrsg. Keeping afloat admist [sic] the gales of regulations, 28 March 1986: Proceedings of a conference held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Sea Grant Advisory Service. Boston, Mass. (100 Cambridge St., Boston 02202): The Office, 1987.
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1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, Hrsg. Circulaire au clergé: Le premier de février de l'année dernière, j'adressai quelques mots au clergé réuni à l'évêché sur le projet d'un nouveau journal .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.
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Bourget), Église catholique Diocèse de Montréal Évêque (1840-1876 :. Circulaire au clergé: Vous gémissez comme moi, de l'étrange disposition du peuple par rapport au St. Père, et c'est vraiment à n'y rien comprendre que d'en voir un si grand nombre livré à un tel vertige .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.
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1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, Hrsg. Circulaire au clergé: Dans une lettre du 10 juin dernier, S. Em. le card. Barnabo, préfet de la S. C. de prop. me transmettait le décret de la S.C. des rites du 26 avril 1834 .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.
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1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, Hrsg. Circulaire au clergé: Le Résumé des conférences sur l'usure sera prêt, j'espère, à vous être expédié dans le cours de mai prochain .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.
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1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, Hrsg. Circulaire au clergé: Je vous écris la présente encore sous les émotions d'une séparation d'autant plus sensible pour moi .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.
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1799-1885, Bourget Ignace, Hrsg. Circulaire au clergé: Vous recevrez, avec la présente, le mandement de visite, sur lequel il me faut faire ici quelques observations .. [S.l: s.n., 1985.
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Lucia Sergio, Marialuisa. „The Holy See and the Mollet government“. In How the Church Under Pius XII Addressed Decolonization, 127–51. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003230175-6.
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Lucia Sergio, Marialuisa. „The handling of the Algerian crisis by the Holy See and the Faure government (1954–1955)“. In How the Church Under Pius XII Addressed Decolonization, 94–126. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003230175-5.
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Chitonge, Horman. „‘We Owned the Land Before the State Was Established’: The State, Traditional Authorities, and Land Policy in Africa“. In African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation, 41–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_3.
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AbstractThis chapter looks at the land policy reform challenges in Africa, focusing on the struggle between the state and traditional leaders over the control of customary land. The governance of customary land is one of the most contentious land issues in Africa. As many African governments seek to reform land policies in order to respond to the challenges of population growth and urbanisation leading to the increasing demand for land, the proposed reforms are often challenged by traditional leaders who see the reforms as a ploy to undermine their authority over customary land. It is argued in this chapter that, while the state sometimes attempts to co-opt traditional leaders into cooperating with it, this alliance often does not hold for long, especially when traditional leaders sense that their interests are being undermined by proposed land policy reforms. Drawing from the Zambian experience, the chapter shows that although the state, as a sovereign entity, has the authority over all land under its territory, the situation is complicated by the fact that traditional leaders also assert authority over customary land. This situation sometimes leads to contestations that often frustrate the formulation and implementation of land policy reforms.
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Crossman, Katherine. „Education as a Financial Transaction: Contract Employment and Contract Cheating“. In Academic Integrity in Canada, 217–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83255-1_11.
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AbstractOver the last decade, high-profile cases of academic misconduct have surfaced across Canada (Eaton, 2020a). I argue that it is systemic issues that contribute to their ubiquity: knowledge is seen as a commodity, transcripts and credentials as products, and students as consumers. As provincial governments in Ontario and Alberta introduce funding models tied to graduate earnings and employment (Anderson, 2020; Weingarten et al., 2019), education becomes a financial transaction and academic integrity is threatened. Credentials hold more value than the process of learning, and when students pay for credentials, it is more palatable to pay for grades. This is exacerbated by a supply and demand for academically dishonest practices. File sharing websites that facilitate cheating are ubiquitous; coursehero.com alone is worth over one billion dollars (Schubarth, 2020). Targeted advertisements for essay mills abound. Meanwhile, academia increasingly relies on the labour of sessionals (Shaker & Pasma, 2018), who tend to underestimate the scope of misconduct (Hudd et al., 2009) and are less likely to report infractions (Blau et al., 2018). Furthermore, those with graduate degrees are increasing (Wall et al., 2018) while stable academic jobs are fewer (Kezar, 2013). Academics faced with precarious employment often supplement income in what Kezar et al. (2019) refer to as the “gig academy”. They are well-positioned to meet the demand for ghost-written papers (Sivasubramaniam et al., 2016). Although many institutions have responded with well-articulated policies and procedures, when entrenched in a system that incentivises and facilitates dishonest practices, they are not lasting solutions to chronic problems.
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Ivanova Boncheva, Antonina, und Alfredo Bermudez-Contreras. „Blue Carbon in Emissions Markets: Challenges and Opportunities for Mexico“. In Springer Climate, 265–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_13.
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AbstractMangroves are ecosystems made up of trees or shrubs that develop in the intertidal zone and provide many vital environmental services for livelihoods in coastal areas. They are a habitat for the reproduction of several marine species. They afford protection from hurricanes, tides, sea-level rise and prevent the erosion of the coasts. Just one hectare of mangrove forest can hold up to 1,000 tons of carbon dioxide, more than tropical forests and jungles. Mexico is one of the countries with the greatest abundance of mangroves in the world, with more than 700,000 ha. Blue carbon can be a novel mechanism for promoting communication and cooperation between the investor, the government, the users, and beneficiaries of the environmental services of these ecosystems, creating public–private-social partnerships through mechanisms such as payment for environmental services, credits, or the voluntary carbon market. This chapter explores the possibilities of incorporating blue carbon in emissions markets. We explore the huge potential of Mexico’s blue carbon to sequester CO2. Then we analyse the new market instrument that allows countries to sell or transfer mitigation results internationally: The Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM), established in the Paris Agreement. Secondly, we present the progress of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) to standardize the methodologies to assess their stock and determine the magnitude of the blue carbon sinks. Thirdly, as an opportunity for Mexico, the collaboration with the California cap-and-trade program is analysed. We conclude that blue carbon is a very important mitigation tool to be included in the compensation schemes on regional and global levels. Additionally, mangrove protection is an excellent example of the mitigation-adaptation-sustainable development relationship, as well as fostering of governance by the inclusion of the coastal communities in decision-making and incomes.
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Weigel, George. „Catholics and Commissars: 1917–1978“. In The Final Revolution, 59–76. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071603.003.0004.
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Abstract On June 10, 1988, Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, the secretary of state of the Holy See, addressed a glittering celebration in Moscow’s Bolshoi Theater marking the millennium of Christianity among the eastern Slavs. The cardinal brought the personal greetings of Pope John Paul II to Patriarch Pimen and his Holy Synod, and offered congratulations to the government of Mikhail Gorbachev for its new appreciation of the role of Christian believers in the process of perestroika. Three days later, on June 13, Gorbachev met with Cardinal Casaroli and his entourage and was presented with a private letter from John Paul II, which the pope had given Casaroli in the hope that Gorbachev would receive it. On June 16, Msgr. Audrys Bačkis, a member of the Vatican delegation to Moscow and undersecretary of the Vatican’s foreign ministry, told Vatican Radio that Mr. Gorbachev had responded positively to the pope’s suggestion that “regular contacts” (meaning diplomatic relations) be established between the Kremlin and the Holy See, as indeed they were following Gorbachev’s 1989 visit to Rome.
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Kertzer, David I. „Religion and society, 1789–1892“. In Italy in the Nineteenth Century, 181–205. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731283.003.0008.
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Abstract Whether looked at from the viewpoint of culture or politics, the Roman Catholic Church looms large in the history of Italy in the nineteenth century. Not only was Italy an overwhelmingly Catholic land, but, as the home of the Holy See-with the pope and his curia-it lay at the centre of Roman Catholicism worldwide. Developments affecting the Church thus had implications far beyond Italy’s borders, implications that in turn affected life in Italy in major ways. Moreover, in a large swath cutting across the centre of the Italian peninsula, that of the Papal States, the pope was not only a religious leader but the political leader as well, head of the government.
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Domenico, Roy. „“An Embassy to a Golf Course?”: Conundrums on the Road to the United States’ Diplomatic Representation to the Holy See, 1784–1984“. In Roman Catholicism in the United States, 108–30. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282760.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses how relations between the United States and the Vatican doubled as a political capitol engaged in shifting patterns of diplomacy with an emerging North American nation. Conducted as an amiably low-key, informal relationship in the post-revolutionary period, the growth of American power—and an even more rapidly growing Catholic population—intrigued the Vatican, which in turn infuriated many non-Catholic U.S. citizens whenever the prospect of formal diplomatic recognition loomed. Protestants and other Americans questioned why the nation's lone church beholden to a foreign potentate should be thus rewarded. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 guaranteed Italy's recognition of Vatican City's sovereignty, the U.S government was faced with the delicate task of reckoning with—and sometimes abetting—the church's global diplomatic initiatives.
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Gulyás, Csenge. „Taiwan’s Foreign Relations with Developing Countries“. In OBIC book series, 121–47. Budapest Business School, University of Applied Sciences, Oriental Business and Innovation Center (OBIC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29180/9786156342393_5.
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Taiwan, officially called by its own government the Republic of China (ROC), was led by the only legitimate Chinese government acknowledged by most countries of the world even after the unification of mainland China by the Communists in 1949. Later, due to regional developments and the changing interests of the great powers, the international influence of the government of the island diminished, with a major turning point in 1971, when a UN resolution gave the People’s Republic of China1 (PRC) representation in the organization instead of Taiwan. Subsequently, a significant number of the countries in the world, for political and economic reasons, sided with Beijing, acknowledging the Communist leadership as the real government of China (Salát, 2017). Today, in addition to the Holy See, only 13 of the 193 UN member states maintain full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, the vast majority of which are in the developing world (by the end of 2021, Nicaragua was the last state to sever diplomatic relations with Taiwan). Diplomatic recognition is an important expression of a state’s sovereignty. Therefore, the countries maintaining full diplomatic relations with Taiwan are extremely important international allies of the island’s government. For this reason, their examination also points to the essence of Taiwan’s foreign policy aspirations. At the same time, in some respects, relations between Taiwan and its diplomatic allies are more of a question of prestige, as third world states have little ability to advance Taipei’s interests on the international stage. In addition, Taiwan has informal diplomatic missions in 57 countries around the world,2 which is of great importance; it is enough to mention the case of the United States, Taiwan’s most important patron.
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Marshall, Peter. „Interlude: A Hanging in Dublin“. In Mother Leakey and the Bishop, 56–58. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273713.003.0004.
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Abstract December 1640, a cold Saturday morning in the city of Dublin, the grandest place in King Charles I’s other kingdom of Ireland. A coach is making its way slowly through unusually crowded streets, from the seat of government at Dublin Castle to the common ground of Oxmantown Green on the north side of the River LiVey, a place where the citizens of Dublin are accustomed ‘to walk and take the open air’. There is no such innocent recreation today, however: the people milling around the open spaces to the rear of St Michan’s church are starting to congregate around a scaVold which has been erected there, and they have come to see a man lose his life upon it. In Ireland as in England, hangings are common enough things. But this particular expression of the judicial severity of the state has turned into a momentous civic event. In the vicinity of Dublin Castle, a single bell, a passing-bell, tolls from the tower of the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity, commonly called Christ Church. At this eloquent signal, we are told, ‘the whole town and castle so thronged, as was never the like seen, that if there had not been a coach allowed him, it would have been impossible to have gone through’.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Holy See -Government"
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Choo, Jacqueline, Bonar Noviasta und Aldian Ikhsan Hakim. „Establishing Sustainable Oil and Gas Industry: Directional Drilling & Measurement/Logging While Drilling Remote Operations to Achieve Net Zero Carbon Future in Indonesia“. In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209896-ms.
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Abstract The Indonesian government has a goal to reduce 834 million-tons CO2e emissions by 2030 with 314 million-tons CO2e portion coming from the energy sector. A significant contribution is required from all aspects of the energy sector, including Directional-Drilling (DD) & Measurement/Logging-While-Drilling (M/LWD) activity which traditionally deploys human resources for field execution. With the government’s increased hydrocarbon lifting target, an innovative approach is needed to keep the field carbon footprint low while still maintaining DD-M/LWD operational excellence. Performance-Live is a digitally collaborative service that enables live remote-control of wellsite operations to optimize task distribution between the well site and town thus boosting operational efficiency. As a solid foundation to execute these remote operations, highly skilled Performance-Live Engineers (PLE) are centralized in a Performance-Live Center, monitoring several rigs in parallel, while multiskilled DD-M/LWD Cross Trained (DDX) who are fully competent to handle both competencies are staffed at the well site. This collaboration can be seamlessly achievable by leveraging elevated digital peripheral systems such as advanced, automated internet technology and support centralized in the main Java island to enable robust connectivity. Flexible strategies for remote-operations implementation play a significant role in sustainability. In one of the land projects in Indonesia started from Q3 2020 until Q4 2021, 31 wells are drilled successfully using the Performance-Live service. This reduced headcount from 4 personnel to 3 personnel on board (POB) resulting estimated total of 3.52 metric tons of CO2 emission reduction. Another offshore pilot project in Indonesia for the one-month trial duration in 2021 with the same strategy resulted in the reduction of estimated 0.20 metric tons of CO2 emission. In one of the special projects in the same offshore area, an innovative open-hole drilling using Hydraulic Workover Unit (HWU) is implemented using Performance-Live and combined cabin container unit for DD-M/LWD-Mud Logging as full team collaboration. During this 5-months project, this single combined cabin unit enabled 4 field personnel reductions resulting estimated 4.01 metric tons of CO2 emission reduction. The continuity of this service in Indonesia can be potentially developed by further reduction from 3 to 2 POB (2x DDX with 2x PLE) which may result in double of the CO2 emission reduction, and a pre-prepared BHA model which will minimize POB rig days to reduce further estimated of 18% CO2 emission. This paper presents how the Performance-Live Remote-Operation model contributes to long-term sustainability goals, quantifies the amount of carbon footprint reduction, and speeds up the race toward net zero emissions future accomplishment in Indonesia. This paper will also present strategies for building a digital ecosystem for remote-operations implementation, challenges encountered, and optimization opportunities. DD-M/LWD remote-operations implementation in Indonesia has thus far been successful and will continue expanding to align with the government’s net-zero goal.
2
Pekar, Viktor. „Mining for Signals of Future Consumer Expenditure on Twitter and Google Trends“. In CARMA 2018 - 2nd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2018.2018.8337.
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Consumer expenditure constitutes the largest component of Gross Domestic Product in developed countries, and forecasts of consumer spending are therefore an important tool that governments and central bank use in their policy-making. In this paper we examine methods to forecast consumer spending from user-generated content, such as search engine queries and social media data, which hold the promise to produce forecasts much more efficiently than traditional surveys. Specifically, the aim of the paper is to study the relative utility of evidence about purchase intentions found in Google Trends versus those found in Twitter posts, for the problem of forecasting consumer expenditure. Our main findings are that, firstly, the Google Trends indicators and indicators extracted from Twitter are both beneficial for the forecasts: adding them as exogenous variables into regression model produces improvements on the pure AR baseline, consistently across all the forecast horizons. Secondly, we find that the Google Trends variables seem to be more useful predictors than the semantic variables extracted from Twitter posts, the differences in performance are significant, but not very large.
3
Alshalabi, A. A., M. AL Kenawy, F. Al Amiri und S. Saleh. „Produced Water Re-Injection, A Holistic Approach from Pilot to Full Field Implementation and Enhancement“. In SPE Water Lifecycle Management Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218952-ms.
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Abstract Field X is a giant oil field which is an elongated, faulted anticline with longer axis trending northeast-southwest and located onshore UAE. In 1980s’, peripheral water injection (PWI) scheme supplied by brackish water from the aquifers (Regional Aquifers: perforated in Umm Er Radhuma and open hole in Simsima) was the main driving mechanism. The studied reservoir is divided into two main zones showing a high permeability contrast with an upper zone ranging from 10 to 5000 mD interbedded with low permeability layers (1-100mD) and a lower zone of limited heterogeneity and relatively low permeability ranging from 1 to 20 mD. This contrast in permeability provides good macroscopic sweep efficiency in the upper formation compared to the lower ones. Consequently, sharp increase in water cut trends in the upper formation is observed in 2002 which leads to (a) increase volumes of water disposing and treatment (b) environmental issues (c) government regulations (e) financial and economic factors. The common practice was to drill dedicated wells to dispose of water which must be processed and treated to meet certain standards prior of disposing it. Water control treatments and disposing of water is a very time-consuming process with a considerable cost associated with it. In alignment with our leadership directions moving towards zero emissions, waster to value conversion, no discharge to surface or sea and being proactive in handling the increasing water production volumes, 100% Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI) strategy is embraced as a cost-effective manner to achieve our vision and strategy. Many papers discussed the implementation of PWRI on a moderate scale. However, in this paper, 100% PWRI strategy in a mega field is discussed on an intensive and enormous scale from pilot phase till full field implementation and monitoring.(1,2,3,4,7)
4
Lu, Hongjun, Hanbin Liu, Shangwei Wang, Jie Gui, Zhongneng Liu und Yong Ren. „Oilfield Sidetracking-Fracturing Technology Drives out Reservoir Potential - An Economic and Effective Solution to Improve EOR of Low-Permeability Reservoir“. In SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215618-ms.
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Abstract Ansai oilfield, located on the Loess Plateau in Northwest China, is famous for its typical low-permeability reservoirs and has been developed for more than 30 years. There are more and more flooded wells, low production wells and casing damage wells, which have become the "stumbling block" on the road of stable development. How to produce the remaining reserves more effectively? Sidetracking-fracturing in the original wellbore has become an important means to tap remaining reserves. The recoverable reserves in this area are still large. The effectiveness of conventional stimulation measures in original wells is low, and there are new problems in drilling renewal wells. Due to the strict environmental protection regulations, the wellsite approved by local governments is limited and the cost of renewal wells is high. Developers tend to sidetrack and then fracture to restore production. There is no need to apply for new wellsites. Original wellbores are not wasted and the cost of renewal wells is saved. More importantly, fracturing network can be reconstructed to fully utilize the remaining oil and improve EOR. 3.5" wellbores were sidetracked in 5.5" wellbores. The multistage fracturing in slim hole is implemented. Sidetracking technology rebuilds new wellbore and reconstructs underground well pattern, establishing a new wellbore system for fracturing. The fine fracturing is realized by fine depicting the distribution of remaining oil and optimizing the sidetracking well type. The sidetracking holes accurately pass through the remaining oil area not touched by the original wellbores, achieving a very good effect of increasing production, and the investment cost is low. Through the implementation of sidetracking-fracturing technology, old wells are revitalized and the EOR is continuously improved. Compared with other stimulation measures, the sidetracking-fracturing technology has more obvious ability to tap the remaining oil. The biggest highlight of this technology is to make full use of the upper wellbores of long-term shutdown wells and the original surface equipment to effectively utilize the uncontrolled oil reserves of the original wells without drilling new wells. Since 2015, more than 300 wells have been implemented, and the success rate of production increase exceeds 90%. The sidetracking-fracturing technology overcomes the constraints of environmental protection regulations, investment, site and slim hole technology in Ansai Oilfield, realizes the economic and effective development of low-permeability reservoir, and successfully improves EOR.
5
Canny, Steven A., Jane Amarin, Verapich Pinprayong, Chumpae Sratongroy, Pancharat Pitchayang, Vijak Patanapoothong und Thatree Sonsai. „Offline Well Abandonment SIMOPs: An 81 Well Phase I & II Case Study Enabling ABEX Reduction in South East Asia“. In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208482-ms.
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Abstract In the decommissioning phase of oilfield facility lifecycles, focus pivots from positive net present value to executing the care and preservation, then decommissioning in the safest and most environmentally sensitive manor, and at the lowest total cost of ownership. Asset Retirement Obligation (ARO) is a long-term liability carried on the balance sheet, as a provision for the cost to return a wellsite to pre-exploration condition. The reduction of abandonment and decommissioning expenditure (ABEX) in executing compliant operations is a key business performance factor, and critical in executing higher volumes of wells earlier than planned. In doing so maximizing value to company shareholders, residents, industries and government level stakeholders. In the case study, an offline pre-abandonment and Phase I primary reservoir isolation project is presented, which seeks to maximize net project efficiency via offline wellbore intervention, executing the primary reservoir isolation of the wellbore via rigless techniques. This approach contributed to ABEX reductions by up to 40% per well vs the planned approval for expenditure (AFE) provisions taken for the operations. The project execution structure utilized offline intervention and Phase I primary reservoir isolation of 81 wellbores, across 5 wellhead platforms and 47 days continuous operations. Operations were part of a simultaneous operation (SIMOPS) project, as an offline work front located on the wellhead platform (WHP) weather deck. A second work front for Phase II and Phase III well abandonment operations, is executed concurrently, from the jack-up rig cantilever above the WHP. Live well operations are conducted concurrently by both work fronts, through the Christmas Tree (XT) and pressure control equipment in Phase I, and through the drilling riser and blowout preventor for Phase II and Phase III, to maximize productivity when the rig is on location. The scope of operations included wellhead qualification, wellbore access and preparation, well kill, injectivity testing, various wellbore preparation and cement placement techniques, pressure testing and lubrication of the wellbore. The operator's system engineering, design of operations and planning agility are key to its success. Acute focus was given to the batching of operations and delivery of these in a phased approach to increase productivity and maintain high service delivery through repetition of tasks. The project successfully executed Incident Free Operations (IFO) with 100% productive time and facilitated combined project performance, which delivered wells up to 44% ahead of the planned AFE. To enable this, over 4.19 million feet of slickline was run, conveying 428 bottom hole assemblies (BHAs), preparing the wellbores to isolate 804 primary reservoirs, and 2 intermediate reservoirs.
6
Koishymanova, Saltanat, Danil Kayashev, Brian Schwanitz, Tolegen Sadvakassov und Yury Ponomarenko. „Minimization of Greenhouse Emissions in Russia and Kazakhstan Upstream Sector Through Optimized Well Construction Designs and Lightweight Mechanical E-Line Operations“. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206609-ms.
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Abstract The transition to a climate-neutral society is both an urgent technical challenge and yet long-term CAPEX heavy requiring huge investments from industry and governments. Major oil and gas (O&G) operators around the globe have already established their decarbonization targets and even though upstream accounts for two-thirds of total emissions in the petroleum industry, both new well construction designs, and improved workover operations are proving to be effective measures in minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while being economically viable. A novel completion technology has been installed in 114 wells in Russia since 2018 to eliminate sustained annular casing pressure (SAP) throughout the lives of wells and combat the associated release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane into the atmosphere. Since methane is much more powerful and has a 28-34 times more global warming potential compared to CO2 over the hundreds of years, and 84-86 times more potent over a 20-year timeframe respectively, these types of simple, yet efficient solutions represents enormous benefits to operators in reducing their carbon taxes while tackling climate change. Moreover, the installation of this technology resulted in reliable downhole well integrity of traditionally problematic wells, without the need for subsequent squeeze cementing operations. These types of completion solutions set both in an open and cased hole, allow operators not just to customize their cementing program and meet regulatory approvals, but also greatly reduce their reported carbon emissions. A summary of the results and efficiencies achieved with these installations will be presented and will be compared to conventional technologies. In addition, more than 15,000 lightweight e-line intervention operations have been performed both in Russia and Kazakhstan since 2011 which contributed to fewer emissions of hazardous greenhouse gases into the air versus conventional coiled tubing operations. These types of light interventions use less diesel to operate and with fewer people and equipment, leave a smaller carbon footprint on each well location which in turn makes a difference when it comes to GHG emission reduction. A comparison breakdown of coiled tubing versus e-line mechanical interventions will be statistically analyzed. This paper will illustrate how these newer technologies contributed to GHG emission reduction and how simultaneously economical efficiencies were achieved during well completion and intervention activities through reduced rig time and faster job execution compared to conventional methods. It will also review case histories from fields across the region using these installations and analyze each method. The field data will present the development, installation, and operational sequence and explain how each setup was tailored to meet both specific operational needs and to reduce greenhouse emissions, mainly by minimizing gas flaring. Widespread implementation of such technologies would help operators meet their emission targets and contribute to the reduction of the earth's climate change.
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Testori, Giulia. „Cooperation reconsidered: the case of Comité del Pueblo in Quito“. In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6256.
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The case of Comité del Pueblo is an historical example, of a neighborhood of Quito created in the 70’s by a
complex cooperative machine, which had the ability to overcome, legally, the shortcomings of the
government. 5000 families in need of housing, an extreme left wing political party and a faculty of
architecture, together in an impressive project of solidarity. A critical reflection on such example nowadays,
uncovering the vanguard social figures of students, architects and urbanists, is not finalized to celebrate its
premises, but rather to question the experience in the light of on-going Ecuadorian discussions on
participation and inclusion. A lesson that probably deserves to be re-read as one of the scarce attempts to
satisfy the right to the city in Quito. El caso de Comité del Pueblo es un ejemplo histórico de un barrio de Quito fundado en los 70’s. Diseñado y
realizado a través de una compleja maquinaria cooperativa, hubo la capacidad de colmar legalmente,
aunque sin involucrar al gobierno, una masiva demanda de vivienda. 5000 familias en necesidad de un
hogar, un partido político de ‘extrema izquierda’, y la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Central de
Quito trabajando juntos en un impresionante proyecto de solidaridad. La relevancia de considerar hoy en día
este ejemplo, dejando patente las figuras vanguardistas de los estudiantes, arquitectos y urbanistas
involucrados, no es para alabarlo, si no mas bien para cuestionarlo a la luz de la actual discusión sobre
participación e inclusión en el Ecuador. Una historia que merece ser releída como uno de los escasos
intentos de satisfacer el derecho a la ciudad en Quito.
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Barberis, Walter. „Ciudad urbótica contemporánea: urbanística y nuevas tecnologías al servicio de la calidad del espacio y los servicios urbanos“. In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7638.
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Las nuevas tecnologías en ámbito urbano inciden fuertemente en la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos, de los city users, de los turistas, pero también en la eficiencia de las empresas, de los servicios públicos y en la atractividad para nuevas inversiones. Todas estas condiciones colocan las ciudades en posiciones mas o menos ventajosas de un mapa global virtual. Las ciudades competitivas atraen recursos, capital humano, creatividad e impulsan el crecimiento socio-cultural y económico.
El mayor desafío al que nos estamos enfrentando es la gestión, el control y el diseño de las ciudades que apoyan su funcionamiento en instrumentos casi completamente virtuales. La ciudad virtual no reemplaza en ninguna manera la ciudad real, solo la enriquece de complejidad y de componentes inmateriales. Contrariamente, los modelos de ordenamiento territorial tradicionales se vuelven obsoletos al encontrar nuevos y grandes flujos de información que circulan, en tiempo real.
El uso de nuevas y modernas tecnologías en el campo del urbanismo (en la gestión del territorio) comporta un cambio radical de la lógica de intervención del sector publico. El concepto de urbótica, o sea, el desarrollo de sistemas inteligentes integrados a nivel urbano, hace indispensable la necesidad de replantearse la lógica de intervención en dicho contexto; no se trata de agregar automatismos a la gestión y al control de la ciudad (como en el caso de los relevadores de velocidad, de emisión de agentes contaminantes, etc.) sino de un re-pensamiento radical que parte desde el análisis, la proyectación, la ejecución, la puesta en servicio y la evaluación de todo el proceso de ordenamiento territorial.
En este trabajo nos proponemos delinear escenarios de desarrollo urbano altamente tecnificados, donde emerge la complejidad de la superposición de la ciudad física con la nueva ciudad virtual. No nos basaremos en ámbitos territoriales definidos, sino en un modelo teórico que pone en relación los
los siguientes ámbitos temáticos:
- Servicios urbanos;
- Transporte publico;
- Gestión del trasporto privado;
- Seguridad urbana;
- Sistemas de información al ciudadano;
- Sistema de monitoreo y evaluación del sistema urbano.
El resultado final será una estructura compleja y de fácil lectura que permitirá identificar puntos críticos del encuentro entre el sistema urbano tradicional y el sistema urbano virtual. Creemos fuertemente que este sea, hoy más que nunca, el primer paso para la redefinición de políticas de gobierno y ordenamiento del territorio y que los escenarios de desarrollo urbótico sean una posible alternativa de intervención en la ciudad no planificada. En el desarrollo del documento trataremos de demostrar como las nuevas tecnologías hoy disponibles pueden ser combinadas de manera tal de mejorar la calidad urbana en la ciudad informal, irregular, dispersa, sin orden aparente. Basándonos en los resultados de investigaciones anteriores que demuestran que la ciudad informal sigue reglas de asentamiento y formas de relación sensibles a la aplicación de dispositivos capaces de interactuar tanto con los ciudadano como con los planificadores, o sea reactiva a la urbótica. New technologies in urban areas have a strong impact on the quality of life of citizens, city users, tourists, but also on the efficiency of enterprises, public services and the attractiveness for new investments. All these conditions place the cities in a more or less advantageous position of a virtual global map. Competitive cities attract resources, human capital, and creativity and drive the economic and socio-cultural growth.
The biggest challenge we are facing is the management, control and design of cities supported on almost entirely virtual instruments. Virtual city does not replace in any way the actual city. It only improve it of complexity and intangible components. In contrast, traditional governance models become obsolete to find large new flows of information circulating in real time.
The use of new and modern technologies in the field of urban planning (in the management of the territory) involves a radical change in the logic of public sector intervention. The concept of Urbótica, that is, the development of integrated intelligent systems for the city, makes compulsory the need to rethink the logic of intervention in the urban context, it is not automatically added to the management and control of the city (as in the case of the speed relay, emission of pollutants, etc.) but a radical re-thinking that starts from the analysis, the design, implementation, commissioning and evaluating the whole process.
In this work we propose to delineate high tech urban development scenarios, where the complexity arises from the superposition of the physical city with the new virtual one. We will not rely on defined territorial areas, but in a theoretical model that relates the following subject areas:
- Urban services;
- Public transport;
- Management of private transport;
- Urban Security;
- Citizen information systems;
- Monitoring and assessment of urban system.
The result is a complex structure but simply to be read that will identify critical points in the encounter between the traditional urban system and the possible virtual one. We strongly believe that this is, today more than ever, the first step in the redefinition of government policies and land use planning. The development of urban scenarios based on high tech development (urbótica) is a possible alternative of intervention on unplanned city. In developing the document will try to show how new technologies available today can be combined so as to improve the urban quality in the city informal, irregular, scattered city, which follows rules of settlement and forms of sensible relation to the implementation of devices capable of interacting with both citizens and planners, so that is reactive to the urbótica.
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Maycotte Pansza, Elvira, und Erick Sánchez Flores. „Ciudades dispersas, viviendas abandonadas: la política de vivienda y su impacto territorial y social en las ciudades mexicanas“. In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7569.
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La política de vivienda en México, implementada en el año 2002, otorgó un apoyo pleno a la iniciativa privada para participar en la producción de la vivienda social. La primera acción que el gobierno federal realizó fue la institución de la Comisión Nacional para el Fomento a la Vivienda, CONAFOVI (hoy CONAVI), órgano descentralizado de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL, creado por el Presidente de la República en el año 2001. Esta Comisión tiene como responsabilidad diseñar, promover, dirigir y coordinar la política nacional de vivienda. Aún cuando atiende a los diversos niveles, desde vivienda residencial hasta interés social, incide particularmente en esta última, vista ahora como un producto inmobiliario de muy alta rentabilidad, cuyo financiamiento está asegurado por los programas subsidiarios del gobierno, y es promovida, además, por el mismo sector público por considerarse un importante generador de actividad económica e impulsor del desarrollo del sector, creando un círculo virtuoso que inminentemente impacta los aspectos sociales y culturales aún en tiempos de recesión.
Si bien la producción de vivienda social se vio estimulada en todo el país, fue en la frontera norte, particularmente en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, donde el eco de este programa tuvo mayor magnitud. En ella se produjo la mayor producción de vivienda económica en cuatro ocasiones consecutivas, de 2004 a 2007, a nivel a nivel nacional. Ciudad Juárez es una de las 52 zonas metropolitanas de México, el principal polo de desarrollo del Estado en donde se asienta el 40.52% de la población de la entidad y la sexta ciudad en el país en cuanto a tamaño de habitantes se refiere. Aproximadamente el 82% de la PEA tiene ingresos iguales o menores a 4 salarios mínimos, lo cual la hace potencialmente beneficiaria de créditos de vivienda económica.
Este hecho puede tener diversas lecturas, sin embargo, la que ahora merece nuestra atención es el impacto que este fenómeno ha tenido en el suelo de uso habitacional y la participación que han tenido el sector público y el privado en su ocupación durante el periodo 2001 a 2006, así como la presión inmobiliaria que se ha ejercido y derivado en la ampliación del fundo legal del municipio sin estar esto considerado en el Plan de Desarrollo del Municipio de Juárez.
Los diferentes porcentajes de participación en la producción de vivienda social del sector público y privado con su proyección en la utilización de suelo, la ubicación de los conjuntos habitacionales desarrollados así como el número de acciones de vivienda realizadas de acuerdo a sus diversos tipos: social, media y residencial, al sumarse constituyen un importante segmento de la panorámica que habrá de llevarnos a conocer el impacto que la política nacional de vivienda ha tenido en la ciudad que ha sido su mejor receptora, y por tanto, su mejor ejemplificación.
A siete años de distancia, tenemos una ciudad segregada, desarticulada y con grandes superficies vacías a su interior. El crecimiento disperso y la cuestionable “demanda de vivienda” han producido un paisaje en donde los barrios consolidados lucen abandonados. A la par, un alto porcentaje de viviendas emplazadas en los nuevos fraccionamientos ni siquiera han sido habitadas ante la falta de accesibilidad a equipamiento y servicios urbanos.
El aval de las políticas públicas para adquirir una segunda vivienda, aún de interés social, ha hecho que éstas de incorporen al mercado de vivienda en renta pese a que ello se contrapone a su carácter social. En síntesis, tenemos que el apoyo incondicional a la producción de vivienda social sin visualizar sus efectos colaterales, han sido la piedra angular para la expansión irracional de las ciudades mexicanas. Mexico's housing policy, created in the year 2002, gave the private sector whole support to participate in the production of social housing. The first action of the federal government was creating the National Commission for Housing Support, (CONAFOVI, later CONAVI), a decentralized organization of the Secretary of Social Development, SEDESOL, created by the President on 2001. This Commission has the responsibility to design, promote, direct and coordinate the national housing policy, which despite supporting different housing levels, from high income to social housing, now seen this last one as a highly profitable real state product, whose credit is insured by the government's subsidies. The social housing is promoted by the public sector itself since its considered an important source of economic activity even while in times of a recession and to economic development is granted and being a support for the sector development, creating a virtuous circle which imminently impacts on social and cultural aspects.
Though social housing development was stimulated in the whole country, it was in the northern border, particularly in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, where the echoes of this program had a greater magnitude; so much that it is responsible for the biggest production of economical housing on four consecutive years, from 2004 to 2007, in the whole country. Ciudad Juarez is the main pole of development in the state, where 40.52% of the state's population resides and proximately 82% of the PEA has an income equal or less than four minimal wages, which makes it a potentially beneficiary of economic housing credits.
This fact can have several different readings, nevertheless the one now deserves our attention is the impact this phenomenon has had in the residential land use and the participation that the public and private sector have had in its occupation during the 2001 to 2006 period, as well as the real state pressure that has been exerted and is responsible for increasing the city limits without taking into account the Municipal Development Plan of Juarez.
The different percentages of participation in the production of social housing by the public and private sectors with their projection in the land use, the location of developed housing sectors and the number of housing actions that have taken place according to their diverse levels: social, middle and high income, when added constitute an important segment of the panorama that will take us to know the impact that the national housing policy has had in the city, which has been its main receptor, thus, its best example.
Seven years in time, we have a city that suffers from segregation, disarticulation and with a great amount of inner empty spaces. Disperse growth and the questionable "housing demand" have produced a scenery in which consolidated neighborhoods look abandoned; along side, a high percentage of built homes in the new neighborhoods have not been inhabited because of the lack of equipment and urban services.
The ability to acquire a second house, even if it is social level, has caused them to be incorporated to the rental market even though this contradicts their social character. In conclusion, we have found that unconditional support to the production of social housing without foreseeing its collateral effects has been a key factor for the irrational expansion in Mexican cities.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Holy See -Government"
1
Boix, Carles, Alícia Adserà und J. Mark Payne. Are You Being Served?: Political Accountability and Quality of Government. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010787.
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This paper explores, both formally and empirically, the political accountability mechanisms that lie behind the varying levels of public corruption and of effective governance taking place across nations. The first section develops a principal-agent model in which good governance is a function of the extent to which citizens can hold political officials accountable for their actions. Although policy-makers may have strong incentives to appropriate parts of the citizens' income, well-designed institutions (those increasing both informational flows and elite competitiveness) boost political accountability and reduce the space left for the appropriation of rents. The following sections of the paper test the model. The presence of democratic mechanisms of control and an increasingly informed electorate, measured through the frequency of newspaper readership, explain considerably well the distribution of corrupt practices and governmental ineffectiveness in three types of data sets: a large cross-section of countries in the late 1990s for which an extensive battery of governance indicators has been recently developed by Kaufmann et al. (1999a); a panel data set for the period 1980-95 and about 100 nations on corruption and bureaucratic quality based on experts' rankings; and corruption data for the cross-section of US states in the period 1977-95.
2
Nyirongo, Godwin, Chiya Mangwele, Hugh Bagnall-Oakeley, Callum Northcote, Jacqueline Chalemera, Mphatso Nowa, Phindile Lupafaya et al. Malawi Stories of Change in Nutrition: Funding for Nutrition. Save the Children, Civil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET), and Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.078.
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Malawi has strong policies and frameworks for nutrition but insufficient funding to implement them. Analyses of government budgets at national level and in 10 districts from financial years 2016/17 to 2022/23, found that domestic budget allocations for nutrition are still well below the 5% of national budget target set by the government. National budget allocations ranged between 0.5% to 3.7% depending on the year. At district level, they ranged from 0.2% to 1.6%, with only one district, in one financial year, exceeding the 1.5% target for district level nutrition budget allocations. Over 95% of nutrition activities in Malawi are currently funded by external donors. The absence of sufficient, consistent and dedicated domestic budget for nutrition at national and district level, means nutrition policies and plans will continue to be driven by, and dependent on, externally funded pilot-scale projects without national reach or ownership. Budget tracking is essential, as it provides data, which all actors can use to hold government to account on their commitments and funding targets.
3
Bano, Masooda, und Daniel Dyonisius. The Role of District-Level Political Elites in Education Planning in Indonesia: Evidence from Two Districts. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/109.
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Focus on decentralisation as a way to improve service delivery has led to significant research on the processes of education-policy adoption and implementation at the district level. Much of this research has, however, focused on understanding the working of the district education bureaucracies and the impact of increased community participation on holding teachers to account. Despite recognition of the role of political elites in prioritising investment in education, studies examining this, especially at the district-government level, are rare. This paper explores the extent and nature of engagement of political elites in setting the education-reform agenda in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia: Karawang (urban district) and Purwakarta (rural district). The paper shows that for a country where the state schooling system faces a serious learning crisis, the district-level political elites do show considerable levels of engagement with education issues: governments in both districts under study allocate higher percentages of the district-government budget to education than mandated by the national legislation. However, the attitude of the political elites towards meeting challenges to the provision of good-quality education appears to be opportunistic and tokenistic: policies prioritised are those that promise immediate visibility and credit-taking, help to consolidate the authority of the bupati (the top political position in the district-government hierarchy), and align with the ruling party’s political positioning or ideology. A desire to appease growing community demand for investment in education rather than a commitment to improving learning outcomes seems to guide the process. Faced with public pressure for increased access to formal employment opportunities, the political elites in the urban district have invested in providing scholarships for secondary-school students to ensure secondary school completion, even though the district-government budget is meant for primary and junior secondary schools. The bupati in the rural district, has, on the other hand, prioritised investment in moral education; such prioritisation is in line with the community's preferences, but it is also opportunistic, as increased respect for tradition also preserves reverence for the post of the bupati—a position which was part of the traditional governance system before being absorbed into the modern democratic framework. The paper thus shows that decentralisation is enabling communities to make political elites recognise that they want the state to prioritise education, but that the response of the political elites remains piecemeal, with no evidence of a serious commitment to pursuing policies aimed at improving learning outcomes. Further, the paper shows that the political culture at the district level reproduces the problems associated with Indonesian democracy at the national level: the need for cross-party alliances to hold political office, and resulting pressure to share the spoils. Thus, based on the evidence from the two districts studied for this paper, we find that given the competitive and clientelist nature of political settlements in Indonesia, even the district level political elite do not seem pressured to prioritise policies aimed at improving learning outcomes.
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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.
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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
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Kimhi, Ayal, Barry Goodwin, Ashok Mishra, Avner Ahituv und Yoav Kislev. The dynamics of off-farm employment, farm size, and farm structure. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695877.bard.
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Objectives: (1) Preparing panel data sets for both the United States and Israel that contain a rich set of farm attributes, such as size, specialization, and output composition, and farmers’ characteristics such as off-farm employment status, education, and family composition. (2) Developing an empirical framework for the joint analysis of all the endogenous variables of interest in a dynamic setting. (3) Estimating simultaneous equations of the endogenous variables using the panel data sets from both countries. (4) Analyzing, using the empirical results, the possible effects of economic policies and institutional changes on the dynamics of the farm sector. An added objective is analyzing structural changes in farm sectors in additional countries. Background: Farm sectors in developed countries, including the U.S. and Israel, have experienced a sharp decline in their size and importance during the second half of the 20th century. The overall trend is towards fewer and larger farms that rely less on family labor. These structural changes have been a reaction to changes in technology, in government policies, and in market conditions: decreasing terms of trade, increasing alternative opportunities, and urbanization pressures. As these factors continue to change, so does the structure of the agricultural sector. Conclusions: We have shown that all major dimensions of structural changes in agriculture are closely interlinked. These include farm efficiency, farm scale, farm scope (diversification), and off-farm labor. We have also shown that these conclusions hold and perhaps even become stronger whenever dynamic aspects of structural adjustments are explicitly modeled using longitudinal data. While the results vary somewhat in the different applications, several common features are observed for both the U.S. and Israel. First, the trend towards the concentration of farm production in a smaller number of larger farm enterprises is likely to continue. Second, at the micro level, increased farm size is negatively associated with increased off-farm labor, with the causality going both ways. Third, the increase in farm size is mostly achieved by diversifying farm production into additional activities (crops or livestock). All these imply that the farm sector converges towards a bi-modal farm distribution, with some farms becoming commercial while the remaining farm households either exit farming altogether or continue producing but rely heavily on off-farm income. Implications: The primary scientific implication of this project is that one should not analyze a specific farm attribute in isolation. We have shown that controlling for the joint determination of the various farm and household attributes is crucial for obtaining meaningful empirical results. The policy implications are to some extent general but could be different in the two countries. The general implication is that farm policy is an important determinant of structural changes in the farm sector. For the U.S., we have shown the different effects of coupled and decoupled (direct) farm payments on the various farm attributes, and also shown that it is important to take into account the joint farm-household decisions in order to conduct a meaningful policy analysis. Only this kind of analysis explains the indirect effect of direct farm payments on farm production decisions. For Israel, we concluded that farm policy (or lack of farm policy) has contributed to the fast structural changes we observed over the last 25 years. The sharp change of direction in farm policy that started in the early 1980s has accelerated structural changes that could have been smoother otherwise. These accelerated structural changes most likely lead to welfare losses in rural areas.
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Social, Psychological and Health Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on the Elderly: South African and Italian Perspectives. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0069.
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The Panel discussion titled “The Presidential Employment Stimulus: Research Opportunities”, was hosted on 10 December 2020 by the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) at the Science Forum South Africa (SFSA) 2020. The Presidential Employment Stimulus was launched in parliament on 15 October as part of government’s Economic Recovery Strategy. It directly funds 800,000 employment opportunities that are being implemented within the current financial year, but it is anticipated that it will also become a medium-term programme. The stimulus includes public employment programmes, job retention programmes and direct support to livelihoods. The single largest programme is run by the Department of Basic Education, which, in the last fortnight, recruited 300,000 young people as school assistants, to assist schools to deal with the setbacks faced as a result of the pandemic. The stimulus supports employment in the environmental sector and over 75,000 subsistence producers are receiving production grants through an input voucher scheme. There is a once-off grant to assist over 100,000 registered and unregistered Early Childhood Development Practitioners back on their feet, as well as a significant stimulus to the creative sector. The session set out to provide an introduction to the Presidential Employment Stimulus Programme (PESP), a key programme within government’s economic recovery plan led by Dr Kate Philip. The key objective was to get input from the research community on how the work that they are already doing and future work could contribute to the M&E efforts and be augmented in such a way that the PESP could become a medium-term programme. The DSI plans to hold further engagements in 2021 to mobilise the wider research community to provide evidence-based research in order to shape the research agenda that would support the M&E work and identify short-term issues that need to be factored into the department’s work plans, under the guidance of Dr Philip.