Thematische Bibliographien / History of the international relations of the XVIth century

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „History of the international relations of the XVIth century“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "History of the international relations of the XVIth century"

Tikhonova, Oxana. „The problem of the use of the term “Portuguese Aljamía”“. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, Nr. 4 (2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020814-2.

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The portuguese term “Aljamía” means ʻtexts in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ since the beginning of the XXth century under the influence of D. Lopes. The word “Aljamía” appears in Portuguese documents of the XVth century to designate the Portuguese language as it was perceived by the Moors. Thus, the word “aljamía” has two meanings: the historical ʻforeign languageʼ (Portuguese) and the modern ʻtext in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ. These meanings correspond to the Spanish “Aljamía” and “Aljamiado”. However, not all scientists agree with the terminological use of the word “Aljamía” as an analogue of the Spanish “Aljamiado”. The term “Aljamía” technically means portuguese texts in Arabic script, but it has other cultural and historical references. Spanish texts in “Aljamiado” were created by Spanish Muslims who lost their knowledge of Arabic in the period after the Reconquista (XIII–XVII). The Arabic script was a sign of their cultural and religious identity. The reason for the use of Arabic alphabet in Portuguese documents (XVIth century) is different. The Arab governors of the portuguese colonies in Africa had to address their reports directly to the Portuguese king. They knew Portuguese only in spoken form and used the Arabic alphabet to write down the Portuguese language. These documents are an important source in the history of the Portuguese language, especially in historical phonetics. However, from a cultural and historical point of view, they are not comparable with Spanish and cannot belong to the corpus of manuscripts in “Aljamiado”.

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Troebst, Stefan. „1667 – A Threshold Year? Debating the ‘Breakthrough of the Modern Age’ in Muscovite Russia“. Revue de Synthèse 139, Nr. 1-2 (31.12.2018): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552343-13900003.

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Abstract In this article of 1995, which had been translated into Russian already in 2013, the German Historian Stefan Troebst studied the question of the « breakthrough of the modern age » in Russia, usually attributed to tsar Peter I « the Great », suspecting that the new Era had in fact begun earlier, in the XVIIth century. After a theoretical reflexion about periodization in history, and its application to the history of Russia, he demonstrates that the « threshold year » takes place in 1667, examining this theory from different points of view: state and institutions, international relations, economical policy, religion, culture and fine arts. But this modernization has also caused violent revolts and oppositions during the reign of tsar Alexis Mikhailovitch.

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Xhelilaj, Ermal, und Osman Metalla. „The Fundamental Legal Notion and Codification of the International Law of the Sea“. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 9, Nr. 1 (20.03.2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n101.

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The development of the public international law of the sea is considered a legal element inseparable from the historical-legal process of the adoption and development of international law in general. Although the basic concepts of general maritime legislation are found in the customary maritime law of ancient Rome and Greece, as well as in the rules of medieval maritime codes created by Hispanic, Italian, and English city-states between the 11th and XVth centuries in Europe, the law of the sea in the contemporary sense of the term, was adopted as a result of interrelations between European states with maritime interests during the period known as the modern or post-medieval era of history. International law of the sea, as it is considered today, developed only when the necessity of the creation of independent territorial states enabled the true development of international relations in Europe. This radical change in the international system, the beginnings of which can be found in the historical developments of the Conference of Westphalia in 1648, can not be considered a separate event, but reflects a complex process characterized by a slow and silent historical development of which has progressed from the sixteenth century onwards, to the twenty-first century. Received: 27 December 2021 / Accepted: 10 March 2022 / Published: 20 March 2022

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Pitts, Jennifer. „International relations and the critical history of International Law“. International Relations 31, Nr. 3 (September 2017): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817726227.

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Just as the contemporary global structure is a product of nineteenth-century economic and political developments, namely, industrial capitalism and global empires dominated by European metropoles, a misleading conception of the international system as composed of formally equal sovereign states is a product of the same period, as Vattel’s conception of states as equal moral persons was taken up and transformed in the early nineteenth century, especially in imperial Britain. This model continues to shape interpretations of global politics in International Relations (IR), despite the persistence of the imperial legacy in the form of a stratified globe. Historical work informed by postcolonial studies and recent scholarship in International Law can give IR greater analytical and critical purchase on the current global order.

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Puchala, Donald J. „The History of the Future of International Relations“. Ethics & International Affairs 8 (März 1994): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00164.x.

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Most of the significant philosophies of history, ” Pitirim Sorokin observed, and “most of the intelligible interpretations of historical events…have…appeared either in periods of serious crisis, catastrophe, and transitional disintegration, or immediately More or alter such periods.” The twentieth century has been an age of continuing crisis in world politics. In terms of lives sacrificed to political idols, our century, in almost every interpretation, has been a profound catastrophe. This century's last decade is indeed a time of transitional disintegration.

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TEOMAN, Özgür, und Cumali BOZPİNAR. „The Development of the Silk Industry in the Ottoman Bursa: An Analysis of Periodization“. Gazi Akademik Bakış 15, Nr. 30 (15.06.2022): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19060/gav.1131125.

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There are a limited number of studies on the periodization analysis of the historical development of a single sector in Ottoman economic history literature. This study puts forward a periodic analysis of the sector in order to reveal the economic development characteristics of the Ottoman Bursa silk industry. In the study, four turning points where the transformation took place in terms of roduction relations and conditions were determined and the periodic analysis focused on these four periods. The city of Bursa became a silk production and trade center after it came under Ottoman rule. The fluctuations in the demand level of European countries for fabrics between the second half of the XVIth century and the first quarter of the XIXth century caused the silk industry to enter an unstable process, despite maintaining its commercial importance. With the inclusion of the Ottoman country in the center-periphery relationship after 1830, the existing production relations in the sector underwent a process of transformation. The transformation aspect in this century was deindustrialization in silk weaving and increased specialization in raw silk production as a result of technological development and the sector passed to the capitalist stage, provided that it was limited to raw silk production. The last breaking point in silk sector was the transfer of raw silk tax revenues to the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (Düyun-ı Umumiye Administration).

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Boland, Brian. „Keylor, The Twentieth-Century World - An International History“. Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 22, Nr. 2 (01.09.1997): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.22.2.92-93.

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This is an excellent text for an upper-level course in international affairs. It is about national interests, the "power, prestige, and prosperity" of nations in the twentieth century. Drawing upon secondary sources, Keylor has sifted them and written a clear story about power politics. He has made a special effort to include in this new edition explanations about the economic relations among nations and a narrative of the dramatic changes in Eastern Europe with the collapse of the U.S.S.R. Recent events in the Mid-East and Yugoslavia are also included.

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Agensky, Jonathan C. „Recognizing religion: Politics, history, and the “long 19th century”“. European Journal of International Relations 23, Nr. 4 (12.01.2017): 729–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066116681428.

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Analyses of religion and international politics routinely concern the persistence of religion as a critical element in world affairs. However, they tend to neglect the constitutive interconnections between religion and political life. Consequently, religion is treated as exceptional to mainstream politics. In response, recent works focus on the relational dimensions of religion and international politics. This article advances an “entangled history” approach that emphasizes the constitutive, relational, and historical dimensions of religion — as a practice, discursive formation, and analytical category. It argues that these public dimensions of religion share their conditions of possibility and intelligibility in a political order that crystallized over the long 19th century. The neglect of this period has enabled International Relations to treat religion with a sense of closure at odds with the realities of religious political behavior and how it is understood. Refocusing on religion’s historical entanglements recovers the concept as a means of explaining international relations by “recognizing” how it is constituted as a category of social life. Beyond questions of the religious and political, this article speaks to renewed debates about the role of history in International Relations, proposing entanglement as a productive framing for international politics more generally.

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Barbakadze, Sophio. „Concept of Terrorism in International Relations“. Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 2, Nr. 1 (10.11.2023): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2009.27.

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Terrorism is already recognized as a main threat to the international system in the XXI century, rightly compared with the Cold War problem in the 20th century. After the notorious 9/11 events, the issue of terrorism has prevailed over such serious problems as proliferation, organized crime, etc. Thus study of terrorism is increasingly becoming one of the most challenging activities. Terrorism is an extremely complicated phenomenon, making its study quite difficult. The scholars need to count with a variety of details, often leading them to confusion. Thus a number of directions for study of terrorism had been singled out, including definition of the concept itself; history of terrorism; theoretical explanation of terrorism; and finally-the various forms of terrorism.

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Gozzi, Gustavo. „History of International Law and Western Civilization“. International Community Law Review 9, Nr. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "History of the international relations of the XVIth century"

Fontvieille, Damien. „La galaxie Bochetel : un clan de pouvoir au service de la couronne de France de Louis XII à Louis XIII“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL144.

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Cette thèse étudie un groupe de familles alliées au XVIe siècle, formant un clan de pouvoir aux vastes dimensions. Guillaume Bochetel, secrétaire d’État de 1547 à sa mort en 1558, est l’architecte de ce clan. Par les alliances nouées pour ses enfants, il a rassemblé autour de lui plusieurs familles de robins en ascension par le service du roi, les L’Aubespine, les Bourdin, les Morvillier notamment qui, à leur tour, ont apporté leurs propres alliés, comme les Neufville ou les Brulart. L’étude est menée du XVe siècle, moment où plusieurs familles se mettent au service des princes dans le Val de Loire, et le début du XVIIe siècle lorsque le clan se délite progressivement, laissant pour héritier politique Villeroy, secrétaire d’État de Charles IX à Louis XIII. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence un groupe de pouvoir particulier, marqué par une forte solidarité, et l’importance des liens du sang, dont les membres exercent les plus hautes charges sous les Valois. Ils détiennent la plupart des secrétariats d’État entre 1547 et 1588 et occupent régulièrement des charges diplomatiques en Europe. Le fonctionnement d’un tel clan, avec ses rivalités, les rôles dévolus à chacun, et ses différentes figures est mis en avant. Le clan, par son ancrage en Berry, où il dispose de nombreux alliés, permet également d’examiner la manière dont se noue le dialogue entre la cour de France et les provinces. Les hommes et les femmes du clan ont en partage une identité sociale particulière, entre haute robe cultivée et noblesse. Ce clan offre ainsi un miroir des transformations de la monarchie française à l’époque moderne, entre État domestique et naissance progressif d’une administration expérimentée
This thesis study a familial group which composes a clan of power whose extension is very large. Guillaume Bochetel, secretary of State between 1547 and his death in 1558, is the architect of this clan. Through the alliances forged for his children he has reunited around him several families of “robins” who move up the social ladder thanks the service of the king, such as the L’Aubespine, the Bourdin or the Morvillier who in turn have brought their own allies, such as the Neufville or the Brulart. The study covers a period between the 15th century, when several families start serving the princes of the Val de Loire and the beginning of the 17th century when the clan is progressively fading away leaving Villeroy as the political heir, secretary of State between Charles IX and Louis XIII. The purpose is to underline a particular group of power marked by a strong solidarity and the importance of blood links, whose members hold the highest offices under the Valois. They possess the majority of the secretaries of State between 1547 and 1588 and are regularly sent as diplomates in Europe. The functioning of this clan with its rivalries, the roles given to each member and its different figures is outlined. The clan, through his allies in Berry, allows to study the dialog between the French court and the provinces. The men and women of this clan share a particular social identity, between the “haute robe” and the nobility. This clan offers also a mirror of the transformations of the French monarchy in the modern era, between a domestic state and the progressive birth of an experimented administration

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Harris, Steven M. „Between Law and Diplomacy| International Dispute Resolution in the Long Nineteenth Century“. Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3723630.

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From late in the eighteenth century through World War I, states increasingly resolved their differences through arbitration; entering into over 1000 agreements to address past controversies and provide for future disputes. Rather than relying entirely on traditional diplomatic methods, states responded to the practical needs of an increasingly complex, commercial, and bureaucratic world. They used mechanisms with some legalistic components; although these procedures remained under political control. Arbitration never prevented a war; the efforts of the Anglo-American peace movement, later augmented by continental activities and the rise of the international legal community, had but small and indirect effects. While appearing responsive to the new influence of public opinion, states only made agreements to arbitrate that were highly controlled and which typically encompassed only relationships and parties for whom war was already quite unlikely. Western powers also extensively used arbitral agreements to resolve and protect their imperial interests, both formal and informal.

The traditional historiography of this field has been skewed by its emergence out of that peace movement, with its millennial, liberal, Eurocentric, and juridical biases. As a result, the significance of the Vienna settlements in launching the modern arbitral process has been overlooked, the Jay Treaty and the "Alabama Claims" case have been mythologized, the distinctive role of Latin American states has been sidelined, and the meaning of the Hague Conferences has been misunderstood.

States are political animals and their "states' system" was effective in using arbitration as a shared tool while preserving their essential political discretion and managing their domestic and international publics.

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Dumitrescu, Theodor. „The early Tudor court and international musical relations /“. Aldershot [u.a.] : Ashgate, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016142806&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Revised Thesis (doctoral)--University of Oxford, 2004.
Foreign cultural models at the English royal court -- International events and musical exchanges -- Building a foreign musical establishment at the early Tudor court -- Anglo-continental relations in music manuscripts -- English music theory and the international traditions. Includes bibliographical references (p. [297]-315) and index.

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Encinas-Valenzuela, Jesus Ernesto. „Mexican foreign policy and UN peacekeeping operation s in the 21st century“. Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2502.

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On December 1, 2000 a new administration took over the presidency of MeÌ xico. This event was especially anticipated because the new president, Vicente Fox, was coming from a different party than the PRI, the old official party. The arrival of President Fox brought important changes in the way of governing; with the moral obligation to be different, since the beginning of his administration one of the main goals was incline to pursue a more dynamic participation by Mexico in the political issues of the world. This was to be accomplished by taking up several measures that included enhancing economic trade with the United States and other nations, world summits in Mexico, improvement of human rights and others. Among those plans one attracted special attention when Mexico asked for a seat as a non-permanent member in the UN Security Council for the period 2002-2003 the third time in Mexican history. There were divided opinions on the subject because Mexico would be directly involved in UN decisions concerning internal situations of other countries, something that goes against the foreign policy principles of MeÌ xico. Eventually this discussion opened doors for other topics; one of them was the possibility of Mexico participating actively in peacekeeping operations by sending troops overseas; this initiated a biter debate in the political sphere. This study analyzes Mexican Foreign Policy and the historical perspective of the foreign principles stated in the Mexican Constitution[alpha]s article 89, followed by a discussion of their influence and interpretation in the politicalmilitary environment before and during the administration of President Fox. The study includes the analysis includes the new social and political scenario that MeÌ xico is facing in order to determine the odds and obstacles when dealing with military participation overseas. As MeÌ xico takes its place in the community of nations, the country[alpha]s leadership needs to search for possible options and test whether the new Mexican political apparatus has the flexibility to address current threats and requirements for international security. An analysis on the capabilities of the Mexican Armed Forces is also necessary in order to determine their capacity to execute multinational operations. Finally bring out the real benefits and/or risks from getting Mexico involved in these kinds of operations are identified.

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Widmaier, Wesley William. „A constructivist theory of international monetary relations monetary understandings, state interests in cooperation, and the construction of crises (1929-2001) /“. Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3036613.

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Bruneau, Quentin. „Knowing sovereigns : forms of knowledge and the changing practice of sovereign lending“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:127b0026-030f-417d-9cb8-f871936d6227.

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This thesis examines how sovereign lending, i.e. the practice of lending capital to sovereigns, has changed since the early nineteenth century. It tackles this question by investigating how lenders have thought about sovereigns for the past two centuries, focusing on the tools they have used to know and represent them. I argue that there was a critical shift in the early twentieth century in terms of the kinds of knowledge lenders deployed to know sovereigns. This shift differentiates the old sovereign lending from the new. In the old sovereign lending, merchant banking families such as the Rothschilds knew sovereigns through intensely personal relations based on gentility, whereas in the new sovereign lending, joint stock banks, credit rating agencies and international institutions largely came to know sovereigns through statistics. Though difficult to imagine nowadays, the description of sovereigns through quantifiable facts (the original definition of 'statistics') was revolutionary for early twentieth century lenders. Despite constituting the origins of sovereign credit ratings, this key shift has been overlooked in all major studies about sovereign debt. The new sovereign lending rose to prominence from the interwar period to the 1970s and now defines our world. The identification of this crucial shift is based on the development and application of the concept of forms of knowledge. Forms of knowledge refer to enduring ways of knowing and representing the constituent units of the international system used by international practitioners (e.g. diplomats, military strategists, financiers, and international lawyers). Examples of forms of knowledge include, but are not limited to, modern cartography, international treaties, statistics, gentility, and heraldry. The use of this concept is that it leads to a better understanding of how international practitioners and their practices undergo radical changes. In so doing, it provides a firmer empirical grasp on the question of how fundamental discontinuities arise in international relations.

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Schulz, Carsten-Andreas. „On the standing of states : Latin America in nineteenth-century international society“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05459d05-0dfa-4220-bbdc-42e3df63d71a.

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The present dissertation offers a critical examination of the place accorded to Latin American states in the English School account of the expansion of international society. It pursues two aims. First, the study contributes to understanding the nature and scope of international order, and its historical transformation over the course of the 'long nineteenth century'. Because of the profound impact that European colonization had on the region, the English School has conventionally treated the entry of Latin American states into international society as an unproblematic historical fact achieved with diplomatic recognition in the 1820s. The crucial cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, however, indicate that more attention needs to the paid to the hierarchical nature of the international order. The central argument of this historical-comparative study posits that the three Latin American states were recognized diplomatically, but they were not regarded as fully-fledged members of the community of 'civilized' states. Second, the dissertation examines the implications of hierarchy in international politics. Building on a critique of the legal-formalist conception of 'standing' in English School theorizing, three ideal-typical dimensions of international stratification are identified: the distribution of material capabilities (stature), the function states perform in international society (role), and estimations of honour and prestige (status) among states. The interpretative framework sheds light on how agents understand international society, and the way in which they deal with its hierarchical nature. The study analyzes how Latin American elites perceived the standing of their state, and how these perceptions shaped politics through their corresponding 'logics of social action'. The study finds that nineteenth-century elites in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil conceived of the standing of their states predominantly in terms of status, and demonstrates how these perceptions informed politics.

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Johnston, Seth Allen. „How NATO endures : an institutional analysis“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711650.

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Askew, Joseph Benjamin. „The status of Tibet in the diplomacy of China, Britain, the United States and India, 1911-1959“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha8356.pdf.

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"June 2002" Bibliography: leaves 229-270. This thesis examines the changes in diplomacy of China, the West, Tibet and India from 1911 to 1951, while Tibet functioned as an independent country, and during 1951 to 1959 while under Chinese control. Tibet maintained its own currency, government, armed forces and way of life until 1959. The thesis also examines the cultural shifts in the political, social and military spheres in these countries. It assumes that the general world trend in political life has been towards increasingly intolerant and extreme politics. If Tibet remains part of China with little chance of resuming independence, it is because the Chinese government and people were quicker to adopt radical Western philosophies than the Tibetans were.

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Lin, Lidan. „The Rhetoric of Posthumanism in Four Twentieth-Century International Novels“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278990/.

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The dissertation traces the trope of the incomplete character in four twentieth-century cosmopolitan novels that reflect European colonialism in a global context. I argue that, by creating characters sharply aware of the insufficiency of the Self and thus constantly seeking the constitutive participation of the Other, the four authors E. M. Forster, Samuel Beckett, J. M. Coetzee, and Congwen Shen all dramatize the incomplete character as an agent of postcolonial resistance to Western humanism that, tending to enforce the divide between the Self and the Other, provided the epistemological basis for the emergence of European colonialism. For example, Fielding's good-willed aspiration to forge cross-cultural friendship in A Passage to India; Murphy's dogged search for recognition of his Irish identity in Murphy; Susan's unfailing compassion to restore Friday's lost speech in Foe; and Changshun Teng, the Chinese orange-grower's warm-hearted generosity toward his customers in Long River--all these textual occasions dramatize the incomplete character's anxiety over the Other's rejection that will impair the fullness of his or her being, rendering it solitary and empty. I relate this anxiety to the theory of "posthumanism" advanced by such thinkers as Marx, Bakhtin, Sartre, and Lacan; in their texts the humanist view of the individual as an autonomous constitution has undergone a transformation marked by the emphasis on locating selfhood not in the insular and static Self but in the mutable middle space connecting the Self and the Other.

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Bücher zum Thema "History of the international relations of the XVIth century"

1947-, Cox Michael, Hrsg. Twentieth century international relations. London: SAGE, 2006.

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Macmillan, Margaret Olwen. The uneasy century: International relations, 1900-1990. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1996.

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Kocho-Williams, Alastair. Russia's international relations in the twentieth century. London: Routledge, 2012.

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Prindle, Tamae K. Japan in the 20th century: International perspectives. Denver, Colo: Center for Japan Studies, 1999.

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The twentieth-century world: An international history. 3. Aufl. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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The twentieth-century world: An international history. 2. Aufl. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Keylor, William R. The Twentieth-century world: An international history. 2. Aufl. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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The twentieth-century world: An international history. 4. Aufl. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Russia's international relations in the twentieth century. London: Routledge, 2012.

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Klaus-Gerd, Giesen, und Pijl Kees van der, Hrsg. Global norms in the twenty-first century. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press., 2006.

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Buchteile zum Thema "History of the international relations of the XVIth century"

Nicholson, Michael. „A Brief History of the Twentieth Century“. In International Relations, 45–67. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26481-0_4.

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Bryan, Anthony T. „Caribbean international relations at the turn of the century“. In General History of the Caribbean, 369–400. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73773-4_11.

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Wang, Xiaofu. „The Establishment of the East Asian International Order in the Seventh Century“. In The History of China–Japan Relations, 57–88. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5599-0_2.

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Silverstone, Scott A. „Liberal International Relations Theory and the Military“. In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_104-1.

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AbstractWhile much of the study and practice of international relations is anchored in the centuries-old tradition of realism, this chapter explores the important contributions that another theoretical tradition, liberalism, has made to the study of international security and the role of military power. Emerging from Enlightenment beliefs about the rationality of individuals and the potential for progress in human affairs, liberal theories and policy ideas have focused on offering alternative means for states seeking security, alternatives that might break the endless competition and warfare that realists see as inevitable in an anarchic world. Liberal theories emphasize how rules and institutions can help self-interested states achieve mutual interests, they see economic interdependence as a potent incentive for states to avoid war, and they argue that democracies enjoy more peaceful relations with other democracies. The chapter traces the history of liberal international relations theory as it matured in response to the mass violence and chaos of the twentieth century, and it examines a number of examples – like European integration, the post-World War II global economic order, and the control of nuclear weapons – to showcase how liberal ideas in practice might reduce the dangers of war and enhance the prospects for global cooperation.

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Williams, Andrew. „The IR That Dare Not Speak Its Name: The French Extreme (and Not so Extreme) Right in the 1930s and Its Lessons from and to the History of Thought in International Relations“. In Radicals and Reactionaries in Twentieth-Century International Thought, 101–22. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137520623_5.

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Ehrich, Martha Emilie. „Networked Industry Survival“. In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54324-1_1.

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AbstractThis chapter introduces the reader to the deeply entrenched relation of capitalist networks and the Dutch paper industry. The production of paper from rags—old and torn cloth—already existed in pre-industrial seventeenth-century Netherlands and continued well into the nineteenth century. Initially, the chapter conducts an international comparison of this well-established industry before delving into a more detailed exploration of the four dimensions of networks in capitalism: technology, state-industry relations, competition and cooperation, and labor-capital relations. The chapter concludes by outlining the methodology used to historicize the industry across four phases of capitalism: the rise of Dutch capitalism (1580–1815), Dutch monarchic liberalism (1815–1914), Fordism (1914–1980), and post-Fordism (1980 until now).

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Cora, Zoltán. „Johan Béla és a modern magyar közegészségügy kiépítése“. In Fontes et Libri, 23–44. Szeged, Hungary: Szegedi Tudományegyetem, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/btk.2023.sje.3.

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The relationship between the Horthy era (1920–1944) and the communist era shows continuities if it is examined from a social historical perspective. The paper contributes to the reinterpretation of these relations by looking at Hungarian health care in the 1930s and 1940s with a focus on the relationship between international transfers and path dependency in forging health care reforms. I argue that the achievements communists regarded as inventions of socialism in health care and the welfare state had already been developed thoroughly in the 1930s and 1940s. It was only because of the strict wartime budget of the early 1940s that these welfare reforms had not been realised. With the help of internal affairs documents, essays on health care, and official statistics records in the National Archives of Hungary and the Semmelweis Library and Archives of Medical History in Budapest as well as press material, I demonstrate that, even if communists depicted the interwar period as “fascist and imperialist”, the health care system of the so-called “productive social policy” showed continuities. Moreover, social policy makers of the 1930s and early 1940s, such as Béla Johan, Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer and Béla Kovrig, also designed welfare and health care reforms for the post-war period by both developing already existing Hungarian programmes and selectively adapting foreign welfare models (American management principles, the Alsace scheme, and the Beveridge Plan). The study investigates Hungarian health care in view of the theory of path dependency and the macrohistorical convergence thesis developed by Béla Tomka (on the question of East-West convergence). It is within this framework that the paper addresses the issue of health care transfers to better understand the development of 20th -century European health care systems by identifying similarities and differences in their development as well as to speculate on the trajectory of various political solutions to social challenges, including health care.

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Bozzo, Luciano. „La guerra pensata: narrazioni, teoria, prassi“. In Studi e saggi, 69–79. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-595-0.06.

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The study of war and strategy has been at the core of the theory of international relations since the birth of the academic discipline. Strategy is a key factor in any conflict, first of all in violent conflicts. Military strategy is the bridge between politics and war. Strategic studies have mainly focused on military doctrines and the means to wage war for too long a time. Limited attention was paid to the cultural dimension of violent confrontations. Then, in the second half of the XX century the Western attention to the technological dimension of war became almost obsessive. However, if war is the continuation of politics by other means we must be aware that the human factor is of utmost importance among those “means”. The willingness of soldiers to sacrifice their life on the battlefield is the precondition to wage war. At the same time, it is also the basis of any political obligation. Hence, death is the continuation of politics by other means. Various “narratives” of war have been created in history in order to justify the individual commitment to fight and eventually die in war to attain political aims. Starting in the classical age the Western world has been developing two related narratives of war: the republican model and the decisive battle one. According to the first one the good citizen was a good soldier too, and vice-versa, while the second required the concentration of violence in space and time to break the enemy’s will to fight in the shortest possible time. The two concepts gave both moral and military sense to the violent, insensate, and chaotic environment of the battle. After the end of the cold war in most Western countries such a way of thinking on the relationship between war and politics has been undermined by several factors, first of all the unwillingness to sacrifice one’s life in war. The readiness to die in order to attain a political aim has almost vanished. On the contrary, the concept of the “decisive battle” has survived thanks to technological evolution. As a consequence, on the one hand, old figures of warriors reappeared on the battlefield: soldiers of fortune, God’s fighters, pirates, and criminals. On the other, the unwillingness to die coupled to the strategic archetype of the decisive battle is bringing more and more machines and AI into war, making it both post-heroic and post-human.

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Humphreys, David. „The International Relations of Global Environmental Change“. In Twentieth Century International History. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755626076.ch-014.

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„NATION, STATE, AND EMPIRE IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY“. In History and International Relations. Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350113077.ch-009.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "History of the international relations of the XVIth century"

Kazenkov, Oleg Iurevich. „History of Relations Between Argentina and Countries of Latin America and the United States in XXI Century“. In All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, chair Dmitrij Nikolaevich Ermakov. Publishing house Sreda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97354.

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The article analyzes the history of difficult relations between the United States and Latin American countries in recent times. The author, using a wide source base, examines the prospects for US participation in the overthrow of legitimate political regimes in the States of the region.

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Sallai, János, und Johanna Farkas. „21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY“. In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.4.21.p24.

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It is impossible to separate the public police organization from the modern state. King Louis XIV was the founder of the first centrally organized and uniform police force in 1667. A book related to the work of the police was first published in 1705 under the title "Traité de la police". It outlines the three main activities of the police, which are economic regulation, measures of the public order, and general rules of hygiene. The first head of Police and his 44 police commissioners' work was assisted by police inspectors beginning in 1709. The police also appeared on German territory, and the works of Lorenz von Stein, Otto Mayer, and Robert von Mohl are still dominant in Europe nowadays. This study examines books, journals, and legal documents to present the development of the law enforcement and the modern challenges of policing in Hungary. Our country celebrated the establishment of the central police last year. In the 20th century there was a development in modern policing and literature, as well as the emergence of modern police officer training. After World War II, a Soviet law enforcement model was imitated in which there was state security, secrecy, and Soviet police character. Although research of historical and theoretical studies of policing was forbidden, after the Revolution of 1989, the research of law enforcement theory was completed. Globalisation has created new sources of danger (e.g. terrorism, cybercrime), driven by a lack of borders and the expansion of international relations (Farkas, 2016). We can only meet the new challenges with the deepening of international law enforcement cooperation. Keywords: law enforcement, globalisation, data-transmission revolution, security

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Georgieva, Teodora. „THE HISTORY OF THE DUBROVNIK AND BRASOV TRADING ON BULGARIAN LANDS, ACCORDING TO THE CYRILLIC SOURCES (13TH–14TH C.)“. In THE PATH OF CYRIL AND METHODIUS – SPATIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS. Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59076/2815-3855.2023.33.20.

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From the end of 12th c. and the first half of 13th century, the Dubrovnik merchants steadily directed their economic interests to the inland of the Balkan Peninsula and purposefully developed overland trade. With the Dubrovnik charter (1230), the agricultural relations between the Bulgarian State and Ragusa were officially granted regulation. The relationship between Bulgarian and Dubrovnik had grown even in the 352 50s of the 13th century, under the reign of Michael II Asen. Trade-Economical and political contacts found their way into the newly written official document on the 15th of June 1253. This act established the release of paying kommerkion, which income to the fisc would be considered high. This way rights of the Bulgarian representatives were regulated, realizing trading on the land of Ragusa. Shown bilateral relations between Bulgaria and Dubrovnik reflect political and economic processes occurring in the Balkans during the first half of the 13th century. The amplified participation of foreign merchants, firstly the people from Dubrovnik then continued with people from Venice and Genoa, allowed the Bulgarian country to join in on the international trade. The said liveliness in the trade gave decent economic growth for the country and generated said financial resources. The relationship between the two countries continued for a hundred more years, especially with the Vidin kingdom of Joan Stratsimir. Vidin acted as a bridge linking Ragusa with Wallachia, which enabled them to participate in international trade. Mentioning the Vidin kingdom and the activity of the trading, this inevitably points to the Brasov charter, issued by Joan Stratsimir. This document represents a reporting message to the notables of Brasov city (Kronstadt), informing the citizens to roam and trade freely in the lands ruled by Joan Stratsimir. The review of these Cyrillic sources, like the Dobrovnik charter, the contract from 1253 and the document in favour of the citizens of Brasov, indicates that the Bulgarian lands actively participated in the trading. The more foreign representatives there were, it required regulations on the exchange. From the available documents, we know that legal relations were realized with the people from Dubrovnik, Venice and Genoa and citizens of Brasov. Considering the documents, they serve as facts of the entry of the exchange in the legal frameworks of the Bulgarian country, also the relations with foreign countries and the economic development during the 13th–14th c. period.

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Vradiy, Sergey. „DATING THE MAP OF RUSSIA AND RECORDS OF THE LANDS LOCATED ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE RIVER“. In 10th International Conference "Issues of Far Eastern Literatures (IFEL 2022)". St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063770.24.

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Two rare sources, the Map of Russia (《俄國輿地圖》) and the Records of the Lands Located on the Left Bank of the River (《江左輿地記》), are of considerable interest to those who study the 19th century history of border interactions between Russia, Korea, and China, or the history of the Korean community in the Primorskiy region of Russia. These rare documents assumed to be one of the first attempts to represent 19th century Russia by Koreans. It appeared at a time when the Korean royal court, trying to get rid of China’ centuries-old trusteeship, to limit Japan’s colonial aspirations, and to find an alternative for the encroachments from Western countries, began to strengthen its relations with Russia. The author discusses the manuscripts authorship, the probable time of its writing, while using newly found materials from archives of Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Academia Sinica (Taiwan), and evaluates the significance of the said documents.

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Nəciyev, Elnur, und Günay Nəciyeva. „The History of Mausoleum of Sheikh Juneyd“. In International Symposium Sheikh Zahid Gilani in the 800th Year of His Birth. Namiq Musalı, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59402/ees01201823.

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The Safavid Empire, which is one of the most glorious pages in the history of the statehood of our nation, played an important role in the statehood history, international relations, and military-political life not only of Azerbaijan but also of the South Caucasus as a whole, as well as the entire Near and Middle East. The Safavid state became a powerful military and political factor in the entire Near and Middle East within a short period of time. The Safavid state of Azerbaijan, created by Shah Ismail, helped the evolution of the worldview of the Azerbaijani Turks by reassessing themselves and their role in the formation of the ethnopolitical space. Azerbaijan, the core of the Safavid state, which was founded in the 16th century, was the home of the founders of this state both during their lifetime and after their deaths. Today, the Sheikh Safi complex and the Shah Ismail mausoleum located in the south of Azerbaijan are considered symbols of Ardabil, while the tombs of Sheikh Junayd (1447– 1461) and Sheikh Heydar (1460–1488) located in the historical Shirvan area of Northern Azerbaijan have the same importance. Unfortunately, the indifferent attitude towards these monuments has caused the latter to be blown up and destroyed, and the tomb of Sheikh Junayd has suffered from neglect. The subject of our article is the history of one of these tombs, the Sheikh Junayd monument, including the personality and activities of the sheikh. Today, the tomb of Sheikh Junayd is located in Hazra village in Gusar. In the article, both the history of this tomb and the life path of the person it belongs to are reviewed based on Turkish, English, and Russian historiography. Until Sheikh Juneyd, none of the sheikhs of Ardabil tried to establish political power. It was during his sheikhship that the Ardabil hearth adopted the guise of the sultanate, i.e., the robe of the sultanate, and embarked on the path of establishing political power. In the course of the conducted research, it became clear that it was no coincidence that Sheikh Junayd and his son, Sheikh Heydar, chose Shirvan as the primary target to achieve this goal. Their goal was to create a single state that included the lands of Azerbaijan, including Shirvan. Although they could not achieve these wishes in their health, they were actually able to help their successors, Shah Ismayil and Shah I Tahmasib, establish a unified Azerbaijan state in the future by being buried in the land of Shirvan. Keywords: Safavid, Ardabil, Sheikh Juneyd, Khazra, Trustee.

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Edlichko, Anzhela I. „CODIFICATION OF THE ORTHOEPIC NORMS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: HISTORY AND CURRENT SITUATION“. In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.07.

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The article discusses the development of the lexicographic codification of pronunciation norms of German. It gives an overview of the orthoepic norm, its varieties and inherent features, relations between the norm and standard of pronunciation. Pronouncing dictionaries since the end of the 19th century have been studied as primary sources, some phonetic phenomena are also illustrated with the explanatory dictionaries of earlier periods. The lexicographic codification of the pronunciation norms in historical retrospect is briefly analyzed: from exaggerated articulation of actors in Germany to actual sound phenomena using in the pronunciation of professional radio and television announcers, which includes the pronouncing features of authentic oral media communication. Special attention is paid to the problem of codification of the orthoepic standard in different types of dictionaries in light of the pluricentricity of German, due to lack of empirical analyses. The article also represents the current orthoepic dictionaries, which include information about the sounds of three standards of German in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Study of their structure and content features made it possible to identify some advantages and disadvantages. As a result of the study, the author concludes with changing approaches to the codification of pronunciation norms, such as transformation of the metalanguage, expansion of the empirical base, use of contemporary sociophonetic methods in its analysis, some structural and content changes in the dictionaries. These modifications are shown to be connected with the change of the lexicographic paradigm and the turn from monocentricity to pluricentricity due to sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors. Refs 24.

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Goryaev, Sergey, und Olga Olshvang. „Balkan motifs in Russian urbanonymy: “Romanian” and “Bulgarian” street names“. In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/37.

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The paper discusses some names of the Russian urban space, mainly street names, referring to the ethnonyms Romanian and for comparison Bulgarian, as well as to the names of the capitals of these countries and certain geographical objects, e.g., улица Румынская ‘Romanian street’ (the city of Astrakhan), Болгарский городок ‘Bulgarian town’ (a district in the city of Novokujbyshevsk), Софийский переулок ‘Sophia lane’ (the city of Shimanovsk), shopping center “Bucharest” (Moscow). The appearance of such names in the Russian onomasticon reflects the historical relations between Russia and the mentioned Balkan peoples, their common political history in the 20th century and, in a broader sense, the ways of manifestation of multiculturalism, not related to the global westernization of modern culture.

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Karabushenko, Pavel, und Ekaterina Gainutdinova. „The concept of Greater Eurasia and geopolitics“. In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.dxyu5419.

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In modern international relations, the emphasis of dominance is beginning to shift more and more from the Western part of the political map of the world to the East. Countries that were previously in colonial dependence on the West (China, India) are beginning to challenge international leadership. Against this background, at the beginning of the XXI century, the concept of Greater Eurasia began to take shape and gradually develop, as a desire to acquire subjectivity and an attempt to establish a new hierarchy of geopolitical leadership. Geopolitical geometry plays an important role in the analysis of these processes, which delineates the Eurasian space in accordance with the currently available geopolitical strategies of the leading world powers. And in this geometry, the Caspian region is increasingly emerging, to which the properties of the axial region of Eurasia are increasingly being attributed. The axial region means a certain space that has an increased degree of attraction (economic, cultural, political), which determines the course of history and politics. As the political history of Eurasia shows, most often significant events and vast empires (Persia, Horde, Russia, etc.) arose precisely in the area of the so-called "Caspian Gate" connecting the expanses of Europe and Asia. This work analyzes the concept of Greater Eurasia through the prism of its geopolitical assessment and the role played in its development by its axial region – the Greater Caspian region.

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GAID, Salima. „THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PHYSICS TO THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE OPENING OF THE MODERN ERA“. In 2. IJHER-International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress2-4.

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Modern Western philosophy is the third stage in the history of philosophy, and it begins at the beginning of the seventeenth century with Descartes. The reason why historians of philosophy have classified this philosophy in a third stage is that it represented a new type of philosophizing completely different from the philosophical pattern that prevailed in the middle Ages. The truth is that the rise of this new style of philosophizing did not come out of nothing, but it rather emerged from a set of objective reasons, including the religious reform and scientific advance or renaissance, that various sciences have witnessed; mainly physics in the forefront. Physics has known amazing developments thanks to great scientists; the most famous of them is Galileo, who is credited with establishing modern physics. The rise of modern physics led directly to the emergence of modern philosophy, and the developments that physics will know after the Renaissance will also be directly reflected in the development of philosophy. This point in particular is what we would like to study in this research paper, we will seek to demonstrate the close relations between philosophy and physics at the beginning of the modern era, to show through them the contributions of physics to the rise of modern philosophy, and its aftermath developments. These contributions appear in the fact that physics determines the subject of philosophy, its method in particular, and its identification of the various issues that it will raise, as well as the various theories and doctrines that it will construct to answer them. Key words: Mechanics, Materialism, Mechanism, Atomism, Expérimental Method, Empiricism.

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