Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „HISTORY / Military / Vehicles“
Um die anderen Arten von Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema anzuzeigen, folgen Sie diesem Link: HISTORY / Military / Vehicles.
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-50 Zeitschriftenartikel für die Forschung zum Thema "HISTORY / Military / Vehicles" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Zeitschriftenartikel für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
1
Ciechanowski, Grzegorz. „Fighting vehicles in Polish military contingents in Syria and Former Yugoslavia in the years 1992-2016“. Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 193, Nr. 3 (16.09.2019): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4999.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article presents the analysis of the use of military vehicles in Polish military contingents fulfilling their mandated tasks in the Middle East and Former Yugoslavia. It encompasses the nature of operations con-ducted in these places and the resulting role of the vehicles used there. It also describes the history of their making and development, basic technical data and opinions about their use during the said tasks. The analysis comprised the following vehicles: Finnish Sisu XA-180, which is the prototype of KTO Rosomak and RG-31 Nyala vehicles originating from the Republic of South Africa and used by Polish military forces in the UNDOF mission. The group of machines which were part of the equipment used by contingents in missions in Former Yugoslavia is rep-resented by: Honker Tarpan off-road vehicle, AMZ Dzik 2 armoured vehicle, BRDM-2 reconnaissance patrol vehicle and BWP-1 infantry fighting vehicle.
2
Cyprian Aleksander, Kozera. „Military Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – A Historical Study“. Safety & Defense 4 (05.10.2018): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/sd.4.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The following study is devoted to the phenomenon of unmanned aerial vehicles used throughout known history on the battlefield or for military purposes. The purpose of the following text is to familiarise the reader with an overview with the contemporary and historical employment of the unmanned vehicles on the battlefield. The study also aims to show that the concept of unmanned combat vehicles, also unmanned aerial combat vehicles, is far more ancient than is it is widely known. The article is based on theoretical research methods, mostly multinational academic literature. The author starts with an introduction on the role of limiting soldiers’ fatalities and the concept of removing military men from the battleground. Then, the author presents known examples of using unmanned ships in battles from Thucydides’ times to the invention of the Hell-burner of Antwerp. Further, the case of first unmanned combat aerial vehicle is presented, the bombing balloons from the nineteenth century, followed by a more contemporary study of the military use of unmanned aircrafts. The article is concluded with an analysis of the present employment of drones when they tend to substitute manned aircrafts on various occasions, especially when a mission is deemed “dull, dirty or dangerous”.
3
Luparenko, Hryhorii. „The front line transporter as the embodiment of the USSR military doctrine in the middle of the 20th century“. History of science and technology 12, Nr. 1 (19.06.2022): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2022-12-1-114-132.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The paper based on a source analysis of the history of creation, design, and production of LuAZ-967, LuAZ-967M, against the background of the processes of implementing projects of small tactical high mobility wheeled vehicles for the armies of European countries, shows that the developing, testing, and commissioning a front line transporter became a deepening of the process of motorization of the Soviet army. The designs of similar vehicles have been analyzed. An attempt to assess the degree of uniqueness of the front line transporter design and its place in the history of technology, as well as its potential as a reminder of science and technology has been made. The experience of using various civilian and military vehicles in the army required the creation of a special small transporter. In each of the countries, developing their designs, embodying new original or time-tested ideas, ones developed vehicles both for the army and for separate armed forced formations. Features of the automotive industry of the countries were reflected in the design of army vehicles. The works and operation Volkswagen Type 82, Volkswagen Schwimmer Type 166, DKW Munga, Volkswagen Type 181 in the armed forced formations in Germany had a significant impact on the spread of the concept of an army small transporter. In France, production of a licensed sample of Willys and the original Citroën Méhari was launched. The Steyr-Daimler-Puch vehicle (Austria) has become one of the most original, successful developments of a small transporter for difficult operating conditions. The development of a front line transporter in the USSR fully corresponded to the challenges of the time and it was carried out through similar stages. The first transporter projects developed by the Scientific Automotive Institute used heavy motorcycle engines mastered in production. It was the lack of the necessary engine for the vehicle that was the main reason for the long proof of the project. Only after the involvement of the designers of the automobile plant in Zaporizhzhia and the installation of units of the mass-produced ZAZ vehicle in the transporter made it possible to prove the design and to master small-scale production. The use of the most powerful engine of a production vehicle, which would correspond to the concept of a small army vehicle, had enabled to master mass production for the army and the development of vehicles for the civilian market. An analysis of the front line transporter design, its systems, compared with its foreign counterparts, suggests that it is a Soviet refinement of the concept of a small army vehicle, a more specific means directly for the battlefield. At the same time, it was developed taking into account foreign developments and similar designs, imitating individual designs, adapting to the capabilities of the USSR automotive industry.
4
Bernatskyi, Artemii, und Mykola Sokolovskyi. „History of military laser technology development in military applications“. History of science and technology 12, Nr. 1 (19.06.2022): 88–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2022-12-1-88-113.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The aim of this research is to study the development as well as the known cases of military applications of laser technologies – from the first lasers employed in auxiliary systems to modern complex independent laser systems. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems. To summarize and compare the results, an analysis of a number of previous works was considered, which considered the historical development, prospects and problems of the laser weaponry development. The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. Due to the constant comprehensive modernization of laser technology systems in use, it was decided not to use the periodic classification model, but to indicate important and key events that indicated the main directions of further developmental work. However, it is important to note that the main focus of historical development of laser weapons depended not only on the technological limitations of the time, but also on the military-geopolitical situation in the world.
5
Li, Xia, und Xuan Jun Wang. „Study on the Progress of the Foreign Security Fuel“. Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (Dezember 2012): 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.889.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The research history and recent achievements and application of fire resistant fuel in several countries were summarized. The emphases included the background of research, the mechanism of fire resistant, the development of emulsified fuel formulations, and the effects on the performance of engines. The situation of applying at present was also described. It was indicated that the research of fire resistant fuel was very important in the security of military vehicles and civil vehicles.
6
Rempe, Martin. „Cultural Brokers in Uniform: The Global Rise of Military Musicians and Their Music“. Itinerario 41, Nr. 2 (31.07.2017): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115317000390.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article assesses the role of the military in the global dissemination and exchange of music in the long nineteenth century. It shows that, first, Western military music and its instrumentation were influenced by cross-cultural encounters, primarily with the Ottoman Empire. Second, I argue that educational professionalization and instrumental standardization were important vehicles for the global rise of the military band beyond its original purpose. Third, tracing the transnational careers of some German military musicians will make evident that competition with respect to national prestige, rising imperialism, and the increasing commercialization of musical life were crucial features of the spread of military musicians all over the world, making them cultural brokers not only of military music.
7
Kurdiuk, S., T. Gavrylyuk, Ya Sokolyk und O. Dzhezhulei. „CLASSIFICATION OF CREWLESS UNDERWATER VEHICLES FEATURES IN THE NAVAL FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE“. Випробування та сертифікація, Nr. 2(2) (27.12.2023): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/ts.02.2023.04.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article discusses the tactical and technical characteristics of crewless underwater vehicles in leading countries of the world, as well as their application not only as scientific research and auxiliary vehicles, but also as military underwater vehicles. The history of creating crewless underwater vehicles and their military implementation experience is also overviewed. Suggestions are provided for the classification of crewless underwater vehicles and the main terms and definitions in the area are proposed.
The aim of the article is to propose a unified approach to the classification of underwater vehicles, based on the analysis of the capabilities of crewless underwater vehicles, from the perspective of system analysis and a comprehensive approach, taking into account NATO standards.
During the application of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus, a new tactic is employed for the destruction of protected objects, taking into account the combat characteristics of these means. The tactical use of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus may involve delivering fire strikes to the enemy, setting and destroying mines (mine obstacles), revealing the situation in areas of force deployment (in bases, maneuvering bases), parking places for ships (boats, vessels), and approaches to them; placement of navigation and hydrographic equipment.
The main directions in the development of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus for the needs of the Ukrainian Navy in the short and medium term include the development of conceptual approaches and corresponding program documents for equipping the Ukrainian Navy with such technology, studying commercially available samples similar in purpose, and creating basic models of new military-purpose Autonomous Underwater Vehicles. The proposals for the classification of Maritime Battle Environment Protection Apparatus presented in the article are one of the first steps towards implementing the above.
8
Müller, Cândida Regina, Fabrício de Araújo Pedron, Beatriz Wardzinski Barbosa, Miriam Fernanda Rodrigues, Paulo Ivonir Gubiani, Ricardo Simão Diniz Dalmolin und Ricardo Bergamo Schenato. „Soil degradation after the traffic of a military combat vehicle leopard 1a5br“. Ciência e Natura 43 (17.02.2022): e87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x62685.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Heavy vehicle traffic, especially large military combat vehicles, causes soil compaction, which reduces their physical quality and increases their susceptibility to soil erosion. A large contingent of the Brazilian Army conducts combat vehicle training at the Santa Maria Instruction Field (CISM), which has been caused degradation of the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combat vehicle Leopard 1A5BR traffic on soil physical properties in an Abruptic Alisol with military vehicle traffic history. Two types of maneuvers were evaluated: (i) straight traffic with 0, 1 and 3 passes, and (ii) pivoting maneuver with 0, 1 and 2 pivots. Soil morphology, particle size distribution and organic carbon content were analyzed in the 0.00-0.10 and 0.20-0.30 m layers. Bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance and preconsolidation pressure were evaluated in the 0.00-0.04, 0.10-0.14 and 0.20-0.24 m layers. The preconsolidation pressure of the surface layer indicated that the soil surface layer is susceptible to traffic compaction of Leopard 1A5BR. Only one pass (straight traffic) and one pivoting maneuver were sufficient to increase soil penetration resistance and bulk density and reduce the total porosity and macroporosity in the surface layer (0.00-0.04 m).
9
Bleymaier, Joseph S. „DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAUNCH VEHICLES THE MILITARY APPROACH TO THE STANDARDIZED SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEM“. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 134, Nr. 1 (26.02.2008): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb56160.x.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
10
BALMUȘ, Cătălin, Ioan CRAMAR und Andreea-Alexandra CRAMAR. „THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON WARFARE“. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, Nr. 1 (06.12.2022): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-20.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Over human history, war has been documented since people tend to conflict over territories and control of resources. Over centuries, was became an integral element in demonstrating strength and poweramong states and plays a significant role in the international system. The paper looks into the impact of technology on warfare by focusing on elements like autonomous vehicles, ethical conflicts posed by autonomous vehicles, the proliferation of war and human suffering, and stealth technology and aerial combat. Technologyplays a significant role in modern warfare due to new approaches to making, moving, and concealing military equipment. In addition to improvements in weaponry, technology has played another important role, forcing the military leadership to develop new tactics, techniques, and procedures to be able to reduce or negate the advantages of intelligent weapons. There has also been the proliferation of war and displacement of people. Cyberwars and aerial combat have taken a new shape where the latter uses stealth technology to avoid detectionand launch surprise attacks on enemies. The advent of stealth technology, as well as sophisticated guidance capabilities, has helped reducing collateral damage, nevertheless, it has also led to more human suffering, as shown by nuclear weapons, autonomous vehicles, and deadlier arsenal.
11
Brownfield-Stein, Chava. „Military-Police Fusion at the Southern Border“. Israel Studies Review 35, Nr. 2 (01.09.2020): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2020.350207.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Examining the activities of the Israel Defense Forces along the Gaza-Israel border, this article identifies a new phase in what the author calls ‘military-police fusion’. The analysis focuses on novel technologies—remote-controlled weapon stations and unmanned ground vehicles—and on the women soldiers who operate these systems. The central claim is that the blurring of boundaries between military and policing missions, combined with high-tech weaponry, has resulted in the development and implementation of new modes of violence that are currently undergoing a process of redefinition and feminization. The article addresses three key dimensions of the processes occurring in the hybrid operational environment along the Gaza-Israel border: the legal dimension, the technological dimension, and the gender dimension.
12
Bond, W. Glenn, Haley Dozier, Thomas L. Arnold, Michael Y. Lam, Quyen T. Dong, Indu Shukla, Brandon E. Hansen, Antoinette R. Silas, Jeremiah Prieto und Corey Hollis Mize. „A Hybrid Learning Approach to Prognostics and Health Management Applied to Military Ground Vehicles Using Time-Series and Maintenance Event Data“. Annual Conference of the PHM Society 12, Nr. 1 (03.11.2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36001/phmconf.2020.v12i1.1146.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Attempts to leverage operational time-series data in Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) approaches to optimize the life cycle management and Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) of military vehicles have encountered several obstacles over decades of data collection. These obstacles have beset similar approaches on civilian ground vehicles, as well as on aircraft and other complex systems. Analysis of operational data is critical because it represents a continuous recording of the state of the system. Applying rudimentary data analytics to operational data can provide insights like fuel usage patterns or observed reliability of one vehicle or even a fleet. Monitoring trends and analyzing patterns in this data over time, however, can provide insight into the health of a vehicle, a complex system, or a fleet, predicting mean time to failure or compiling logistic or life cycle needs. Such High-Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) on operational time-series datasets has been historically difficult due to the large amount of data gathered from vehicle sensors, the lack of association between clusters observed in the data and failures or unscheduled maintenance events, and the deficiency of unsupervised learning techniques for time-series data. We present an HPDA environment and a method of discovering patterns in vehicle operational data that determines models for predicting the likelihood of imminent failure, referred to as Parameter-Based Indicators (PBIs). Our method is a data-driven approach that uses both time-series and relational maintenance data. This hybrid approach combines both supervised and unsupervised machine learning and data analytic techniques to correlate labeled, relational maintenance event data with unlabeled operational time-series data utilizing the DoD High Performance Computing (HPC) capabilities at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. In leveraging both time-series and relational data, we demonstrate a means of fast, purely data-driven model creation that is more broadly applicable and requires less a priori information than physics informed, data-driven models. By blending these approaches, this system will be able to relate some lifecycle management goals through the workflow to generate specific PBIs that will predict failures or highlight appropriate areas of concern in individual or collective vehicle histories.
13
Koshka, V., S. Lukianenko und D. Krivtsov. „THE ECHELONED MINE BARRIERS BREACHING PROPOSALS BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR“. Випробування та сертифікація, Nr. 1(3) (08.07.2024): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/ts.03.2024.07.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The echeloned mine barriers system of the russian occupying forces became a real challenge for the Ukrainian military. The first days of the Ukrainian offensive in the Zaporozhye direction revealed that the russians had created very dense minefields on their defense lines. The occupiers used continuous mining of the area, that is several times higher than the normative values for laying mines. The solution to this problem can be found in the application of non-standard technical solutions and tactical techniques that will allow to break through the echeloned mine barriers system of the russian occupying forces. Regarding the technical aspect of this issue solving, there was an interesting technical solution in the history of weapons and military equipment. We are talking about a hovercraft, that is supported above a supporting surface (land or water) on a compressed air layer (cushion) created by ship fans (superchargers). This principle of movement allows them to overcome underwater engineering structures and to break through mine barriers, to move on ice and swampy terrain, to go to the shore equipped in the anti-landing position, to overcome ditches and trenches. These tactical properties of hovercraft can be taken as a basis for the creation of a new generation of armored vehicles based on new principles of movement. In theory, the combat use of a whole series of armored vehicles on an air cushion (tanks, combat vehicles, armored personnel carriers, mortars, demining machines, evacuation vehicles, etc.) will expand the capabilities of mechanized units, will allow to improve existing methods and techniques for breaking through the echeloned mine barriers, forcing water obstacles, swampy and desert terrain. The issue of creating armored vehicles on an air cushion to break the mine barrier requires further research.
14
Korostylov, Hennadii. „PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MILITARY‐TECHNICAL REVOLUTION OF THE XXI CENTURY“. Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "The Theory of Culture and Philosophy of Science", Nr. 64 (29.12.2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2306-6687-2021-64-06.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
At the beginning of the XXI century the term military‐technical revolution (MTR) was increasingly used. The article presents its philosophical analysis and the history of its appearance, gives main features of revolutions, substantiates their number relying on analytical research in the field of hilosophy of society and in the field of philosophy of war, both domestic and foreign experts. The connection between revolution and technical and technological structure of society, on the one hand, and changes in the nature of modern warfare, terms and scale of the development of hostilities, on the other, is shown. Proceeding from traditional philosophical thoughts on philosophy of technology, author focused on transformations characteristic of modern warfare, the importance of ontological and anthropological factors in modern military affairs. Author relies on a wide illustrative material that made it possible to show changes in the sixth military‐technical revolution. As an example (a kind of Case study method), author examines nature of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and robotic military systems in modern warfare. Based on specific material, author proves that the character of modern warfare is hybrid in nature, but hybridity itself is heterogeneous in nature. The latter made it possible to assert the existence of a transitional period between the sixth and the seventh military‐technical revolutions.
15
Dinsmore, David A. „The History of Diving within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)“. Marine Technology Society Journal 34, Nr. 4 (01.01.2000): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.34.4.3.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
As the nation’s premiere ocean science agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a variety of programs that require research below the ocean’s surface. This research is conducted using a variety of diving methodologies, including wet diving, seafloor habitats, remotely operated vehicles, and manned submersibles. For almost fifty years NOAA and its predecessors, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Coast and Geodetic Survey, have been actively involved in undersea research. Many of the lessons learned and technologies developed during this time have been adopted by the recreational, scientific, and military diving communities, thus benefiting divers everywhere. This paper traces the history of NOAA’s two major diving programs; the NOAA Diving Program and the National Undersea Research Program, and highlights some of the significant accomplishments of each program.
16
Moorhouse, Paul. „A Modern History of the Manned Submersible“. Marine Technology Society Journal 49, Nr. 6 (01.11.2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.6.9.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThe manned submersibles of the 1960s look very different to the vehicles being built today. Improvements in materials have allowed deeper diving depths, while the rapid advance in electronics and more compact engineering design have helped to reduce launch weights. The rescue submersible has been developed in the last 15 years, but most noticeable is the increased use of acrylic for working depths down to 1,000 m. This article tracks this evolution by looking at just 10 vehicles that formed important stepping stones along this path. Alvin, the Johnson-Sea-Link (JSL), and the Pisces represent the deep-diving science and working submersibles from the 1960s and early 1970s. Alvin has continued to evolve right up to the present day, and 2 of the 10 Pisces boats are still working. The LR5 saw the start of the current military rescue submersibles operating around the world today, although they were never built for that purpose at the start. Oil industry working subs in the 1970s heyday are represented by the ubiquitous Perry PC-12 and PC-18 boats. Now, the same function and more are fulfilled by the deep worker at a fraction of the size.The acrylic hull revolution started in the 1960s with the Naval Experimental Manned Observatory and the JSL boats but has taken until now to be fully realized. This path from the JSL boats is plotted with the Deep Rovers, Alicia AP6, and the current offerings from Triton and, finally, the Deep Fight, an expression of pure enjoyment of the subsea realm made possible by the designer's lifetime experience working with submersibles.
17
Andreyev, Sergei. „Development Stages of Islamic Movements in the Pashtun Tribal Environment: The Case of the Rawshaniyya and Beyond“. Iran and the Caucasus 25, Nr. 2 (25.06.2021): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20210204.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The Rawshani movement is the first well-documented example of supra-tribal unification and subsequent successful integration of the movement’s leaders into the alien state structures. But by no means is it an isolated phenomenon in Pashtun history. Similar pattern of religion-motivated supra-tribal unification, which should be considered as a product of historical relationships of power, remerged inter alia during more recent crises in the Afghan history. Due to the volatile nature of the Afghan state fluctuating between tribalism and ethnic pluralistic participation, military and Islamic dimensions have always been of paramount importance for state-community relations where religion, tribalism and ethnicity were often the means of state’s control of social resistance and its vehicles. In the time of crises, religion-inspired militia-type independent military formations were able to challenge the might of the state and occasionally even initiate the incipient state formation opposed to the communal institutions and those of the old regime. When this community-based military activity went beyond the scope of traditional annual cycle of violence it often acquired a supra-tribal or ethnic and regional dimension, which was legitimised by the Islamic ideology and institutions. This article offers some directions towards making a calibration tool or even identifying a pattern that may be used as an epistemological paradigm that may provide a sense of orientation and bearing in the intricacies of a complex historical interaction between Pashtun Islam, tribes and state.
18
Zahra, Nyimas Aljaniah, Sovian Aritonang und Nugroho Adi Sasongko. „APPLICATION OF INCONEL 718 (IN718) FOR ADVANCED ARMOR MATERIAL AND ITS POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA DEFENSE INDUSTRY“. Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity 8, Nr. 1 (30.04.2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v8i1.1440.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
<div><p class="Els-history-head">Indonesia is the world's largest source of nickel ore, controlling 27 percent of the global nickel market. Because of its unique physicochemical properties, such as malleability, high-temperature stability, strength, corrosion resistance, ductility, heat conductivity, and electrical conductivity, nickel is one of the most important metals in the industry. Nickel-based superalloys are commonly utilized to build hot-end components for aviation engines and gas turbines. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of Inconel 718 (IN718) for armor and its prospective development in Indonesia's military industry. The outcome demonstrates IN718's potential in the Indonesian defense industry, with the manufacturing of military aircraft gas turbines, submarines, military electric engines, and high-protection armor vehicles among its most prominent applications. Nickel may be recycled by using a nickel extraction technique like the liquid metal extraction-vacuum distillation (LME-VD), which produces no waste gas or solid and is environmentally beneficial. IN718's development is also by the government's goal of increasing the value-added of Indonesia's nickel production while minimizing environmental impact.</p></div>
19
Hennadii, Korostylov, Olga Dolska, Dezhong Wang, Andriy Protsenko und Yuliia Makieshyna. „The military-technical revolution of the ХХI st century (Philosophical and analytical review)“. Cuestiones Políticas 39, Nr. 71 (25.12.2021): 858–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.52.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article discusses the history of the military-technical revolution, revealing its main characteristics. It was interesting to explain to others theconnection between the revolution and the technical and technological structure ofsociety, on the one hand, and the changes in modern warfare, its timing, the scale of the deployment of hostilities, on the other hand. The study is based on the methodology of systems analysis, as well as the use of logical generalization, synthesis, and abstraction. The authors rely on a wide range of illustrative material, which allowed to show the changes of the sixth military-technological revolution. The nature of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in modern warfare is considered factual material. Based on specific material, it is argued that the nature of modern warfare is hybrid in nature, but this hybridization itself is heterogeneous. Possible options for waging war and using certain equipment are shown. Based on analytical research, the authors focused on the transformation’s characteristic of modern wars. It is concluded that there is a transition period between the sixth and seventh technical-military revolutions that demand future interdisciplinary research.
20
Нікул, С., М. Петрушенко, Л. Гордішевський und О. Босий. „ПРО КОНЦЕПЦІЮ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ БОРОТЬБИ З БЕЗПІЛОТНИМИ ЛІТАЛЬНИМИ АПАРАТАМИ В МІСЦЯХ ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ЗАСОБІВ УРАЖЕННЯ“. Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, Nr. 19 (30.06.2023): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2023.19.87-92.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The history of small-sized, low-speed unmanned aerial vehicles, in contrast to the history of unmanned aerial vehicles, is not counted for half a century, but only for two dozen years. The first publications devoted to small-sized and low-speed unmanned aerial vehicles were published after 2008. The number of publications on the specified subject significantly increased in 2017-2018. It is during this period that military operations using small-sized and low-speed unmanned aerial vehicles become widespread. As an example, we can mention the attacks on the oil refinery in Saudi Arabia in September 2019, the attack on the airport in the city of Jizan in the same Saudi Arabia in July 2020, the attacks on the Russian air base in the Syrian city of Khmeimi in 2019-2020. Almost every day, from the regions of the planet where armed conflict is taking place, there are reports of the destruction of storage places of weapons and means of destruction, which affects the course of armed conflicts. It is significant that unmanned aircraft are increasingly being used to destroy weapons. The article highlights the factors that determine the effectiveness of the use of unmanned aerial systems for the destruction of weapons storage sites, and predicted dynamic changes in these factors. The rapid development of microelectronic technologies, which is currently observed, became the basis for the improvement of unmanned aircraft systems, the expansion of the range of tasks performed by unmanned aircraft, the emergence of new classes of devices and the improvement of the tactics of their use. The rapid development of microelectronics is also considered from the point of view of confirming Moore's law, forecasts for the near future, clarifications of the law for the present time, clarifications of forecasts for the next 15 years. Conceptually, the opinions of the authors regarding the minimization of losses of weapons of destruction are presented, the basis of which are their own observations of the statistics of losses from storage sites of weapons of destruction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the period from 2003 to 2018, the causes of losses. Keywords: means of defeat, unmanned aerial vehicle, storage places, logistic security.
21
Pransky, Joanne. „Geoff Howe, senior vice president, Howe and Howe, Inc., a subsidiary of Textron Systems; co-pioneer of robotic firefighting technologies, including Thermite™ firefighting robots“. Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 48, Nr. 2 (19.06.2021): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-12-2020-0266.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, industry engineer-turned entrepreneur regarding his pioneering efforts in bringing a robotic invention to market. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Geoff Howe, Senior Vice President of Howe & Howe, Inc., a subsidiary of Textron Systems and a leader in advanced robotic platform solutions and applications built and proven for the most extreme conditions in the world. Geoff and Michael Howe founded Howe & Howe Technologies in 2001 and was acquired by Textron Systems in 2018. In 2010, Howe and Howe developed one of the world’s first robotic fire-fighting solutions. Geoff Howe describes the evolution of the Thermite robotic firefighter’s commercial development, along with the challenges of breaking ground in this new industry. Findings Geoff and his identical twin brother, Michael Howe, are inventors, military contractors, actors and entrepreneurial businessmen famous for their philanthropic drive to give back to their community. When Geoff and Mike were just six years old, they were known as “Howe and Howe Construction.” At the age of eight, Mike and Geoff built their own one room log cabin with the power tools their mom had given them for their birthday. At 16 years old, they started tinkering with vehicles before they even had their drivers’ licenses. They both graduated from Maine high school and colleges with honors. The company’s portfolio includes the RIPSAW® , Thermite, the Badger, Subterranean Rover and other extreme vehicles used for numerous applications. In 2010, Howe and Howe completed three new vehicles. First was the Thermite™ which entered the unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) market as the USA’s first firefighting UGV. The second vehicle was Ripchair™, the development of an off-road wheelchair for those that have become disabled and are unable to walk. The third vehicle was Riptide, the amphibious version of the RIPSAW. Year 2015 saw the commercial development of the Big Dog Extreme 4x4 fire truck and the Thermite RS1 and RS3 firefighting robots. The Big Dog is an off-road truck and also serves as an all-terrain multi-use firetruck. The Thermite provides firefighters and first responders immediate eyes inside the fire as well the ability to safely attack industrial, chemical and HAZMAT fires from their core. The Thermite robot provides safety and inside access on containing and defeating fires of any magnitude. Originality/value Howe & Howe Technologies first gained notoriety in 2001, with the development of the world’s fastest tank, the RIPSAW. Successful demonstrations soon followed, which eventually allowed the Howes, at the age of 31, to be named among the youngest in history to ever receive a multi-million dollar military contract from the USA. Soon after, in 2010, Howe & Howe received a Guinness World Record for developing the world’s smallest armored vehicle, the Badger. By the time the Howes were 36, they had one world record, multiple patents pending for their product developments, as well as military contracts. The Howes also had their own reality television show on a major US network. In 2010, they completed the Thermite, Fire Fighting Unmanned Ground Vehicle. In 2012, the Howes founded “Outdoors Again,” a nonprofit 501c3 organization that holds outdoor events and social activities for those who require the use of a wheelchair.
22
Sibenac, Mark, Tarun Podder, William Kirkwood und Hans Thomas. „Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for Ocean Research: Current Needs and State of the Art Technologies“. Marine Technology Society Journal 38, Nr. 2 (01.06.2004): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522848.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Research in the field of scientific Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) has been underway for over three decades. Much of the original work was funded by the military, and the vehicles were intended for Naval Ordnance Systems Command oceanographic needs, although the payloads were for general scientific use. Over the last decade, several autonomous underwater vehicles have been purpose built for both the science community and industrial operations around the world. Because of the variety of mission requirements, AUV configurations and options available today are numerous.Beginning with a brief overview of the history of AUVs for science, the paper continues with discussion of the ocean applications that are suitable to AUVs. Highlighted are some points a potential user might consider when selecting an AUV for a particular science application. An overview of several AUVs available today has been included exploring the cross-section of capabilities offered. This leads into the emerging requirements for AUVs of the future. In conclusion, some insight is given on lessons learned by several members of the oceanographic AUV community and how these lessons might be applicable when considering AUVs as a solution to today's intriguing oceanographic science questions.
23
Ropa, Anastasija, und Ludmila Malahova. „Riding for Health and for Pleasure: A Brief Historical Overview with Reference to Latvia in the Baltic Region“. Cheiron: The International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History 1, Nr. 1 (November 2021): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22618/tp.cheiron.20211.1.233010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Throughout premodern history, horses were used primarily for labour and transportation, as well as in the military sphere. With the advent of motorized vehicles and other means of transport, the emphasis shifted to using horses in sport as well as for leisure. This article begins by examining briefly the few pre-modern European sources that mention riding as health-promoting and pleasurable activity, continues with a discussion of the more numerous and detailed references to the benefits of riding in the eighteenth and nineteenth-century sources and concludes with an overview of the rise of riding therapy and recreational riding in Germany and the Baltics in the twentieth century.
24
Miličević, Zoran, und Zoran Bojković. „From the early days of 962 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to their integration into wireless networks“. Vojnotehnicki glasnik 69, Nr. 4 (2021): 941–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg69-33571.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Introduction/purpose: This paper provides an overview of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) from their early days to their integration into modern wireless networks. Methods: It analyzes, synthesizes and compares the UAVs development technologies throughout their history with significant aspects of their integration in wireless communication networks. Results: Important aspects of wireless communications as one of the key technologies for UAVs are presented. Next, energy efficiency as a research path for UAVs is considered. The paper also emphasizes the present state in this area as well as what the future of UAVs in communications will be. Conclusion: UAVs are important not only for widespread military usage in various combat operations and warfare environment, but also for other purposes such as their integration in 5G networks.
25
Ketchley, Neil. „“The army and the people are one hand!” Fraternization and the 25th January Egyptian Revolution“. Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, Nr. 1 (19.12.2013): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417513000650.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractOn 28 January 2011 the Egyptian army was deployed onto Cairo's streets following three days of escalating protests. Upon entering Midan al-Tahrir, a column of newly arriving army tanks and APCs was attacked by protestors. Throwing stones and dousing the vehicles in petrol before setting them alight, protestors pulled soldiers out of their vehicles and beat them. Seizing ammunition and supplies, protestors even commandeered a tank. Minutes later those same protestors were chanting pro-army slogans, posing for photographs with soldiers and sharing food. How protestors respond to the deployment of security forces assumed loyal to a regime determined to end protest is often summed-up in the dyad of “fight or flight.” In this paper, I consider a third option: fraternization. Through a social interactionist lens, I explore the prevalence of pro-army chants, graffiti, the mounting of military vehicles, physical embraces, sleeping in tank tracks and posing for photographs with soldiers in and around Midan al-Tahrir during the 25th January Egyptian Revolution. I draw on the contentious politics literature, as well as micro-sociologies of violence and ritual, to suggest that fraternizing protestors developed a repertoire of contention that made immediate, emotional claims on the loyalty of regime troops. From initial techniques of micro-conflict avoidance, protestors and their micro-interactions with soldiers forged a precarious “internal frontier” that bifurcated governance from sovereignty through the performance of the army and the people as one hand in opposition to the Mubarak regime.
26
Dong, Chao, Xue Li, Xin-xi Chen, Jiu-cai Jin und Cheng-yi Huang. „Recent Progress of Marine Survey Unmanned Surface Vehicle in China“. Marine Technology Society Journal 53, Nr. 3 (01.05.2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.53.3.4.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractBased on the ongoing techniques among control theory, communication networks, and sensor design, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) are experiencing rapid development. Research on these unmanned systems and those intelligent sectors inside has absorbed interests and investments from not only military but also civil organizations. The well-applied fields include surveillance and reconnaissance, surface warfare, antisubmarine warfare, mine countermeasures, oceanic environment monitoring, search and rescue, hydrographic survey, and so on. Comparing with those studies on UAVs and UUVs, the one focusing on USVs was started later and has been developed quickly in the past 20 years. Since 2013, USV has advanced considerably in China, particularly in the marine survey field. Owing to its characteristics of light-weighting, intelligence, and unmanned operations, USV is attractive for shallow water, extreme environments, and marine accidents. This paper comprehensively summarizes the recent progress of the marine survey USV in China. The structure of the paper is divided into three parts. First, we briefly recall the developing history and introduce several excellent USVs of China in recent years. The marine survey USVs invested by the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) are then summarized in the next section, along with the details of hydrographic survey in the South China Sea, Antarctic marine survey, and oil spill emergency response. Finally, the paper points out current deficiencies and future directions of the potential technique.
27
Gula, P. W., und E. M. Szafran. „(A265) Emergency Services In Catastrophic Flooding In Poland (2010 Experience)“. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (Mai 2011): s73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002494.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Emergency Services in catastrophic flooding in Poland (2010 experience) Przemyslaw Gula MD PhD, Edyta Szafran Institute for Emergency Medicine Flooding, Natural Disasters, Rescue Operations Between 17th May and 22nd June Poland faced one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in past 100 years history. The overall area of 779300 sq km. has been flooded. The flood affected several large municipalities. Nearly 270.000 people suffered the direct effects of the flood and 31000 were evacuated from their homes, 22 people were killed. Total number of 19000 buildings were destroyed or seriously damaged. Responding services were mainly the Fire and Rescue Service, Police, EMS, Military Units as well as supporting NGO's. The rescue and relief operation focused on evacuation, providing temporary shelter, water supply, establishing medical treatment and vaccination, providing public security. One of the challenges was the threat of evacuation of the hospitals in the affected areas. The total number of 80000 of rescue personnel and 15000 of military was involved in the rescue operation. The medical emergency operation included helicopter and boat evacuation, organization of field medical posts and secondary medical transfers. 43 helicopters and 1.000 vehicles were used. One of the problem was the collapse of the telephone network that affected the 112 Emergency Dispatch System. The out coming conclusions presented the high vulnerability of local medical systems on the effects of flooding. However the logistic support of Fire and Rescue and Military recourses can give quick compensation. The role of HEMS and SAR helicopters in providing evacuation and medical assistance is essential. Special emphasis should be made on providing the coordination of multiservice response and replacing the affected local communication systems. The main conclusion after flooding was the need of stronger integration of civil and military services, procedures, communication systems and compatibility of the equipment.
28
Kristianti, Asti, Sony Ramdhani und Dea Amanda Pramesti. „PROFILE OF RISK FACTORS FOR ACOUSTIC TRAUMA IN 105 HOWITZER CANNON SHOOTER STUDENTS AT THE PUSAT PENDIDIKAN ARTILERI MEDAN-CIMAHI“. ACTA Medical Health Sciences, Volume 2 No 3 (29.02.2024): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35990/amhs.v2n3.p130-137.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Acoustic Trauma is hearing loss caused by short period high frequency noise. Hearing loss can occur in military, because it uses the main tools of the weaponry system, such as guns, military vehicles, and explosions. This research aims to determine the description of risk factors for acoustic trauma, patterns of hearing protector use, and ear complaints among students of Pusdik Armed who perform 105 Howitzer Cannon shooting practice. This study used a descriptive method with a cross sectional design on the students of Pusdik Armed who perform 105 Howitzer Cannon shooting practice. The sampling technique used total sampling with 103 population. The research instrument was secondary data from the public dedication questionnaire of Dr Asti Kristianti, Sp.THT-BKL, M.Kes. The results showed a description of the risk factors for acoustic trauma in Pusdik Armed Students who perform Howitzer 105 Cannon shooting practice mostly due to high noise exposure (64.1%), smoking history (60.2%), using PLDs (59.2%), a minority do not wear hearing protectors (12.6%), and the use of ototoxic drugs (1.9%), and no one has hypertension and a family history of hearing loss. The pattern of using hearing protectors during 105 Howitzer Cannon shooting practice is from students who use ear protectors (87.4%), some use ear protectors during training (72.8%). The description of ear complaints before doing Howitzer 105 Cannon shooting practice mostly did not experience ear complaints either before (82.5%) or after (76.6%). Therefore, it is necessary to require the use of ear protective equipment for cannon shooters.
29
Auerbach, Sascha. „‘You Have Lost All That Is German of You in the Dock’: Immigrant Communities and the Wartime State in London, 1914–18“. Twentieth Century British History 31, Nr. 4 (09.01.2020): 503–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwz046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract This article presents the wartime state in the local context and looks at how the daily activity of local courts and police changed dramatically during the wartime period. It also assesses the complex role that police and local courtrooms played with regards to ethnicity and nationalism. The increasing authority of local courtrooms and the enhanced powers of policing, I argue, amplified the role of the state in certain aspects of London life, but reduced it in others. New demands on local courtrooms and policing could only be accommodated by the redirection of their efforts from pre-war priorities. The traditional roles of the police in addressing ‘moral’ crimes such as public drunkenness and gambling declined dramatically as policy redirected police resources towards the enforcement of wartime regulations, the support of military conscription and discipline, and the policing of immigrant communities and ethnic minorities, and of ‘enemy aliens’ in particular. Although the balance of power in the latter case was highly asymmetrical, those brought before the courtroom on accusations of being ‘outsiders’ or ‘enemies’ in the national community were not entirely without recourse. The public nature of courtrooms meant that, in some circumstances, they could become sites for the affirmation of rights and national belonging in wartime Britain, rather vehicles for their abrogation.
30
Özgen, Engin. „A Group of Terracotta Wagon Models from Southeastern Anatolia“. Anatolian Studies 36 (Dezember 1986): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642833.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Four-wheeled wagons, which can be considered as one of the major breakthroughs of man's technological evolution and range over a considerable period of time, seem to appear as pictographic signs on inscribed clay tablets from Uruk in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth millennium B.C. These simple vehicles which are depicted with a roofed superstructure were probably drawn by a pair of bovids the existence of which is attested in the ancient Near East both by literary sources and osteologically. The evidence for four-wheeled wagons, this time without a roof, becomes extensive in the following millennium as represented on the “Standard of Ur”, the “Vulture Stele”, specimens of vase painting, sealing and seals, terracotta and metal wagon models and actual wagon remains. In the beginning of the third millennium B.C. they are depicted in military contexts, hence the name “battle cars”, whereas there is no evidence for a similar use towards the end of the period and following millennia. It seems that they were relegated to cult use in the later third millennium B.C. and continued to the early second millennium B.C.
31
Lu, Zhuo. „Generation of a Historical Weapon Ge and Its Impacts on Huaxia Culture“. Asian Culture and History 10, Nr. 1 (03.01.2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v10n1p57.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The history of Huaxia (Chinese: , a historical concept representing the Chinese nation and civi-lization) is full of wars. Various weapons were developed that are suitable for ground combat with horse-drawn vehicles. The weapon Ge (Chinese: ) was already used before 221 BC (before the Qin Dynasty, ca. 221–206 BC), and disappeared in around 25 AD (at the end of Western Han Dynasty). In most other regions in the world, this type of weapon has hardly been used. The weapon axe was used in the ancient wars (in the same period) outside Ancient China (also called the Middle King-dom), such as in Mesopotamia (the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system). However, the weapon axe is different from Ge, although there seem some similarities. This article provides an in-depth study and analysis of the reasons for the historic use of this unique weapon Ge, of its development in Ancient China, and of its influence on (military and civil) culture.
32
Romanova, T. P. „Composition of the Russian armonymic field and its dynamics“. Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 30, Nr. 1 (22.04.2024): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2024-30-1-175-185.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article is devoted to the study of the history of the formation of Russian proper names of aviation and armored military equipment. Our research has shown that the main function of Russian armonyms – the proper names of Russian weapons – is the representative identification of types and brands of weapons produced at state-owned enterprises or unique mechanisms. Armonyms as verbal identifiers of complex military-technical mechanisms function in professional or publicistic discourse. The structure of the armonymic field includes verbal index signs marking types and series of weapons that correspond to the term pragmatonyms (T-90M «Breakthrough»), and proper names of unique weapons objects - chrematonyms (Tu–160 «Ilya Muromets»). The nominations of individual combat units can form armonymic complexes, for example, one of the Tu-160 strategic bombers of the White Swan series has an individual name «Nikolai Kuznetsov». In the process of the official naming of Russian high-tech combat units, the conventionally symbolic and commemorative principles of nomination traditionally occupy a central place. The composition of the armonym is dominated by the conditionally symbolic type of names, as a rule, not motivated by the properties of the named object (UAV «Geranium»), although some names retain an associative connection with the objects of the nomination (UAV «Lancet» – a high-precision kamikaze drone); the memorative type of names is characteristic of individual names of military vehicles (Tu-160 «Igor Sikorsky»). Official nominations occupy the main place in the Russian field of armonymy; however, some of the names may have an unofficial status, for example, the nicknames of the T-80BV tank Alyosha – «Ded Moroz», or «Ded». Armonyms are not a tool for the advertising promotion of weapons, they do not have an attractive and pragmatic function, however, the choice of words is far from accidental – in general, it reflects the symbolic value orientations of the nominating team.
33
JANISZEWSKI, Jacek, und Ryszard WOŹNIAK. „HYPERSONIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS – A REVIEW OF DESIGN SOLUTIONS“. PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 161, Nr. 3 (29.11.2022): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1105.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract: The development of space rocket technology in the mid-twentieth century intensified research in the field of engineering materials used both for rockets and protection of space vehicles against damage, e.g., by meteorites. This development, in turn, forced the development of laboratory propulsion systems with hypersonic velocities, enabling the study and modelling of phenomena occurring at high impact velocities. Currently, to accelerate projectiles to hypersonic velocities, launching systems are applied that use the energy of the explosion of explosives or the combustion of liquid fuels, plasma, the energy of the electromagnetic field or light gases expanding. The work presents a review of the design solutions of various accelerators that enable the projectile to reach muzzle velocities above 3000 m/s. Particular attention has been paid to two-stage gas system, which uses light gases such as hydrogen and helium. The paper also presents the history and design of the first, and so far the only, Polish two-stage light gas gun developed at the Military University of Technology, with the help of which in 1973 a projectile weighing 0.5 g was fired at a speed of 4500 m/s. The paper ends with a description of the two-stage propellant system currently under construction at the Institute of Armament Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Armaments and Aviation, the Military University of Technology - with the considerable help of the HSW S.A. company from Stalowa Wola.
34
Kostiuk, Oleksander. „POLITICAL SYMBOLISM OF THE "WHITE" CROSS INSIGNIA OF UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE AUTUMN COUNTEROFFENSIVE OF 2022“. Sophia. Human and Religious Studies Bulletin 21, Nr. 1 (2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/sophia.2023.21.7.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article notes that the "white" cross of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is a (insignia)\tactical sign that has not only a utilitarian function of identification friend or foe. Also, this sign gained an additional religious and ideological meaning. In a religious context, this symbol is identified as the Greek cross, the catacomb cross, and also the Constantine cross (the monogram of Constantine the Great), "the sign of victory". The historical and mythological basis of the appearance of this symbol is analyzed. It is proved that there are clear historical parallels between the political situation of the times of Constantine the Great and the history of Independent Ukraine. The appearance of the Constantine cross is associated with turning points in Roman history: the victory of the new political system over the old one, the legalization of the new dominant religion, the crisis of the existing political system, and the sacralization of the new power model and the new ruler. In the same way, the appearance of the "white" cross of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is connected with the existential desire of the Ukrainian people for victory, the end of nation-building process through a common history (war), the struggle for the right to live, the birth of a common ideological basis for state-building, which is understood and supported by citizens. Ultimately, overcoming a political crisis and an inefficient state management system is common in both cases. The war in this case acts as a catalyst for this process. The "white" cross on military equipment, vehicles, avatars in social networks is a way to distinguish and unite people depending on their value system. Moreover, the interpretation of this symbol happens naturally ("not from above") through the process of perception and understanding by citizens (military and civilian) of the Ukrainian state. Actually, these perceptions, experiences and empathy are related to the (insignia)\tactical symbol of the Armed forces and they have the potential to transform into a symbol of value orientations, the Ukrainian way of life, the ideological foundations of the state and the national identity itself at the current stage of the Ukrainian history.
35
Dorohov, Vyacheslav Zh, und Vladimir V. Sinichenko. „Military Mobilization Work in Far East Internal Affairs Agencies: 1962-1970“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 3 (2020): 848–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-3-848-861.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article is devoted to an unexplored topic – the military mobilization component of the internal affairs bodies. The relevance of the topic stems from the importance of the tasks assigned to law enforcement agencies in emergencies or in pre-war period, which, as the recent world events have shown, have proved to be an important tool in localization of the COVID-19 pandemic for many states. Application of various methodological approaches, principles and methods of research has ensured not only an objective reconstruction of the events, but also their maximum verification. Among these methods are historical-genetic, comparative-historical, structural-functional. They have made it possible to conduct a deep analysis of the events of Soviet history, both national and regional, both in national and foreign policy. Application of the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism, system-historical analysis have contributed to careful analytical work on synthesis of data from many documentary sources, directives, instructions, orders, instructions found in central and regional departmental and in state archives. Retrospective study of the topic in the 1960-1970s has made it possible to identify strengths and weaknesses of the law enforcement agencies, both in preparing the introduction of the "special period" and in its practical implementation within the framework of the Soviet-Chinese conflict in the Far East. As the study has shown, a sharp deterioration in relations between the USSR and China provided a powerful incentive for the development of military mobilization thread in the internal affairs bodies. While in the early 1960s there was a shortage of operational communications, vehicles, weapons, protective equipment, and bomb shelters in the region, by the early 1970s “thanks to” China the situation changed dramatically. The internal affairs bodies of the Far East received the maximum priority in their development. Their personnel, logistics support, and image strengthened, which significantly increased the level of combat readiness. In general, the study has not just introduced new archival sources into scientific use, but also assessed the events that took place on the Soviet-Chinese border in the 1960-1970s from the yet unknown side.
36
FRADYNSKYI, Oleksandr. „EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS OF THE USSR AND CUSTOMS ACTIVITIES IN THE PERIOD 1941–1945“. WORLD OF FINANCE, Nr. 3(64) (2020): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.03.153.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Introduction. TThe question of the functioning of the customs system during World War II is one of the little-studied but extremely interesting pages in the history of domestic finance, because foreign economic activity did not stop for a single day during the hostilities. The purpose is research on the organization of export-import operations in the USSR during 1941–1945 in the context of their scope and features of implementation and clarification of the role and importance of the customs service in ensuring these processes. Methods. In the course of work on the article were used general and special research methods: analysis, generalization, statistical, graphical, tabular. Results. The article deals with the issue of the USSR foreign economic activity during the active fighting with Germany. It is found that for objective reasons, Soviet imports were 19 times the majority of exports. This trend was absolutely natural, because the country, having suffered huge losses at the initial stage of the war, needed weapons, strategic raw materials, industrial equipment, food, fuel and more. The issue of the organization of import deliveries from the Allied countries was raised on June 29, 1941. Due to the beginning of the armed aggression of Germany, the western direction of foreign trade of the USSR was closed, both on land routes and in the waters of the Baltic and Black seas. When analyzing indicators of imports, it should be understood that the bulk of the revenue, both in physical terms and in value, falls on land-lease – forms of military-economic assistance to allied countries, first and foremost, from the US, which was a free supply of military machinery, vehicles, equipment and equipment, technologies, materials, fuel, food required for combat in World War II. Under these conditions, the importance of the customs service, which, in times of war, exercised control over export-import operations, movement across the customs border of cargoes, vehicles, passengers, postal items; fought smuggling and losses in foreign trade; administer customs payments. The factors that led to the activities of customs authorities in 1941–1945 were: conduct of hostilities; repeated decrease in foreign trade volumes; change of structure of export and import (reorientation on military and strategic goods and cargoes); reduction of passenger traffic; organization of delivery on the system of a lease-lease. The main burden of customs clearance and control fell in the customs of the northern (Arkhangelsk and Murmansk), southern (Baku, Julfin, Gaudan) and Far Eastern (Vladivostok) regions. With the start of hostilities, in the territory of Ukraine, the customs were liquidated, but from January 1944 the process of their restoration in the liberated port cities began.
37
Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko und Yulia Berdnychenko. „PREFACE“. History of science and technology 12, Nr. 1 (19.06.2022): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2022-12-1-7-10.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you nine scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation and development of natural history museology in Europe in the 15th–19th centuries. The development of scientific knowledge at that time affects the idea of the world order and the place of man in it, and the combination of knowledge with practical experience leads to the birth of true science. It is shown that one of the most important components of the development of natural sciences, in particular biological sciences, was the collection of naturalia (i.e. objects of natural origin), the rapid surge of interest in which contributed to the Great Geographical Discoveries. In chronological order, the further historical development of museum work from private collections in Italy to the formation of a prototype of a genuine museum, which performs the main museum functions such as amassment, storage and demonstration of collections, is considered. The article by Leonid Griffen and co-authors considers the object and subject of the history of science and technology, its place in the system of sciences. Today, more and more people are turning to the factors that determine the interaction of the society with the environment (productive forces of the society), to study which in the historical aspect and called a special scientific discipline the history of science and technology. The composition and development of the technosphere and noosphere are considered in the article. It is shown that the functioning of the technosphere is based on its interaction with the noosphere, which provides information about the environment and controls the effectiveness of interaction with it. It is formed by combining the mental structures of individuals through sign systems. The production process that ensures the functioning of the society begins with the noosphere, which through individual consciousness controls the actions of each individual, who through the means of production (technosphere) interacts with the natural environment. However, the gradual development of productive forces leads at some point to the fact that the information needed by the individual to perform all necessary actions for the benefit of the society, ceases to fit in his individual consciousness. As a result, there is a new social phenomenon the social division of labor. The cardinal solution to the problem is the prospect of humanity entering infinite space. The article by Jun-Young Oh and Hyesook Han is devoted to the study of what Understanding mathematical abstraction in the formularization of Galileo's law. Galileo's revolution in science introduced an analytical method to science that typifies the overall modern thinking of extracting, abstracting, and grasping only critical aspects of the target phenomena and focusing on “how”, which is a quantitative relationship between variables, instead of “why”. For example, to him, the question of 'why does an object fall' is of no significance; instead, only the quantitative relationship between distance from the falling object and time is important. Yet, the most fundamental aspect of his idea is that he introduced a quantified time t. Because, according to atomic theory, vacuum exists between an atom and an object composed of atoms or between objects – ignoring factors that interfere with motion, such as friction – the space for absolute time, which is a mathematical time, can be geometrically defined. In order to justify this mathematical abstraction strategy, thought experiments were conducted rather than laboratory experiments, which at that time were difficult to perform. The article by Vasyl Andriiashko and co-authors provides a thorough overview of the evolutionary process of the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv school of artistic textiles. It reveals the influence of various factors (ideological, political, economic, and aesthetic) on this process. The historical and factual method allowed us to study socio-economic, as well as historical and cultural factors that contributed to the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv textile school in a chronological sequence. It is established that the very fact of emergence of the Kyiv school of artistic textile, as a community of style, unity of forms, preservation, and continuity of traditions, had unbiased backgrounds since Ukrainian decorative weaving, a part of which is Kyiv weaving, inherited the abundant artistic traditions that were created over the centuries and most vividly manifested through the art of Kyivan Rus. In the next article, the authors Artemii Bernatskyi and Mykola Sokolovskyi is devoted to the study history of military laser technology development in military applications. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems. The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. The author of the following article considered the front line transporter as the embodiment of the USSR military doctrine in the middle of the 20th century. The paper based on a source analysis of the history of creation, design, and production of LuAZ-967, LuAZ-967M, against the background of the processes of implementing projects of small tactical high mobility wheeled vehicles for the armies of European countries, shows that the developing, testing, and commissioning a front line transporter became a deepening of the process of motorization of the Soviet army. The designs of similar vehicles have been analyzed. An attempt to assess the degree of uniqueness of the front line transporter design and its place in the history of technology, as well as its potential as a reminder of science and technology has been made. An analysis of the front line transporter design, its systems, compared with its foreign counterparts, suggests that it is a Soviet refinement of the concept of a small army vehicle, a more specific means directly for the battlefield. At the same time, it was developed taking into account foreign developments and similar designs, imitating individual designs, adapting to the capabilities of the USSR automotive industry. The next article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. The purpose of the article by authors Sana Simou, Khadija Baba and Abderrahman Nounah is to reveal, recreate as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it. The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. The study has opted for the technique of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry by 3D surveys of architectural elements, to develop an archetype of the deteriorated Islamic Marinid site (a dynasty between the 13th and 15th centuries), and the Roman site (25 BC), located at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat and Salé cities. The data acquired build an architectural database to archive and retrieve the entire existing architecture of monuments. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, and restorers. The issue of the journal ends with an article devoted to the analyzing the prerequisites and conditions for the foundation of an aircraft engine enterprise in Ukraine. Based on the retrospective analysis, the prerequisites and conditions of the foundation of the aircraft engine enterprise in Aleksandrovsk, Ukraine, were considered. There was a severe gap between the Russian Empire and European countries in the development pace of the aviation industry during World War I. This prompted the Russian Empire to raise foreign capital, as well as attract technologies and specialists to develop aircraft engineering and other industries. By 1917, the plant had gained the status of Russia’s largest engine-building enterprise in terms of building area and one of the best in equipment. It is evident that the beginning of aircraft engine production in Aleksandrovsk relates to the establishment of a branch of Petrograd Joint Stock Company of Electromechanical Structures and the plant’s purchase from the Moznaim brothers. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions.
38
Kohnen, William. „Human Exploration of the Deep Seas: Fifty Years and the Inspiration Continues“. Marine Technology Society Journal 43, Nr. 5 (01.12.2009): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.5.30.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThe deep seas have facinated the world for centuries. The flow of new ideas has traveled through the centuries and inspired people to dive below the surface and explore the forms of life that exist in the abyss. Many early ideas led primarily to military developments, with scientific research emerging much later. Only in the past 100 years has the technological capability matched the human desire to deep dive into the oceans and discover its true mysteries. This article looks back at the history and flow of such ideas that involved submersible vehicles, how this led to the development of the Trieste bathyscaph, concurrent activities around the world, the efforts involved in completing the dives, and the impact this deep dive has had on the evolution of submersibles. It presents the successes, the challenges, as well as the grit and luck it sometimes took to make it happen. After fifty years, it is clear that the sea still holds many mysteries. Human-occupied underwater vehicles will remain a central element among the modern tools at the service of knowledge acquisition. The future calls us to see and discover this underwater world—not simply to be awed by its power and beauty but to learn; to comprehend the complex web of inter-relations between our life on land and its impact on the seas. We stand on the shoulders of many dedicated engineers and explorers as we continue to inspire the next generation to study the many alien creatures that will teach us anew.
39
Kabachinsky, Mykola, und Oleh Ananin. „Combat reserves of the State border service of Ukraine in combat operations in Donbas (spring – summer 2014“. Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 40 (03.07.2023): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2023-40.221-234.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The study aim to analysis of the historical experience of the participation of com- bat reserves of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the hostilities in the Ukrainian Donbas in the spring and summer of 2014. Research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, comprehensive analysis, and the modern conceptual and categori- cal apparatus used by military history in describing the process of armed struggle. Th e histori- cal and systematic method, as well as the methods of analysis and synthesis, are used. The scientifi c novelty lies in an attempt to systematically study the history of the participation of the combat reserves of the Border Guard Service in the hostilities conducted by the Ukrainian Defense Forces in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions in the spring and summer of 2014 during the counteraction to Russian aggression. Conclusions. The combat reserves of the State Border Guard Service were formed as freelance units with the main goal of strengthening the border guard units that guarded the Ukrainian-Russian state border in the eastern regions of Ukraine. Their service and combat activities in the spring and summer of 2014 can be divided into two stages, each of which diff ered in the socio-political situation and the intensity of hostilities. As the hostilities clearly demonstrated, due to the lack of regular missile and artillery weapons and the necessary amount of armored vehicles, the border guards’ combat reserves were able to fi ght only sabotage and reconnaissance groups and some illegal armed groups of local pro-Russian collabo- rators. As for confronting the regular units of the Russian armed forces by conducting full-scale combat operations against them, the border guards were predictably unprepared.
40
Епифанов, А. Е. „Armored units of the NKVD of the USSR in the fight against nationalist gangs on the territory of Western Belarus an Lithuania“. Ius Publicum et Privatum, Nr. 3(23) (30.09.2023): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811.2023.23.3.001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
В статье с позиций истории отечественного государства и права, органов внутренних дел в частности, анализируются организационные и правовые основы использования бронетанковых подразделений 1-й мотострелковой дивизии внутренних войск НКВД СССР имени Ф. Дзержинского в чекистско-войсковых операциях против националистических банд-формирований на территории Западной Белоруссии и Литвы в 1944–1946 гг. Автор, опираясь на впервые вводимые в научный оборот архивные материалы, раскрывает преимущества и недостатки, основные формы и методы, результаты и характер применения бронетехники по противодействию националистам. Приведены характерные эпизоды боевых действий с участием бронемашин, примеры героических действий их экипажей. Кроме того, в статье содержится общая характеристика националистических формирований Западной Белоруссии и Литвы, регламентации и практики взаимодействия пехотных и бронетанковых подразделений внутренних войск НКВД СССР. The article analyzes organizational and legal foundations of the use of armored units of the 1st Motorized Rifle Division of the internal troops of the NKVD of the USSR named after F. Dzerzhinskii. In terms of the history of the national state and law, the internal affairs bodies in particular. F. Dzerzhinskii participated in Chekist-military operations against nationalist gangs on the territory of Western Belarus and Lithuania in 1944–1946. The author, relying on archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, reveals advantages and disadvantages, key forms and methods, results and nature of the use of armored vehicles to counter nationalists. Characteristic episodes of combat operations involving armored vehicles, examples of heroic actions of their crews are given. In addition, the article presents a general description of nationalist formations of Western Belarus and Lithuania, the regulation and practice of interaction between infantry and armored units of the internal troops of the NKVD of the USSR.
41
NIKIFORENKO, V. „Conceptual Framework for the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in the Protection of the State Border“. Science and Innovation 20, Nr. 2 (05.04.2024): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine20.02.069.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Introduction. In today’s environment, the proper quality of state border protection cannot be achieved by increasing the number of border guard units. Technical and technological advantages play a decisive role in defeating a strong enemy. One of the ways to improve the capabilities of border guard units is to introduce unmanned aerial systems to protect and defend the state border.Problem Statement. In Ukraine, there is an urgent need to regulate the powers, grounds, and methods of using unmanned aircraft by the security and defense forces, as well as to improve enforceability of the procedure for its use.Purpose. To defi ne the conceptual framework for the use of unmanned aerial systems in the protection of the state border of Ukraine and the ways to improve the relevant regulatory framework of Ukraine.Material and Methods. General scholarly research and special methods have been employed, the main of whichare logical-semantic, system-structural, historical, observation, and comparison.Results. The history of implementation, problems and promising areas of use of unmanned aerial systems inthe protection of the state border have been studied. Attention has been drawn to the rapid development of unmanned technologies, which leads to their widespread use on the battlefi eld and in law enforcement. Emphasis has been placed on analyzing the negative trends in increasing number of violations related to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles.Conclusions. The research has proved the need to improve the classifi cation of unmanned aerial vehicles, as defined by NATO standards and EU regulations, given the possibility and necessity of using the same-type unmanned aerial vehicles in the military, law enforcement, and civilian spheres. It is necessary to put into operation nationwide digital platforms for drone control, which can perform almost all tasks previously performed exclusively by manned aircraft.
42
Martynov, D. E., und Yu A. Martynova. „A New Monograph by Konstantin Frumkin [Review: Frumkin K.G. Admiring the Academic Class: Reflection of the Social History of Soviet Science in Literature, Art, and Public Rhetoric. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nestor-Istoriya, 2022. (In Russian)]“. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, Nr. 5 (2022): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.5.141-151.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This article reviews a new monograph by K.G. Frumkin, an eminent culturologist and literary critic. He argues that the cult of science, as an institutionalized professional activity inseparable from the public interest in the work of scientists, is a specific feature of the 20th century. The ideological confrontation of the 1920s and 1930s touched little upon literature. In the fiction of that period, scientists were portrayed as inventors of fantastic military vehicles. After the 1950s, the relationship between scientific institutions and the state took a back seat in literature, while the relationship between scientists came to the fore. The scientific environment became self-sufficient. For the first time scientists were almost exclusively among colleagues, and the social circle they had outside their subculture shrank. The collective self-awareness of the scientific community was also taking shape. The author describes it as a “class mythology” characterized by undisguised elitism and “talent-centric racism.” The collapse of the USSR did not destroy Russian science, but the public enthusiasm for it practically dried up. A few literary works of that time referred to the past, both by rethinking and mythologizing it. The “admiration of the academic class” is thus a historically rooted phenomenon of the 20th century.
43
Berthier-Foglar, Susanne. „Gastronomy and Conquest in the Mexican-American War“. Diálogos Latinoamericanos 6, Nr. 10 (01.01.2005): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dl.v6i10.113647.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The Mexican-American war has never been analyzed from the perspective of gastronomy and eyewitness reports focus on military aspects as well as on the exotic side –and the “colorful” mores– of the invaded population. Since the late 1980s, the New Historians of the West2 have been writing from the viewpoint of those left out by traditional history, nevertheless food is not their focal point. I discuss (colonial and post-colonial) gastronomy and conquest as seen through the eyes of an 18-year old woman, Susan Magoffin following her husband, a 42-year old trader in a caravan along the Santa Fe Trail on the heels of the conquering army. Along the way she kept a diary.3 Not food, but an insider’s view of conquest made her diary a “minor classic”4 worth publishing in 1926 and reprinting in 2000. The Magoffin’s 14 wagon outfit left Independence, Missouri, less than a month after the start of the war –an event that remains largely unmentioned in the diary– and followed the “natural highway for wheeled vehicles across the Great Plains that linked New Mexico to the United States.”5 Gradually other wagon trains joined their party until it reached 75 or 80 wagons (42),6 then 150 (43) explaining why De Voto stated that in New Mexico “Manifest Destiny took the shape of a large-scale freight operation.”7
44
Samusik, А. F. „Bazilian education in the territory of belarus in the second half of XVII century“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 66, Nr. 1 (25.02.2021): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2021-66-1-58-67.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article is devoted to undeveloped issue in historical science. Among the main objectives of the study are history of individual schools; efforts of Church leaders to intensify outreach activities; training local bazilianes in papal alyumnatah Vilnо, Brunsberg and Olomouc, the Greek college of Rome; methodological support of the educational process. The paper noted the existence in contemporary Belarus several important educational centers bazilianes – Minsk (up to 1655), Byten (second half 1660), Baruny (from the end of the XVII century). Their lack of proper amount is the main cause of the increasing role of foreign educational institutions. There was a direct relationship ecclesiastical career by studying abroad. Analysis of the specific provision of the Bazilian school schoolbooks showed that dominated in their foreign editions and Jesuit schoolbooks. Decline Vilna Unitarian printing house explained the publication of books of educational character themselves Uniate in Catholic publishing houses. Qualitative change in the situation was the new Uniate typography in Suprasl. The general condition of the Unitarian education in Belarus in the second half XVII century identified: Military devastation of the second half 1650 – early 1660; acute shortage of vehicles; competition from the Jesuits. Developed in these adverse conditions of the Bazilianes approaches to the organization of the learning process with a combination of its own educational traditions with the achievements of Catholic Education have allowed them to meet the needs of its denomination in a well-prepared priests and teachers
45
KOCJANČIČ, KLEMEN. „REVIEW, ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY GEOSCIENCE“. CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES 2022, Nr. 24/3 (30.09.2022): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.24.3.rew.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In 2022, the Swiss branch of the international publishing house Springer published a book, a collection of papers entitled Military Geoscience: A Multifaceted Approach to the Study of Warfare. It consists of selected contributions by international researchers in the field of military geoscience, presented at the 13th International Conference on Military Geosciences, held in Padua in June 2019. The first paper is by the editors, Aldin Bondesan and Judy Ehlen, and provides a brief overview of understanding the concept of military geoscience as an application of geology and geography to the military domain, and the historical development of the discipline. It should also be pointed out that the International Conferences on Military Geosciences (ICMG), which organises this biennial international conference, has over the past two decades also covered other aspects, such as conflict archaeology. The publication is further divided into three parts. The first part comprises three contributions covering military geoscience up to the 20th century. The first paper, by Chris Fuhriman and Jason Ridgeway, provides an insights into the Battle of Marathon through topography visualisation. The geography of the Marathon field, the valley between Mt. Cotroni and Mt. Agrieliki, allowed the Greek defenders to nullify the advantage of the Persian cavalry and archers, who were unable to develop their full potential. This is followed by a paper by Judy Ehlen, who explores the geological background of the Anglo-British coastal fortification system along the English Channel, focusing on the Portsmouth area of Hampshire. The author thus points out that changes in artillery technology and naval tactics between the 16th and 19th centuries necessitated changes in the construction of coastal fortifications, both in terms of the form of the fortifications and the method of construction, including the choice of basic building materials, as well as the siting of the fortifications in space. The next article is then dedicated to the Monte Baldo Fortress in north-eastern Italy, between Lake Garda and the Adige River. In his article, Francesco Premi analyses the presence of the fortress in the transition area between the Germanic world and the Mediterranean, and the importance of this part of Italy (at the southernmost part of the pre-Alpine mountains) in military history, as reflected in the large number of important military and war relics and monuments. The second part of the book, which is the most comprehensive, focuses on the two World Wars and consists of nine papers. The first paper in this part provides an analysis of the operation of trench warfare training camps in the Aube region of France. The group of authors, Jérôme Brenot, Yves Desfossés, Robin Perarnau, Marc Lozano and Alain Devos, initially note that static warfare training camps have not received much attention so far. Using aerial photography of the region dating from 1948 and surviving World War II photographic material, they identified some 20 sites where soldiers of the Entente forces were trained for front-line service in trenches. Combined archaeological and sociological fieldwork followed, confirming the presence of these camps, both through preserved remains and the collective memory. The second paper in this volume also concerns the survey on trenches, located in northern Italy in the Venezia Tridentina Veneto area in northern Italy. The authors Luigi Magnini, Giulia Rovera, Armando De Guio and Giovanni Azzalin thus use digital classification methods and archaeology to determine how Italian and Austro-Hungarian First World War trenches have been preserved or, in case they have disappeared, why this was the case, both from the point of view of the natural features as well as from the anthropological point of view of the restoration of the pre-war settings. The next paper, by Paolo Macini and Paolo Sammuri, analyses the activities of the miners and pioneers of the Italian Corps of Engineers during the First World War, in particular with regard to innovative approaches to underground mine warfare. In the Dolomites, the Italian engineers, using various listening devices, drilling machinery and geophysical methods, developed a system for drilling underground mine chambers, which they intended to use and actually used to destroy parts of Austro-Hungarian positions. The paper by Elena Dai Prà, Nicola Gabellieri and Matteo Boschian Bailo concerns the Italian Army's operations during the First World War. It focuses on the use of tactical maps with emphasis on typological classification, the use of symbols, and digital cartography. The authors thus analysed the tactical maps of the Italian Third Army, which were being constantly updated by plotting the changes in positions and tactical movements of both sides. These changes were examined both in terms of the use of new symbols and the analysis of the movements. This is followed by a geographical presentation of the Italian Army's activities during the First World War. The authors Paolo Plini, Sabina Di Franco and Rosamaria Salvatori have thus collected 21,856 toponyms by analysing documents and maps. The locations were also geolocated to give an overview of the places where the Italian Army operated during the First World War. The analysis initially revealed the complexity of the events on the battlefields, but also that the sources had misidentified the places of operation, as toponyms were misidentified, especially in the case of homonyms. Consequently, the area of operation was misidentified as well. In this respect, the case of Vipava was highlighted, which can refer to both a river and a settlement. The following paper is the first on the Second World War. It is the article by H. A. P. Smith on Italian prisoners of war in South Africa. The author outlines the circumstances in which Italian soldiers arrived to and lived in the southern African continent, and the contribution they made to the local environment and the society, and the remnants of their presence preserved to the present day. In their article, William W. Doe III and Michael R. Czaja analyse the history, geography and significance of Camp Hale in the state of Colorado. In doing so, they focus on the analysis of the military organization and its impact on the local community. Camp Hale was thus the first military installation of the U.S. Army, designated to test and train U.S. soldiers in mountain and alpine warfare. It was here that the U.S. 10th Mountain Division was formed, which concluded its war path on Slovenian soil. The Division's presence in this former camp, which was in military use also after the war until 1965, and in the surrounding area is still visible through numerous monuments. This is followed by a paper by Hermann Häusler, who deals with German military geography and geology on the Eastern Front of the Second World War. A good year before the German attack on the Soviet Union, German and Austrian military geologists began an analysis of the topography, population and infrastructure of the European part of the Soviet Union, which led to a series of publications, including maps showing the suitability of the terrain for military operations. During the war, military geological teams then followed the frontline units and carried out geotechnical tasks such as water supply, construction of fortifications, supply of building materials for transport infrastructure, and analysis of the suitability of the terrain for all-terrain driving of tracked and other vehicles. The same author also authored a paper in the next chapter, this time focusing on the activities of German military geologists in the Adriatic area. Similarly to his first contribution, the author presents the work of military geologists in northern Italy and north-western Slovenia. He also focuses on the construction of fortification systems in northern Italy and presents the work of karst hunters in the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. Part 3 covers the 21st century with five different papers (chapters). The first paper by Alexander K. Stewart deals with the operations of the U.S. Army specialised teams in Afghanistan. These Agribusiness Development Teams (ADTs) carried out a specialised form of counter-guerrilla warfare in which they sought to improve the conditions for the development of local communities through agricultural assistance to the local population. In this way, they were also counteracting support for the Taliban. The author notes that, in the decade after the programme's launch, the project had only a 19% success rate. However, he stresses that such forms of civil-military cooperation should be present in future operations. The next chapter, by Francis A. Galgan, analyses the activities of modern pirates through military-geographical or geological methods. Pirates, who pose a major international security threat, are present in four regions of the world: South and South-East Asia, East Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. Building on the data on pirate attacks between 1997 and 2017, the author shows the temporal and spatial patterns of pirate activities, as well as the influence of the geography of coastal areas on their activities. This is followed by another chapter with a maritime topic. Mark Stephen Blaine discusses the geography of territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Through a presentation of international law, the strategic importance of the sea (sea lanes, natural resources) and the overlapping territorial claims of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia, the author shows the increasing level of conflict in the area and calls for the utmost efforts to be made to prevent the outbreak of hostilities or war. M. H. Bulmer's paper analyses the Turkish Armed Forces' activities in Syria from the perspective of military geology. The author focuses on the Kurdish forces' defence projects, which mainly involved the construction of gun trenches, observation towers or points, tunnels and underground facilities, as well as on the Turkish armed forces' actions against this military infrastructure. This involved both mountain and underground warfare activities. While these defensive infrastructures proved to be successful during the guerrilla warfare period, direct Turkish attacks on these installations demonstrated their vulnerability. The last chapter deals with the current operational needs and limitations of military geosciences from the perspective of the Austrian Armed Forces. Friedrich Teichmann points out that the global operational interest of states determines the need for accurate geo-data as well as geo-support in case of rapidly evolving requirements. In this context, geoscience must respond to new forms of threats, both asymmetric and cyber, at a time when resources for geospatial services are limited, which also requires greater synergy and an innovative approach to finding solutions among multiple stakeholders. This also includes increased digitisation, including the use of satellite and other space technologies. The number of chapters in the publication illustrates the breadth and depth of military geoscience, as well as the relevance of geoscience to past, present and future conflicts or military operations and missions. The current military operations in Ukraine demonstrate the need to take into account the geo-geological realities of the environment and that terrain remains one of the decisive factors for success on the battlefield, irrespective of the technological developments in military engineering and technology. This can also be an incentive for Slovenian researchers and the Slovenian Armed Forces to increase research activities in the field of military geosciences, especially in view of the rich military and war history in the geographically and geologically diverse territory of Slovenia.
46
KUDINOV, DMYTRO V. „The outline of the history of automobile traffic in the early twentieth century in Sumy.“ SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, Nr. 38 (2022): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i38.p.34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The purpose of the publication is to reveal the essence of automobile movement in Sumy as a social cause, to describe its main tendencies and indicate the role of individuals in the development of local motorism. The topicality of the research is preconditioned by the lack of scientific investigation on this topic, as well as the need to supplement the general picture of the development of motorism in the Russian Empire. Various aspects of automobile traffic in Sumy have been considered (the concept of “automobile movement” is indicated in the meaning of a social phenomenon): auto trade, auto repair, the introduction of local traffic rules, automobile accidents, the formation of a stratum of drivers and car owners, their participation in races and rallies. In particular, the businesses of the owner of the first car dealership in Sumy Kaidansky and his competitor Poguliaichenko are mentioned as well as the existence of the Gerenshtein-Yankovsky auto repair shop. The main traffic rules adopted by the Sumy City Duma in 1908 are specified. On the basis of reports of the local press, typical traffic violations with the participation of cars are analyzed: crashes with horse-drawn vehicles, speeding, drunk driving, cutting in buildings and pedestrians. Special attention is paid to the public organization of motorists – Sumy Automobile Club established in 1912. In particular, the main provisions of the club’s statute, the rights and obligations of its participants have been analyzed. The names of some of its members have been specified. The activity of the organization and its place in the all-Russian automobile traffic have been assessed. The role of Sumy passionaries of motorism – entrepreneurs Ivan Leshchinsky and Eduard Kaidansky is emphasized. In particular, their participation in races and runs is mentioned. At the same time, the Moscow – Berlin – Paris rally where the Kaidansky team took part on a Mitchell car is covered more widely. Also, the brands of cars of Leshchinsky’s garage are named and the preferences for the cars of the sugar producer Pavel Kharitonenko are revealed. The appearance of departmental cars at the Sumy district administration is analyzed, the need for their use in the economic needs of the local government is determined. The duties of the zemstvo in the use of transport to the military department are clarified. The names of some of the chauffeurs who worked for private individuals and in the zemstvo are identified.
47
Kapliuk, O., V. Panyukov, О. Goncharenko und D. Komarov. „MINIMISATION OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO OF THE IMPACT OF INCENDIARY WEAPONS ON THE CIVILIAN POPULATION“. Випробування та сертифікація, Nr. 2(2) (27.12.2023): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/ts.02.2023.12.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Incendiary weapons are understood as incendiary substances and means of their combat use. Incendiary weapons are intended to defeat personnel, destroy and damage weapons and military equipment, structures and other objects. Throughout the history of warfare, incendiary weapons have caused suffering to millions of people who were not directly involved in the armed conflict. The situation remains unchanged today, with civilians being killed, injured or disabled for life, often losing loved ones or property as a result of the use of incendiary weapons. Virtually all existing publications on protecting people from incendiary weapons are focused on the protection of military personnel. There is very little information on how to protect civilians.
An algorithm of actions for a civilian to minimise the negative effects of the impact of incendiary weapons has been developed. This algorithm includes the following actions: timely warn others about the use of incendiary weapons, help and, if necessary, guide the actions of those who need it (elderly people, children, people in panic); take shelter in the nearest civil defence structure, shelter (shelter). In the absence of such facilities, use underground passages, subway stations, basements and entrances of residential buildings, and shops; in the event of a sudden attack and the absence of nearby civil defence structures, shelters and refuges, use the protective properties of vehicles. It should be borne in mind that cars, buses and vehicles covered with tents provide only short-term protection, as they quickly catch fire.
Use the protective properties of the terrain (uneven terrain, pits, covered public transport stops, fences, benches, curbs) to reduce the chance of pieces of incendiary material falling on a person; if it is impossible to find any shelter, lie down on the ground. Use local materials available to protect the surface of the body from incendiary weapons (suitcases, backpacks, billboards, paper clips). Burning surfaces are immediately thrown off and extinguished. Use personal respiratory protection equipment (handkerchiefs soaked in liquid, pieces of cloth) and skin protection equipment (cotton jackets, half-coats, raincoats, which are short-term protection equipment and should be immediately discarded if they come in contact with pieces of incendiary mixture); provide first aid to the victims. First aid shall begin with extinguishing by the victims themselves or with the help of surrounding inflammable substances that have got on their skin or clothing. At this point (period), no loss of self-control is allowed. To extinguish a small amount of inflammable substance, it is necessary to cover the burning area with a sleeve, jacket, wet clay, earth or snow. If several pieces of clothing are burning on your person, the flames should be knocked down by rolling them successively on the ground.
If a significant amount of inflammable substance gets on a person, extinguishing is carried out by covering the victim with clothes, pouring water, covering with earth or sand.
48
Razdan, Aditi. „The Kashmiri diaspora remembers the displacement: Implication and the challenge of healing“. Memory Studies 17, Nr. 3 (Juni 2024): 564–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980241243236.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
From 1989 to 1991, the majority of Kashmiri Pandits (Hindus) were displaced from their home in the Muslim-majority Indian-administered Kashmir Valley, in a crisis which I refer to as the displacement. The period that has followed in the Kashmir Valley has been marred by heavy military presence and state violence against Kashmiris – mostly Muslim – who have remained in Kashmir. More than three decades later, Kashmir is still a contested region; memories of the displacement are unreconciled and its diaspora remains divided. This article reveals how memory-work through storytelling can impede reconciliation processes by reinforcing enduring narratives of marginalisation. These enduring narratives frame contemporary memory-making and prevent groups from seeing their implication in oppressive structures. Drawing on Kashmiri conceptual paradigms and oral history interviews with Kashmiri Pandit and Muslim diasporic communities in Australia, I examine both what Kashmiri Pandit and Muslim diaspora share, and why they find it hard to take on the narrative perspective of the other side. While Pandits and Muslims draw on a shared Kashmiri repertoire, they locate themselves very differently within this narrative past. As such, neither Pandits nor Muslims find it easy to see how they are implicated in the direct and structural forms of violence that led to the displacement and subsequent acts of violence. These historical narratives, transmitted through oral stories, may disrupt attempts to institute reparative processes in Kashmir. By analysing this archive of Kashmiri diasporic memory, I argue that this case study complicates our assumptions that personal narratives, particularly in memory-work, are activist vehicles that offer a pathway to healing.
49
Kaasik, Peeter. „Hävituspataljonidest Eestis 1941. aasta sõjasuvel [Abstract: The Destruction Battalions in Estonia in the Summer War of 1941]“. Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 167, Nr. 1 (31.12.2019): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2019.1.01.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract: The Destruction Battalions in Estonia in the Summer War of 1941
A state of war was declared in the western regions of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. This did not in any case mean only purely military operations. The safeguarding of security in the rear was considered extremely important. On 25 June 1941, the Union-wide Communist Party (CPSU) Central Committee Politburo adopted the decision ‘On the tasks in the rear of front-line forces’, which placed all agencies and units of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs and State Security (NKVD and NKGB) under the command of the commanders of rear defence of the front lines. The following was prescribed as the more general tasks of rear defence: maintenance of law and order in the rear and on roads; the capture of deserters and ‘disorganisers of the rear’; protection of communications; the organisation of evacuations and the transportation of supplies; the destruction of saboteurs. Since rebellion against Soviet rule also began in parallel with combat action in many regions (primarily in regions that the Soviet Union occupied and annexed in 1939/1940), then combat against the so-called internal enemy became the primary task of rear defence units in the vicinity of the front in many areas. Thirdly, rear defence units were assigned the task of destroying all property of any value that could not be removed from the region of the front in the event of possible retreat.
At the same time, all communications of military importance were to be destroyed in the course of retreat. NKVD internal forces and border guard forces on the one hand, and irregular people’s defence units (destruction battalions, workers’ regiments, people’s defence divisions, etc.) formed locally in the summer of 1941 on the other hand were to bear the brunt of this action. The various irregular people’s defence units were on the one hand supposed to be manifestations of ‘nationwide struggle’ deriving from ideology; on the other hand, the need for an improvised territorial defence force was due to pragmatic needs that made it possible to skip many of the formalities associated with mobilisation, transport, formation and supply. At the same time, the possibilities for utilising these units were also considerably more flexible. The formation and utilisation of the ‘people’s defence force’ varied from region to region. The destruction battalions that were formed in the Estonian SSR are considered illustratively in this article.
As elsewhere in areas in the vicinity of the front, the formation of destruction battalions began in the Estonian SSR at the end of June, 1941. The ‘Estonian SSR operative group of destruction battalions’ was established for their formation and command at the NKVD Baltic Border Guard District headquarters. At the start of July, this operative group was placed under the command of the assistant responsible for rear area defence of the commander of the 8th Army, which had retreated into Estonia.
The destruction battalions did not have any definite composition of personnel. Although the self-evidence of patriotism was stressed, in reality the battalions were manned in Estonia by way of ‘Party mobilisation’. If a person was a member or candidate member of the CPSU or the communist youth organisation and did not have any other administrative duties, joining the destruction battalions was in essence mandatory. Generally speaking, this obligation also applied to the employees of other Soviet institutions as well.
The operations of destruction battalions in Estonia can conditionally be divided into three periods: 1) combat against the armed resistance movement before the arrival of German forces; 2) the direct employment of destruction battalions in military assignments alongside securing the rear area; 3) the deployment of destruction battalions and regiments formed out of them at the front in combat against regular Wehrmacht units.
This periodisation is nevertheless conditional. It is rather difficult to present temporal frames of reference more precisely because the actions and composition of different units varied depending on the situation at the front and they also do not match temporally. While battalions were initially formed in the counties and in the cities of Tallinn and Narva, later on units were disbanded and combined, and new additional units were also formed. In total, over 20 such units operated in Estonia (in addition to several more Latvian destruction units that had retreated into Estonia) in the summer war of 1941. Over 6,000 fighters were entered in the lists of the Estonian SSR militia companies, destruction battalions and workers’ regiments. These in turn were divided up according to specific assignments: some went on raids and later fought at the front line as part of the Red Army; others were part of the armed units guarding certain industrial enterprises or Soviet institutions, or provided security for communications of military importance (railroads, bridges, communications lines, and other such sites). Third, there was a large group that was formally connected to destruction battalions because they were tied mainly to other military-administrative duties (the organisation of evacuation, fortification works, mobilisation of horses and motor vehicles, future partisan warfare, and other such duties).
As the name ‘destruction battalion’ already says, these units were initially supposed to be used mainly in combatting saboteurs, spies and local ‘bandits’, and in carrying out ‘scorched earth tactics’. Yet as we can already see from the previous periodization, the role of destruction battalions in Estonia already became blurred at the start of July, 1941. Since the front was breached in many places, some units that were completely unprepared for it were quickly sent to the front to plug the holes. The Southern Estonian destruction battalions that had retreated in the direction of Narva fell apart, disintegrating into isolated troops that retreated together with civilians who wanted to evacuate. Other units were incorporated into the Red Army in Northern Tartu County in the latter half of July, and most of them were cut off there in a pocket. In August, two companies were formed in Harju County and Narva out of the remnants of the destruction battalions, and were already utilised directly as front-line units.
In conclusion it can be said that while the destruction battalions that operated in Estonia initially were indeed a rather effective force for a short time in the fight against armed resistance, their utilisation in front-line combat not only had negligible effect, it was also rather short-sighted in terms of Soviet rule because it resulted in the destruction of a large proportion of the cadre that was trustworthy in the eyes of the Soviet regime, and this cadre was already quite modest in numbers to begin with. A large proportion of the fighters of the destruction battalions left behind in the rear met their end in the course of vigilante justice in the summer war of 1941. And secondly, since the Germans did not count the members of the destruction battalions as soldiers, the status of prisoners of war did not extend to them, and many of them who were taken prisoner were shot on the spot or were executed at a later time as ‘active communists’.
50
Jones, Toby Craig. „REBELLION ON THE SAUDI PERIPHERY: MODERNITY, MARGINALIZATION, AND THE SHIA UPRISING OF 1979“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 38, Nr. 2 (24.04.2006): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743806412320.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
For seven dramatic days in late November 1979, bloody street violence between state security forces and thousands of frustrated Shiites rocked the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Sparked by the Saudi regime's brutal repression of those peacefully celebrating Ashura—the annual mourning of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein—the fury resulted in an unknown number of dead and wounded. Among the destruction, demonstrators burned the British bank in Qatif as well as the offices of the Saudia National Airline. They destroyed state-owned vehicles, attacked police, raided the coast guard office in the village of al- Awamiyya, seized weapons from soldiers, and even occupied the old city in downtown Qatif, from which they held off the Saudi military for days. One report relates that a group even burned a toy store owned by a government official. Women as well as men marched in anger. The security forces, which included 20,000 Saudi National Guard, cordoned off the major roadways, particularly those in Qatif, Sayhat, and Safwa to localize the protest, control the flow of information, as well as to prevent nearby oil facilities from being destroyed. Reports swirled that soldiers fired on virtually any public gathering of people, including at least one funeral procession in Safwa, forcing the mourners to flee and abandon the corpse in the street. State and hospital officials refused to release other bodies from the morgue for burial until the uproar quieted, leveraging the dead as blackmail. The National Guard relied on the heavy firepower of helicopter gun ships for crowd control, turning the area into a deadly conflict zone characterized by terror, hostility, and fear.