Zeitschriftenartikel: „Historical path“

1

Dynkin, E. B. „Path processes and historical superprocesses“. Probability Theory and Related Fields 90, Nr. 1 (März 1991): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01321132.

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2

Chekantseva, Z. A. „PATH DEPENDENCE, POLITICS OF TIME AND METAMORPHOSIS OF HISTORY“. Вестник Пермского университета. История, Nr. 3(50) (2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2020-3-5-16.

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Path dependence, used in social sciences to model phenomena of various natures, provides an opportunity to reflect on how knowledge about the past works. In the new millennium, the ethos of history and its role in the lives of people occupy a large place in transdisciplinary research programs and discussions, in which not only historians, but also philosophers and representatives of all sciences, without exception, participate. It is connected with rethinking the conceptual foundations of historical knowledge and the formation of a new historical culture. The article discuss- Path dependence … 15 es modern controversial trends in the epistemology of historiography related to the problems of historical dynamics and such basic concepts for historical knowledge as historicity, historical time, and the politics of time. Analysis of avant-garde trends in intellectual culture allows us to show how changes occur in the understanding and production of the historical. In the context of a rapidly changing world and a radical renewal of temporal experience, the discovery of the politics of time, the rethinking of historicity, and the search for high-quality historical time clarify the specifics of modern historical research, which is born at the intersection of theory and practice. Culture affirms the idea of the performative role of history and historians in our time. Historians do not just study the past; they participate in forming historicity and the temporal regime in which they live, helping people analyze life situations, make decisions, form the rules of communication, and create "institutions" as basic cultural structures that determine life in the present and allow them to find resources for thinking about the future.

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이홍규. „Historical Path and Implication of 'Chinese Privatization'“. Korea and World Politics 23, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2007): 179–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17331/kwp.2007.23.4.006.

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4

Batagelj, Borut. „Slovenian Skiing Identity: Historical Path and Reflection“. International Journal of the History of Sport 30, Nr. 6 (März 2013): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.761001.

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5

Koev, Evgeni. „Rocky Cultural - Historical Heritage "The Holy Path"“. Cultural and Historical Heritage: Preservation, Representation, Digitalization 6, Nr. 1 (2020): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/issn.2367-8038.2020_1_008.

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The path, on which the relics of St. Ivan (John) of Rila were carried in 1469, from Veliko Tarnovo , through Nicopol and Sofia, to the Rila Monastery, goes through some regions, which have a wide diversity in natural geographical and cultural-historical features. Some of the most impressive parts of the route are the karst regions, in which there is a rock-hewn, cultural-historical heritage that still exists today and is of great interest. The examination and the recording of the data from this pilgrim route “The holy path” would be a good ground for its thorough research, preservation and exposure in a way which would increase its attractiveness Keywords: The holy path, karst regions, rock-hewn heritage, cultural-historical heritage, pilgrim route

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장계휘 und 서대원. „Three Historical Path of Confucian Culture ― Basing on“. Korean Studies ll, Nr. 19 (Dezember 2011): 437–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36093/ks.2011..19.013.

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7

Wu, Xiaoming. „Historical materialism and the path to social actuality“. Social Sciences in China 29, Nr. 2 (Mai 2008): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02529200802091342.

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8

Hon, David N. S. „Cellulose: a random walk along its historical path“. Cellulose 1, Nr. 1 (März 1994): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00818796.

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9

Terekhov, V. P. „Historical Path of Russia and the Modern Realities“. MGIMO Review of International Relations, Nr. 5(26) (28.10.2012): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-5-26-49-51.

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10

Haot, J., F. Berger, C. Andre, B. Moulinier, P. Mainguet und R. Lambert. „Lymphocytic gastritis versus varioliform gastritis. A historical series revisited“. Journal of Pathology 158, Nr. 1 (Mai 1989): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1711580106.

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11

Komilov, Oybek Kamilovich, und Khabibullo Khuchkarov. „The Historical Place Of Amir Temur In Public Administration“. American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, Nr. 02 (28.02.2021): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue02-37.

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The article analyzes the role of Amir Temur in public administration, the establishment of a centralized state, his work on the path of creativity and beautification with the help of scientific works of local and foreign scholars.

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12

Bernhard, Michael. „Chronic Instability and the Limits of Path Dependence“. Perspectives on Politics 13, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2015): 976–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592715002261.

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Historical institutionalism challenged older forms of comparative historical analysis by moving away from purely structural explanations of historical outcomes. Instead it posited that there were critical junctures in which actors chose between institutional alternatives, which in turn led to path dependence. I examine a phenomenon neglected both by historical institutionalism and older forms of historical analysis—chronic instability. Instead of institutional lock-in, some junctures lead to periods of instability in which a series of regimes replace each other in rapid succession. Three different causal mechanisms that routinely contribute to chronic instability—external shocks, changing configurations of actors, and disjuncture between the logic of change and mechanisms of reproduction—are explored in depth. The plausibility of the theory is illustrated by an examination of regime instability in Germany from the collapse of the Empire in 1918 through the founding of the Federal Republic in 1949.

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13

Little, Daniel. „Eurasian Historical Comparisons“. Social Science History 32, Nr. 2 (2008): 235–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010762.

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The article discusses the conceptual and methodological challenges of comparative economic history, focusing on recent debates concerning alternative pathways of development in Europe and Asia, the agricultural systems of early modern England and the lower Yangzi region in China, and the historical demography of Eurasia. The article concludes that such debates support the perspective that there is substantial path dependency and contingency in economic history and that alternative development paths can be discerned across and within Europe and Asia.

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Duzgun, Eren. „Capitalism, Jacobinism and International Relations: Re-interpreting the Ottoman path to modernity“. Review of International Studies 44, Nr. 2 (17.10.2017): 252–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210517000468.

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AbstractDebates over ‘modernity’ have been central to the development of historical-sociological approaches to International Relations (IR). Within the bourgeoning subfield of International Historical Sociology (IHS), much work has been done to formulate a historically dynamic conception of international relations, which is then used to undermine unilinear conceptions of global modernity. Nevertheless, this article argues that IHS has not proceeded far enough in successfully remedying the problem of unilinearism. The problem remains that historical narratives, informed by IHS, tend to transhistoricise capitalism, which, in turn, obscures the generative nature of international relations, as well as the fundamental heterogeneity of diverging paths to modernity both within and beyond western Europe. Based on the theory of Uneven and Combined Development, Political Marxism, and Robbie Shilliam’s discussion of ‘Jacobinism’, this article first reinterprets the radical multilinearity of modernity within western Europe, and then utilises this reinterpretation to provide a new reading of the Ottoman path to modernity (1839–1918). Such a historical critique and reconstruction will highlight the significance of Jacobinism for a more accurate theorisation of the origin and development of the modern international order, hence contributing to a deeper understanding of the international relations of modernity.

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Octifanny, Yustina. „The History of Urbanization in Java Island: Path to Contemporary Urbanization“. TATALOKA 22, Nr. 4 (30.11.2020): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.4.474-485.

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The paper presents the historical analysis of the spatial transformation and emerging urban reality in Java Island. The historical approach used to understand the urbanization dynamics from the year 1200 until the present time. The study passes through important historical events: early Archipelago, precolonial, colonial state, late colonialization, Japanese occupation, Indonesia’s independence, Indonesia’s democratic experiment, guided democracy, new order, fall of the new order, and post-Suharto era, in which the history of urbanization pattern is also visualized on the map. From a long time frames the colonial state, new order, and the post-1997 financial crisis are the most important influence for Java’s urbanization. From the study, it reveals that the urbanization in Java Island has undergone a series of events that made the urban population contracted or expanded; hence its centers moved to different places. The study also underlines the influence of colonial and economic crises which made Java, and particularly Jakarta, to emerge as the epicenter of urbanization in Indonesia, as Jakarta’s urban development was further enhanced after Indonesia’s independence.

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Octifanny, Yustina. „The History of Urbanization in Java Island: Path to Contemporary Urbanization“. TATALOKA 22, Nr. 4 (30.11.2020): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.4.474-485.

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The paper presents the historical analysis of the spatial transformation and emerging urban reality in Java Island. The historical approach used to understand the urbanization dynamics from the year 1200 until the present time. The study passes through important historical events: early Archipelago, precolonial, colonial state, late colonialization, Japanese occupation, Indonesia’s independence, Indonesia’s democratic experiment, guided democracy, new order, fall of the new order, and post-Suharto era, in which the history of urbanization pattern is also visualized on the map. From a long time frames the colonial state, new order, and the post-1997 financial crisis are the most important influence for Java’s urbanization. From the study, it reveals that the urbanization in Java Island has undergone a series of events that made the urban population contracted or expanded; hence its centers moved to different places. The study also underlines the influence of colonial and economic crises which made Java, and particularly Jakarta, to emerge as the epicenter of urbanization in Indonesia, as Jakarta’s urban development was further enhanced after Indonesia’s independence.

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Elkonin, Boris D. „Modern Phase of Cultural-Historical Psychology: Path of Development“. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 8, Nr. 11 (November 2015): 2743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-2015-8-11-2743-2748.

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18

Bovsunіvskа, Tatуana. „Kognitive Changes of Historical Path of the Literary Criticism“. Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva 91 (28.11.2015): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2015.91.110.

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19

Icoz, Gulay. „Turkey's Path to EU Membership: An Historical Institutionalist Perspective“. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 19, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2011): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2011.639987.

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20

Preiss, Raymond W., und Lawrence R. Wheeless. „Perspectives on Instructional Communication's Historical Path to the Future“. Communication Education 63, Nr. 4 (20.06.2014): 308–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2014.910605.

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21

Gordon, Virginia N. „The Evolution of Academic Advising: One Institution's Historical Path“. NACADA Journal 24, Nr. 1-2 (01.03.2004): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-24.1-2.17.

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The 130-year history of academic advising at a large land-grant university is explored. The story of how advising structures, procedures, and programs were created to meet growing numbers of students, the increasing complexity of the curricula, and the expanding advising needs of a diverse student body emerges in the descriptions related.

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22

Stern, David I. „Historical path-dependence of the urban population density gradient“. Annals of Regional Science 27, Nr. 3 (September 1993): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01581662.

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23

Stern, David I. „Historical path-dependence of the urban population density gradient“. Annals of Regional Science 28, Nr. 2 (Juni 1994): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01581769.

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24

David, Paul A. „Path dependence: a foundational concept for historical social science“. Cliometrica 1, Nr. 2 (12.04.2007): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-006-0005-x.

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25

Carrigan, Frank. „The Parallel Historical Path of Company and Labour Law“. Liverpool Law Review 32, Nr. 1 (April 2011): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10991-011-9088-y.

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26

Zukowski, Ryszard. „Historical path dependence, institutional persistence, and transition to market economy“. International Journal of Social Economics 31, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2004): 955–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290410555417.

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27

Pimenta, Arlindo Carlos. „The Historical Path of the "Círculo Psicanalítico de Minas Gerais"“. International Forum of Psychoanalysis 11, Nr. 2 (Januar 2002): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08037060252943029.

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28

Peters, B. Guy, Jon Pierre und Desmond S. King. „The Politics of Path Dependency: Political Conflict in Historical Institutionalism“. Journal of Politics 67, Nr. 4 (November 2005): 1275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00360.x.

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29

Monzavi, Mehrnaz, Mohd Hazim Shah Abdul Murad, Matin Rahnama und Shahaboddin Shamshirband. „Historical path of traditional and modern idea of ‘conscious universe’“. Quality & Quantity 51, Nr. 3 (12.03.2016): 1183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0324-3.

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30

Zhmur, Y., und V. Hrican. „The historical path of the institution of juvenile criminal liability“. Scientific journal of M.P. Dragomanov National Pedagogical University. Series 18 Law, Nr. 33 (2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series18.2018.33.08.

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31

Lai, Sien, Ting Shu, Guang Hui Yang und Rui Lin Zhang. „Indoor Localization Algorithm Research in Intelligent Lighting“. Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.763.

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Due to existing indoor intelligent lighting system lack of the movement path predictionand the boundary of the space detection,thispaperpresents an idea to predict the location and distinguish the boundary of the space based on the historical data of someone's motion path; Indoor positioningisappliedtointelligent lighting system, according to the existing indoor localization algorithm, combined with the historical data of motion path, design an suitable algorithm for indoor intelligent lighting system, which can predict location and distinguish the boundary of the space.

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Soroka, Svitlana, und Yuliana Palagnyuk. „Historical Path Dependency and Media Freedom: Poland and Ukraine in the 1990s“. Studia Warmińskie 57 (31.12.2020): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sw.4629.

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The paper’s objective is to explain the different levels of media freedom in the post-socialist counties of Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s, particularly in Poland and Ukraine. Even though these two countries are very close geographically, they started the process of transition from communism to democracy and initiated media reforms in the same period, in 10 years the results of these processes were different: Poland achieved the level of free media whereas Ukraine did not. The theories of Putnam’s deep long-term historical path dependence approach, East Central European historians and path dependence approaches of the economic reforms in the 1990s in the Central and Eastern European countries of post-socialist transitions are combined and applied for the analysis of media freedom in the 1990s and its deep historical predecessors in the sample countries.

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Nadić, Darko. „China's ecological path“. Napredak 2, Nr. 2 (2021): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak2-32503.

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For almost two decades, the People's Republic of China has been on the path of complete environmental transformation and redesign of its image in the international community. China is becoming not only an active but also a dominant participant in the global fight against climate change. In addition, China is firmly determined to change its internal environmental situation and its policy of further industrial progress, harmonizing its own political goals with the generally accepted environmental goals of humanity. The paper presents the basic facts concerning certain historical and political circumstances, which caused flawed attitudes towards the environment in China. It also describes the radical ecological and political distancing from the previous disregard of ecological problems and the recent formulation of ten new goals, i.e., policies, which are contained in the new ideology of "ecological civilization". A special review is given of the ecological elements of the Belt and Road initiative and previous Chinese achievements in ecological and technological development. The conclusion also proposes the directions for possible cooperation between China and Serbia in the field of ecological and technological development.

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Cao, Shixiong. „A win–win path for institutional change“. Time & Society 25, Nr. 3 (01.08.2016): 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x15577275.

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Institutional change is a response to socioeconomic pressures caused by resource scarcity, population growth, cultural change, and economic inefficiency. Historical evidence shows that the unequitable resource redistribution among groups caused by institutional change can indirectly reduce income, particularly when it leads to civil conflicts. A more equitable and effective approach to institutional change would seek win–win solutions. To examine this possibility, I review historical examples of institutional change in China to show how gradual institutional change that lets all stakeholders share the economic benefits is the most successful path. Therefore, innovation to replace or modify old institutions and equitably increase economic growth will be a key approach. This win–win approach requires persuasion, compromise, demonstration projects, competition, and embracing institutional diversity. Increased economic benefits come from economic innovation and encouragement of stakeholders to participate in institutional change, but require nurturing of new social groups that will drive the change process.

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Kryeziu, Sindorela Doli. „The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation“. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 5, Nr. 2 (01.08.2018): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0039.

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Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

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Fiala, Andrew. „Sacrifice, Abandonment, and Historical Nihilism“. Journal of the Philosophy of History 9, Nr. 1 (27.03.2015): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341291.

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Historical consciousness leaves us with the problem of historical nihilism: individuals feeling sacrificed and abandoned by the flow of time. This paper considers this problem, while considering Hegel’s philosophy of history as a useful response. The attempt to construct meaning in history can provide a sense of reconciliation with the movement of history. This paper describes the problem of historical nihilism. It explains Hegel’s response to the problem as a middle path. And responds to criticisms that have been leveled against Hegel and his understanding of the way that historical consciousness can provide reconciliation to the sacrifice and abandonment that occurs in history.

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Bleakley, Hoyt, und Jeffrey Lin. „History and the Sizes of Cities“. American Economic Review 105, Nr. 5 (01.05.2015): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151069.

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We contrast evidence of urban path dependence with efforts to analyze calibrated models of city sizes. Recent evidence of persistent city sizes following the obsolescence of historical advantages suggests that path dependence cannot be understood as the medium-run effect of legacy capital but instead as the long-run effect of equilibrium selection. In contrast, a different, recent literature uses stylized models in which fundamentals uniquely determine city size. We show that a commonly used model is inconsistent with evidence of long run persistence in city sizes and propose several modifications that might allow for multiplicity and thus historical path dependence.

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Šubelj, Lovro, Ludo Waltman, Vincent Traag und Nees Jan van Eck. „Intermediacy of publications“. Royal Society Open Science 7, Nr. 1 (Januar 2020): 190207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190207.

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Citation networks of scientific publications offer fundamental insights into the structure and development of scientific knowledge. We propose a new measure, called intermediacy, for tracing the historical development of scientific knowledge. Given two publications, an older and a more recent one, intermediacy identifies publications that seem to play a major role in the historical development from the older to the more recent publication. The identified publications are important in connecting the older and the more recent publication in the citation network. After providing a formal definition of intermediacy, we study its mathematical properties. We then present two empirical case studies, one tracing historical developments at the interface between the community detection literature and the scientometric literature and one examining the development of the literature on peer review. We show both conceptually and empirically how intermediacy differs from main path analysis, which is the most popular approach for tracing historical developments in citation networks. Main path analysis tends to favour longer paths over shorter ones, whereas intermediacy has the opposite tendency. Compared to the main path analysis, we conclude that intermediacy offers a more principled approach for tracing the historical development of scientific knowledge.

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Cui, Ling Ling. „The Investigation for the Historical Development Path of the Civil Action“. Korean Chinese Relations Review 4, Nr. 3 (31.10.2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33575/kcrr.2018.4.3.1.

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40

Goldstone, Jack A. „Initial Conditions, General Laws, Path Dependence, and Explanation in Historical Sociology“. American Journal of Sociology 104, Nr. 3 (November 1998): 829–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/210088.

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41

Macey, David A. J. „Is Agrarian Privatization the Right Path? a Discussion of Historical Models“. Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 21, Nr. 1 (1994): 149–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633294x00179.

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Cavanaugh, Sarah E. „Animal models of Alzheimer disease: historical pitfalls and a path forward“. ALTEX 31, Nr. 3 (2014): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.14573/altex.1310071.

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43

Di Sia, Paolo. „An Historical - Didactic Introduction to Algebra“. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 66 (Februar 2016): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.66.154.

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In this Paper we Consider a Teaching Educational Introduction to Ideas and Concepts of Algebra. we Follow a Historical Path, Starting by the Egyptians and the Babylonians, Passing through the Greeks, the Arabs, and the Figure of Omar Khayyām, for Coming to the Middle Age, the Renaissance, and the Nineteenth Century. Interesting and Peculiar Characteristics Related to the Different Geographical Areas in which Algebra has Developed are Taken into Account. the Scientific Rigorous Followed Treatment Allows the Use of the Paper Also as a Pedagogical Introduction to this Fundamental Branch of Current Mathematics.

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Zubanych, Laslov, und Attila Józsa. „Zsigmond II Druget (? -1684) – sketches from the unknown life path“. Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, Nr. 2 (2019): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-98-102.

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On the occasion of the 700th anniversary of the Drugeth (of Italian origin) family’s arrival to Northeastern Hungary (in our case, to the Ung Сounty), a significant growth of interest is observed in the family as a whole as well as in some of its members who dominated the region for almost three centuries. This interest is not accidental, since the Drugeth family except the state-level dignitaries (palatines, royal judges, Transylvanian governors, commanders), enriched the history of the Hungarian kingdom with writers, poets, school founders, robber knights, and forgers. However, history often plays a strange game with its participants, since, while memories of some individuals are kept unchanged for dozens of succeeding generations, but for some others we have to assemble the "historical mosaic" depicting heroes of that time, practically from small fragments. In almost every scholarly work on the history of Northeastern Hungary (present-day Zakarpattia), special attention is paid to representatives of the Drugeth family, but biographical data of its individual members are rare. Scientific researches that began during the last decade at the Uzhhorod National University gave a serious “impetus for the intensification of “studies concerning the Drugeths” in the Ukrainian historiography”. The scientific work covers the life path and activity of a little-known representative of the Northeastern Hungarian nobility, statesman and writer Zsigmond Drugeth (? –1684). He has been paid little attention by the Hungarian historical science paid, although during his 27 years long life he graduated from university, participated in major historical events, and published 2 books. Unfortunately, Zsigmond Drugeth became a “victim” of the historical science. Science accepted the “mistake” of one of the historians as a historical fact, therefore the life path of Zsigmond Drugeth in most publications ends with a shameful execution on the scaffold. The aim of our scientific work is to show the real person who has left a powerful but still unknown mark in the history of Northeastern Hungary based on available resources.

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Olukoju, Ayodeji. „African seaports and development in historical perspective“. International Journal of Maritime History 32, Nr. 1 (Februar 2020): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419886806.

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This article presents a long-term explanation of port evolution in Africa. It focuses on the economic, political and social characteristics that influenced the development of maritime infrastructures and their interaction with inland transport systems. This article demonstrates how seaport evolution in Africa has been heavily affected by path-dependence patterns. In addition, this study provides evidence of the insertion of the African economy into the waves of globalization through the modernization of seaports and the necessary institutional and technological flexibility.

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Kiernan, James F. „Points on the Path to Probability“. Mathematics Teacher 94, Nr. 3 (März 2001): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.94.3.0180.

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Many textbooks on probability open with the story of how the Chevalier de Méré approached Pascal with the problem of points. Very few textbooks explain the nature of this problem, which requires determining the division of stakes when a game is ended prematurely. Still fewer books state that the problem was several centuries old when Pascal solved it. Many students are under the misapprehension that all mathematical knowledge is the result of some single brilliant idea rather than a cumulative process of successes and failures. A historical examination of the various attempts to solve this problem can give students insight into the nature of mathematical discovery.

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Bertelsen, Nis, und Brian Vad Mathiesen. „EU-28 Residential Heat Supply and Consumption: Historical Development and Status“. Energies 13, Nr. 8 (13.04.2020): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081894.

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EU is moving towards a climate neutrality goal in 2050 with heating of buildings posing a major challenge. This paper provides a deep understanding of the historical development, path dependency and current status of the EU-28 residential heat sectors to inform strategy and policy makers and to open up this black box. Data is combined for buildings, installed technologies, fuel consumption and energy supply for Member States from 1990 to 2015, to analyse the importance of large-scale infrastructures and supply chains. Primary energy supply for residential heating is mainly based on fossil fuels; 70% in 2015 with 69% imported. The building level technologies are dominated by non-condensing boilers and stoves. Primary and final energy consumption decreased in spite of an increase in the total occupied living area in most countries. Path-dependency effects are found in the residential heat supply in EU. The analysis show path-dependent trajectories are present in most Member States, especially regarding natural gas infrastructure. The period shows many options for decarbonisation are not used to the full potential, e.g., energy efficiency in buildings, district heating, heat pumps. Past experiences should be considered when developing new decarbonisation strategies in Member States and on the EU level.

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PIERSON, PAUL. „The Path to European Integration“. Comparative Political Studies 29, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 123–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414096029002001.

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Observers of the European Community have criticized “intergovernmentalist” accounts for exaggerating the extent of member-state control over European integration. This article grounds these criticisms in a historical institutionalist analysis, stressing the need to study European integration as a process that unfolds over time. Losses of control result not only from the autonomous actions of supranational organizations, but from member-state preoccupation with short-term concerns, the ubiquity of unintended consequences, and the instability of member-state policy preferences. Once gaps in control emerge, change-resistant decision rules and sunk costs associated with societal adaptations make it difficult for member states to reassert their authority. Brief examination of the evolution of EC social policy suggests the limitations of treating the EC as an instrument facilitating collective action among sovereign states. Rather, integration should be viewed as a path-dependent process producing a fragmented but discernible multitiered European polity.

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dos Santos, Pedro A. G. „Gendered path dependency: women’s representation in 20th-century Brazil“. European Journal of Politics and Gender 4, Nr. 3 (01.09.2021): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251510821x16236819716267.

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This study investigates women’s under-representation in national legislative elections and the gendered legacies embedded in Brazil’s electoral system and party dynamics. Focusing on the historical period prior to the 1996 implementation of a quota law, this article applies a feminist historical institutionalist approach to identify institutions and actors influencing women’s representation. Brazil’s electoral rules for legislative elections, that is, an open-list proportional representation system, remained surprisingly stable throughout periods of regime change and institutional uncertainty in the 20th century. It was not until the return to democracy and the 1986 constituent election that women were able to carve some space in Brazil’s National Congress. This research argues that the relaxing of rules dictating the creation of political parties and the strengthening of women’s movements in the prior decade were influential in creating a propitious moment for increasing the presence of women in national legislative politics.

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Gao, Yang, Da Wei Hu, Lai Jun Wang und Jing Shuai Yang. „An Entry Point Based Local Path Planning for Mobile Robot with Blind Zone“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.197.

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Path planning for mobile robot with blind zone is a difficult and practical problem. To decrease the influence of blind zone. The path planning approach in this paper has introduced entry point to represent the free road which may guide the robot to find the gaps between obstacles. By estimating the entry point in blind zone and estimating the probability it exist there using uncented kalman filter, the historical sensor information is used. All entry points are then evaluated using a evaluate function. So that both the current sensor information and the historical sensor information are used. Compared with the traditional local path planning approaches, this approach avoid the trap problem and the hover problem came with the blind zone. Simulation has proved the effect.

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