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1
Collins, Peter, und Xinyue Yao. „Colloquialisation and the evolution of Australian English“. English World-Wide 39, Nr. 3 (02.11.2018): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00014.col.
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Abstract This paper investigates whether colloquialisation – a stylistic shift by which written genres come to be more similar to spoken genres – has played a role in the endonormativisation of the grammar of Australian English, a variety which has long been noted for its penchant for colloquialism. The study tracks changes in grammatical colloquialism from the early 20th century against the historical backdrop of the progressive decline in Britishness in Australia and the pervasive effects of “Americanisation”. The data are derived from a suite of parallel Brown-family corpora representing British, American, and Australian English of the 1930s, 1960s, 1990s and 2006. Multivariate techniques are used to delimit 26 “colloquial” and “anti-colloquial” grammatical features from a set of 83 potentially relevant features, and to examine changes in their frequencies between 1931 and 2006, in the three varieties, and across the three major genres of fiction, learned writing and press reportage.
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Ustinova, Oksana V., und Yulia V. Putilina. „Early 20th Century Historical Sources on the Siberian Student Community“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 1 (2018): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-38-47.
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The article examines the early 20th century historical source base on the Siberian student community of the pre-revolutionary period. It argues that the sources complex of the period is heterogeneous in structure, nature, and content. It determines that the life of Siberian students, as depicted in the early 20th century sources from state archives, was recorded principally in the following aspects: approved and regulated university activities (admission, scholarships, training, participation in registered student organizations, fraternities, academic clubs, etc.) and oppositional, political, ideological activities of students prohibited by both central and local authorities and, in some cases, by university administration that followed the instructions. More details on pressing issues of student life (poverty, employment issues, etc.) unfold in the periodicals. There was a series of analytical and op-ed articles in the Sibirskii student (‘Siberian student’) and Sibirskie voprosy (‘Siberian issues’) magazines, in the Sibirskaya zhizn' (‘Siberian life’) and Utro Sibiri (‘The morning of Siberia’), and some others. The article shows that, apart from poverty and domestic issues, the informal student life, as lived outside educational institutions and politics (that is, love, friendship, attitude toward family, marriage, taste and theater preferences, fashion, and so on), went unreported. Some aspects of this life were pictured in fiction, published, for instance, in the Tomsk student press. But although they give some idea of the Siberian students’ view and ways of life, these sources don’t record facts of life.
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Simsone, Bārbala. „Science Fiction In Latvian Literature“. Interlitteraria 22, Nr. 2 (16.01.2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2017.22.2.16.
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The present paper is devoted to the overview of the beginnings and development of the genre of science fiction in Latvian literature. Similarly to other popular fiction genres, science fiction in Latvian literature has not been very popular due to social and historical reasons; however, during the course of the 20th century several authors have at least partially approached the genre and created either fully fledged science fiction works or literary works with science fiction elements in them. The paper looks at the first attempts to create science fiction-related works during the beginning of the 20th century; it then provides an insight into three epochs when the genre received comparatively wider attention: 1) the 1930s produced mainly adventure novels with elements of science fiction mirroring the correspondent world tendencies of that time period; 2) the period between the 1960s and 80s saw authors who had the courage to leave the strict platform of Soviet Social Realism, experimenting with a variety of science fiction elements in the postmodern literary context which allowed for a wide metaphoric interpretation. This epoch also saw the emergence of a specific phenomenon – humorous / satiric science fiction which the authors employed in order to offer social criticism of the Soviet lifestyle; 3) the beginning of the 21st century saw the emergence of several science fiction works by a new generation of writers: these works presently comprise the majority of newly published science fiction. The paper outlines the main tendencies of the newest Latvian science fiction such as authors experimenting with a variety of themes, the preference for dystopian future scenarios and humour. The paper offers brief conclusions as to the possible future of Latvian science fiction in context of the current developments in the genre.
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Mulalić, Lejla. „Redefining the Boundaries of Historical Writing and Historical Imagination in Carolyn Steedman’s Master and Servant: Love and Labour in the English Industrial Age“. ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 10, Nr. 1 (09.05.2013): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.10.1.51-61.
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One of the dominant features of the late 20th and early 21st century academic debates on the nature of history is a curious form of radicalism both in the ranks of defenders of traditional approaches to history/historiography and eloquent champions of postmodern theories. These debates will provide the context for my reading of Steedman’s Master and Servant, which probes disciplinary boundaries of history and fiction in order to explore the unhistoricised ways of love and labour in 18th century industrial Yorkshire. As Steedman inhabits the position of both a professional historian, with all the ideological implications of that position, and Nelly Dean, a servant and narrator in Brontë’s Wuthering Heights, this paper will consider her approach to historical imagination in the light of deconstructionist genre of historical writing.
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Rickards, Guy. „Copenhagen and Bregenz: Penderecki's ‘The Devils of Loudun’ and Glanert's ‘Solaris’“. Tempo 67, Nr. 265 (Juli 2013): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004029821300048x.
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As with the symphony, the rites have been read over opera as a form many times, yet even in the 21st century it stubbornly refuses to lie down and die. Three recent premières exemplify the basic strength of the genre: a revision of a radical 20th-century icon, and two wholly new works, one based on a psychological science-fiction classic (twice turned into a feature film), the other on a historical, post-medieval King of Sweden. What links the three together is the psychological examination of the events portrayed.
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Liu, Shi. „Cultural connotations of the image of perception of emigrants in Chinese ethnic consciousness of the 20-40s of the 20th century based on the material of Chinese literature and publicism“. RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 25, Nr. 4 (15.12.2020): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2020-25-4-671-681.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the interest of modern humanitarian knowledge in the study of the image of the alien, the study of the mechanisms of reception of the foreign and other ethnic world in the process of interethnic and intercultural interaction of the 20th century. The novelty is due to the involvement of the material of journalistic and artistic texts of the Chinese authors of the left and right wing in their correlation with the historical, political and linguocultural realities of the 20-40s of the 20th century. The research problem consists in the correlation of ethnocultural, ethnopsychological and socio-political connotations of the image of the perception of an emigrant in the Chinese ethnic consciousness. The aim of the research is to study the lexical and semantic transformations of the concept of emigrant in the context of Chinese ideology and Chinese literature of the 20-40s of the 20th century, as well as to identify the individual features of the artistic perception of an emigrant by Chinese writers. The research methodology is based on an imagological approach to the study of literature with the involvement of ethnopsychological observations. The work uses historical-literary, comparative-historical, lexical-semantic methods, as well as techniques of translation studies. It is discovered that in the Chinese fiction and journalistic texts of the 20-40s of the 20th century the negative artistic image of the perception of emigrants - white emigrants prevails. Thus, in the Chinese ethnic consciousness of the 1920s and 1940s, the cultural connotation of the concept of emigrant had negative semantics. On the one hand, it reflects the real situation of emigrant life and emigrant consciousness; on the other hand, it captures the complex socio-political and ethno psychological processes that have taken place in Chinese society, affecting the foundation of Chinese culture and Chinese ethnicity.
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Charbel, Felipe. „The New Faces of the Historical Novel“. História da Historiografia: International Journal of Theory and History of Historiography 13, Nr. 32 (12.04.2020): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15848/hh.v13i32.1530.
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This article analyzes the problem of referentiality in the historical novel, based on a comparison between its classic and contemporary forms. The first section addresses the “mixture of history and invention” that, following Alessandro Manzoni, was the foremost characteristic of the realist historical novel. The next section discusses how the meta-historical novel of the second half of the 20th century - for example, Disgrace (J. M. Coetzee) and El entenado (Juan José Saer)-eclipsed the problem of referentiality by assuming that the historical novel should operate by its own procedures, and not those of history. The following sections discuss the referential turn in 21st century literary narratives, focusing on three novels: El material humano, by Rodrigo Rey Rosa; K. Relato de uma busca, by Bernardo Kucinski, and Jan Karski, by Yannick Haenel. The article concludes that the inversion of these two poles—from non-referentiality to the predominance of referentiality—is an unexpected facet of the elasticity of the concept (and practice) of fiction, which by denying itself ultimately enriches itself.
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Protopopova, Irina. „The Socratic question: old problems and new trends“. ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 13, Nr. 1 (2019): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2019-13-1-330-338.
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The article deals with new approaches to the solution of the so-called “Socratic question” associated with the search for a “historical” Socrates in different sources. The author outlines the history of the issue starting with Schleiermacher and his distinction between the images of Socrates in Plato and Xenophon. It is shown how, at the beginning of the 20th century, a consensus on the authenticity of Plato’s Socrates was reached (Robin, Taylor, Burnet, Maier), and then a sceptical view on the possibility itself to ever solve the “Socratic question” developed (Gigon). Vlastos’ position, which became influential in the late 20th century, is considered: he believed that Socrates of early Platonic dialogues is “historical”, while Socrates of the middle dialogues is a fiction of Plato’s. The second part of the article provides a brief overview of the six editions devoted to Socrates in 2006–2018, and the conclusion is made that there is an obvious trend towards a return to the sceptical position of Gigon in regard to the “Socratic question”.
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Jablensky, A. „The disease entity in psychiatry: fact or fiction?“ Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, Nr. 3 (25.05.2012): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796012000339.
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Background.The current debate concerning the forthcoming revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) lacks sufficient historical perspective on groundwork concepts in psychiatry, such as the nature of the disease entity, categorical typologies, dimensional models and their validity and utility.Objective.To offer an overview of the evolution and metamorphoses of the conceptual basis of classification in psychiatry, with particular focus on psychotic disorders.Method.Discursive, proceeding from history of ideas to a critique of present dilemmas.Results.Much of the present-day discussion of basic issues concerning the classification of mental disorders is a replay of debates that took place in the earlier periods of scientific psychiatry.Conclusion.The mainstream nosological paradigm adopted in psychiatry since early 20th century is in need to be critically examined and transcended with the help of concepts and methodological tools available today.
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Leane, Elizabeth, und Stephanie Pfennigwerth. „Antarctica in the Australian imagination“. Polar Record 38, Nr. 207 (Oktober 2002): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740001799x.
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AbstractAntarctica and Australia share a geographical marginality, a commonality that has produced and continues to reinforce historical and political ties between the two continents. Given this close relationship, surprisingly few fulllength novels set in or concerned with the Antarctic have been produced by Australian authors. Until 1990, two latenineteenth- century Utopias, and two novels by Thomas Keneally, were (to our knowledge) the sole representatives of this category. The last decade, however, has seen an upsurge of interest in Antarctica, and a corresponding increase in fictional response. Keneally's novels are ‘literary,’ but these more recent novels cover the gamut of popular genres: science fiction, action-thriller, and romance. Furthermore, they indicate a change in the perception of Antarctica and its place within international relations. Whereas Keneally is primarily concerned with the psychology of the explorer from the ‘Heroic Age,’ these younger Australian writers are interested in contemporary political, social, and environmental issues surrounding the continent. Literary critics have hitherto said little about textual representations of Antarctica; this paper opens a space for analysis of ‘Antarctic fiction,’ and explores the changing nature of Australian-Antarctic relations as represented by Australian writers.
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WILSON, KIM. „The Past Re-imagined: Memory and Representations of Power in Historical Fiction for Children“. International Research in Children's Literature 1, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2008): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2008.0001.
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This article argues that historical fiction functions as a collective memory: it provides a social framework for recollections that speak of a national agenda often through personal experiences. Taking as its examples three Australian and New Zealand fictions for children and young adults, from the late twentieth and early twentieth-first century, the article examines texts that focus on how we remember the past and what aspects of that past should be remembered: Memorial (1999), a picture book by Gary Crew (author) and Shaun Tan (illustrator), The Divine Wind (1998) by Garry Disher, and The Swap (2004) by Wendy Catran. Close analysis of these texts suggests that, like memory itself, historical fiction tends to eulogise the past. In historical fiction, for children especially, whilst power relations of cultural significance can be perpetuated, they can also be re-positioned or re-invented in order to re-imagine the past. Shifts in the present understanding of past power relationships contribute towards the reinvention of race relations, national ideologies and the locus of political dissent. The article concludes that historical fiction, because of its simultaneous claim to fact and imagination, can be a powerful and cunning mode of propaganda.
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Rrahmani, Kujtim. „In the Shadow of Mnemosyne: The Poetics of Debt in Fiction and Testimony“. Interlitteraria 24, Nr. 2 (15.01.2020): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2019.24.2.19.
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Th is essay aims to thematize the poetic and cultural-historical image of debt, embodied as memorial discourse in both fi ctional and nonfi ctional literature. Th e poetics of debt are forged within the melting pot of mythic and historical images, political and cultural aspects, and poetic and testimonial temporalities – but always sheltered in the shadow of Mnemosyne. Th us, memory remains a permanent umbrella for the diff erent faces of debt. Debt is interrogated within the arc of authors Danilo Kiš and Zef Pllumi, two leading literary and cultural personalities in 20th-century south-eastern Europe. Th eir views provide a geopoetic and cultural background for a theoretical discussion of literary and cultural facets of debt. It is argued that because debt entails memory, obligation, and care for others, it is a distinguishing mark of the human psyche. Th e theorizing prelude will be followed by literary and confessional pieces of authors but, in the end, a theorizing observation on the subject will take place.
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Luchka, Lyudmila. „Book heritage of Dnipropetrovsk region of the 20s–30s of the 20th century: historical review and analysis of sources“. Grani 24, Nr. 3 (30.03.2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172126.
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The article deals with general state of the national book publishing business of the 20s – 30s of the 20th century. The author reveals and analyses the publications of the university book collection valuable in terms of content, design, and time of printing. The history and destiny of some books of educational, scientific and fiction literature are researched. The author’s attention is focused on the problems of book publishing process in Ukraine, in particular books of social, economic, agricultural and technical content. The activity of well-known Ukrainian publishing houses of this period is analysed and a bibliographic review of the repertoire of the publications is given. The author notes a significant percentage of academic literature among Ukrainian book production, in particular the works of scientists in various fields of knowledge.The role and place of publishing houses of the regional level are determined. The literature devoted to the World War I is an important contribution to the development of the Ukrainian publishing space. General picture of preparation and printing of works of Ukrainian fiction literature and popular science editions from various branches of knowledge is created. The attention of publishing houses was paid to the preparation of textbooks for rural schools. the creation of popular serial publications was a special feature. Lviv magazines, bulletins on the history and geography of Ukrainian lands are valuable in terms of content. Materials on censorship oppression and seizure of books on Ukrainian science, literature and art are provided. A number of local history publications related to the national book heritage are revealed and analysed, in particular by D.I. Yavornitsky, I.I. Ohienko, L.V. Pisarzhevsky and others. During the scientific research, the author tries to highlight the unknown and forgotten pages of book printing in Ukraine, which are related to development and inhibition of social, economic and political processes.
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Kamalova, Alla. „Духовность и святость в романе Евгения Водолазкина Лавр“. Acta Polono-Ruthenica 4, Nr. XXIII (30.12.2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.3564.
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The article is devoted to spirituality as an actual category of the scientific and cultural paradigm of the 20th century, spirituality is qualified as an “eternal theme”. The author emphasizes the “fuzziness of the theme,” speaks about the complexity of its definition, as well of ambigious understanding in various socio-historical periods. Spirituality as an eternal topic of fiction is discussed on the example of the novel by Evgenе Vodolazkin Lavr. Lavr – is a hagiographic novel, which describes the life and spiritual path of the doctor in Medieval Russia. The author emphasizes the actuality of the novel Lavr for modern Russia.
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Syunnerberg, Maxim A. „"Beautiful women suffer unhappy fates"? History of beauty pageants in Vietnam. Part I. Category of beauty and the fate of beauties in traditional Vietnam“. South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, Nr. 3 (48) (2020): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-3-48-242-255.
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Vietnam, a country of the Confucian cultural area, the sensual side of relations has traditionally not been exposed. Female beauty has not received much attention in fiction, let alone state historical publications. Often the use of this concept had a negative connotation, and the beauties themselves had a hard lot. Fundamental shifts in social thought and social life in Vietnam in the 20th century reflected in the perception of beauty and the ability of women to realize themselves through their appearance, a striking manifestation of which was the scale of various beauty contests held in the country.
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Dehm, Sara. „Legal Exclusions: Émigré Lawyers, Admissions to Legal Practice and the Cultural Transformation of the Australian Legal Profession“. Federal Law Review 49, Nr. 3 (19.05.2021): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x211016574.
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Legal histories of Australia have largely overlooked the exclusion of European émigré lawyers from legal practice in Australia. This article recovers part of this forgotten history by tracing the drawn-out legal admission bids of two Jewish émigré lawyers in the mid-20th century: German-born Rudolf Kahn and Austrian-born Edward Korten. In examining their legal lives and doctrinal legacies, this article demonstrates the changing role and requirement of British subjecthood in the historical constitution and slow cultural transformation of the Australian legal profession. This article suggests that contemporary efforts to promoting cultural diversity in the Australian legal profession are enriched by paying attention to this long and difficult history of legal exclusions.
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R, Sumathi, und Sutharshan V. „THE ADVANCEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A WAY TO MAN AND MACHINE IN COMBAT IN TIME MACHINE AND I ROBOT“. Kongunadu Research Journal 6, Nr. 1 (30.06.2019): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj279.
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Science fiction has proved notoriously difficult to define. It can be explained as a combination of science and technology and development in robotics in short it can be otherwise called as ‘realistic speculation about future events and a genre based on an imagined alternative to the reader's environment. It has been called a form of fantasy fiction and an historical literature. The paper goes further with two main concepts one with clash between two people of future and the other with advancement of science particularly on robotics. First is about general outline to science fiction in short a (SF) a genre cause problem because itdoes not recognize the hybrid nature of many SF works. It is more helpful to think of it as a mode or field where different genres and subgenres intersect. And then there is the issue of science. In the early decades of the 20th century, a number of writers attempted to tie this fiction to science and event to use it as a means of promoting scientific knowledge, a position which continues into what has become known as ‘hard SF’. The research article is completely based on advancement of science and its effects.
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Simsone, Bārbala. „Erotiskās prozas fenomens Latvijā un pasaulē“. Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums, Nr. 26/1 (01.03.2021): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/aplkp.2021.26-1.222.
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The present paper “The Phenomenon of Erotic Fiction in Latvian and World Literature” is devoted to the fiction genre acquiring immense popularity in Western literature while having attracted only fragmentary attention in Latvian literary scholarship, namely the erotic fiction, which is currently among those genres of literature most widely read among Latvian readers and therefore titled as somewhat phenomenal. The first part of the paper provides insight into the history of the erotic world literature and the most common division of the genre into the three basic categories; this part also provides a short overview of the erotic aspects in the Latvian original fiction during the 20th century. It has been possible to decide that the erotic prose has had only a limited representation in Latvian literature, mainly due to historical and socio-political factors, because the common tendency was to euphemise the said aspects, which were often met with an open reproach of the more Puritan part of the society. Erotic aspects in poetry and prose somewhat flourished during the epoch of Decadence (the first decade of the 20th century) and after that, only during the turn of the 20th/21st centuries when the prohibitions invoked by the Soviet censorship were lifted. Nevertheless, even during these periods, the more free approach resulted in only a few prose works of this kind or else episodes in works of other genres. The conclusive part of the paper is devoted to four novels by currently the most popular author of erotic romance in Latvian literature, Karīna Račko, inviting at the same time the discussion about the reasons for the popularity of these novels which might proceed from their common structural characteristics. It is possible to observe that the novel’s structures are notably similar to the basic plotlines of fairy-tales that the readers recognise on an archetypal level. Consequently, this makes it possible to view these novels as a sort of fairy-tales for modern grown-ups whose attraction is multiplied by the fact that the texts include specific aspects of visualisation that make it possible for the readers to identify closely with the characters.
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Mamedov, Mikail. „A Lost World: Evgeniy Voyskunskiy’s Maiden Dreams, the Karabakh Crisis, and the End of Old Baku“. Nationalities Papers 47, Nr. 6 (22.10.2019): 1013–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.44.
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AbstractThis article examines the first novel about the Karabakh crisis and ethnic cleansing of the Armenian population in the city of Baku. Maiden Dreams (Devich’i Sny), published in 1995, was written by Evgeniy Voyskunskiy, an author born in Baku and generally known for science fiction novels. The novel explores the tragic fate of the city, and it includes stories of persecution and pogroms against the Armenian population in Azerbaijan in the late 1980s and early 1990s in light of the Karabakh conflict. Maiden Dreams is the story of Baku from the beginning of the 20th century to the turbulent period late in the century when violence and ethnic cleansing had transformed the cosmopolitan, multi-ethnic capital into a homogeneous city with no space for “others.” This article examines the novel from both literary and historical perspectives.
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Huisman, Rosemary. „The discipline of English Literature from the perspective of SFL register“. Language, Context and Text 1, Nr. 1 (04.02.2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/langct.00005.hui.
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AbstractThe paper first traces the history and elaboration of the tertiary discipline English Literature through the 19th and 20th centuries to the present day, with special focus on the axiology, the values, given to the discipline and with a brief account of literary criticism and literary theory. It then refers to the work on registerial cartography in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and explores the register of the contemporary discipline in first-order field of activity and second-order field of experience, with examples from the language of webpages and exam papers of Australian universities. It continues with a brief overview of the author’s own work using SFL in the study ofthe poeticandthe narrativein English poetry and prose fiction of different historical periods and concludes with a caveat on the central disciplinary process, that of interpretation.
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Srika, M. „A Critical Analysis on “Revolution 2020” - An Amalgam of Socio- Political Commercialization World Combined with Love Triangle“. SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, Nr. 10 (31.10.2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i10.10255.
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Literature is considered to be an art form or writing that have Artistic or Intellectual value. Literature is a group of works produced by oral and written form. Literature shows the style of Human Expression. The word literature was derived from the Latin root word ‘Litertura / Litteratura’ which means “Letter or Handwriting”. Literature is culturally relative defined. Literature can be grouped through their Languages, Historical Period, Origin, Genre and Subject. The kinds of literature are Poems, Novels, Drama, Short Story and Prose. Fiction and Non-Fiction are their major classification. Some types of literature are Greek literature, Latin literature, German literature, African literature, Spanish literature, French literature, Indian literature, Irish literature and surplus. In this vast division, the researcher has picked out Indian English Literature. Indian literature is the literature used in Indian Subcontinent. The earliest Indian literary works were transmitted orally. The Sanskrit oral literature begins with the gatherings of sacred hymns called ‘Rig Veda’ in the period between 1500 - 1200 B.C. The classical Sanskrit literature was developed slowly in the earlier centuries of the first millennium. Kannada appeared in 9th century and Telugu in 11th century. Then, Marathi, Odiya and Bengali literatures appeared later. In the early 20th century, Hindi, Persian and Urdu literature begins to appear.
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Li, Hua. „The environment, humankind, and slow violence in Chinese science fiction“. Communication and the Public 3, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2018): 270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057047318812971.
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This essay takes an analytical approach to examine some Chinese science fiction narratives with the themes of climate change, terraforming, and environment degradation—written from the mid-20th century to the early years of the 21st century. My broad reading of the texts treats these narratives as archive—textual sources that document a historical development of the impact of human activities on nature. On one hand, these narratives are all closely related to the country’s modernization, its economic takeoff, and the rhetoric of building a powerful China. On the other hand, they form one set of what can be understood as an emerging body of Chinese fiction located firmly within the strata and sediment of the Anthropocene. This body of literature offers a venue for explaining and exploring how economics, technological developments, and government policies have transformed the ecology, environment, and climate in the Anthropocene. These narratives also echo the concept of slow violence dubbed by Rob Nixon in 2011. These terraforming and climate narratives reveal an attritional violence of environmental degradation, climate change, and the consequential social and political problems that permeate so many of our lives. My close reading of Chen Qiufan’s novel The Waste Tide ( Huangchao, 2013) specifically portrays a slow and attritional violence—namely, the ways in which the electronics recycling industry have caused severe environmental and occupational impacts on nature and humans—through exploration of the complex relationships among technology, the economy, and the environment.
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Spooner, Peter G., und Ian D. Lunt. „The influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in an Australian agricultural landscape“. Australian Journal of Botany 52, Nr. 4 (2004): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04008.
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We investigated the influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in a typical agricultural landscape of southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Historical information on the development of rural road reserves was collated from recently digitised 19th and 20th century pastoral and parish maps, such as road-reserve age and original survey width, as well as data relating to locations of old fence lines, county or parish boundaries, previous reserves, stock routes and road re-alignments. Ordinal regression statistics showed that road-reserve age and road width were significant predictors of roadside conservation values. Importantly, analyses showed that the first roads surveyed during the pastoral era (1840–1860s) were often of lower conservation value than roads surveyed in the 1870s, when major clearing of these landscapes commenced. Most roads were surveyed at one-chain width (20.12 m); however, pre-1870s historic roads, traveling stock routes (TSRs) and county or parish boundaries were significantly wider, decisions that have indirectly led to higher present-day conservation values. In separate analyses, historical data also formed a useful model to predict the absence of short-lived shrub species. These results highlight the influence and prevailing imprint of historical land-use on current roadside conservation values.
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Moyle, Helen. „The Fall of Fertility in Tasmania, Australia, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries“. Historical Life Course Studies 4 (27.06.2017): 120–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9341.
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The paper examines the fall of marital fertility in Tasmania, the second settled Australian colony, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper investigates when marital fertility fell, whether the fall was mainly due to stopping or spacing behaviours, and why it fell at this time. The database used for the research was created by reconstituting the birth histories of couples marrying in Tasmania in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890, using digitised 19th century Tasmanian vital registration data plus many other sources. Despite Tasmania’s location on the other side of the world, the fertility decline had remarkable similarities with the historical fertility decline in continental Western Europe, England and other English-speaking countries. Fertility started to decline in the late 1880s and the fertility decline became well established during the 1890s. The fall in fertility in late 19th century Tasmania was primarily due to the practice of stopping behaviour in the 1880 and 1890 cohorts, although birth spacing was also used as a strategy by the 1890 cohort. The findings provide support for some of the prominent theories of fertility transition.
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Candela, Andrea. „Sorting out nuclear concerns: The Australian uranium debate from Jervis Bay to Ringwood's Synroc“. Earth Sciences History 36, Nr. 1 (01.01.2017): 116–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-36.1.116.
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This paper critically considers the history of nuclear energy in Australia, placing particular emphasis on the strong debate about uranium mining and exporting which occurred between the late 1960s and early 1980s. Though this topic has been already analyzed by different historical studies and through numerous methodological approaches, some issues of the Australian as well as international ‘atomic debate’ which involved civil uses of nuclear power in the second half of the 20th century remain under-investigated. This article, for instance, focuses on the little-known and seldom popularized history of Synroc which, in the late 1970s, was presented as the ‘geological perspective’ to deal with radioactive waste disposal. The matters under discussion here are particularly important because of their links with some key issues still prevalent in the international nuclear debate, such as nuclear safety, atomic weapons proliferation and the safe disposal of nuclear wastes.
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Nabieva, Vusala F. „Peculiarity of Historical Themes in Azerbaijan and English Literature in the Second Half of the 20th Century (on the Example of the Works by Aziza Jafarzade and Mary Stewart)“. Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 1, Nr. 21 (2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2021-1-21-2.
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The main purpose of this article is to consider the conceptual approach of the patriotic attitude to the historical roots and individuality of nations in works of fiction on historical themes by outstanding writers who lived in different countries in the same century. In their works, Mary Stewart and Aziza Jafarzade wrote about the historical environment, human relations, religion, the struggle for their beliefs, and other issues. One thing that unites writers is that their appeals to historical works coincide with their age of wisdom. Writers created their works, feeling the spirit of the historical realities of their countries, and skillfully used the artistic imagination to depict events of the long past. This article mainly compared Mary Steward�s �Arthur pentalogy� and Aziza Jafarzade�s �Baku-1501� historical novel and �Hun Mountain� story. The real historical person living in the 16th century AD. Shah Ismail Khatai is the protagonist of �Baku-1501� written by Aziza Jafarzade. Shah Ismail�s name is connected with the flourishing of the Azerbaijani language as both poetry and a diplomatic language. He has a special place in our history and his name is written with golden letters in the history of Azerbaijan. Of course, the appeal to this period is a manifestation of love for Azerbaijan. The same motive is clearly seen in Mary Stewart�s �Arthur pentalogy�. The love for her country aroused interest in the historical subject. Thanks to the legendary king Arthur writer decodes the real identity of the nation. The heroes of these two novels struggle for their convictions and during their reign, they become masters of the ruling. Although the exact period is not indicated in the story about the Turkic-speaking tribe �Hun Mountain�, it is possible to define the era based on historical realities. The Huns� migration to Azerbaijan falls approximately to the 4th century AD. At the same time, Aziza Jafarzade makes special stresses in the story of �Hun Mountain� to our ancient Turkish words. The period of �Arthur pentalogy� is the 5-6th centuries AD. The parallels between Mary Stewart�s pentalogy and Aziza Jafarzade�s �Hun Mountain� are that they describe the far periods of our age and the main feature of that period is that the elements of legendary motifs are inevitable.
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Uczkiewicz-Styś, Katarzyna. „„Słuchajcie, co wam teraz powiem…”, Obsługiwałem angielskiego króla Bohumila Hrabala – fikcja literacka a „historia opowiadana”“. Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej 2 (30.10.2012): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26774/wrhm.28.
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Oral history accounts area natural object of research for anthropologists, sociologists, researchers of cultural studies, ethnologists, as well as psychologists engaged in memory studies. As narratives of experience they became the antipositivist rebellion against the monopoly of major historical narratives that, according to the reflection of the second half of the 20th century, were supposed to lead to the catastrophes of war and genocide.
In historiographic research the questioned positivist discourse based on the corresponding theory of the truth has become counterbalanced by the discourse of memory. As a consequence, also in historical research there is noticeable appreciation for other, non-classic, forms of historical narratives which include oral history accounts.
What can a researcher of literary fiction contribute to reflections on oral history whose greatest value should be authenticity, this “truth of experience”? To what extent can literary texts in the convention of a narrative of appeal, first-person narrative, monologue (in which crucial roles are played by dialogue, orality and rhetoric of the text) be read in the perspective of oral history?
When analyzing I Served the King of England novel by Bohumil Hrabal – author who by default rejects ‘the macrocosm’, the world of great politics, historical necessities, social processes, for the world of microcosm, i.e. a life of each person and what is more, he rejects any need for psychological or sociological (or any other) analysis of this microcosm – one can notice that the dichotomy of literary fiction and the authentic experience of oral history is not that obvious as it may seem. Categories of text, narration and memory, although analyzed from different research perspectives, are common for both forms.
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Jardine, Boris, und Matthew Drage. „The total archive: Data, subjectivity, universality“. History of the Human Sciences 31, Nr. 5 (Dezember 2018): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118820806.
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The complete system of knowledge is a standard trope of science fiction, a techno-utopian dream and an aesthetic ideal. It is Solomon’s House, the Encyclopaedia and the Museum. It is also an ideology – of Enlightenment, High Modernism and absolute governance. Far from ending the dream of a total archive, 20th-century positivist rationality brought it ever closer. From Paul Otlet’s ‘Mundaneum’ to Mass-Observation, from the Unity of Science movement to Wikipedia, the dream of universal knowledge dies hard. As a political tool, the total archive encompasses population statistics, gross domestic product, indices of the Standard of Living and the international ideology of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the World Health Organization, the free market and, most recently, Big Data. Questions of the total archive engage key issues in the philosophy of classification, the poetics of the universal, the ideology of surveillance and the technologies of information retrieval. What are the social structures and political dynamics required to sustain total archives, and what are the temporalities implied by such projects? This introduction and the articles that follow describe and place in historical context a series of concrete instances of totality. Our analysis is arranged according to four central themes: the relationship between the Archive (singular) and archives (plural); the image of the archive and the aesthetics of totality; pathologies of accumulation; and the specific historical trajectory of the total archive in the 19th and 20th centuries.
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Gnyusova, Irina F. „Books About Yermak in the Library of Gavriil Tyumentsev as an Indicator of the Siberian Reader’s Cultural Self-Identification (Based on Materials from the Research Library of Tomsk State University)“. Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, Nr. 24 (2020): 68–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/24/4.
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Yermak Timofeevich, the conqueror of Siberia, is a key figure of the Siberian frontier and a special “myth” about Siberia in Russian culture. The aim of the article is to find out the idea of Yermak that Siberian intellectual readers formed at the turn of the 20th century. The library of the eminent Tomsk teacher Gavriil Tyumentsev is a representative material for this study. During his life, Tyumentsev collected books and various materials about Siberia. The corpus of publications on Yermak belongs to the period from 1832 to 1897. The books are mainly issued by the capital’s publishing houses and include works of various genres, both fiction (historical story, novel, tragedy) and non-fiction (historical essay, research paper, materials of anniversary readings). Two fictionalized biographies of Yermak stand apart. Folklore is an important component of many works. Readers of the publications are heterogeneous, although most of the books are intended for the mass educated reader. The degree of preservation of the books, few notes, and a number of external signs—all this made it possible to assess what turned out to be the most interesting for the reader. Fictional works about Yermak are in the lead, especially the voluminous historical novel Yermak, or the Conquest of Siberia (1834) by P. Svinyin and the love story From Chopping Block to Honor (1890) by E. Nikolaeva. However, popular science publications, primarily fictionalized biographies of the hero, aroused no less interest. In both cases, the fascination of the narrative turns out to be no less important than the quality of the text: for example, the publication of the short story of the populist N. Polushin, which is much more inferior to the work of the famous journalist and publisher A.S. Suvorin, has been preserved worse, and the book with E. Nikolaeva’s woman’s novel falls to pieces as a result of repeated reading. However, a remarkable historical essay by the Petersburg teacher A.N. Ovsyannikov, in which the author gave the most balanced assessment of the conqueror of Siberia, also attracted the reader’s attention. The collection of reports of the “literary morning” in Tobolsk (1883) is a vivid example of how the Siberian intelligentsia understands the events of the 16th century. Against the background of the same type of interpretation of Yermak’s personality by the metropolitan authors, Tobolsk teachers freely express their assessment of the activities of the ataman and his army, and also criticize their presentation in literature, which is far from the historical truth. The significant number of books about Yermak in the Tyumentsev library testifies to the fact that the heroic plot, associated not only with the capture, but also with the domestication of Siberia, was in demand among Siberian readers. And the “diversity” of Yermak in the collection of the Tomsk teacher is the best proof of the breadth of views of the Siberian intelligentsia at the turn of the 20th century, the desire of the local reader to follow all the trends of both the literary process and the historical thought of Russia and form their own idea of the origins of the Siberian “transboundedness”.
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Kesebir, Selin, und Pelin Kesebir. „A Growing Disconnection From Nature Is Evident in Cultural Products“. Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, Nr. 2 (März 2017): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691616662473.
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Human connection with nature is widely believed to be in decline even though empirical evidence is scarce on the magnitude and historical pattern of the change. Studying works of popular culture in English throughout the 20th century and later, we have documented a cultural shift away from nature that begins in the 1950s. Since then, references to nature have been decreasing steadily in fiction books, song lyrics, and film storylines, whereas references to the human-made environment have not. The observed temporal pattern is consistent with the explanatory role of increased virtual and indoors recreation options (e.g., television, video games) in the disconnect from nature, and it is inconsistent with a pure urbanization account. These findings are cause for concern, not only because they imply foregone physical and psychological benefits from engagement with nature, but also because cultural products are agents of socialization that can evoke curiosity, respect, and concern for the natural world.
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Kinkley, Jeffrey C. „The Monster That Is History: History, Violence, and Fictional Writing in Twentieth-Century China. By David Der-Wei Wang. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2004. 402 pp. ISBN 0-520-23140-6.]“. China Quarterly 182 (Juni 2005): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005270261.
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This celebration of modern Chinese literature is a tour de force, David Wang's third major summation in English. He is even more prolific in Chinese. Wang's command of the creative and critical literatures is unrivalled.Monster's subject is “the multivalence of Chinese violence across the past century”: not 1960s “structural violence” or postcolonial “epistemic violence,” but hunger, suicide, anomie, betrayal (though not assassination or incarceration), and “the violence of representation”: misery that reflects or creates monstrosity in history. Monster thus comments on “history and memory,” like Ban Wang's and Yomi Braester's recent efforts, although for historical reasons modern Chinese literature studies are allergic to historical and sociological methodologies.Monster is comparative, mixing diverse – sometimes little read – post-May Fourth and Cold War-era works with pieces from the 19th and 20th fins de siècle. Each chapter is a free associative rhapsody (sometimes brilliant, sometimes tedious; often neo-Freudian), evoking, from a recurring minor detail as in new historicist criticism, a major binary trope or problematic for Wang to “collapse” or blur. His forte is making connections between works. The findings: (1) decapitation (loss of a “head,” or guiding consciousness?) in Chinese fiction betokens remembering or “re-membering” (of the severed), as in an unfinished Qing novel depicting beheaded Boxers, works by Lu Xun and Shen Congwen, and Wuhe's 2000 commemoration of a 1930 Taiwanese aboriginal uprising; (2) justice is poetic, but equals punishment, even crime, in late Qing castigatory novels, Bai Wei, and several Maoist writers; (3) in revolutionary literature, love and revolution blur, as do love affairs in life with those in fiction; (4) hunger, indistinct from anorexia, is excess; witness “starved” heroines of Lu Xun, Lu Ling, Eileen Chang and Chen Yingzhen; (5) remembering scars creates scars, as in socialist realism, Taiwan's anticommunist fiction, and post-Mao scar literature; (6) in fiction about evil (late Ming and late Qing novels; Jiang Gui), inhumanity is all too human and sex blurs with politics; (7) suicide can be a poet's immortality, from Wang Guowei to Gu Cheng; (8) cultural China's most creative new works invoke ghosts again, obscuring lines between the human, the “real,” and the spectral.
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Medvedeva, Olga V. „The social prestige of the professions of a documentalist and archivist in Russia“. Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, Nr. 188 (2020): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-188-221-231.
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The work is devoted to the issue of the social prestige of the professions of a documentalist and archivist in Russia. The prestige of the professions is indicated by the data of scientific publications and examples taken from the works of fiction and art, which are also a reflection of the public perceptions of each historical stage. Professions are formed simultaneously with the de-velopment of public administration, and their prestige depended on the level of the hierarchy at which a particular position was located. One of the highest posts in the state service of the Russian Empire was the position of personal secretary. A prestigious service was considered to be in the Moscow Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs. In the 19th century the posts of secretary and state secretary were prestigious. In the first half of the 20th century, the replacement of old quali-fied personnel with ordinary workers takes place. In the second half of the 20th century we can talk about a certain rise in prestige by continuing to organize the scientific organization of labor, creating a powerful material, technical and legal basis that regulates records management and archiving. Currently, there are changes in the technology of working with documents related to digitalization, the emergence of new positions, the profession of documentalist is in demand and is more universal in comparison with the profession of archivist. On the basis of the analysis of the questionnaire of archivists, we identify the key factors of the prestige of the documentalist and archivist, among which the main ones are economic and social. A number of state-economic, vocational-educational and public measures are proposed to increase the prestige of professions.
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Лучка, Л. „BOOK SHOWS AND THE READING UNIVERSE PROFESSOR VK YAKUNINA“. Problems of Political History of Ukraine, Nr. 15 (05.02.2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/11924.
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The research deals with creating a diverse reader image of an intellectual personality of a historian. V.K. Yakunin started his reading career as a student of Dnipropetrovsk State University in the 1960’s. During his studies he constantly visited the scientific library. It was at this time when he first became acquainted with rare and valuable editions on historical subjects. The reading experience of the historian is about 60 years. While writing his Candidate dissertation (1972) and PhD thesis (1990), he worked with a significant number of sources and literature, and he also used interlibrary loan services. He was a high-level bibliographer, he constantly searched and selected carefully new books of political and historical content. V.K.Yakunin began to collect his own library from the late 1960s. The analysis of his reader cards from the departments of scientific literature and fiction shows that scientist V.K. Yakunin paid primary attention to documents, book sources and periodicals. He perfectly knew the works of foreign historical science classics. He was interested in memoir literature. Psychological and art literature was not ignored by the scientist. The historian always turned to classical works and editions of contemporary Ukrainian writers. V. K. Yakunin’s private library totals about 2000 copies in Ukrainian, Russian and German. It has been stored in the Scientific Library since 2017. Each copy of the professor’s book collection received the stamp «Professor V.K. Yakunin’s Library». The chronological limits of the book collection cover the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century. Most publications are books of social and humanitarian directions. He was interested in the history of the 20th century: political history, public opinion, World War II, history of Nazism, the Ukrainian national movement. Memories held a special place in the book collection. Ways of acquisition to the Library: donations and purchasing. The historian was surrounded by books during his life. Thus, the value of the book collection of Professor V.K. Yakunin is in the presence of a large number of publications that give an idea of the state of book publishing in Ukraine and Russia and indicate the high intellectual level of its owner.
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Cloran, Carmel. „Rhetorical unit analysis and Bakhtin’s chronotype“. Functions of Language 17, Nr. 1 (30.06.2010): 29–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.17.1.02clo.
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Bakhtin introduced the concept of chronotope (chronos = time; topos = space) to facilitate his exploration of the ways in which space-time intersections occur in literary texts. However, he also suggests that chronotopes characterise non-literary texts — indeed, that “every entry into the sphere of meaning is accomplished only through the gates of the chronotope” (1981: 258) — this historical, biographical and social time-space configuration. This formulation immediately suggests that these categories should be accessible via the categories of language and indeed, in English, they are most generally expressed via the Mood categories Subject and Finite. These same Mood categories of English are crucially involved in the identification of a unit of discourse — the rhetorical unit (Cloran 1994). Thus, this discourse unit provides a useful means of concretising, from a linguistic perspective, Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope and investigating the presence of such chronotopes in the everyday mundane discourse of mother-child interaction. Selections from such interaction are illustrations of authentic cultural chronotopes, and provide exempla of a (sub)cultural chronotopic motif within the broader culture, i.e. social positioning at a particular historical point in time (the late 20th century Australian culture).
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Tkachenko, Roman. „Utopia of S. Podolynsky and its echo in Ukrainian literature“. Synopsis: Text Context Media 26, Nr. 2 (2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2020.2.4.
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The article deals with the connections between S. Podolynsky and Ukrainian literature, namely his artistic, educational and non-fiction works, scientific studies that testify to the philosophical principles of that era, create an additional explanatory context for the literary process, and the influence of the scientist's ideas on art literature. The object of study was mainly the texts of the thinker, such as “Steam machine” and “Human work and its relation to the distribution of energy.” The relevance of the study is seen in the need for a comprehensive understanding of the so-called populism, which in its individual samples went beyond provinciality and intellectual limitations, attesting to the art of the next era. The defining feature is the cultural and historical method established in Ukrainian literary studies. The novelty of intelligence is to shift the focus to little-known figures and marginal genres of Ukrainian literature. Interest in the figure of S. Podolynsky, what grew over time in a separate direction of research, dates back to the periods of national revival in the 20th century. Historians and economists wrote the most about him. However, physicians, physicists, biogeochemists, ecologists from Ukraine and abroad have gradually joined. The grows of the number of researchers and, in particular, the diversification of the subject of research with the involvement of all new areas of science is evidenced by the underestimated true scale of the personality of the Ukrainian thinker over the decades. We consider it necessary to focus, firstly, the genre specificity of the work “Steam machine” in the context of that day attracts attention, secondly, on the search for the echo of the ideas of this scientist in Ukrainian literature of the 19th and the first third of the 20th century. It is argued that the ideas of S. Podolynsky, in particular the autotrophy of mankind, as well as compositional and genre innovations could have influenced on the formation of scientific and social science fiction in Ukrainian literature. From our point of view, the proposed problem has the prospect of further elaboration, in particular the hypothesis about the connection between the futurological forecasts of S. Podolynsky and the ideological and artistic content of the short story by Panas Myrny “Dream” and V. Vynnychenko’s novel “Sun Machine”.
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Day, Cheryl. „Does my bum look big in this? Reconsidering anorexia nervosa within the culture context of 20th century Australia“. Surveillance & Society 6, Nr. 2 (27.02.2009): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v6i2.3254.
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Anorexia Nervosa is a mental health issue that has a history over many centuries, but has relatively recently been identified as a ‘real’ mental illness. A condition that predominantly afflicts young, middle class women it had long been subsumed among the ‘natural weaknesses’ of women, not unlike the manner in which ‘Hysteria’ was diagnosed within the Freudian understanding of women’s health. However, since the 1970s, and especially with the deaths of some high profile young women it has undergone a reassessment. While clinical understandings of Anorexia Nervosa remain contentious, there is an increasing recognition that the condition is also grounded within specific cultural understandings. The article presents a brief historical overview of the construction of ‘self-starvation’ as applied to ‘fasting saints’ and to modern anorexic women. However, the major focus of the paper is an examination of the cultural situation as exemplified in contemporary Australia. Drawing on the Foucaudian notions of self surveillance the article suggests that TV programs can be used as a vehicle for modern day ‘self surveillance ’and as guidelines for the construction of self. Briefly, TV programs, especially so called ‘reality TV,’ portray a mirror image of how we as consumers should behave. The programs I have chosen to highlight are the phenomenally popular cooking shows that are aired daily on Australian TV screens. Through an examination of the social meanings constructed around food with the TV programs as a primary carrier of these cultural references, the article seeks to address some of the contradictions with other images presented in different but contemporaneous media. While this can never be a definitive explanation of all anorectic behavior, the paper examines the images of womanhood as presented by these programs. These ‘competent and enthusiastic cooks’ are contrasted with the slim, athletic ideal as portrayed in the fashion magazines and many other ‘lifestyle’ TV programs such as holiday shows.
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Romanowski, Marcin. „Schulz, duchy i meblościanka“. Schulz/Forum, Nr. 13 (28.10.2019): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sf.2019.13.06.
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The paper presents an analysis of the “Schulzoid” novel by Dominika Słowik, Atlas: Döppelganger, which addressed the topic of passing from adolescence to adulthood during the Polish systemic transformation. The author’s starting point is the famous interpretation of Schulz’s fiction by Artur Sandauer in his essay “The Degraded Reality” [Rzeczywistość zdegradowana], based on a claim that Schulz represented in his own way the experience of the decomposition of the known world as a result of the capitalist expansion in the early 20th century. The analysis focuses on the figure of the grandfather and the transformation itself. The former is the central character in the narrator’s mythology of childhood: he keeps telling fascinating stories about life at sea, on the other hand being a fantasist who tries to alleviate his sense of exclusion from the new reality. The systemic transformation has been represented in Słowik’s novel by a series of antinomies as well. The nostalgic and sublime descriptions of the material conditions at the turning point have been combined with the pictures of degradation and trash. Then the novel is placed against the background of the literature of the 1990s, summed up by Olga Drenda’s essay, Duchologia polska. Słowik remembers the material conditions of the period of the systemic transformation and the trashy, though also sentimental, aesthetics of the historical moment when she and other authors of her generation were children. This makes the author of the paper compare their writing with Schulz’s postulate of the return to childhood. Yet in Schulz’s fiction childhood is the source of a private mythology – the images that constitute the writer’s imagination. The writers of the 1990s make a turn toward the reminiscences of childhood to revise critically the myths of the historical turning moment and to articulate their own and their generation’s experience of the transformation.
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Hossain, Md Amir. „The Impact of Existentialism in Shakespeare’s Hamlet“. Journal of English Language and Literature 3, Nr. 1 (28.02.2014): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v3i1.40.
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This article attempts to treat Shakespeare as existentialism’s prolific precursor, as a writer who focuses on existentialist ideas in his own distinctive theatrical and poetic terms long before they were fully developed in the philosophical and literary terms of the 20th century. The plays of Shakespeare and existentialist philosophy are equally fascinated by issues such as authenticity and in-authenticity, freedom of thought, being and nothingness, authenticity, freedom, and self-becoming. In recent years, Shakespearean criticism has shied away from these fundamental existentialist concerns as reflected in his play, Hamlet, preferring to investigate the historical and cultural conditioning of human subjectivity. It aims to provide a sketch of existentialist thought and survey the influence of existentialism on readings of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. It also suggests that Shakespeare and modern existentialist philosophers and thinkers share a deep interest in the creative fusion of fiction and philosophy as the most faithful means of articulating the existentialist immediacy of experience and the philosophical quandaries. My attempt is to offer the critical viewpoints of Shakespearean critics, scholars, and some well-reputed existentialist philosophers and thinkers with a view to signifying existentialist readings of Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
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Blagova, A. R., und N. V. Kutukova. „Journalists about Journals: Textbook Review Russian Magazines of the 19th— early 20th Centuries“. Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 5, Nr. 1 (01.04.2021): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2021-1-17-193-195.
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The 2021 publication of the MGIMO editorial, a textbook called Russian Magazines of the 19th — early 20th Centuries is a collection of articles by the faculty of the School of international journalism. The collection gives an idea of the formation and development of Russian journalism at the turn of the centuries, the Silver age of the Russian culture. It is this period that is marked by epochal events that have radically changed the life of society. Thick magazines, the subject of research in this collection, were the mouthpiece of not only socio-political, but also cultural events. Having appeared at the end of the 18th century, they acquired real spread in late 19th century, making the sphere of Russian journalism flourish and develop the professional standards. The thick periodical magazines were brought to life by the peculiar conditions of Russia’s development. Such magazines were not only a literary and artistic collection, but also a political newspaper that embodied the dialogue traditions of both conservatives and radicals. Readers of literary magazines and the authors of articles shaped the intellectual environment that determined the cultural advancement of the country and became significant point on the cultural landscape themselves. In the historical and cultural context of this period, the textbook helpfully explains a few little-known facts from the life of the authors whose publications and editorial activities determined the fate of the journals. Until now, such journals as Bozhii mir (God’s World) and several others have not been the subject of scientific interest. Therefore, the novelty and of the research conducted is important. The authors offer the explanation of why they choose this specific set of magazines. It is due to the place they had the process of formation and development of Russian journalism. The textbook emphasizes that the magazines published not only fiction works, their role was much more significant: they were the arena of political and literary struggle, gave the floor to express certain aesthetic or social principles and represented a type of a popular encyclopedia, thus acting as providers of education. In this way, among the instances why the textbook is of interest for educational purposes one should mention that the history of journalism of the period is reflected in the history of Russian culture.
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Kolykhalova, Olga A., und Anna Yu Kuldoshina. „Perceptions of Russian Literature in Britain in the end of the XIX — beginning of the XX century“. NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, Nr. 4 (2019): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-4-119-129.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing ideas about Russian literature in Britain at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. A brief overview of the advancement of works by Russian classics among British readers is given. The spread of Russian literature in Britain had been progressing slowly for a long time due to the difficulty in translation and the lack of interest in Russia and Russian culture. However, at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, the situation changed in the British literary community. This period saw a plethora of publications of translations of Russian fiction that were accomplished by professional translators, Slavonic scholars, and writers. These translations appeared in periodicals and other print formats. The article provides an overview of the translation of works of F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, who have become the most understandable and accessible to the English mentality. It happened thanks to such outstanding translators as C. Garnett, Aylmer and Louise Maude, S. S. Koteliansky (who worked in collaboration with V. Woolf, J. M. Murry), R. E. C. Long and others. Having gained access to high-quality translations of Russian classics, British writers began to study their works in greater detail. The British saw the influence of English and European writers (W. Shakespeare, Ch. Dickens, J.-J. Rousseau, J. W. Goethe, V. Hugo, etc.), e.g., in F. M. Dostoevsky’s works. However, later the Russian influence could also be felt in the Western novel, modifying it. There is an opinion that the works of A. P. Chekhov, translated by Garnett, changed the English short story, making it exactly as we know it. V. Woolf, J. Joyce, B. Shaw, J. Galsworthy, A. Bennett and others admired the depth, style, and language of Russian writers. Translation of works of great Russian authors facilitated the flow of information about Russia and expanded the Brit’s view on the country and its people. It once again confirms the existence of mutual cultural exchange between the two countries from a historical perspective. It can be argued that, despite all the complexities of the relationship, the mutual influence of the literatures of the two countries is quite significant.
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Meškova, Sandra. „SEMANTICS OF THE DEPICTION OF DAUGAVPILS IN ANITA LIEPA’S DOCUMENTARY PROSE AND FICTION“. Via Latgalica, Nr. 6 (31.12.2014): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2014.6.1658.
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<p>Anita Liepa (born 1928) is a contemporary Latvian prose writer whose creative work was closely related to the post-soviet period in Latvia in the late 20th – and the beginning of the 21st century. In her works she depicted significant evidence of complex and contradictory processes in the history of Latvia in the 20th century, especially those related to World War II and its consequences for Latvia. Her works are divided into two distinct groups: documentary prose and fiction. The writer was born in Daugavpils, a town on the south-eastern border of Latvia, that had a significant role in the history of Latvia, especially in relation to World War II, as the town, was the place of dislocation of the major cavalry corps regiment in Daugavpils fortress. A. Liepa’s uncle Anatolijs Sondors was the fortress commandant, who faced the entrance of the Red Army and along with other Latvian army officers was deported to the Far North of the Soviet Union and died there.</p><p>The present paper regards the depiction of the cultural space of Daugavpils in Liepa’s works, searching for parallels with the writer’s biography and views expressed in different media, that attribute specific connotations to the semantic of the topos of Daugavpils with border as its major dominant. The paper follows up the depiction of Daugavpils both in Liepa’s documentary prose (“Exhumation”, “Colt Years”, “Silenced Pages”) and fiction (“Windfall”). The paper is methodologically based on the notions of cultural geography, semiotics and feminist autobiography studies. It makes use of Mikhail Bakhtin’s term “topos” to denote a model of spatial construction. Border is singled out as the central element of the semantic of the topos of Daugavpils in Liepa’s works, focusing on its spatial, temporal aspects, as well as the depiction of culture environment.</p><p>The topos of Daugavpils is most precisely and extensively depicted in the memory novel “Colt Years” („Kumeļa gadi”). Though published in 1993, the novel had actually been completed before any other of Liepa’s documentary works; this may partially be the reason, why she made depictions of Daugavpils in her following works more laconic. However, the major difference is determined by the genre of her works. In documentary prose the topos of Daugavpils reveals the information about the epoch or what may be called “signs of the time”, activating the culture code (according to Roland Barthes’ division of codes into hermeneutic, semic, proairetic, symbolic, culture codes), yet also developing a bond with the depiction of action and manifestations of the narrator’s subjective emotional states and the system of values. In works of fiction, space is a poetic category closely related to other poetic elements of the text, foregrounding the hermeneutic, semic, proairetic and symbolic codes. Hence, in “Colt Years” the topos of Daugavpils depicts not only the historical and cultural realia and landmarks of the town in the period of the 1930–1940s, but also spatial opposites of two homes the homodiegetic narrator lived in (her deceased father’s house, where she spent the happiest time of her childhood, and her uncle’s hous, where she lived during her school years), accentuating the bond between space and the narrator’s psycho-symbolic reality (referring to the semic and symbolic codes). The link between the topos of Daugavpils and the plot in all documentary works regarded is implied by the locus of Daugavpils railway station as a point of departure or arrival of characters involved in central plot lines. Scenery seen through the train window is realistically described in detail, providing place names, geographical names, referring to earlier episodes of characters’ lives. Thus, the proairetic code is activated along with the culture and other codes. The hermeneutic code is activated in the novel “Windfall” in a very interesting way. On the one hand, the author realistically describes the town of Daugavpils referring to historical events of the time of Awakening there; on the other, the toponym “Daugavpils” is replaced by an imagined name “Rūdunava”. Thus, the analysis of the depiction of Daugavpils in A. Liepa’s works leads to conclusions about the close connection between the category of space and the genre.</p>
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Pathania, Ashok Kumar, Dr Anshu Raj Purohit und Dr Subhash Verma. „History of Early Colonization and Displacement of the Aboriginals: Oscar and Lucinda“. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 1, Nr. 2 (28.04.2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc1208.
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The post colonial literature questions the legitimacy and completeness of history written in form of the chronicles of kings, princes, privileged ruling elites and the colonial and imperial ways of ruling the weaker territories across the world. Such power based narratives of the rulers, also termed as ‘mainstream history’, offer, either less space, for the indigenous, ‘subalterns’ or the conquered, or misrepresented them as the black, inferiors, uncivilized or aboriginals. The mainstreaming of history in this sense is the authoritative completeness or truth telling of the past. It is propagated as a matter of telling the story of past which can never be available as undistorted or pure. The novels of Peter Carey, the famous Australian novelist, re-evaluate the intricacies of history written by mainstream historians through their writings. In the historical fiction of Carey the convicts, rebellions, historical legends, systematic suppression and colonization of Aboriginals find justifiable records of their voices which could find place in the main stream version of history. The present paper is an attempt to analyse Peter Carey’s Oscar and Lucinda (1988) as purely a historical projection of nineteenth century Australia that portrays the early phase of British colonization of the continent particularly when the British administrators and historians were writing the saga of discovering and settling a newly occupied landmass. It unravels the process of spreading the Christianity in the newly occupied land which was one of the main strategies of British colonization across its colonies.
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Babicheva, Maya. „“Twice Crowned” (Leonid Yuzefovich – Laureate of the Big Book)“. Stephanos Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 47, Nr. 3 (31.05.2021): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2021-47-3-86-97.
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The article discusses the two-aspect nature of the contribution of L.A. Yuzefovich into Russian culture, as a reflection of the specifics of his gift. The criterion for the writer’s achievements was chosen to be a double leader in the national literary prize «Big Book» (a unique case in its history). The purpose of the article is to show the genre specificity of the individual style of Yuzefovich, which doubled the significance of his works for Russian literature and culture in general. The well-known Bulgakovʼs metaphor is applicable to the work of this writer completely. In this case, the right and left hand of the pianist can be considered fiction and documentary proze. A writer’s achievements in each of these areas greatly contribute to his success in the other. The leading place in the work of Yuzefovich the fiction writer is occupied by a large epic form. His novels with criminal plot, as a rule, have a pronounced detective line. The action takes place in different eras in different locations. These are Moscow and Western Europe of the 17th century, imperial Petersburg of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Perm in the 1920s., etc. Specific historical details are reproduced in detail, the atmosphere of the era is recreated. Critics have repeatedly noted the writer’s ability to convey the spirit of the times in artistic form. The documentary prose of this author is a continuation of his scientific career (he is PhD in historical sciences). The beginning of this direction in his work was laid by the artistically revised dissertation research of the scientist. Subsequently, the main interest of Yuzefovich as the author of documentary proze focused on the events of the Civil War in Siberia and the Far East. The writer’s historical books have a fascinating plot and are written in good literary language. The best (to date) works of Yuzefovich of each of the named directions were awarded the Big Book Prize (the 1st place), awarded for a significant contribution to Russian culture and increasing the social significance of Russian literature. These are the novel «Cranes and the Dwarfs» (prize 2009) and the documentary novel «Winter Road» (prize 2015). Both works reveal important stages in Russian history and, at the same time, deserve high praise for their artistic form.
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Veremenko, V. A. „“On the proper keeping of linen and clothes”: organization of laundry in urban noble-intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century“. VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, Nr. 1(52) (26.02.2021): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-52-1-13.
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The article is aimed at characterization of the ways of laundry organization in the urban noble-intellectual families of post-reform Russia, identification of the extent of innovations in this area, and of the degree of transition of this activity from the field of domestic labour to social production. The sources of the research include paperwork of laundry facili-ties, statistical data, numerous housekeeping manuals and instructions for laundry organization, memoirs, diaries and house books of urban nobles, especially noble women, and, finally, fiction and publicistic writings of this period. The study follows a methodological approach that combines research methods characteristic for the history of everyday life (first of all, historical reconstruction method), the theory of sociocultural dynamics, and the theory of “topochron”. The author concludes that, despite the significant increase of personal participation of educated housewives in household chores, which took place at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century, this change did not extend to laundry, which was completely delegated to a special person — laundress. The employee herself could act as a single-family domestic servant, a worker who served in a laundry establishment or an independent day laborer who offered her ser-vices to all concerned. Moreover, the first group — laundresses — domestic servants — was extremely rare in the post-reform period. Washing could be carried out both “at the owners’ home”, and “on the side”. “Home washing”, which provided a theoretical opportunity for the employer to control the employee’s activities, was regarded as more preferable, both in terms of service quality and price. Active development of the laundry networks in the late 19th — early 20th century, some of which used machine washing, had little impact on lives of educated citizens. The laundries were oriented, first of all, to work with institutions, and among the “citizens” their services were mainly used by small noble-intellectual families who did not have an opportunity to invite a day labourer. Throughout the post-reform period, handwashing continued to be the most popular way to care for clothing, and the nature of the laundress’s labor re-mained virtually unchanged, still staying “backbreaking” and extremely poorly mechanized.
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Casanova, Michelle T., und I. Joan Powling. „What makes a swamp swampy? Water regime and the botany of endangered wetlands in western Victoria“. Australian Journal of Botany 62, Nr. 6 (2014): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14119.
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Freshwater temporary wetlands are a little-studied ecosystem worldwide. They have been recognised as critically endangered in south-eastern Australia under Australian biodiversity conservation legislation. However, little has been recorded about their hydrology, functioning or biodiversity values; i.e. the factors that make them intrinsically ‘swampy’. In this paper, we developed a simple threshold model of wetland hydrology based on historical rainfall records and calculated evaporation records matched to records and recollections of the owners of swamps, and documented water-plant and microalgal species richness. The model indicated that swamps were inundated to at least 10-cm depth in an average of 6.3 years per decade for most of the 20th century. The average dry time between inundations was 1.27 years (maximum of 4.5 years). Since 1998, the frequency of inundation appears to have decreased, and the average dry times have increased. Despite, or because of, their temporary nature, these swamps have high biodiversity values among the vegetation and the microalgae, more than has been recorded for near-by permanent wetlands. There is no evidence that a drier and warmer climate will have a negative impact on biodiversity values; however, land management is likely to be important for maintaining these systems as the climate changes.
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Juško-Štekele, Angelika. „MARKET PHENOMENON IN THE CULTURE OF LATGALE“. Via Latgalica, Nr. 4 (31.12.2012): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2012.4.1685.
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<p>The article aims to characterize the market as cultural phenomenon in Latgale, particular type of social communication with sustainable, traditionally consolidated functions and branched semantics. For characteristics of the market basically the phenomenological approach is used by updating specifics of the market as a phenomenon of cognition in Latgale. For this purpose a wide range of diverse sources is used, providing reflection of both individual and collective cognition – folklore, periodicals, fiction, cultural and historical essays. Apart from that also the semantically cognitive approach is used, with an emphasis on nominative density, etymology and contextual semantics of lexemes belonging to the semantic field of market. Market phenomenon in this article is reviewed as three thematic blocks – attitude towards market, selling and traders, market mega-system and, finally, functional load of the market.</p><p>Attitude towards the market, traders and trading as a type of economic activity has not been uniform in Latgale. With livestock breeding and farming becoming stronger, trade invariably serves as a tool for exchange of the surplus of goods produced in natural economy for the missing goods. Negative attitude towards trade and trader’s profession develops, when Jews are starting to trade in Latgale, by performance of intermediary and dealer functions. From the beginning of 19th century under influence of periodicals, the trade as a type of economic activity is rehabilitated among Latgalians, which is confirmed by folkloric materials and statistical data.</p><p>Market in the terms of place for selling in Latgale is becoming topical as regards its location, calendar, the market square layout, traders, ritual elements of marketing and a general atmosphere inherent to the market. Traditionally a market developed in more densely populated and well accessible places. In their establishing local estate managers were playing their roles, however as far as 40-ties of the 20th century location, attendance and calendar of the market in Latgale, was mainly determined by a tradition to arrange a market together with the church festivities. Like in former times, also today, coexistence of the church and the market promotes thinking about the balance of spiritual and material values, which is analyzed mainly by periodicals.</p><p>The market has always been distinguished with surprising regularity. In Latgale usually there were annual, monthly, and weekly markets. The names were formed according to the church holiday, dominant goods, market participants. Phenomenal nature of the market is acknowledged by their spontaneous organisation, even disregarding the government regulations. In this respect already during 30-ies of the 20th century Viļāni and Kārsava were distinguishable also these days maintaining the tradition of widely attended monthly market.</p><p>Marketplace as the most important part of the market mega-system has been established in the cognition not only as a marketing, but also as a venue of different cultural and social processes. Substantial factors for understanding of the marketing is improvement of the market area, the offer of goods, diversity of traders. Designations and arrangement of market place presents both a bright national colour and impact of foreign cultures (notably Polish, Russian). Varied supply of goods and bargaining possibility to the present day is specifying the market when compared with other trading venues. All these elements constitute market as the place of convergence of various historical, political and socio-economic developments to signal of all the topical events both in the social life and in the life or particular individuals.</p><p>In the public mind the market has been established also as an essential factor strengthening and even forming the family ties, since up to the middle of the 20th century, the market was the place and reason for meeting of closer and more distant relatives. The market was the place brides were selected, wedding jewellery was purchased. Market lexicon (for example, bride’s purchase, ‘bariši’) has entered also the wedding rituals.</p><p>Since the market is increasingly connected to a large number of people, it has been and still is used also for socio-political purposes: marketplaces have been areas of demonstrations, moots. Political parties address their electorates in the market both at the beginning of the 20th century and today. During the Second World War years, the marketplace was also used as a public place for punishment.</p><p>Perception of the market as a phenomenon has not decreased, it has become a singular identity factor and represents traditions and culture of Latgale both in other areas of Latvia and abroad.</p>
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Макаренко, Евгения Константиновна. „GENRE SPECIFICITY OF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ABOUT RUSSIAN MOVEMENTS BY E. POSELYANIN“. Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, Nr. 1(213) (11.01.2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-1-95-103.
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Введение. Известный в дореволюционной России публицист и духовный писатель Евгений Поселянин (настоящая фамилия Погожев), пройдя путь сомнений в вере и получив духовное возрождение в Оптиной Пустыни, стал участником развернувшейся между интеллигенцией и представителями Русской Православной Церкви дискуссии начала XX в. Церковность эстетического сознания Е. Поселянина определила основную задачу всего его творчества, заключавшуюся в воспроизведении и передаче духовного мира Русского Православия. Цель. Творчество известного духовного писателя и публициста конца XIX – начала XX в. Евгения Николаевича Поселянина, совершенно забытое на несколько десятилетий советской эпохи, требует реабилитации и серьезного научного исследования. Материал и методы. Исследуется сборник жизнеописаний Е. Поселянина «Русские подвижники 19-го века» (1900 г.). Работа написана в русле исторической поэтики. Результаты и обсуждение. В литературной деятельности Поселянина отразились важнейшие духовно-культурные искания его современников и художественно-эстетические тенденции конца XIX – начала XX в. Религиозное возрождение начала XX в. привело к сдвигу границ внутри русской культуры, при котором произошло сближение и взаимовлияние богословия, философии, науки с художественной литературой, что отразилось на трансформации традиционных художественно-эстетических форм. В творчестве Е. Поселянина можно проследить, как церковные темы и православное содержание облекаются в характерные для светской литературы и отходящие от строгих жанровых канонов литературные формы, которые становятся более пластичными жанровыми образованиями, открытыми для выражения и передачи современным человеком опыта духовной жизни. Заключение. Книга Е. Поселянина «Русские подвижники 19-го века» представляет собой документ русской духовной жизни XVIII–XIX столетий. В этом сборнике биографических очерков традиционализм жизнеописания святого размывается жанровыми новациями: включением структурных элементов из других художественных и публицистических церковных жанров (патерики, проповеди, церковная история) и популярной в светской литературе беллетризованной мемуарно-биографической прозы. Introduction. Evgeny Poselyanin, a well-known publicist and spiritual writer in pre-revolutionary Russia, having traveled the path of doubts in faith and received a spiritual revival in Optina Pustyn, became a participant in the discussion between the intelligentsia and representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 20th century. The ecclesiastical nature of E. Poselyanin’s aesthetic consciousness determined the main task of all his work, which was to reproduce and transmit the spiritual world of Russian Orthodoxy. Aim and objectives. The work of the famous spiritual writer and publicist of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Evgeny Nikolaevich Poselyanin, completely forgotten for several decades of the Soviet era, requires «rehabilitation» and serious scientific research. Material and methods. The article examines the collection of biographies of E. Poselyanin «Russian ascetics of the 19th century» (1900 edition). The research is written in the mainstream of historical poetics. Results and discussion. Poselyanin’s literary activity reflected the most important spiritual and cultural searches of his contemporaries and artistic and aesthetic tendencies of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Religious revival of the early 20th century led to a shift in boundaries within Russian culture, during which there was a convergence and mutual influence of theology, philosophy, science with fiction, which was reflected in the transformation of traditional artistic and aesthetic forms. In the work of E. Poselyanin, one can trace how church themes and Orthodox content are clothed in literary forms characteristic of secular literature and departing from strict genre canons, which are becoming more plastic genre formations open for the expression and transmission of the experience of spiritual life by modern man. Conclusion. The book by E. Poselyanin «Russian ascetics of the 19th century» is a document of Russian spiritual life in the 18th – 19th centuries. In this collection of biographical sketches, the traditionalism of the life of the saint is eroded by genre innovations: the inclusion of structural elements from other artistic and journalistic church genres (paterics, sermons, church history) and fictionalized, memoir and biographical prose popular in secular literature.
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Zaman, Akhmad Roja Badrus. „Menyoal Kritik Orientalis terhadap Qirā’at: Studi Kritis terhadap Pemikiran Arthur Jefrey Mengenai Ragam Bacaan Al-Qur’an“. ILMU USHULUDDIN 7, Nr. 2 (09.09.2020): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/iu.v7i2.16583.
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Arthur Jeffery (1892-1959) was an Australian orientalist who was quite influential in the 20th century. He is well known for his philosophical thoughts on the Qur’an. He even wanted to restore the al-Qur’an text based on Ibn Abī Dāwud al-Sijistānī’s Kitab al-Maṣāḥif which is thought to have recorded readings (qirā’at) in several counter-manuscripts - rival codices. This article examines his thoughts on the variety of reading (qirā’at) of the al-Qur’an. The method used is descriptive-qualitative. From the study conducted, it was found that the following results were: 1) Arthur Jeffery considered that the Mushaf ‘Uthmānī which had a dot and a diacritical mark was a factor in the birth of the variety of reading for the al-Qur’an. According to him, this is a free opportunity for readers to mark themselves according to the context of the verse they understand, 2) Arthur's thought is natural because he uses a text-critical study approach to the Qur’an - as a method. it was used by the Orientalists of the Bible. 3) the use of text-critical studies of the Qur’an as done by Arthur is a fatal basic mistake, because after all the process of transmitting the Koran in the early Islamic century was an oral tradition, so the accusations made by Arthur about qirā’at It is easy to argue with, 4) The use of the term variant reading - by orientalists including Arthur Jeffery is considered a failure by Islamic thinkers in representing the meaning of qirā’at, because it implies uncertainty about the truth of the qiraat itself. So that al-A’ẓamī prefers the term multiple reading, because it is more in accordance with the historical facts of the al-Qur’an transmission which accommodates many dialects of Arabic society.
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Luiz, Fernando Teixeira. „A CONSTRUÇÃO DO HERÓI NO DESENHO ANIMADO: O PERÍODO DAS NARRATIVAS HÍBRIDAS (1980 – 2000)“. Revista Graphos 21, Nr. 1 (04.07.2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1516-1536.2019v21n1.46557.
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Revela-se, nas últimas décadas do século XX, a incidência de séries animadas protagonizadas por heróis primordiais, afinados à mitologia pagã e às Novelas de Cavalaria. Nessa direção, o presente estudo ocupa-se em rastrear, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, descritiva e historicista, as propostas veiculadas pelo cinema gráfico entre 1980 e 2000 e suas articulações com a literatura, o cinema e os quadrinhos. Não está em cogitação, assim, a análise minuciosa de uma obra, mas o delineamento de um panorama histórico que permita visualizar as perspectivas de representação de heróis tradicionais ao longo de vinte anos. Para tanto, recorre-se à crítica especializada, às teorias da narrativa e aos estudos sobre desenho animado e indústria cultural. Em linhas gerais, a pesquisa apontou para um quadro curioso, se comparado às décadas anteriores, marcado, predominantemente, pelo hibridismo. Assim, diversos estúdios lançavam mão de uma teia de signos típicos de circuitos específicos, como o universo da mitologia, o substrato medieval, a literatura arturiana, a fantasia futurista, o faroeste norte-americano e as fontes lendárias dos samurais.
Palavras-chave: Desenho animado. Literatura. Estética. Leitor. Herói.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF HEROES IN CARTOONS: THE PERIOD OF HYBRID NARRATIVES (1980 – 2000)
Abstract: The last decades of the 20th century saw the incidence of animated series featuring primordial heroes, attuned to pagan mythology and to chivalric romance. From a critical, descriptive and historical perspective, this paper aims to track the initiatives conveyed in animated movies between 1980 and 2000 and their correlation with literature, cinema and comic books. The paper offers a historical outline, which provides an overview of perspectives that traditional heroes were represented within a twenty-year time span. In order to do so, it relies on specialized criticism, narrative theory, and on studies about animation and cultural industry. Overall, it points towards an interesting scenario if compared to earlier decades, which were mostly marked by the presence of hybridity. Thus, diverse studios employed a network of signs from specific contexts, such as mythology, medievalism, Arthurian literature, science fiction, American western, and Japanese samurai epics.
Keywords: Animated Cartoon. Literature. Aesthetics. Reader. Hero.
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Del Castillo, Ramón. „Jardines en llamas. A vueltas con Fahrenheit 451“. Quaderns de Filosofia 7, Nr. 2 (09.02.2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/qfia.7.2.18800.
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Gardens on Fire. Fahrenheit 451 Revisited
Resumen: En este trabajo proponemos una reconsideración de una de las historias distópicas más populares y discutidas desde mediados del siglo XX, Fahrenheit 451, del escritor y ensayista estadounidense Ray Bradbury. Aunque esta historia ha atraído desde su publicación la atención del pensamiento político y social, creemos que ha sido ampliamente simplificada. A diferencia de ciertos críticos, no creemos que la fábula política de Bradbury fomente, como muchas otras distopías, una falta de perspectiva histórica o una insuficiente comprensión del presente. Si la visión política y cultural de Bradbury es criticable no lo es por su evasión de la historia, sino más bien por una visión histórica demasiado optimista. También queremos mostrar que Bradbury no fue un humanista enemigo de la cultura de masas, ni de la tecnología. El examen en profundidad de su novela y de numeroso material complementario (otros escritos, entrevistas y documentos) permitirá explicar porqué su historia sobre el sombrío futuro de la sociedad industrial también contenía elementos para imaginar un futuro alternativo. Gracias a ese examen, finalmente, concluiremos que en el caso de Bradbury la ciencia-ficción no solo sirve para imaginar un futuro indeseable, sino, sobre todo, para mantener vivas y transformar tradiciones con las que fabricar un futuro deseable.
Abstract: In this paper we propose a reconsideration of one of the most popular and discussed dystopian stories since the mid-20th century, Fahrenheit 451, by the American writer and essayist Ray Bradbury. Although this novel attracted the attention of political and social thought since its publication, we think that it has been largely simplified. Unlike some critics, we do not consider that Bradbury's political fable, like many other dystopias, fosters a lack of historical perspective or an insufficient understanding of the present. If Bradbury's political and cultural vision is open to criticism, it is not only for his evasion of history, but rather for an overly optimistic historical vision. We also make clear that Bradbury was not a humanist enemy of mass culture and technology. A close reading of his novel and numerous supplementary material (other writings, interviews and documents) make us to elucidate why his story about the bleak future of industrial society also contains elements to envisage an alternative future. Thanks to this examination we will conclude that, in the case of Bradbury, science-fiction does not serve just to foretell an undesirable future, but it significantly helps to keep alive and to transform traditions with which to manufacture a desirable future.
Palabras clave: distopía, tecnologías, libros, memoria, Bradbury.
Keywords: dystopia, technologies, books, memory, Bradbury.