Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Historic buildings – Great Britain – Construction and restoration“

Natural stone is a durable construction material which has been used through centuries for various types of structures. These structures are exposed to corrosive and degradation factors such as climate change and pollution, natural ageing, earthquake actions, increasing urbanization and even human negligence, potentially exposing them to irreversible structural damage and loss. Considering the large number of traditional structures and the historic value of a great number of stone masonry structures, the necessity of maintenance, repair, retrofit and restoration of stone masonry structures is imposed. The process which leads to the preservation of such structures consists of three stages: 1) the in-situ and laboratory study of the degree of damage and of the factors which cause the natural damages on the materials of these buildings, 2) the detailed drawing of the layout and the elevations. This stage also includes the selection of the appropriate measures for the maintenance and retrofits according to the special characteristics of the structure and the design of the intervention method, and 3) the execution of all the intervention works. This paper presents a description of various types of natural stones found in Cyprus, the most commonly used construction methods as well as methods for the retrofit of stone masonry structures.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a globally adapted methodology by government organisations and builders who conceive the integration of the organisation, planning, development and the digital construction model into a single project. In the case of a heritage building, the Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) approach is able to cover the comprehensive restoration of the building. In contrast to BIM applied to new buildings, HBIM can address different models which represent either periods of historical interpretation, restoration phases or records of heritage assets over time. Great efforts are currently being made to automatically reconstitute the geometry of cultural heritage elements from data acquisition techniques such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) or Structure From Motion (SfM) into BIM (Scan-to-BIM). Hence, this work advances on the parametric modelling from remote sensing point cloud data, which is carried out under the Rhino+Grasshopper-ArchiCAD combination. This workflow enables the automatic conversion of TLS and SFM point cloud data into textured 3D meshes and thus BIM objects to be included in the HBIM project. The accuracy assessment of this workflow yields a standard deviation value of 68.28 pixels, which is lower than other author’s precision but suffices for the automatic HBIM of the case study in this research.

2020 was a difficult period for all countries of the world. Pandemic world the economic crisis has had a serious impact on the economies of most countries. The state and people of Azerbaijan, in spite of all the economic and social damage and the material damage caused by the war, shielded the aggression against them and launched a counter-operation to liberate the lands. If we pay attention to the main parameters of the economic potential of the occupied territories, we can see that Karabakh and its environs Lachin, Kalbajar, Gubadli, Zangilan, Jabrayil, Aghdam, Fuzuli were occupied by Armenia in 1989 and 1993, and the infrastructure of the regions was destroyed. For this reason, future restoration work began with the construction of general infrastructure and primary settlements, and at a later stage should be transferred to economic development projects. Our liberated territories cover two economic geographycal regions. Kalbajar-Lachin and Upper Karabakh. During the occupation of our lands, all buildings were destroyed, forests, reserves, monuments, parks, museums were destroyed. In addition, industrial and agricultural areas, power lines, mineral deposits, transport hubs were severely damaged. After a historic victory in 2020, which resulted in the liberation of the occupied territories of our country, Azerbaijan enters a new stage. The geography of reviving Karabakh must be studied by every citizen. There is a need to restore the landscape of this areas, mineral deposits, industry, electrical systems, roads, tourists sites Key words: Nagorno Karabakh, Natural landscape, tourism, economy, mineral waters, industry, minerals, electric power, priority, great return

"Paradoxically, when speaking about the urban architecture of Wallachia, we refer to buildings that transpose into the urban space the characteristics of vernacular architecture. However, the modelling infl uences of this type of formal expression are multiple and owe much to the transit of Bulgarian and Macedonian master masons through the Ottoman Empire. Representing the typical built stock of Bucharest up to the fi rst half of the nineteenth century, this architecture is going to be almost totally replaced by neoclassical, neo-Gothic and eclectic buildings. The late recognition of the value of town architecture is mostly due to causes linked to “the image” of Bucharest. At the turn of the nineteenth century, the city wanted to erase its rural aspect and emphasize the importance of its recently built representative great eclectic palaces. Nevertheless a parallel reality constituted by its rural character impregnates the city up to the present day. “Europe did never have, since the end of World War II, a capital more submissive to the rural than Bucharest.” Until the 70’s urban architecture was still perceived as minor and somewhat insignifi cant. Then a major change in trend appeared, while Romania underwent a period dominated by protocronism - a theory aiming at emphasising Romanian priorities in the most diverse domains. Th is period overlaps the restoration campaign in the Historic Centre of Bucharest, conducted by architect Constantin Joja. Its goal was to convey the “true image” of the town, by eliminating some of the eclectic façades and reconstituting building fronts in the style called urban architecture. Th is controversial restoration approach resulted in very successful examples (as in the case of Manuc Inn, based on consistent iconographic data) but also in the creation of a series of new façades designed by the architects. Under these circumstances the conservation of the few examples of authentic urban architecture becomes even more signifi cant. Two of the buildings erected in the style, belong to a program that was still representative for Bucharest in the fi rst decades of the 19th century: the commercial inn – a late and small scale version of the Great Inns described by Frederic Damé as characteristic buildings of the 18th century Bucharest. Both are to be found in Calea Moşilor (Podul Târgului de Afară), in different stages of use and conservation. Because it belongs to traditional typologies, dating urban architecture is particularly diffi cult. Based mainly on the characteristics of the buildings, with little or irrelevant documentary support, the supposed construction dates of the two inns are in fact, signifi cantly prior to the real date of their completion. Establishing the exact building date does not diminish their value, demonstrating the late persistence of local models. "

Traditionally, the building stones used in the architectural heritage of Galicia (Spain) during the past were mainly extracted from quarries located in the surrounding areas of the historical buildings. Thus, a great variety of monuments were built with the same type of granite but with different degrees of weathering depending on local conditions, geological context (facies), and period of construction. The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the probable origin of the construction materials of six historical buildings on the Barbanza Peninsula, Galicia (Spain), based on the degree of weathering and petrographic-mineralogical characteristics. The evaluation was performed on six different samples of granite according to the geological context in outcrops of places where there are old quarries. We used X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and petrographic microscopy (PM) to attempt to address whether the origin is really local to the Barbanza Peninsula or whether the stone was brought from more distant places, based on our knowledge of the geological context of the study area. Based on the chemical, textural, and mineralogical analyses obtained, the material used for construction has a local origin and comes from small quarries spread over a wide area within the Peninsula itself. Barbanza-type granite is the most abundant within the geological context of the area and also the most used as a construction material. Other types of granites identified are the Confurco Granite and other granitoids of the Noya complex. The Chemical Alteration Index (CIA) shows low to moderate weathering in the granites, fitting petrographic observations. In monuments, samples show higher concentrations of Na and K due to salt crystallization. They show microcracks due to extraction, cutting, and finishing processes and common alteration processes of the main minerals, such as sericitization of plagioclase and chloritization of biotite. This work consists of a multidisciplinary study focused on the geological perspective for the identification and preservation of historic quarries. Knowledge of the original material also presents a unique opportunity for the restoration and/or reconstruction of monuments, which allows for the maintenance of their conceptual and constructive homogeneity.

Effective diagnostic and monitoring systems are highly needed in the building and infrastructure sector, to provide a comprehensive assessment of the structural health state and improve the maintenance and restoration planning. Vibration-based techniques, and especially ambient vibration testing, have proved to be particularly suitable for both periodic and continuous monitoring of existing structures. As a general requirement, permanent systems must include a sensing network able to run a continuous surveillance and provide reliable analyses based on different information sources. The variability in the environmental and operating conditions needs to be accounted for in designing such a sensor network, but it is mainly the structural typology that governs the optimal sensor placement strategy. Architectural heritage consists of a great variety of buildings and monuments that significantly differ from each other in terms of typology, historic period, construction techniques, and materials. In this paper, the main issues regarding seismic protection and analysis of the modern architectural heritage are introduced and applied to one of the vaulted structures built by Pier Luigi Nervi in the Turin Exhibition Centre. The importance of attaining an adequate level of knowledge in historic structures is also highlighted. After an overview of the Turin Exhibition Centre and its construction innovations, this paper focuses on Hall B, describing the structural design conceived by Pier Luigi Nervi. A seismic assessment of the structures of Hall B is then presented, considering the potential seismic damage to nonstructural elements. Subsequently, the application of an optimal sensor placement strategy is described with reference to two different scenarios: the first one corresponding to the undamaged structure and the second one that considers a possible damage to the infill walls. Finally, a novel damage-scenario-driven sensor placement strategy based on a combination of the two above mentioned is proposed and discussed. One of the major conclusions drawn from the analyses performed is that nonstructural elements undergoing seismic damage or degradation may significantly affect the global dynamic response and consequently the optimal sensing configurations.

The reconstruction of Ukraine opens up opportunities for the creation of more progressive and high-quality architecture. So far, among some specialists in our industry, sustainable development (SD) is primarily associated with energy efficiency, environmental friendliness of materials, and innovative technological solutions. In 2019, the UN formulated 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) until 2030, among them, for example, #3. Good health and well-being. #4. Quality education. #12. Responsible consumption and production. The most realistic for direct achievement in the conditions of reconstruction are the SDGs: #11, 12, 4, 6, 7, 9, 3, 13, 16, and 17. During the reconstruction of Ukraine, the following approaches should be implemented to achieve the SDGs: 1. Inform the community about the developed solutions for achieving the SDGs. 2. Restore only the minimum number of roads necessary for convenient communication (this is related to CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, etc.). 3. To give preference to modernization and restoration of destroyed buildings over the construction of new ones. 4. Provide optimal (which tends towards comfortable, minimally necessary) solutions for new buildings. The implementation of p. 2-4 will ensure a reduction in the volume of the ecological rucksack of roads and structures. It should be taken into account that the places of mass death of people are geopathogenic zones unfavorable for the long-term stay of people. 5. When designing projects, avoid using forms, proportions, and aesthetic properties of materials that may cause in population associations related to the events experienced during the war (goal #3). 6. Use materials for reconstruction that can be reused or recycled in the future. 7. Encourage voluntary certification of buildings according to the BREEAM (Great Britain) and LEED (USA) systems. 8. Simultaneously implement measures to ensure SD at the level of cities in general. The developed concepts regarding cities' SD are designed for their implementation "from top to bottom". Due to the insufficient awareness of the community, its opportunities for the implementation of SD programs are not sufficiently used. The proposed approaches to achieving the SDGs during the reconstruction of Ukraine will allow for achieving not an instant, but a gradual, long-lasting effect on ensuring the sustainability of the environment.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This involved a sort of preventive diagnostics based on the historical knowledge of the building, on the construction techniques and on the compositional style, on the other hand on diagnostic imaging using photographic techniques developed from the early 1800s.<br />The preliminary cognitive approach, the stylistic identification, the classification of method, the historical reading, the critical analysis of the historical and compositional genesis of the building, the careful reading of the pathogenesis in progress, mark, from the mid-800 in then, the evolution of the concept of restoration that will take shape from time to time from what was "before" and only secondarily from what "is now". This perhaps unconscious diagnostic reading of the artifact (first artistic, then monumental and finally as a cultural testimony) has, in fact, involved generations of restorers painting the landscape of the restoration sometimes in different way, with results that well we know.<br />In fact, almost never the fathers of restoration (or anti-restoration) explicitly touch the issues of preventive diagnosis, but certainly base their theories and their "restoration" on the observation of the factory, on the knowledge of construction techniques and historical period of belonging.</p><p>The things begin to change starting from the first Charter of Restoration of 1883 with the enlargement of the diagnostic project (which finds paternity starting from the 1972 Italian Charter, which embraces many disciplines: from photography to relief, from chemistry to physics, from the historical reading to the knowledge of the materials, from the identification of the material pathogenesis to the reading of the static and structural framework of the buildings.<br />With the passing of time and the explosion of science and technology in the field of cultural heritage all aspects related to preliminary knowledge aimed at their conservation evolve exponentially especially with the advent of electronics. Starting from the 60s of the 1900s, equipment with great calculation capacity and small dimensions was born, a real springboard for the new techniques of surveying by means of a laser scanner, photographic socket and photogrammetric restitution.<br />Tools and techniques of restitution settle and even more solidly base the knowledge base linked to the project of conservation and enhancement of cultural heritage.</p><p>Base of support and extraction of selected data and / or dedicated to the project continuously interface with the disciplines of knowledge that are now more and more "forced" to the table of confrontation to reveal information hidden in the folds of time.<br />A recent work on an eighteenth-century Sanremese building it gives us information on the complexity of the construction of a process of knowledge articulated, composed of several activities to be correlated and integrated continuously, one in the other to try to give answers on evident problems of degradation never fully documented.</p><p>The study, performed in a rather limited time frame, focused on the Hall of family portraits seriously degraded by "accidents of various kinds". The work was based on the three-dimensional conception of the acquired data, allowing to investigate the hall as an articulated organism, supporting the technicians in the three-dimensional understanding of the asset, constituting a complete database of the actual state, becoming support of the results of the various surveys conducted for the knowledge of the asset.<br />In this cognitive path, the BIM method is understood as the possibility of constructing the "as built" model, complete not only of the dimensional graphic data of the asset, but also of those that contribute to the determination of the actual state. The graphic aspect of the model must be connected with historical, material, degradation, contextual information, with the results of any specialized investigations conducted.<br />Only then will the BIM model of a historic building be the complete database, the "medical record" of its state of health, complete with diagnosis, care, indications of maintenance that can be shared and questioned over time.</p>

The “risk society” has become a key 21st century theme due to the economic expansion and population explosion spurred by science and technology development during the 20th century. We must create societies resilient against risk to preserve well-being and continue sustainable development. Although the ideal would be to create a society free from disaster and crisis, resources are limited. To achieve a more resilient society using these resources, we must become wise enough to identify the risks threatening society and clarify how we are to prepare against them. The traditional engineering approach is limited by its aim to reduce damage reduction as functional system of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability by focusing on mitigative action. We must instead add two factors – human activity and time dependency after a disaster – to make society more risk-resilient. The Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) seeks to create new social, public, and economic value by solving obvious problems in society. In promoting science and technology R&D for society, RISTEX supports the building of networks enabling researchers and stakeholders to cooperate in solving societal problems. Our initiatives use R&D employing knowledge in the field of the humanities and social sciences, combined with natural sciences and technologies. Based on these existing accumulated knowledge and skills, scientifically verifying issues and lessons learned from these disasters, RISTEX launched a new R&D focus area, entitled “Creating a Community-Based Robust and Resilient Society,” in 2012. This R&D focus is to develop disaster risk reduction systems making society robust and resilient in the face of large-scale disasters. Two crucial key words in this focus area are “community” and “links.” Specifically, we must reexamine community frameworks to facilitate how diverse elements of society – industry, academia, government, and citizens – can be linked and activated in overcoming complex widespread disasters. Our R&D focus is grounded in the reality of urban and regional areas, and fosters mutual multilayered cooperation. In this issue, which mark the half-way point in the six-year RISTEX R&D focus program, we present 13 papers of reports on R&D studies selected by RISTEX in fiscal years 1 and 2, reviews appraising the academic significance of these reports, and studies that introduce new findings obtained through experimental studies. Seven papers resulted from four projects in the first year, three dealing with postdisaster reconstruction. The first, the Land Conservation and Resilience after Flooding Disaster project, deals with assisting in farmland restoration following heavy rainfall. Based on a detailed activity survey and geographical analysis, the report discusses significant roles played by community and incorporated non-profit organizations collaborating with groups outside affected areas. Of the two reports on the Redevelopment of Tsunami Impacted Coastal Regions, one analyzes the reconstruction planning process of a district completing its group relocation relatively early among communities in coastal regions devastated by the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. The other describes the computer reconstruction of village swept away by the tsunami, workshops conducted to improve reconstruction accuracy and the process by which community identity is strengthened by sharing common memories. Reports on the Disaster Mitigation Project of Traditional Buildings discuss current and future prospects for comprehensive disaster mitigation efforts in preservation districts based on a questionnaire focusing on the social capital in preservation districts for groups of traditional buildings. They also present results of action research aimed at community building based on connecting the historic townscape with people and organizations. The last first-year project deals with Computer-Assisted Structuring of Disaster Information. Related papers propose the design of a database schema for effectively processing disaster management information and use of natural-language processing to assist in this process. They also discuss issues related to the construction of an online information processing system for facilitating information coordination at disaster response headquarters that must process vast amounts of information in disaster response efforts. Six papers resulted from four projects among those selected in the second year. A paper on Resilient Metropolitan Areas Creation proposes multiscale community-based disaster mitigation planning preparing for a Nankai megathrust earthquake based on the need for a diverse region-wide discussion. They also report on workshops conducted based on this approach. One of two reports on Edutainment Disaster Relief Training proposes a sustainable training model based on scientific analysis of disaster medicine training – the first such attempt in medical relief. It describes implementation of an actual drill. The other report points out the need to classify disaster medicine learners into several hierarchical levels and discusses elements necessary for developing training programs as medutainment based on a comprehensive review of domestic sources on educational approaches and disaster medicine. The report on Structuring an Autonomous Regional Disaster Prevention Community describes how safety measures adopted since the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake by fire companies suffering many casualties from the disaster are effective in regions at risk of disasters other than tsunamis such as landslides. The report the Life Recovery of Public Rented Temporary Housing Dwellers presents ethnography and interview survey results with residents of public rented temporary housing regarding elements of life recovery such the housing situation, income and livelihood. Many field specialists agree it is essential to integrate science and technology in promoting R&D helping reduce disaster risks while achieving a resilient society. We must now put this concept into practice to ensure that research results are implemented. In effective risk and crisis communication, we focus on key prerequisites of people and society. We also address social issues using accumulated knowledge and technologies in individual fields as a starting point and linking these to the launch of new social implementations for achieving a resilient society. We express our sincere thanks and appreciation to all of the authors and reviewers involved in this special issue for their invaluable contributions and support.

Heritage buildings and designs contribute to the richness of a country's history and culture, with "heritage" referring to archaic structures and artifacts associated with historic, cultural, and architectural designs. These structures and monuments serve as powerful reminders of the region's past while also compromising the regional culture's foundation. India has a long and illustrious history, as evidenced by diverse structures, forts, temples, landscapes, and ancient artifacts. Many of them were built during the Golden Age of Indian Civilization, many hundred years ago. India is characterized as a place with a great legacy, rich in traditional practices, culture, and historical landmarks, all of which have been blended to make a "unified nation." To preserve this cultural property restoration of heritage structure is necessary. New innovations, upgraded systems, improved technologies, advances in the construction industry are constantly evolving. It is very important that new techniques should match with heritage structure. In this study, some special techniques are used for restoration of heritage buildings are discussed.