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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Higher South Australia Econometric models"
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FURUOKA, FUMITAKA. „UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION“. Singapore Economic Review 62, Nr. 05 (Dezember 2017): 983–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081550085x.
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This study empirically examined unemployment dynamics in 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, namely, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand. It used quarterly data on the unemployment rates from the first quarter of 1980 to the first quarter of 2013. This paper employed three different econometric methods, including the recently-developed powerful unit root test with structural break (Lee and Strazicich, 2003, 2004) and the nonlinear unit root test (Enders and Lee, 2012). The findings indicated that the unemployment rates in five countries of the region, namely, China, Taiwan, South Korea, the Philippines and Thailand, had highly dynamic labor markets in which higher-than-normal unemployment rates would revert to the normal level. The other seven Asia-Pacific countries had less dynamic labor markets. The findings of this study have some important policy implications.
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Ma, Le, Chunlu Liu und Anthony Mills. „Construction labor productivity convergence: a conditional frontier approach“. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 23, Nr. 3 (16.05.2016): 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-03-2015-0040.
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Purpose – Understanding and simulating construction activities is a vital issue from a macro-perspective, since construction is an important contributor in economic development. Although the construction labor productivity frontier has attracted much research effort, the temporal and regional characteristics have not yet been explored. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-run equilibrium and dynamics within construction development under a conditional frontier context. Design/methodology/approach – Analogous to the simplified production function, this research adopts the conditional frontier theory to investigate the convergence of construction labor productivity across regions and over time. Error correction models are implemented to identify the long-run equilibrium and dynamics of construction labor productivity against three types of convergence hypotheses, while a panel regression method is used to capture the regional heterogeneity. The developed models are applied to investigate and simulate the construction labor productivity in the Australian states and territories. Findings – The results suggest that construction labor productivity in Australia should converge to stable frontiers in a long-run perspective. The dynamics of the productivity are mainly caused by the technology utilization efficiency levels of the local construction industry, while the influences of changes in technology level and capital depending appear limited. Five regional clusters of the Australian construction labor productivity are suggested by the simulation results, including New South Wales; Australian Capital Territory; Northern Territory, Queensland, and Western Australia; South Australia; and Tasmania and Victoria. Originality/value – Three types of frontier of construction labor productivity is proposed. An econometric approach is developed to identify the convergence frontier of construction labor productivity across regions over time. The specified model can provides accurate predictions of the construction labor productivity.
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Edmiston, Natalie, Erin Passmore, David J. Smith und Kathy Petoumenos. „Multimorbidity among people with HIV in regional New South Wales, Australia“. Sexual Health 12, Nr. 5 (2015): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14070.
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Background Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of more than one chronic health condition in addition to HIV. Higher multimorbidity increases mortality, complexity of care and healthcare costs while decreasing quality of life. The prevalence of and factors associated with multimorbidity among HIV positive patients attending a regional sexual health service are described. Methods: A record review of all HIV positive patients attending the service between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 was conducted. Two medical officers reviewed records for chronic health conditions and to rate multimorbidity using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with a higher CIRS score. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine individuals were included in the study; the mean age was 51.8 years and 92.6% were men. One-quarter (25.4%) had ever been diagnosed with AIDS. Multimorbidity was extremely common, with 54.5% of individuals having two or more chronic health conditions in addition to HIV; the most common being a mental health diagnosis, followed by vascular disease. In multivariate analysis, older age, having ever been diagnosed with AIDS and being on an antiretroviral regimen other than two nucleosides and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor were associated with a higher CIRS score. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study looking at associations with multimorbidity in the Australian setting. Care models for HIV positive patients should include assessing and managing multimorbidity, particularly in older people and those that have ever been diagnosed with AIDS.
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Yunusa, IAM, RH Sedgley und D. Tennant. „Evaporation from bare soil in south-western Australia - a test of two models using lysimetry“. Soil Research 32, Nr. 3 (1994): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940437.
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Physical models of the soil water balance components are useful where direct methods of determination are costly and time consuming. Information from such models is useful in developing more efficient soil and crop management practices. The simplicity of such models sometimes encourages their use in new regions without proper testing. In this study, two models of soil evaporation (Es), developed by Ritchie (Water Resour. Res., 1972, 8, 1204-13) and Boesten and Stroosnijder (Netherlands J. Agric. Sci., 1986, 34, 75-90) were evaluated in the dry mediterranean environment of the cereal belt of south-western Australia under a wide range of evaporative demand by using lysimetry. Both models treated soil evaporation as a two-stage process, but in the Ritchie model, second-stage evaporation varied with the square root of time, whereas in the Boesten and Stroosnijder model, Es varied with the square root of the potential evaporation (Eow). In the Boesten-Stroosnijder model, only the parameter � was stable over a wide range of potential evaporation Eow, whereas in the Ritchie model, both the parameters U and C varied with E(ow). However, interdependence between U and C was conservative, and higher values of U under low Eo were compensated by lower values of C, and vice versa. For the soil used in this study, the following values were found to be appropriate for the parameters: U, 4.7 mm; C, 4.0 mm1/2 ; and �, 1 . 5 mm1/2. For dry environments where seasonal Eo fluctuates widely, low U values and high C values are recommended. The Es estimated by the models agreed poorly with Es measured by the lysimeter on a daily basis. However, when the daily values were accumulated over periods of at least 6 days, good agreement was obtained, indicating that the errors associated with the daily estimates cancel out each other over time. Hence, both models gave satisfactory short-term and long-term predictions of Es, but in both cases variation between predicted and observed values was least in the Ritchie model. This is consistent with the conclusion from other studies in the region, which show that second stage evaporation dominates Es, and hence should depend more on soil moisture supply than on Eo.
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Hobday, Alistair J., und Janice M. Lough. „Projected climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments“. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, Nr. 9 (2011): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10302.
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Changes in the physical environment of aquatic systems consistent with climate change have been reported across Australia, with impacts on many marine and freshwater species. The future state of aquatic environments can be estimated by extrapolation of historical trends. However, because the climate is a complex non-linear system, a more process-based approach is probably required, in particular the use of dynamical projections using climate models. Because global climate models operate on spatial scales that typically are too coarse for aquatic biologists, statistical or dynamical downscaling of model output is proposed. Challenges in using climate projections exist; however, projections for some marine and freshwater systems are possible. Higher oceanic temperatures are projected around Australia, particularly for south-eastern Australia. The East Australia Current is projected to transport greater volumes of water southward, whereas the Leeuwin Current on the western coast may weaken. On land, projections suggest that air temperatures will rise and rainfall will decline across much of Australia in coming decades. Together, these changes will result in reduced runoff and hence reduced stream flow and lake storage. Present climate models are particularly limited with regard to coastal and freshwater systems, making the models challenging to use for biological-impact and adaptation studies.
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Tiller, KG, LH Smith und RH Merry. „Accessions of atmospheric dust east of Adelaide, South Australia, and the implications for pedogenesis“. Soil Research 25, Nr. 1 (1987): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870043.
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Atmospheric dust and rainfall were collected at 19 locations within a 90 x 10 km study area extending eastwards from the coast near Adelaide, South Australia. Monthly collections for up to 3 years established seasonal and regional trends in fallout of particulate matter. Fallout was highest in the area of highest rainfall, but correlation of monthly rainfall with fallout was generally not statistically significant. The amount of dust collected was higher under tree foliage than in adjacent open space. Annual accession of atmospheric dust within this urban-rural transect was in the range of 5-10 t km-2 but the occasional severe dust storm could contribute about half the annual rate. These accretions of dust to the landscape, 2.5-5 mm per 1000 years, were about one hundredth of the recommended soil loss tolerance adopted in many studies of soil erosion, and thus unlikely to contribute significantly to models developed for soil loss on that basis. Dust accessions were, however, similar to estimates of rates of soil formation or profile deepening on resistant rocks of 1-5 mm per 1000 years which may be appropriate to conditions in southern Australia. Incorporation of such accessions into existing soils would be difficult to identify yet may provide a significant factor in pedogenesis in the higher rainfall areas. The low rates of soil development in many Australian landscapes, with contribution from both weathering and eolian dust inputs, would encourage the adoption of soil loss tolerances in soil erosion management that are orders of magnitude lower than those commonly accepted.
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Dare, Richard A., und Elizabeth E. Ebert. „Latitudinal variations in the accuracy of model-generated forecasts of precipitation over Australia and south-east Asia“. Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 67, Nr. 1 (2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es17005.
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Forecasts of precipitation produced by global and regional versions of the Bureau of Meteorology’s Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS) numerical weather prediction models are compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations for the period January 2011 to March 2014. The area considered covers longitudes 110° to 160°E within 40° latitude of the equator, and includes the Australian continent and part of south-east Asia. Forecast accuracy is assessed using objective measures: equitable threat score (ETS), frequency bias (FB), and the ratio of predicted to observed rain volume (RVR). For the assessment, the TRMM and model datasets are both interpolated to consistent grids defined by spacings of 1° longitude and 1° latitude. Assessments based on three-month seasons show that, in general, the volume of rain predicted by the models is too high, and rainfall is predicted to occur at more locations than observed. Latitudinal variations in values of the ETS reveal marked declines over the equatorial tropics, with minimum values near the equator from December to May and near 10°N from June to November. Differences in the ETS between 24-hour model and persistence forecasts show that the models produce useful predictions of rainfall away from the tropics, poleward of latitudes 5º-15º S and 15º-30º N, depending on the season and model. The 48-hour model predictions are more useful than the 24-hour forecasts, with improvements relative to persistence over most latitudes, although differences are close to zero at low latitudes. Varying the rain threshold used to compute skill metrics shows that the models produce excessive rainfall at low rain rates, generally less than approximately 15 mm day-1, while not enough precipitation is forecast at higher rain rates. Values of the ETS are generally highest at lower rain rates, coinciding with the excessive values of RVR and FB.
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Bano, Sayeeda. „Intra-Industry Trade and Determinant: Evidence for ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand in the Context of AANZFTA“. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 8, Nr. 4 (11.10.2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i4.13778.
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This study examines the changing patterns and direction of trade between Association of South- East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Australia and New Zealand in the context of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area/Agreement (AANZFTA) signed in 2010. It investigates the extent of ASEAN’s intra-industry trade with Australia and New Zealand at the 3-digit disaggregated SITC level for the period 1990 to 2014. The study includes an analysis of intra-industry trade indices of trade intensities, the marginal intra-industry trade and the econometric model to identify the determinants of intra-industry trade. The results show that trade in general has increased and intra-industry trade between ASEAN-Australia increased specifically in manufacturing. New Zealand has developed intra-industry trade in both the manufacturing and agriculture sectors. Marginal intra- industry results suggest that some industries transforming from inter-industry trade patterns to intra-industry trade. The results of regression analysis provide some support to the thesis that increase in IIT comes naturally with high average incomes of trade partners and large average market size. As a country’s level of income goes up and its standard of living rise, its citizens tend demand and consume more high quality differentiated products, leading to higher levels of intra-industry trade. This study differs from the existing literature in terms of its scope, methods and policy perspectives. The findings have policy relevance for the ongoing negotiations for a regional comprehensive economic partnership with ASEAN 10, India, China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It is reasonable to suggest that intra-industry trade be given due consideration in ongoing regional and bilateral trade negotiations for potential mutual gains from trade for a sustainable regional economic growth.
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Fisher, Daren G., Phillip Wadds und Garner Clancey. „The patchwork of alcohol-free zones and alcohol-prohibited areas in New South Wales (Australia)“. Safer Communities 17, Nr. 2 (09.04.2018): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-06-2017-0025.
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Purpose Developing policies to curb public alcohol consumption is a priority for governments. In the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW), local governments have introduced alcohol-free zones (AFZs) and alcohol-prohibited areas (APAs) to prohibit the public consumption of alcohol and reduce crime stemming from intoxication. Previous studies, however, argue that these policies are driven by stakeholder desire rather than alcohol-related crime and may result in increased criminal justice contact for vulnerable populations. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the number of AFZs and APAs in NSW and examine the extent to which these policies are connected to the frequency of alcohol-related crime. Design/methodology/approach Examining the 152 local government areas (LGAs) of NSW, the authors analysed whether the implementation of AFZs and APAs were linked to the frequency of liquor offences and assaults using group-based trajectory models. Findings The authors found that AFZs and APAs were often not advertised nor inconsistently implemented both across and within jurisdictions. Group-based trajectory models indicated that AFZs were more common in low liquor offence LGAs than high liquor offences LGAs, but were more frequently implemented in high assault LGAs compared to low assault LGAs. APAs were more common in the lowest crime LGAs compared to those LGAs that experienced higher levels of recorded crime. Originality/value These analyses demonstrate how widespread AFZs and APAs have become and provides evidence that the implementation of is only tenuously linked to the frequency of crime.
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Gray, Jonathan M., Thomas F. A. Bishop und Peter L. Smith. „Digital mapping of pre-European soil carbon stocks and decline since clearing over New South Wales, Australia“. Soil Research 54, Nr. 1 (2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14307.
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Digital soil models and maps have been developed for pre-European (pre-clearing) levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) over New South Wales, Australia. These provide a useful first estimate of natural, unaltered soil conditions before agricultural development, which are potentially important for many carbon-accounting schemes such as those prescribed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, carbon-turnover models such as RothC, and soil-condition monitoring programs. The modelling approach adopted included multiple linear regression and Cubist piecewise linear decision trees. It used 1690 soil profiles from undisturbed or only lightly disturbed native vegetation sites across all of eastern Australia, together with a range of covariates representing key soil-forming factors. The digital soil maps of pre-clearing SOC (% and mass) over New South Wales provide a more sophisticated alternative to currently available, equivalent maps. Independent validation of the SOC mass predictions over the top 30 cm revealed a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.76, which was 13% higher than the currently used map. Total pre-clearing SOC stocks amount to 4.21 Gt in the top 30 cm, which compared with a current stock estimate of 3.68 Gt, suggesting a total SOC loss of ~0.53 Gt over the entire state. The extent of SOC decline in both absolute and relative terms was found to be highly dependent on the climate, parent material and land use regime, reaching a maximum decline of 44.3 t/ha or 50.0% relative loss in cooler (moist) conditions over mafic parent materials under regular cropping use. The models also provide valuable pedological insights into the factors controlling SOC levels under natural conditions.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Higher South Australia Econometric models"
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Nyasha, Sheilla. „Financial development and economic growth : new evidence from six countries“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18576.
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Using 1980 - 2012 annual data, the study empirically investigates the dynamic
relationship between financial development and economic growth in three
developing countries (South Africa, Brazil and Kenya) and three developed countries
(United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia). The study was motivated
by the current debate regarding the role of financial development in the economic
growth process, and their causal relationship. The debate centres on whether
financial development impacts positively or negatively on economic growth and
whether it Granger-causes economic growth or vice versa. To this end, two models
have been used. In Model 1 the impact of bank- and market-based financial
development on economic growth is examined, while in Model 2 it is the causality
between the two that is explored. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)
bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction based causality test,
the results were found to differ from country to country and over time. These results
were also found to be sensitive to the financial development proxy used. Based on
Model 1, the study found that the impact of bank-based financial development on
economic growth is positive in South Africa and the USA, but negative in the U.K –
and neither positive nor negative in Kenya. Elsewhere the results were inconclusive.
Market-based financial development was found to impact positively in Kenya, USA
and the UK but not in the remaining countries. Based on Model 2, the study found
that bank-based financial development Granger-causes economic growth in the UK,
while in Brazil they Granger-cause each other. However, in South Africa, Kenya and
USA no causal relationship was found. In Australia the results were inconclusive.
The study also found that in the short run, market-based financial development
Granger-causes economic growth in the USA but that in South Africa and Brazil, the
reverse applies. On the other hand bidirectional causality was found to prevail in
Kenya in the same period.Economics
DCOM (Economics)