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Pusey, Bradley J., Mark J. Kennard, Helen K. Larson, Quentin Alsop, Michael Hammer und Duncan J. Buckle. „Estuarine fishes of the South Alligator River, Kakadu National Park, northern Australia“. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, Nr. 12 (2016): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15221.
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Estuaries are recognised globally as areas of high production, diversity and high economic value. Exploitation of the economic potential of estuaries and attendant infrastructural development plus expansion of human populations has resulted in degradation of estuaries worldwide. Many estuaries of northern Australia, in contrast, remain in good ecological condition. The estuarine fish fauna of the South Alligator River, Kakadu region of northern Australia was investigated to determine seasonal and spatial variation in composition. Beam trawls were used at 94 locations over the wet and dry seasons of 2012. In total, 81 taxa were collected, 26 of which had not previously been recorded in the river. Sciaenidae and Engraulidae dominated species richness and abundance. Samples were heterogeneous in terms of composition and abundance in a manner unrelated to any measured aspect of the habitat over which trawls occurred. Species richness was higher in the lower estuary than the upper estuary and more species were detected during the wet season. Turnover in assemblage structure between sampling occasions was associated with seasonal variation in discharge concordant with changes in salinity and potentially productivity. Compositional variation was largely ascribed to differential spawning phenology of adults and tolerance to fluctuating salinity. The Kakadu region supports a rich fish fauna moderately distinct from that observed elsewhere in the Northern Territory. Pronounced temporal turnover in assemblage structure and spatial variation at a variety of scales (i.e. within samples, and within and between rivers) collectively pose a challenge to management in light of ongoing and proposed development of the water resources of northern Australia, including its estuaries.
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Scott, J. F., O. J. Cacho und J. M. Scott. „Economic risk analysis of different livestock management systems“. Animal Production Science 53, Nr. 8 (2013): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11249.
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The Cicerone farmlet experiment, conducted on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, explored aspects of profitability and sustainability under three different whole-farmlet management regimes. The 5-year period over which the treatments were measured occurred over a period of generally below-average rainfall, hence responses to management treatments were limited. A modelling approach was used to estimate profitability over a longer period representing the variable climate of the region. A stochastic discounted cash flow model was developed to estimate economic returns of two of the Cicerone management system treatments scaled up from the farmlet scale (53 ha) to the size of a typical commercial farm in the region (920 ha) over a 20-year period. Several scenarios were used to estimate the commercial-scale returns under different rates of pasture improvement and stocking rates. Over the long-term, Farm A was found to be more profitable but also more risky (in terms of variation around the mean of cumulative discounted cash flow) than the ‘typical’ Farm B management system. If livestock managers choose to adopt a pasture improvement strategy based on renovating pastures and increasing soil fertility, they are more likely to achieve higher net worth with more moderate rates of pasture improvement than those explored on Farm A where a high rate of pasture improvement had been implemented in order to quickly differentiate treatments.
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Dikshit, Abhirup, Biswajeet Pradhan und Abdullah M. Alamri. „Short-Term Spatio-Temporal Drought Forecasting Using Random Forests Model at New South Wales, Australia“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 12 (21.06.2020): 4254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124254.
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Droughts can cause significant damage to agriculture and water resources, leading to severe economic losses and loss of life. One of the most important aspect is to develop effective tools to forecast drought events that could be helpful in mitigation strategies. The understanding of droughts has become more challenging because of the effect of climate change, urbanization and water management; therefore, the present study aims to forecast droughts by determining an appropriate index and analyzing its changes, using climate variables. The work was conducted in three different phases, first being the determination of Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI), using global climatic dataset of Climate Research Unit (CRU) from 1901–2018. The indices are calculated at different monthly intervals which could depict short-term or long-term changes, and the index value represents different drought classes, ranging from extremely dry to extremely wet. However, the present study was focused only on forecasting at short-term scales for New South Wales (NSW) region of Australia and was conducted at two different time scales, one month and three months. The second phase involved dividing the data into three sample sizes, training (1901–2010), testing (2011–2015) and validation (2016–2018). Finally, a machine learning approach, Random Forest (RF), was used to train and test the data, using various climatic variables, e.g., rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, cloud cover, vapor pressure and temperature (maximum, minimum and mean). The final phase was to analyze the performance of the model based on statistical metrics and drought classes. Regarding this, the performance of the testing period was conducted by using statistical metrics, Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) method. The performance of the model showed a considerably higher value of R2 for both the time scales. However, statistical metrics analyzes the variation between the predicted and observed index values, and it does not consider the drought classes. Therefore, the variation in predicted and observed SPEI values were analyzed based on different drought classes, which were validated by using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)-based Area under the Curve (AUC) approach. The results reveal that the classification of drought classes during the validation period had an AUC of 0.82 for SPEI 1 case and 0.84 for SPEI 3 case. The study depicts that the Random Forest model can perform both regression and classification analysis for drought studies in NSW. The work also suggests that the performance of any model for drought forecasting should not be limited only through statistical metrics, but also by examining the variation in terms of drought characteristics.
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Cooke, B. D., und L. P. Hunt. „Practical and economic aspects of rabbit control in hilly semiarid South Australia“. Wildlife Research 14, Nr. 2 (1987): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870219.
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Poisoning, ripping of warrens and a combination of both techniques were assessed as means of controlling rabbits in steep areas of the southern Flinders Ranges in semiarid South Australia. The number of active warren entrances was reduced significantly by poisoning and by ripping. One month after treatment, untreated plots contained an average of 72.2 active entrances whereas the poisoned and ripped plots averaged 27.1 and 7.3 active entrances, respectively. A combination of both techniques reduced the number of active warren entrances even further, but this is not recommended because it increases the cost of control substantially. The efficiencies of a large and a small crawler tractor were compared. Costs of ripping were similar, and the suitability of each tractor is discussed. In the southern Flinders Ranges rabbit control is clearly economical in relation to the improvements in sheep production likely to be obtained.
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Cobbe, James H. „Economic Aspects of Lesotho's Relations with South Africa“. Journal of Modern African Studies 26, Nr. 1 (März 1988): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010338.
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Lesotho has long had the distinction of being one of the more anomalous states not only in Southern Africa, but in the world. It is entirely surrounded by another country, the Republic of South Africa. It is ethnically and linguistically very homogeneous. It is a monarchy. Physically, the lowest point in Lesotho is higher, in vertical distance above sea level, that that in any other country. Its economy is marked by some extraordinary paradoxes, such as agriculture being the main economic activity of the bulk of the labour force albeit the origin of a small fraction of total income, imports enomously exceeding exports and being larger than domestic output, and fewer citizens working for cash inside the country than outside.
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Pienaar, Wessel. „Economic aspects of pipeline transport: a South African perspective“. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 28, Nr. 2 (06.09.2009): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v28i2.53.
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Pipeline transport is unique among modes of transport in that the pipe, which facilitates freight movement, is both the way and the vehicle, and it is permanently connected to terminals, which facilitate freight storage. This feature makes it the only mode of transport that does not require any materials or goods handling. In view of the facts that pipeline infrastructure is extremely capital intensive and that it has an unprecedented longevity, pipeline transport enjoys the highest level of economies of scale of all modes of transport. This economy is subject to steady and enduring high levels of demand. It is also the only mode of freight transport of which the operations do not require a return journey, whereby joint cost due to empty running is avoided. The commercial transport of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline and the envisaged new investment in this mode of transport are receiving increased attention in South Africa. Transnet Pipelines recently obtained permission from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to construct and operate a new 60-cm petroleum products pipeline 704 kilometres in length from Durban to Gauteng. In addition, the newly-formed Petroline consortium recently obtained permission to construct and operate a 30 cm petroleum products pipeline 199 kilometres in length from Maputo to Nelspruit, with an extension of 249 kilometres in length eventually to Kendal, where it can be linked up with the present Transnet pipeline network. The disadvantages of pipeline transport lie mainly in its extreme functional speciali sation and dependence upon sustained high-volume traffic. The initial cost of installation is high and justified only when both the demand and supply are guaranteed to continue for an indefi nite period. Despite the fact that tank ships run empty during return trips, pipeline transport can only compete with sea transport between the same origin and destination if the pipeline route is considerably shorter than the sea route, or where sea transport is subject to exceptional charges, such as heavy canal dues. The economic assessment of a pipeline necessitates the investigation of several alternatives in order to determine whether the project is justifiable in terms of the economic resources its commercial existence will require. Firstly, alternative locations of the pipeline may have to be compared. A second consideration is the size of the pipeline, since one with a larger diameter, and capable of handling a greater traffic volume, involves higher initial investment cost but lower costs for pumps and energy to propel the pumps. A third decision concerns the choice of pump technology. Most pumps are driven by electric motors, although diesel engines or gas turbines can also be used. A fourth important consideration is whether the refinery should be located at the beginning of the line (upstream, close to the oil field or the port of entry) or at the end of the line (downstream, close to the market). The fifth step in the economic evaluation is to compare the pipeline cost with the cost of the next best transport alternative, which is usually rail transport. If these investigations indicate that a pipeline promises to be technically feasible, financially viable and economically justified, detailed design of the pipeline may commence. In terms of market participants the supply of pipeline transport is the most highly concentrated of all freight transport modes. With a few exceptions, there is but one crude oil, one products and one natural gas pipeline connecting producing areas or refineries and areas of consumption. This high degree of monopoly results from declining unit costs with increases in capacity, so that the lowest costs are achieved by a concentration of output in a single pipeline. Therefore, pipeline operations that can fulfil entire market demands are pure natural monopolies. Where the distance between supply points (such as geographically separated oil fields or ports of entry) is far in relation to the delivery distance to the market area, such an area’s fuel demand can often be most efficiently fulfilled by two or more different pipeline operations. The clients of a common carrier are direct competitors in the wholesale fuel market, therefore they should bear full cost responsibility for the service rendered by the pipeline. Service below total cost to a client implies that it is subsidized by its competitors. The only instance when delivery can take place below total cost is when:the necessary spare capacity exists to accommodate the consignment (i.e. that the opportunity for another consignment to be delivered at full cost is not jeopardized);all the avoidable (i.e. short-run) costs are covered and some contribution to unavoidable (i.e. fi xed or long-run) costs is made; andthe consignment delivery would not have taken place at a price covering full costs.
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Schaffhauser-Linzatti, Michaela Maria, und Stefan F. Ossmann. „Sustainability in higher education’s annual reports“. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 19, Nr. 2 (05.02.2018): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-05-2016-0093.
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Purpose Higher education institutions are regarded as forerunners and pioneers of sustainability. However, it is to question whether they actually fulfill their role model function. This paper aims to reveal whether selected universities in Australia and Austria meet the reporting expectations about their activities on sustainability in very heterogeneous environments. Design/methodology/approach Annual reports of selected universities in Australia and Austria are screened by the qualitative text analysis suggested by Mayring to identify their information policy on sustainability. Following the standard definitions, sustainability comprises economic, environmental and social aspects as main categories, which are supplemented further by specifically adapted eight subcategories. Findings The results reveal that the universities concentrate on economic information, preferably on accounting, whereas social aspects are of second importance. Environmental activities that essentially shape the image of sustainability for the majority of the stakeholders are mostly unattended. Research limitations/implications For further research, the authors suggest analyzing the reports of additional countries to get a bigger picture on the role of sustainability information in university reporting. Possible limitations are because of language use and time requirements, as each report must be encoded manually. Practical implications The results reveal the gaps that standard setters should fill by enforcing sustainability content in universities’ reports. Originality/value This paper is the first to analyze the annual reports of international universities in respect to sustainability. Hereby, we further fill a gap by applying a qualitative text analysis on the basis of individually derived categories to reveal the sustainability aspects more precisely.
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Thomsen, D. A., und J. Davies. „Social and cultural dimensions of commercial kangaroo harvest in South Australia“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, Nr. 10 (2005): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03248.
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Kangaroo management is important to the sustainability of Australia’s rangeland landscapes. The commercial harvest of kangaroos assists in reduction of total grazing pressure in the rangelands and provides the potential for supplementary income to pastoralists. Indeed, the commercial kangaroo industry is considered by natural resource scientists as one of the few rural industry development options with potential to provide economic return with minimal environmental impact. While the biology and population ecology of harvested kangaroo species in Australia is the subject of past and present research, the social, institutional and economic issues pertinent to the commercial kangaroo industry are not well understood. Our research is addressing the lack of understanding of social issues around kangaroo management, which are emerging as constraints on industry development. The non-indigenous stakeholders in kangaroo harvest are landholders, regional management authorities, government conservation and primary production agencies, meat processors, marketers and field processors (shooters) and these industry players generally have little understanding of what issues the commercial harvest of kangaroos presents to Aboriginal people. Consequently, the perspectives and aspirations of Aboriginal people regarding the commercial harvest of kangaroos are not well considered in management, industry development and planning. For Aboriginal people, kangaroos have subsistence, economic and cultural values and while these values and perspectives vary between language groups and individuals, there is potential to address indigenous issues by including Aboriginal people in various aspects of kangaroo management. This research also examines the Aboriginal interface with commercial kangaroo harvest, and by working with Aboriginal people and groups is exploring several options for greater industry involvement. The promotion of better understandings between indigenous and non-indigenous people with interests in kangaroo management could promote industry development through the marketing of kangaroo as not only clean and green, but also as a socially just product.
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FIELKE, SIMON J., und DOUGLAS K. BARDSLEY. „A Brief Political History of South Australian Agriculture“. Rural History 26, Nr. 1 (09.03.2015): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331400017x.
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Abstract:This paper aims to explain why South Australian agricultural land use is focused on continually increasing productivity, when the majority of produce is exported, at the long-term expense of agriculturally-based communities and the environment. A historical analysis of literature relevant to the agricultural development of South Australia is used chronologically to report aspects of the industry that continue to cause concerns in the present day. The historically dominant capitalist socio-economic system and ‘anthropocentric’ world views of farmers, politicians, and key stakeholders have resulted in detrimental social, environmental and political outcomes. Although recognition of the environmental impacts of agricultural land use has increased dramatically since the 1980s, conventional productivist, export oriented farming still dominates the South Australian landscape. A combination of market oriented initiatives and concerned producers are, however, contributing to increasing the recognition of the environmental and social outcomes of agricultural practice and it is argued here that South Australia has the opportunity to value multifunctional land use more explicitly via innovative policy.
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Rameezdeen, Raufdeen, Jian Zuo und Jack Stevens. „Practices, drivers and barriers of implementing green leases: lessons from South Australia“. Journal of Corporate Real Estate 19, Nr. 1 (03.04.2017): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcre-04-2016-0018.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the practices, drivers and barriers which influence the implementation of green leases in South Australia. Despite some efforts on legal aspects of green leases, only a few studies have examined these aspects from an operational perspective. In addition, very little empirical evidence was presented in previous studies to show how green leases work in real-life settings. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with landlord and tenant representatives who have considerable experience in green leases. These interviewees were selected via a purposive sampling technique that identified buildings which use green leases in South Australia. The concept of interface management (IM) was used to operationalize this research. Findings The green leases were found to be mainly initiated by tenants while government involvement, economic and environmental benefits are the main drivers in South Australia. Drivers such as staff retention, well-being and corporate social responsibility are found to be more relevant to tenants. Lack of awareness and transaction costs are the main barriers to the implementation of green leases. Research limitations/implications This study focuses on the South Australian context and mainly covers dark green leases. There are implications for the government’s continued involvement and the promotion of lighter shades of green leases to overcome operational issues and barriers identified in this study. Originality/value This study contributes to the body of knowledge on the subject of green lease implementation from an operational perspective. In addition, the study introduces a conceptual framework via IM that could be used in future research endeavours.
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Delfabbro, Paul H., und James G. Barber. „The micro-economics of foster care in South Australia“. Children Australia 27, Nr. 2 (2002): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005046.
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The South Australian foster care system is plagued by problems of both supply and demand. Decreases in the availability of residential care and suitably trained foster carers has led to a shortage of placements to meet current demand. At the same time, increased selectivity in the intake of children into care has led to an over-concentration of more challenging children who either cannot be placed in foster care, or are being placed with the support of significantly higher loadings or payments. In this paper, it is argued that these problems can be understood conceptually using basic micro-economic principles, namely: demand-supply curve analysis, separation of market segments, and supply elasticity. It is argued that the supply of placements has become increasingly price-inelastic due to the nature of demand (the type of child), and that increasing short-term payment rates only serves to magnify the problem by artificially maintaining unsuitable care arrangements. Alternative solutions, such as the introduction of training and professional foster carers, are discussed.
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Hamzah, Hamzah, Agus Yudiawan, St Umrah und Hasbullah Hasbullah. „Islamic economic development in Indonesian Islamic higher education“. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 9, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i1.20317.
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This study aims to explore how changes in community preferences, shari’ah economic development through the tridharma of higher education and its contribution to the development of shari’ah economics. This study was conducted at the UIN Alauddin Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study applied library research. Data collection techniques in this study using discourse from books, articles, magazines, journals, and web (internet). Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, among others, data reduction, data display and conclusion. The results show that there is a change in community preferences caused by external factors (changes in the social and economic environment) and internal factors in higher education in responding to community dynamics. Higher education can be used as a vehicle in the development of shari’ah Economy through the application of higher education tridharma. Furthermore, higher education also takes a significant role in developing scientific aspects and human resources in the field of Sharia Economics in Indonesia.
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Dolan, Kate, David Lowe und James Shearer. „Evaluation of the Condom Distribution Program in New South Wales Prisons, Australia“. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, Nr. 1 (2004): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00457.x.
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Male to male unprotected anal sex is the main route of HIV transmission in Australia. The Australian Study of Health and Relationships, a large, representative population survey of sexual health behaviors, found that six percent of males in the general population have engaged in homosexual activity. These findings were consistent with studies in Europeand North America. Condoms have been shown to reduce the transmission of HIV in the community. Barriers to the use of condoms include access,stigma,and cost? Nevertheless, increased condom use has been reported among homosexual males, sex workers and injecting drug users although recent declines in condom use among homosexuals has presented new challenges in HIV prevention.The prevalence of male to male sexual activity may be higher in prison than in the general population. Sexual activity in prison can be consensual and non-consensual involving both homosexual / bisexual and heterosexual men.
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Kirby, GWM, VJ Hristova und S. Murti. „Conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia - some economic aspects“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, Nr. 8 (1996): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961049.
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This paper examines some aspects of the economics of conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia. The distribution, 1 value and major trends in the enterprises comprising the agricultural sector of the semi-arid tropics are discussed in an industry context. The likely economic benefits for the farmer from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming come from mulch retention and increased yields. These benefits vary with the frequency of grain cropping, the legume species used and the commodity price relativities. The benefits are likely to be larger in drier growing seasons. Data on other factors, such as soil type and seasons, were inadequate for economic analysis. Some ley farming systems are more profitable than single enterprises in the short term. In the long term, the best choice for sustainable farming systems in the semi-arid tropics appears to be a legume pasture system or a legume pasture-crop system. Results to date from ley farming studies show that experimental designs need to be modified to incorporate higher cropping frequencies and more comprehensive joint product measures in order to allow a more critical economic assessment. Additional benefits to society from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming are likely to come from minimising adverse on-farm and off-farm effects of agricultural activities. There are strong arguments for continuing support for research and development in ley farming technology and a joint sharing of the costs between farmers and the community generally.
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Jia, Ling, Hong Gan und Chang Hai Qin. „Review of Research on Water Accounting“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (Februar 2014): 911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.911.
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Current progress of water accounting was reviewed systematically in the paper. The result of water accounting is outstanding in some countries abroad, like Australia, South Africa, and European Union (EU) countries. In China, the exploratory research appeared in the 1990s. The study showed that theoretical framework of water resource accounting is basically formed, and research on physical accounting of water resources is abundant. However, some aspects, such as estimate of value, compilation of water economy accounts, and coupling between water resources accounting and national economic accounting system need improvement, which can provide methodological support for the water accounting system and valuable reference for integrated environmental economic accounting system (SEEA).
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Shaughnessy, PD, NJ Gales, TE Dennis und SD Goldsworthy. „Distribution and abundance of New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, in South Australia and Western Australia“. Wildlife Research 21, Nr. 6 (1994): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940667.
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A survey to determine the distribution and abundance of New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, in South Australia and Western Australia was conducted in January-March 1990. Minor surveys were conducted in the summers of 1987-88, 1988-89 and 1990-91. Although the surveys were primarily of black pups in breeding colonies, opportunity was taken to count fur seals of all age-classes, including those in non-breeding colonies. Pups were counted and, in more accessible and larger colonies, numbers of pups were estimated by a mark-recapture technique. The latter technique gave higher estimates than counting, and was considered more accurate. In South Australia, the seals extend from The Pages in Backstairs Passage to Nuyts Reef in the Great Australian Bight. In Western Australia, the range comprised islands on the south coast from the Recherche Archipelago to islands near Cape Leeuwin. There are 29 breeding localities; 13 are in South Australia and 16 in Western Australia. Eighteen of these have not been reported previously. The term ''breeding locality'' is used for aggregations of breeding colonies as well as for isolated breeding colonies. Estimates of the number of pups for the 1989-90 breeding season were 5636 in South Australia and 1429 in Western Australia. This leads to a population estimate of approximately 34600 seals in these two states (using a multiplier of 4.9). But such estimates of overall abundance must be treated cautiously as the multiplier incorporates estimates of population parameters not available for A. forsteri. Most of the population (77%) is in central South Australian waters (from Kangaroo Island to the southern end of Eyre Peninsula). With the estimate of 100 for a breeding colony in southern Tasmania, the population of New Zealand fur seals in Australia can be estimated at 34700. Historical aspects of some colonies are outlined and evidence for increases described. The largest breeding localities are at South Neptune Islands (1964 pups) and North Neptune Islands (1472). The combined Neptunes group accounts for 49% of the pup estimate for Australia. One-fifth of the pups are from colonies on Kangaroo Island and the nearby Casuarinas.
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Gaughan, Chris J., und John K. Warren. „LOWER CAMBRIAN RELIEF SANDSTONE, EASTERN OFFICER BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA: AN EXAMPLE OF ECONDARY POROSITY DEVELOPMENT“. APPEA Journal 30, Nr. 1 (1990): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89011.
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Interest in the Relief Sandstone as a potential economic oil-bearing sandstone is supported by excellent reservoir quality (up to 26.6 per cent porosity and 4839 md permeability). Potential source rocks are found above, below and interfingering with the Relief Sandstone. There are several occurrences of live oil bleeding from vugs and fractures in a stratigraphically higher carbonate. Traces of oil in the Relief sands, and the presence of live oil in relatively close proximity, suggests that the Relief Sandstone could host an economic oil accumulation.The majority of the Relief Sandstone was deposited in aeolian or braided fluvial environments with some tidal to shallow marine deposition in the west. Distribution of reservoir-quality sands is bimodal. In the east, porosity and permeability for the most part is very poor to average. In the west, porosity and permeability is generally good to excellent. The bulk of the economic porosity is secondary, a result of dissolution of cement and matrix, with minor porosity from leaching of grains. The lower reservoir quality in the east is due to diagenesis associated with compaction and authigenic illite. In the west, the porosity and permeability are high and generally due to dissolution of clay cement and primary matrix. In some cases where the clay has undergone less dissolution, it remains as grain rims and still blocks pore throats. This significantly reduces permeability although the porosity may remain high.
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Messent, B. E. J., C. Wilson und K. Flynn. „ASSESSMENT OF THE SEAL POTENTIAL OF TERTIARY CARBONATES, DUNTROON BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA“. APPEA Journal 36, Nr. 1 (1996): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj95013.
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The seal potential of the Wilson Bluff and Nullarbor Limestone Formations was assessed over high-graded Pidinga Formation leads of the Duntroon Basin that contain significant hydrocarbon potential. The work quantified the risk associated with these plays. Regional geological knowledge was integrated with the results of special core analysis and petrography to address the 3 critical aspects of seal quality: seal capacity, seal geometry and seal integrity.This work established a clear relationship between seal potential and lithofacies, namely, the higher the clastic content, the better the seal potential. More specifically, in the vicinity of the Tertiary channel system and clastic axis, the seal risk for the Wilson Bluff Formation carbonates is considered to be relatively low, since it contains a significant argillaceous component. A maximum oil column of up to 650 m could be contained, with a more likely column of approximately 20–75 m. With increasing distance from the channel system, there is a decrease in argillaceous content and an associated increase in seal risk, the size of the oil column that could be contained varying from 2 m to 300 m, the more likely being 2–20 m. The Nullarbor Limestone is considered to be a relatively poor seal as a result of extensive development of secondary porosity during diagenesis. A maximum oil column of 160 m could be contained, the more likely column being approximately 5–30 m.
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Read, John, und Zoë Bowen. „Population dynamics, diet and aspects of the biology of feral cats and foxes in arid South Australia“. Wildlife Research 28, Nr. 2 (2001): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99065.
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Average cat and fox densities at Roxby Downs, in northern South Australia, of 0.8 and 0.6 km–2 respectively, determined through spotlight counts over a 10-year period, probably considerably underestimate true densities. Peak rabbit populations coincided with high fox numbers, which probably suppressed cat densities. Cat abundance peaked when fox numbers were low but rabbit numbers were relatively high. When abundant, rabbits were the principal prey of both cats and foxes. Declines in rabbits numbers coincided with dramatic declines in fox numbers. By contrast, declines in cat populations were less marked, presumably because they could more effectively switch to hunting a wide range of native vertebrates. Sand-dwelling lizards, house mice and common small passerines were the most abundant non-rabbit, vertebrate prey taken by cats. We estimate that annual cat predation accounted for approximately 700 reptiles, 150 birds and 50 native mammals per square kilometre, whereas foxes consumed on average 290 reptiles per square kilometre and few native mammals and birds in the Roxby Downs region each year. Male cats and foxes were heavier than females. Feral cats typically weighed less than 4.0 kg, and cats weighing less than 2.5 kg typically preyed on more native vertebrates than did larger cats. Male and female cats were both typically tabby coloured, but a higher proportion of males were ginger in colour. Peak cat breeding coincided with rabbit and bird breeding and increased reptile activity during spring.
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Maimakov, Talgat, Laura Sadykova, Zhanna Kalmataeva, Kural Kurakpaev und Kastytis Šmigelskas. „Treatment of Tuberculosis in South Kazakhstan: Clinical and Economical Aspects“. Medicina 49, Nr. 7 (04.08.2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina49070052.
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Background and Objective. Since 1990, the tuberculosis incidence rate in Eastern Europe and post-Soviet republics has been increasing in many countries including Kazakhstan. This problem is particularly important in Kazakhstan regions with limited financial resources, among them – in South Kazakhstan province. The aim of this study was to investigate the main clinical and antibiotic-related economic aspects of tuberculosis treatment in South Kazakhstan province. Material and Methods. In total, 502 patients participated in the study. They were hospitalized to the tuberculosis dispensary of Sayram district (South Kazakhstan province) in 2007–2013. Statistical analysis included logistic regression for better treatment outcomes and analysis of antibiotic treatment costs. Results. Two-thirds of patients had infiltrative tuberculosis (67%). Positive treatment outcomes were determined in 85% of cases. The patients were mostly treated with cycloserine, protionamide, capreomycin, and ofloxacin. The majority of antibiotic costs were related to the treatment with capreomycin. In case of the positive results of the test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antibiotic expenses were almost 3 times greater than in case of negative test results (P<0.001). Conclusions. The majority of patients had extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. The negative results of the test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at discharge were not related to pretreatment factors. Antibiotic-related costs were significantly higher in case of the positive results of the test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but were not associated with gender, residence place, hospitalization recurrence, or main blood test results before treatment.
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Hardwick-Franco, Kathryn Gay. „Flexible education in Australia“. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 8, Nr. 3 (13.08.2018): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-02-2018-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore the extent to which the South Australian flexible learning option (FLO) secondary school enrolment strategy supports some of the most vulnerable and disengaged students to simultaneously engage in secondary- and higher-education, skills and work-based learning; second, to explore the degree to which this FLO enrolment strategy addresses the United Nations (UN) principles of responsible management education and 17 sustainable development goals. Design/methodology/approach The approach includes a practice perspective, field-notes and documents analysis. Findings This paper finds the flexibility inherent in the FLO enrolment strategy goes some way to addressing inequity in education outcomes amongst those who traditionally disengage from education and work-based learning. Findings also highlight ways in which the FLO enrolment strategy addresses some of the UN principals and 17 goals. Research limitations/implications This paper supports the work of HESWBL by calling for future research into the long-term benefits of flexible education strategies that support HESWBL, through exploring the benefits to young people, from their perspective, with a view to providing accountability. Social implications The paper offers an example of a way a practice perspective can explore an education strategy that addresses “wicked problems” (Rittel and Webber, 1973). Currently, “wicked problems” that pervade member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development include intergenerational poverty, under-education and unemployment. Originality/value This paper is valuable because it explores from a practice perspective, how a secondary education enrolment strategy supports vulnerable students engage in their secondary schooling, while simultaneously supporting students achieve higher education, skills and work-based learning.
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Aragão, Áurea Machado de, und Antônio Martins De Oliveira Júnior. „Socioeconomic and demographic scenario of Brazil, India and Australia“. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, Nr. 9 (30.09.2019): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss9.1725.
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This work presents a study on the social, economic and demographic aspects of Brazil, India and Australia. For this study, a socioeconomic and demographic survey was carried out, analysing Brazil, India and Australia, aimed at comparing the current scenario of these three countries. For the qualitative and quantitative analysis, data mining on the World Bank, IndexMundi, CountryEconomy, Trading Economics and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) databases was performed, having subsequently drawn graphs that summarise the textual information found. With the results, among other conclusions, it was observed that Indian women are not highly present in the job market, with Brazil and Australia having an analogous rate of working women. Furthermore, a similarity was found between the rates of articles published in scientific journals in both Brazil and Australia. Regarding per capita spending on health, it could be noted that the rate in Australia is 10 times higher than in Brazil, while this rate is 20 times lower in India when compared to Brazil. It was also concluded that, although India has 60% more requests for resident and non-resident patent applications, the revenue from intellectual property in this country is 36% lower than the one in Australia and 19% lower than in Brazil.
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Claytongreene, KA, und DH Ashton. „The Dynamics of Callitris columellaris/Eucalyptus albens Communities Along the Snowy River and Its Tributaries in South-Eastern Australia“. Australian Journal of Botany 38, Nr. 4 (1990): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900403.
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The vegetation in the rain shadow areas of the Snowy River region was studied. Five distinct woodland communities were recognised from a numerical classification, a community dominated by C. columellaris at lower altitudes on north and west aspects, three mixed C. columellaris/E. albens communities which are also aspect and altitude dependent, and a higher altitude, cool aspect, E. albens dominated community. Although C. columellaris and E. albens occupy separate niches, they compete strongly. Contrasting dispersal and germination behaviour between the two species may explain the current distribution and structure of these woodlands.
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Regan, K. L., K. H. M. Siddique und L. D. Martin. „Response of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to sowing rate in Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, Nr. 1 (2003): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01200.
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The effect of sowing rate (60–320 kg/ha) on the growth and seed yield of kabuli chickpea (cv. Kaniva) was assessed at 11 sites for 4 seasons in the cropping regions of south-western Australia. The economic optimum plant density and yield potential were estimated using an asymptotic model fitted to the data and calculating the sowing rate above which the cost of additional seed was equivalent to the revenue that could be achieved from the extra seed yield produced, assuming a 10 and 50% opportunity cost. On average for all sites and seasons, plant densities ranged from 10 plants/m2 when sown at 60 kg/ha to 43�plants/m2 when sown at 320 kg/ha. Assuming a mean seed weight of 400 mg and a germination of 80%, then on average 75% of viable seeds sown (or 60% of sown seeds) established as plants. The poor establishment rates are thought to be associated with reduced viability caused by mechanical damage, storage conditions, fungal infection in the soil, and unfavourable seed bed moisture and temperatures. In general, there was a positive relationship between sowing rate and seed yield. Seed yield increases at higher sowing rates were mainly associated with the greater number of plants per unit area. There were fewer pods per plant at higher sowing rates, but there were more pods per unit area. Changing the sowing rate had little effect on mean seed weight and the number of seeds per pod. The economic optimum plant density varied from 8 to 68 plants/m2, depending on the location, but the mean (27�plants/m2) was within the range currently recommended in southern Australia (25–35 plants/m2). Due to the low establishment rates observed in this study, we estimate a sowing rate greater (160–185 kg/ha) than currently suggested (110–160 kg/ha) to achieve this density. There was a strong relationship between economic optimum plant density and seed yield potential (r2 = 0.66, P<0.01), which allows an estimation of the most profitable sowing rate, depending on the seed yield potential of the site. For most crops yielding about 1.0 t/ha in southern Australia, a plant density of 25 plants/m2 is most profitable, while in higher-yielding situations (>1.5 t/ha) plant densities >35�plants/m2 will produce the most profit.
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Chhetri, Prem, Jonathan Corcoran, Shafiq Ahmad und Kiran KC. „Examining spatio-temporal patterns, drivers and trends of residential fires in South East Queensland, Australia“. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 27, Nr. 5 (05.11.2018): 586–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-09-2017-0213.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first is to examine the changing spatio-temporal patterns and regional trends in residential fires; and second is to investigate the likely association of fire risk with seasons, calendar events and socio-economic disadvantage. Design/methodology/approach Using spatial analytic and predictive techniques, 11 years of fire incident data supplied by the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services are mapped and analysed. Findings The results show significant spatial and temporal variability in the distribution of residential fires. Residential fire incidents are more likely to occur in the inner city and across more disadvantaged areas. Mapped outputs show some areas in Brisbane at a higher risk of fire than others and that the risk of fire escalates at specific times of the year, in neighbourhoods with a higher disadvantage, during major sporting events and school holidays. The residential fires showed strong seasonal periodicity. There is a continuous yet gradual increase in the number of fire incidents recorded for all five sub-regions within SEQ. Sunshine Coast experienced the highest upward trend whereas Toowoomba and West Moreton show the lowest increase. Originality/value This study provides an empirical basis to guide future operational strategies through targeting high fire risk areas at particular times. This, in turn, will help utilise finite resources in areas where and when they need and thus enable minimise emergency management costs.
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Vartanyan, A. „International Student Migration: Regional Aspect“. World Economy and International Relations 60, Nr. 2 (2016): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-113-121.
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The article provides a profound analysis of the main trends of international student migration for tertiary education, discusses the key factors influencing the choice of destination for studying abroad, and reveals the regional peculiarities of instruments for student migration regulation. The first part of the paper highlights the official statistics showing that in recent decades the world witnessed the steady increase in the number of international students, concentrating mainly in the USA and the European Union. Almost 48% of all international students in the world study in the European Union. This region also shows the highest internal student mobility. Among others, such countries as Austria, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand demonstrate the biggest shares of foreign students in the total number of university students. As for donor countries, the dynamics proves the major role of the Asia region, with a half of all international students originated from it. The largest number of foreign students come from China, India and South Korea. Nonetheless, the Asia region becomes a popular destination of student mobility nowadays. The second part of the article concerns different coordination policies of tertiary migration in the regional context. Mostly in developed countries, practices of attracting foreign students to study in professional programs and degree programs with a perspective to enter a national labor market after graduation become more and more popular. Postgraduate migration remains a priority. Most countries encourage job-searching for foreign graduate students, as they are considered to have a high-skill level, international views and an opportunity to live and work in a variety of socio-cultural conditions. Further analysis refers to the main factors determining the choice of destination for foreign students, which are: geographical proximity, language skills, cultural proximity, the cost of education, and a country's reputation in the field of higher education. The paper reveals the leading role of the EU in the developed intraregional educational mobility, the regional asymmetry of migration processes in other regions of the world, and Asian countries actively promoting temporary educational and labor migration to developed countries with incentives to return to a home-country in the future. In recent years, due to positive dynamics of the return migrants number, an interest in the creation of the returnees strategy grows as well as desire of developed and developing countries to benefit most from the return migration.
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Joo, Yoohyung, und Hee Yeon Lee. „Spatial Aspects of Mortality Rates and Neighborhood Environmental Characteristics in Seoul Mega City Region, South Korea“. International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 6, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2015): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2015100103.
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This study of the spatial patterns of standardized mortality rates (SMRs) in Seoul Mega City Region (SMCR) explores whether neighborhood characteristics affect mortality rates and identifies important determinants of spatial disparity in mortality rates in SMCR. Spatial patterns of mortality rates show a strong positive spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that mortality rates are spatially clustered. A spatial lag model and a GWR model were used to reflect the spatial aspect of mortality rates. The spatial lag model showed better model fitness by considering spatial dependence of mortality rates. It indicates that a higher level of residential deprivation, a less walkable environment, less economic affluence and less social participation are all associated with higher mortality rates with statistical significance. This study suggests that health and welfare policy could incorporate urban planning to consider the neighborhood factors which determine mortality rates in order to improve the health of neighborhood residents.
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Camagni, Roberto, und Roberta Capello. „Innovation and Performance of SMEs in Italy: The Relevance of Spatial Aspects“. Competition & Change 3, Nr. 1-2 (März 1998): 69–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949800300104.
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The tripartite model of an old-industrial northwestern part of the country, of an efficient and dynamic Third Italy, mainly driven by small and medium firms' agglomeration, and a peripheral lagging South still influences the economic debate on regional development: small firms tend to be regarded as the most dynamic industrial organisation, and for this reason, regions with a high proportion of small firms tend to have higher economic growth. The aim of the paper is to present the Italian reality on the basis of some recent data on regional growth and innovation patterns. The results are surprising. Among them, that regional industrial structure in Italy seems to depart from the traditional tripartite model and that they diverge with the traditional tripartite model even in the level of competitiveness of Italian regions.
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Dikshit, Abhirup, Biswajeet Pradhan und Abdullah M. Alamri. „Temporal Hydrological Drought Index Forecasting for New South Wales, Australia Using Machine Learning Approaches“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 6 (03.06.2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060585.
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Droughts can cause significant damage to agriculture and water resources leading to severe economic losses. One of the most important aspects of drought management is to develop useful tools to forecast drought events, which could be helpful in mitigation strategies. The recent global trends in drought events reveal that climate change would be a dominant factor in influencing such events. The present study aims to understand this effect for the New South Wales (NSW) region of Australia, which has suffered from several droughts in recent decades. The understanding of the drought is usually carried out using a drought index, therefore the Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) was chosen as it uses both rainfall and temperature parameters in its calculation and has proven to better reflect drought. The drought index was calculated at various time scales (1, 3, 6, and 12 months) using a Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset. The study focused on predicting the temporal aspect of the drought index using 13 different variables, of which eight were climatic drivers and sea surface temperature indices, and the remainder were various meteorological variables. The models used for forecasting were an artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR). The model was trained from 1901–2010 and tested for nine years (2011–2018), using three different performance metric scores (coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicate that ANN was better than SVR in predicting temporal drought trends, with the highest R2 value of 0.86 for the former compared to 0.75 for the latter. The study also reveals that sea surface temperatures and the climatic index (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) do not have a significant effect on the temporal drought aspect. The present work can be considered as a first step, wherein we only study the temporal trends, towards the use of climatological variables and drought incidences for the NSW region.
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Zhang, Yang, und Samsung Lim. „Drivers of Wildfire Occurrence Patterns in the Inland Riverine Environment of New South Wales, Australia“. Forests 10, Nr. 6 (24.06.2019): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060524.
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In the inland riverine environment of Australia, wildfires not only threaten human life and cause economic loss but also make distinctive impacts on the ecosystem (e.g., injuring or killing fire-sensitive wetland species such as the river red gum). Understanding the drivers of wildfire occurrence patterns in this particular environment is vital for fire-risk reduction and ecologically sustainable management. This study investigated patterns and driving factors of wildfire occurrence over the years from 2001 to 2016 and across the New South Wales side of the Riverina bioregion. Descriptive analyses were conducted for fires of different causes and that burned different vegetation types. Logistic regression models were developed by incorporating factors that provide information on weather, climate, fuel, topography and ignition sources. Analyses revealed that most fires occurred in summer, with human-caused fires primarily in spring and summer, and natural fires in summer. Summer was the most fire-prone season in forested wetlands, whereas fires in drylands mostly occurred during spring and summer. Fire probabilities were higher under severe weather conditions, in areas with higher annual rainfall, in forested wetlands and in areas with intermediate inundation frequencies. Special attention needs to be paid to the effects of vegetation type and inundation frequency on fire occurrence. Weather, climate&fuel and ignition sources were comparably important in explaining human-caused fire occurrence, whereas weather was more important than climate&fuel in explaining natural fire occurrence. Understandings obtained from this study can potentially support the planning of fire and forest management, as well as to supplement the relatively scarce knowledge on riverine wildfire occurrence.
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PICKARD, JOHN. „The Transition from Shepherding to Fencing in Colonial Australia“. Rural History 18, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2007): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793307002129.
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AbstractThe transition from shepherding to fencing in colonial Australia was a technological revolution replacing labour with capital. Fencing could not be widespread in Australia until an historical conjunction of technological, social and economic changes: open camping of sheep (from about 1810), effective poisoning of dingoes with strychnine (from the mid-1840s), introduction of iron wire (1840s), better land tenure (from 1847), progressive reduction of Aboriginal populations, huge demand for meat (from 1851) and high wages (from 1851). Labour shortages in the gold-rushes of the early 1850s were the final trigger, but all the other changes were essential precursors. Available data are used to test the alleged benefits of fencing: a higher wool cut per head; an increased carrying capacity; savings in wages and the running costs of stations; less disease in flocks; larger sheep; higher lambing percentages, and use of land unsuitable for shepherding. Many of the benefits were real, but some cannot be verified. By the mid-1880s, over ninety-five per cent of sheep in New South Wales were in paddocks, wire fences were spreading rapidly, and the cost of fences was falling. However, shepherding persisted in remote northern areas of Australia until well into the twentieth century.
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Cammarota, Simona, Andrea Morsanutto, Enrica Menditto, Anna Citarella und Simona De Portu. „Epidemiological and economic aspects of diabetes in the Campania Region, Italy“. Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 9, Nr. 2 (15.06.2008): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v9i2.220.
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Aim: to assess the economic and epidemiologic impact of diabetes in Campania, a region of approximately 5.7 million inhabitants in the south of Italy. Method: we collected, from an electronic database, all prescriptions for antidiabetic drugs reimbursed in the first half year of 2005 in 8 local health authorities (60% of the overall population) of Campania. The diabetic cohort was defined as the population of subjects receiving at least 2 prescriptions of an antidiabetic agent in 6-month, classified according to their therapeutic role using Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. Characterization is given of the patients and their antidiabetic medication. Subsequently, the prescription of concomitant treatment, in comparison with a control group, is presented. Drugs cost and drugs consumption were quantified using NHS prospective (expressed in Euro 2005) and Defined Daily Dose system (DDD) respectively. Results: the diabetic cohort included 183,614 subjects (5.3% of the observed population), mean age was 65.0 years and female represented 54.8% of the sample. Total cost for diabetic patients represents 16.8% of the total drug expenditure. The average drug/cost/patient was € 355.7; only 19.0% was spent for antidiabetic drugs. The reported use of medication was higher for subjects with diabetes compared with the control population regarding overall use (2,363.5 versus 1259.8 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/die), the use of cardiovascular drugs (1,499.3 versus 663.5 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day), use of haematologic drugs (277.1 versus 120.3 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day), and use of ophthalmological drugs (48.3 versus 21.0 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day). Discussion: chronic-degenerative pathologies, such as diabetes, implies a relevant social and economic impact. Expenses that are associated to the treatment and the prevention of complications, in particular cardiovascular problems, are registered among the main items listed in the healthcare budget.
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Assan, Thomas E. B., Antoine Mulaba und Mubanga Mpundu. „Higher learning institution merger and perceived conflict governance strategies“. Corporate and Business Strategy Review 1, Nr. 2 (2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv1i2art2.
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The Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), along with the representative body, the Higher Education South Africa (HESA, now known as Universities South Africa), have indicated that South Africa has reached a critical juncture in the governance of higher education, a belated moment of truth – even if it’s precise nature remains to be clarified. The study examined specific variables which include the nature and scope of corporate governance, the factors which influence effective and sustainable corporate governance as well as the strategies to enhance sustainable corporate governance environment in a Merged University. A mixed method was used and data were collected using questionnaire and interview instruments. The sample was made up of 120 randomly selected staff and students. The study found that even though there were positive aspects of the current governance system, the pendulum swayed towards the majority who felt that the governance system in place was not responsive enough and does not communicate as well as embrace all stakeholders. The study showed that as the demand for higher education continues to grow and as governments acknowledge their role in promoting economic development, it becomes increasingly important to ensure higher education systems are managed in an effective way.
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Dalton, Vicki. „Death and Dying in Prison in Australia: National Overview, 1980–1998“. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, Nr. 3 (1999): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1999.tb01461.x.
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This paper discusses the role of the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) in monitoring inmate deaths in custody on a national basis. It also provides a descriptive overview of Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous inmate deaths in custody during the eighteen-year period between 1980 and 1998.In October 1987, the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) commenced investigating the deaths of Australia's Indigenous people in custody throughout Australia between January 1, 1980 and May 31, 1989. RCIADIC's task was to examine the circumstances of the deaths; the actions taken by authorities; and the underlying causes of Indigenous deaths in custody, including social, cultural, and legal factors. The investigation found that the major factor contributing to the high number of Indigenous deaths in custody was the disproportionately higher rates at which Indigenous people come into contact with the criminal justice system. RCIADIC concluded that the most significant reason for this contact was the severely disadvantaged social, economic, and cultural position of many Indigenous people.
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Worsley, Anthony, und Andrea J. Worsley. „Naturalistic and Technological Values in the Modern World“. Psychological Reports 64, Nr. 3_suppl (Juni 1989): 1192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1192.
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A 29-item attitude inventory, reflecting technical and naturalistic aspects of modern life, was administered by post to a random sample of 700 women in Adelaide, South Australia. The response rate was 65%. The total scale had adequate internal reliability (Cronbach α = 0.78). Cronbach alpha values for two subscales, Nature and Technology, were 0.66 and 0.55, respectively. The scores were negatively related to McClosky and Schaar's 1965 measure of anomy and to educational background, early school leavers having higher scores. The Nature subscale was negatively related to positive attitudes toward food processing, and Technology was inversely related to pronaturalistic food attitudes. Regular users of dietary supplements had higher Nature scores and lower Technology scores than nonsupplementers.
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Walsh, D., M. H. Andrew, R. Sinclair und D. Coleman. „Evidence for palatability variation between the sex phenotypes of bladder saltbush from small-plot grazing trials“. Rangeland Journal 27, Nr. 2 (2005): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05007.
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This paper reports the results of the first intensive grazing trials to study palatability variation between the sex phenotypes of bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria Hew. ex Benth.). The results show that Merino sheep preferentially graze female shrubs over male and bisexual shrubs in South Australia, which supports earlier paddock-scale observations made in New South Wales. Male shrubs with higher densities of flower spikes were consumed less than those with lower densities. However, when male flowers were small and/or sparse, the removal of male flowers by clipping did not significantly increase the consumption of male shrubs. Female shrubs with very low or very high densities of fruit tended to be consumed significantly more than those with moderate fruit densities. Other physical aspects such as plant growth habit and foliage density did not have a consistent influence on grazing behaviour. Chemical differences between the sex phenotypes are implicated. The presence of palatability variation between the sex phenotypes suggests that there is potential to refine the existing use of bladder saltbush as an indicator species in southern Australia.
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Johnston, W. H., D. L. Garden, A. Rančić, T. B. Koen, K. B. Dassanayake, C. M. Langford, N. J. S. Ellis et al. „The impact of pasture development and grazing on water-yielding catchments in the Murray - Darling Basin in south-eastern Australia“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, Nr. 8 (2003): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02236.
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Experiments conducted from November 1996 to June 2002 in adjacent small catchments near Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, compared the productivity and hydrology of a heavily fertilised (about 30 kg phosphorus/ha.year) Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) pasture with that of a lightly fertilised (about 14 kg phosphorus/ha every second year) native grassland that contained a mixture of C3 and C4 perennial grasses, dominantly C4 Bothriochloa macra (redgrass).In summer, the native catchment was dominated by C4 perennial grasses while the phalaris catchment was dominated by annual C4 weedy species. During the cooler months, the phalaris pasture contained higher proportions of Vulpia spp., and other less-desirable annual grasses. Throughout the experiment, the native catchment was dominated by redgrass, whereas in the phalaris catchment the persistence of phalaris declined. Redgrass became prominent on the more arid aspects of the phalaris catchment as the experiment progressed.Pasture production in the phalaris catchment was higher in most seasons than the native catchment, which resulted in an overall stocking rate advantage of about 80%. The productivity gain per unit of P input was 0.4 for the phalaris catchment compared with 1 for the native catchment, implying that phosphorus was applied to the phalaris catchment at an excessive rate.During wet periods the native catchment produced substantially more runoff than the phalaris catchment, while in dry times it developed substantially larger soil water deficits. Runoff from the phalaris catchment was higher in suspended and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus than for the native catchment. Higher runoff from the native catchment combined with its drier soil profile in summer indicated that its deep drainage potential was less than in the phalaris catchment.
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Saddiqa, Maria, Shabana Parveen, Sher Ali und Waqas Ahmed. „Determinants of Terrorism and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Panel Study of South Asian Region“. Review of Economics and Development Studies 6, Nr. 2 (15.06.2020): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i2.219.
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The objective of the study is to examine the key determinants of Terrorism and its Impact on Economic Growth in case of South Asian Region. Panel data is used for the period of 1985-2018 for selected south Asian countries. Terrorism affected adversely most of the world’s regions since the start of the 1980s. The main issues which are faced by these countries are related to political or economic aspects like poverty, inflation, unemployment and repression. In present study we used the role of macroeconomic factors of terrorism. The study comprised of balance panel data and employed Fixed Effect Model to analyze the determinants of terrorism in such a way that characteristics of each country can be taken into account. The findings of the study suggest that higher literacy rate determines terrorism, as confirmed by many studies, because the more people are educated the more knowledge they may have for making plans or strategies similarly, unemployment is not leading terrorism showing that more the people involved in terrorism are employed or experienced. A terrorist act destroys the infrastructure; people are afraid to move for their work in a terrorized society these results in low production and makes demand greater than supply consequently high inflation rate so economy has to pay higher economic cost in any form.
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Rickert, KG, RH Sedgley und WR Stern. „Environmental response of spring wheat in the south-western Australian cereal belt“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, Nr. 4 (1987): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870655.
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The performance of the spring wheat cultivar Gamenya, the leading cultivar in Western Australia since 1968, was studied to identify key aspects of its response to the environment under typically dry conditions on two contrasting soil types: a heavy clay loam and a light loamy sand overlying clay in the Merredin region.In the rain-fed treatments the total water use was similar on both soils and was of the order of 240 mm. On the heavy-textured soil at high nitrogen, the foliage canopy developed more rapidly than on the light soil, resulting in earlier soil water depletion and haying off. Water use efficiencies of about 10 kg grain ha-1 per mm of water were similar to those reported for winter rainfall areas in south-eastern Australia. This suggests a greater degree of buffering against spring drought than is indicated by the high ratio of pre-anthesis to post-anthesis water use (3-4.7:l) relative to values of 2-2.7:l in other parts of the Australian wheatbelt. Data on the partitioning of dry matter indicated that this buffering of the harsh spring conditions at Merredin may be due to a greater contribution of assimilates from pre-anthesis storage, to grain filling. In dry environments, further critical evaluation is needed of the role of stored assimilates in grain formation.Faster canopy closure on the heavy soil resulted from a higher density of shoots and possibly larger leaves. This led to the suggestion that on heavier, more fertile soils, an ideotype with restricted tillering, may be higher yielding. By the end of the season ear bearing shoot densities and total water use were the same on both soil types, thus masking earlier important differences.
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Lubbe, Ilse. „Towards a global model of accounting education – a South African case study“. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 10, Nr. 4 (07.09.2020): 601–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-01-2020-0017.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a contextual analysis of the professional accounting education system of South Africa (SA).Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the Global Model of Accounting Education (Watty et al., 2012) to describe the accounting education system of SA, which is then compared with similar case studies of Australia, Japan and Sri Lanka. Information about the SA accounting education system is contextualised from multiple sources, using data triangulation.FindingsSeveral similarities between the SA accounting education system and that of Australia are found, such as the role and involvement of the professional bodies in the accreditation processes, with less similarities with that of Japan and Sri Lanka. The comparisons illuminate the economic development of each country and the level of involvement in the education programmes by the profession. Specific challenges in SA include the entrance hurdles to higher education and emphasis on an accounting degree.Practical implicationsThe application of the Global Model of Accounting Education helps to identify the similarities in the global accounting arena and illuminates the uniqueness of the SA accounting education system. This study illustrates the establishment of an accounting education system that aligns with the International Education Standards (IESs).Originality/valueThe study contributes to the discussions around challenges in accounting education, specifically those associated with accreditation and a strong controlling relationship between academe and the profession.
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Alunaza, Hardi, Ireng Maulana und Adityo Darmawan Sudagung. „The Pacific Solution as Australia Policy towards Asylum Seeker and Irregular Maritime Arrivals (IMAs) in John Howard Era“. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional 14, Nr. 1 (09.05.2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v14i1.2789.61-75.
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<p>This research is attempted to answer the question of why John Howard used the Pacific Solution as Australian policy towards Asylum Seekers and Irregular Maritime Arrivals (IMAS). By using the descriptive method with a qualitative approach, the researchers took a specific interest in decision-making theory and sovereignty concept to analyze the phenomena. The policy governing the authority of the Australian Government in the face of the Asylum Seeker by applying multiple strategies to suppress and deter IMAs. The results of this research indicate that John Howard used Pacific Solution with emphasis on three important aspects. First, eliminating migration zone in Australia. Second, building cooperation with third countries in the South Pacific, namely Nauru and Papua New Guinea in shaping the center of IMAs defense. On the other hand, Howard also made some amendments to the Migration Act by reducing the rights of refugees. Immigrants who are seen as a factor of progress and development of the State Australia turned into a new dimension that threatens economic development, security, and socio-cultural. </p>
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Yarmuhamedova, N. A., K. S. Djuraeva, U. X. Samibaeva, Z. D. Bahrieva und D. A. Shodieva. „CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEUROBRUCELLOSIS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION OF SAMARKAND MUNICIPAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES HOSPITAL“. Інфекційні хвороби, Nr. 3 (04.12.2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/1681-2727.2020.3.11554.
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Brucellosis is a particularly dangerous and socially significant infection that causes considerable economic damage and leads to a high level of patients’ disability (Vershilova P. A., 1961, Beklemishev N. D., 1965).
Brucellosis is a global problem for medical and veterinary health services (Corbel M. J., 1997, Boschiroli M. L., 2001).
According to the information of WHO Joint Expert Committee on Brucellosis (1986), this disease is registered among animals in 155 countries around the world.
Mostly Brucellosis is spread in the Mediterranean countries, Asia Minor, South and South-East Asia, Africa, Central and South America (Sauret I. M. E., 2002; Ergonul O. E. A., 2004; Karabay O. E. A., 2004; Getinkaua Z. E. A., 2005; Alim A., Tomul Z. D., 2005; Onishchenko G. G., 2005)
These indices are ten times higher in countries of Central Asia. The registered cases of this disease here are compounded 116 cases per 1 million people in Kazakhstan and 362 in Kyrgyzstan. In Uzbekistan, there are 18 cases per 1 million people. In the Russian Federation there are 4.1 cases per 1 million people, Greece – 21 cases, Germany and the United Kingdom – 0.3 cases.
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O'CONNELL, DARREN, und SIOBHAN AUSTEN. „The tortoise and the hare: how North's institutional ideas resolved a 19th century Australian fable“. Journal of Institutional Economics 13, Nr. 1 (17.08.2016): 161–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000187.
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AbstractOur paper adopts Douglass North's institutional framework to explain why the colonies of Western Australia and South Australia, established in 1829 and 1836, respectively, had considerable disparities in economic growth up the end of 1900. Both colonies were established under different modes of organisation (colonisation). The method adopted for WA harked back to Mercantilism, famously condemned by Adam Smith because it led to under-investment in, and over-exploitation of, colonial assets. SA on the other hand was the product of a radical new theory in colonisation proposed by Edward Gibbon Wakefield whereby land, instead of being given away as in WA, was sold at a fixed price with the proceeds being used to subsidise gender-balanced immigration. Outcomes suggest that SA's method of ‘systematic colonisation’ introduced a better institutional matrix, compared to the initial institutions seeded in WA, allowing SA's economy to develop sooner and at a higher rate of growth. However, once the detrimental effects of its method of foundation were eliminated, occurring on the eve of one of the largest gold discoveries of modern times, WA's institutions finally provided the necessary incentives for economic development such that by the end of 1900, it had equalled SA's level of economic output if not exceeded it.
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Buttelli, Felipe Gustavo Koch, und Clint Le Bruyns. „Education and contemporary issues in South Africa: a look from the high education crisis“. Roteiro 44, Nr. 1 (19.02.2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/r.v44i1.16570.
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This article has as objective to present historical aspects, as much as a brief conceptualization of the contemporary socio-economic situation of South Africa. The theoretical reflection of this article articulates the participation of both authors in the youth movement “Fees Must Fall”. Based on that, it aims to debate about the contemporary issues on the field of High Education in South Africa. Like in Brazilian reality, since 2015 there has been a rise of a students’ movement demanding free education and a decolonial reform of the higher education curriculum, as much as gender and racial justice. The “Fees Must Fall” movement lead to, but also protested against, the militarization of the campi, imprisonment of students, depredation, arson and violence from the different sides. The so called High Education crisis in South Africa has made propitious a wide debate in society, as much as it has served as model for many student’s struggles in other contexts. This article will speak from the reality of the engagement with these students to debate about the political and economic situation in South Africa and its impact in the field of high education. Methodologically, the article sets up a bibliographical debate concerning the social and economic reasons for the contemporary crisis. The conclusion of it points to a list of some of the reasons for the crisis in high education in South Africa
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OVERLAMD, JULIETTE. „THE FUTURE OF INSIDER TRADING IN AUSTRALIA: WHAT DID RENE RIVKIN TEACH US?“ Deakin Law Review 10, Nr. 2 (01.07.2005): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2005vol10no2art301.
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[The case of R v. Rivkin</span><span>1 </span><span>is one of the very few Australian cases resulting in a conviction for insider trading, making it a landmark case in this area of the law. This article examines developments in Australian law relating to insider trading in light of this decision of the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal. Aspects of the insider trading offence which have been clarified by Rivkin’s case are examined and discussed, as are those which remain contentious or unclear despite the judgment. The essential ele- ments of the insider trading offence are reviewed in this context, particu- larly in light of recent legislative reform and relevant academic commentary. This article also considers the role of the courts in interpret- ing difficult legislative provisions such as the laws regulating insider trad- ing, as well as providing an international perspective by analysing the potential application of key provisions of the legislative regimes of other jurisdictions. Clarification of contentious aspects of insider trading has been much needed, so despite the continuing absence of clarity in relation to some elements of the offence, judicial pronouncement by a higher court on these issues should be viewed as a welcome development to the laws on insider trading.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
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Cheung, William W. L., Jessica J. Meeuwig, Ming Feng, Euan Harvey, Vicky W. Y. Lam, Tim Langlois, Dirk Slawinski, Chaojiao Sun und Daniel Pauly. „Climate-change induced tropicalisation of marine communities in Western Australia“. Marine and Freshwater Research 63, Nr. 5 (2012): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11205.
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A major observed and predicted impact of climate change on marine species is the poleward shift in their distributions and the resulting changes in community structure. Here, we used a Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model to project range shift of exploited marine fishes and invertebrates in Western Australia. We combined published data and expert knowledge to predict current species distributions for 30 tropical, sub-tropical and temperate species that occur along the coast of Western Australia. Using outputs from both a Regional Oceanographic Model and a Global Circulation Model, we simulated change in the distribution of each species. Our study shows that under the SRES (Special Report for Emission Scenarios) A1B scenario, the median rate of distribution shift is around 19 km decade–1 towards higher latitudes and 9 m deeper decade–1 by 2055 relative to 2005. As a result, species gains and losses are expected along the south coast and north coast of Western Australia, respectively. Also, the coast of Western Australia is expected to experience a ‘tropicalisation’ of the marine community in the future, with increasing dominance of warmer-water species. Such changes in species assemblages may have large ecological and socio-economic implications through shifts in fishing grounds and unexpected trophic effects.
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Vietrynskyi, I. „Historical, Socio-cultural and International Political Preconditions for the Emergence and Formation of the Australian Union“. Problems of World History, Nr. 12 (29.09.2020): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-12-4.
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The article examines the prerequisites for the creation and early stages of development of the Commonwealth of Australia from the founding of the first European colonies prior to the legal formalization of the federation. Also mentioned are the variability of approaches to the development of Australia’s historiography, in particular from the positions of classical English and modern Australian views. Also, the early stages of the development of the continent that preceded the discovery of Australia by Europeans are considered. It analyzes the wide context of geopolitical processes in Europe in the era of imperialism (XVI-XIX centuries), as well as the circumstances of the formation of large colonial empires. In particular, features of the status, place and role of England in the international political processes of the XVIІ and XVIII centuries are shown, and the stages of the formation of the British colonial empire are also considered. The complex of internal socio-economic as well as foreign policy prerequisites for the beginning of the colonization of Australia by Great Britain is analyzed, in particular the attention paid to the consequences of the British Industrial Revolution XVIII. The stages of formation of the British colonies in Australia, as well as the development of the mainland from the establishment of the first settlement - New South Wales until full control of the continent are investigated. The characteristics of the economic, social, political, demographic and other aspects of the development of Australian colonies are analyzed. The article discusses the evolution of trade and administrative relations between individual colonies, as well as the stages of preparation for the creation of a federation, which was called the Commonwealth of Australia and changed the country's colonial position to the dominion status in the British Empire. Particular attention is paid to the international political processes that accompanied the development of the Australian continent, as well as the role of colonial administrations in regional geopolitical processes, in particular the colonization of New Guinea.
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Evoh, Chijioke J. „The Adoption and Sustainability of Technology-Enhanced Education in Higher Institutions of Learning in Africa“. International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 1, Nr. 3 (Juli 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2010070101.
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This chapter explores factors that enhance and constrain the adoption and sustainability of Information and Communication Technologies in Universities and higher institutions of learning in South Africa. This study examines pedagogical, socio-economic and epistemological aspects of the paradigm shift in higher education delivery in Africa. Adopting and sustaining ICTs for educational improvement is a multifaceted process. As a dynamic process, all the vital elements of technology adoption need to be present in order to meet the goals of technology-enhanced higher education in Africa. It further argues that policy guidelines and strategic plans are essential for the successful adoption and sustainability of ICTs in higher education (HE) institutions in Africa. The chapter argues that the success of ICT-mediated higher education is not only technical but also political in nature.
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Almeida, Shamika, Mario Fernando, Albert Munoz und Susan Cartwright. „Retaining health carers: the role of personal and organisation job resources“. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance 6, Nr. 2 (03.06.2019): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joepp-06-2018-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify key personal and organisational resources that influence the engagement, well-being and job satisfaction of healthcare professionals working in Australia. Design/methodology/approach Using the job demands–resources model, this study investigates how employee resources and organisation resources influence engagement, well-being and job satisfaction of health professionals in Australian hospitals. The authors collected survey data from a sample of healthcare professionals (n=217) working in three hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Findings The results confirm the importance of the emotional health of employees on their well-being. The results concur with existing research that employees with higher levels of emotional health have more positive emotional and social interactions, and thus exhibit higher levels of well-being at work. The study also uncovers certain aspects of emotional health that can influence a range of employee outcomes. Practical implications The findings link human resource management practices to unique motivators of healthcare professionals which, in turn, are likely to improve engagement, well-being and job satisfaction. Originality/value The study highlights specific resources that support greater levels of well-being, engagement and job satisfaction in Australian hospitals.
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KIM, SARANG, KERRY A. SARGENT-COX, DAVINA J. FRENCH, HAL KENDIG und KAARIN J. ANSTEY. „Cross-national insights into the relationship between wealth and wellbeing: a comparison between Australia, the United States of America and South Korea“. Ageing and Society 32, Nr. 1 (24.02.2011): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000080.
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ABSTRACTThe positive relationship between wealth and wellbeing has received considerable attention over the last three decades. However, little is known about how the significance of wealth for the health and wellbeing of older adults may vary across societies. Furthermore, researchers tend to focus mainly on income rather than other aspects of financial resources even though older adults often rely on fixed income, particularly after retirement. Using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey (N=1,431), the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the United States of America (USA; N=4,687), and the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA; N=5,447), this exploratory cross-national study examined the relationship between wealth satisfaction and objective wealth and wellbeing (measured as self-rated health and life satisfaction) among older Australians, Americans and Koreans (50+ years). Regression analyses showed that wealth satisfaction was associated with wellbeing over and above monetary wealth in all three countries. The relationship between monetary wealth and self-rated health was larger for the US than Australian and Korean samples, while the additional contribution of wealth satisfaction to life satisfaction was larger for the Korean than the Australian and US samples. These findings are discussed in terms of the cultural and economic differences between these countries, particularly as they affect older persons.