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Adam, Jacqueline, Thomas Gentinetta, Svetlana Diditchenko, Alexander Schaub, Gregory J. Kato, Nathan Brinkman und Adrian Zuercher. „Prevention of Heme-Induced Human Endothelial Cell Activation By Hemopexin in Vitro“. Blood 136, Supplement 1 (05.11.2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-140238.
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Hemoglobin (Hb) is one of the most abundant proteins in the human body. When red blood cells rupture, cell-free Hb may initiate adverse pathophysiological reactions. Pathophysiology triggered by cell-free Hb plays an important role in modifying the phenotype of sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is caused by a single nucleotide mutation of the β-globin gene resulting in Hemoglobin-S (HbS) instead of the normal HbA found in healthy individuals. Polymerization of HbS shortens the lifespan of sickle red blood cells and promotes intra- and extravascular hemolysis. In cell-free Hb ferrous Hb (Fe2+) is oxidized into ferric Hb (Fe3+) promoting the dissociation and transfer of heme into lipid compartments where it triggers lipid peroxidation and generation of cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory reaction products. These processes promote endothelial cell activation and damage. The endogenous plasma protein hemopexin exhibits the highest binding affinity for heme and binds heme in a 1:1 binding ratio. Heme bound to hemopexin is rendered relatively non-reactive and is delivered safely to hepatocytes for endocytosis and degradation. To investigate the endothelial-protective function of hemopexin based on its ability to scavenge heme, we exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro to heme(NaOH) in the presence or absence of different hemopexin doses. As a read-out, different markers for endothelial cell activation were analyzed by either flow cytometry or multiplexed particle-based flow cytometry (Luminex). Briefly, confluent HUVEC were preincubated with hemopexin at different concentrations for 5 min before stimulation with heme(NaOH) for 25 min. Following stimulation cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for expression of membrane bound P-Selectin, a robust marker of endothelial cell activation. Alternatively, heme(NaOH) stimulation of hemopexin-preincubated HUVEC was conducted for 16 h and cell culture supernatants were analyzed by Luminex for three additional well-characterized plasma markers of endothelial cell activation: pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8, cell adhesion molecule VCAM-1 and glycoprotein Von Willebrand factor (vWF). In the absence of hemopexin, heme(NaOH) consistently induced robust cell surface expression of P-Selectin and elevated levels of soluble IL-8, VCAM-1 and vWF. However, hemopexin completely blocked the stimulatory potential of heme as HUVEC exposed to pre-formed heme:hemopexin complexes showed unchanged P-Selectin expression levels compared to negative control samples. We found that hemopexin reduced heme(NaOH)-mediated P-selectin expression on HUVEC in a dose-dependent fashion. Once an equimolar ratio between heme and hemopexin was reached, P-selectin expression was abolished as shown in figure 1. In addition to P-Selectin, hemopexin also had a strong effect to reduce the heme-induced expression of IL-8, VCAM-1 and vWF to background levels. Thus, the presented data underlines on the one hand the stimulatory capacity of heme(NaOH) on endothelial cells and demonstrates on the other hand the potential of hemopexin to efficiently neutralize free heme. In a stoichiometric fashion, hemopexin potently prevents the pro-inflammatory effect of heme on endothelial cells. Hence, our study suggests a protective role of hemopexin for endothelial cells exposed to elevated levels of cell-free heme due to intravascular hemolysis. Additional experiments are required to elucidate the effect of hemopexin on the endothelium in more detail. Combined with our other lines of data, our results further support the investigation of hemopexin as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of sickle cell disease. Disclosures Adam: CSL Behring AG: Current Employment. Gentinetta:CSL Behring: Current Employment. Diditchenko:CSL Behring AG: Current Employment. Schaub:CSL Behring AG: Current Employment. Kato:CSL Behring AG: Current Employment. Brinkman:CSL Behring: Current Employment. Zuercher:CSL Behring AG: Current Employment.
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Garcia dos Santos, Daniel, Matthias Schranzhofer, Nam Lok Chun, Amel Hamdi und Prem Ponka. „Transcriptional Induction of Transferrin Receptors By Heme in Erythroid Cells“. Blood 126, Nr. 23 (03.12.2015): 3352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.3352.3352.
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Abstract The transferrin receptor (TfR) is a membrane glycoprotein whose only clearly defined function is to mediate cellular uptake of iron (Fe) from a plasma glycoprotein, transferrin. Iron uptake from diferric transferrin (Tf) involves the binding of transferrin to the TfR followed by internalization of Tf within an endocytic vesicle by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Iron is then released from transferrin within endosomes by a combination of Fe3+ reduction by Steap3 (likely when transferrin is still bound to TfR) and a decrease in pH (~pH 5.5). Following this, Fe2+ is transported across the endosomal membrane by DMT1. Transferrin receptors are highly expressed on immature erythroid cells, placental tissue, and rapidly dividing cells, both normal and malignant. In proliferating nonerythroid cells the expression of TfR is negatively regulated post-transcriptionally by intracellular iron through iron responsive elements (IREs) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of transferrin receptor mRNA. IREs are recognized by specific cytoplasmic proteins (iron regulatory proteins; IRPs) that, in the absence of iron in the labile pool, bind to the IREs of transferrin receptor mRNA, preventing its degradation. On the other hand, the expansion of the labile iron pool leads to a rapid degradation of transferrin receptor mRNA that is not protected, since IRPs are not bound to it. However, some cells and tissues with specific requirements for iron probably evolved mechanisms that can override the IRE/IRP-dependent control of transferrin receptor expression. We previously documented that the TfR gene promoter contains an erythroid active element that stimulates the receptor gene transcription upon induction of hemoglobin synthesis (1). In this study we have demonstrated that incubation of erythroid cells with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) increased TfR expression as well as iron incorporation into heme. This effect of ALA can be completely prevented by the inhibitors of heme biosynthesis (succinylacetone [blocks ALA dehydratase] or N-methylprotoporphyrin [blocks ferrochelatase]), indicating that the effect of ALA requires its metabolism to heme. The induction of TfR mRNA expression by ALA is primarily a result of increased mRNA synthesis, since the effect of ALA can be abolished by actinomycin D. Moreover, we found that the TfR promoter was activated in vitro by the addition of ALA or hemin to murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells induced to differentiate using DMSO. Furtehermore, site-directed mutation of erythroid active element (1) in the TfR promoter abolished the effects of ALA or hemin. These results indicate that heme may directly or indirectly interact with the TfR promoter, consequently enhancing the gene expression. Hence, our results show that in erythroid cells heme serves as a positive feedback regulator that maintains high TfR levels thus ensuring adequate iron availability for hemoglobin synthesis. In conclusion, erythroid cells, which are the most avid consumers of iron in the organism, use a transcriptional mechanism to maintain very high transferrin receptor levels. 1 Chun-Nam Lok Ponka P. (2000) Identification of an Erythroid Active Element in the Transferrin Receptor Gene. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 24185-24190. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ham, Gyu-Sung, und Kanghan Oh. „Learning Spatial Configuration Feature for Landmark Localization in Hand X-rays“. Electronics 12, Nr. 19 (26.09.2023): 4038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194038.
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Medical landmark localization is crucial for treatment planning. Although FCN-based heatmap regression methods have made significant progress, there is a lack of FCN-based research focused on features that can learn spatial configuration between medical landmarks, notwithstanding the well-structured patterns of these landmarks. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial-configuration-feature-based network that effectively learns the anatomical correlation between the landmarks. Specifically, we focus on a regularization method and a spatial configuration loss that capture the spatial relationship between the landmarks. Each heatmap, generated using U-Net, is transformed into an embedded spatial feature vector using the soft-argmax method and spatial feature maps, here, Cartesian and Polar coordinates. A correlation map between landmarks based on the spatial feature vector is generated and used to calculate the loss, along with the heatmap output. This approach adopts an end-to-end learning approach, requiring only a single feedforward execution during the test phase to localize all landmarks. The proposed regularization method is computationally efficient, differentiable, and highly parallelizable. The experimental results show that our method can learn global contextual features between landmarks and achieve state-of-the-art performance. Our method is expected to significantly improve localization accuracy when applied to healthcare systems that require accurate medical landmark localization.
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Braga Braile-Sternieri, Maria Christiane Valéria, Idiberto José Zotarelli-Filho, Victor Rodrigues Ribeiro Ferreira, Eliana Migliorini Mustafa, Sofia Braile Sabino, Giovanni Braile Sternieri, Luiza Braile Verdi, Cibele Olegário Vianna Queiroz und Bethina Canaroli Sbardellini. „Covid-19 and cardiovascular diseases: Breaking news“. MedNEXT Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2, Nr. 1 (28.02.2021): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/mdnt2116.
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COVID-19 disease is associated with a high inflammatory load that can induce vascular inflammation, myocarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias. Mortality from COVID-19 disease in 2019 is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. These disorders share the underlying pathophysiology related to the renin-angiotensin system (SARS). Cardiovascular disease and SARS pharmacological inhibition increase ACE2 levels, which can increase coronavirus virulence in the lung and heart. On the other hand, there is evidence that coronavirus infection can decrease ACE2, leading to toxic over-accumulation of angiotensin II, which induces acute respiratory distress syndrome and fulminant myocarditis. In addition, there is scientific evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can bind chemically to the heme group of hemoglobin and thus cause the release of iron ions (Fe2+ and Fe3+) that can damage tissues, including the lungs and heart. Another important information is that the heme group is produced by mitochondria and, in this case, the oral or intramuscular use of Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is strongly recommended, as it stimulates the increase in mitochondrial production. Therefore, the use of chelators of iron ions is notorious, as well as the administration of Coenzyme Q10 as a treatment for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Jeż, Mateusz, Alicja Martyniak, Kalina Andrysiak, Olga Mucha, Krzysztof Szade, Alan Kania, Łukasz Chrobok et al. „Role of Heme-Oxygenase-1 in Biology of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells“. Cells 10, Nr. 3 (01.03.2021): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030522.
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Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, encoded by HMOX1) is a cytoprotective enzyme degrading heme into CO, Fe2+, and biliverdin. HO-1 was demonstrated to affect cardiac differentiation of murine pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), regulate the metabolism of murine adult cardiomyocytes, and influence regeneration of infarcted myocardium in mice. However, the enzyme’s effect on human cardiogenesis and human cardiomyocytes’ electromechanical properties has not been described so far. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of HO-1 in the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). hiPSCs were generated from human fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells using Sendai vectors and subjected to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HMOX1 knock-out. After confirming lack of HO-1 expression on the protein level, isogenic control and HO-1-deficient hiPSCs were differentiated into hiPSC-CMs. No differences in differentiation efficiency and hiPSC-CMs metabolism were observed in both cell types. The global transcriptomic analysis revealed, on the other hand, alterations in electrophysiological pathways in hiPSC-CMs devoid of HO-1, which also demonstrated increased size. Functional consequences in changes in expression of ion channels genes were then confirmed by patch-clamp analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the link between HO-1 and electrophysiology in human cardiomyocytes.
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Liang, Jing, Yu Jun Zhang, Xiong Yao, Hui Li, Zi-Xiang Li, Jiannong Wang, Yuanzhen Chen und Iam Keong Sou. „Studies on the origin of the interfacial superconductivity of Sb2Te3/Fe1+yTe heterostructures“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 1 (19.12.2019): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914534117.
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The recent discovery of the interfacial superconductivity (SC) of the Bi2Te3/Fe1+yTe heterostructure has attracted extensive studies due to its potential as a novel platform for trapping and controlling Majorana fermions. Here we present studies of another topological insulator (TI)/Fe1+yTe heterostructure, Sb2Te3/Fe1+yTe, which also has an interfacial 2-dimensional SC. The results of transport measurements support that reduction of the excess Fe concentration of the Fe1+yTe layer not only increases the fluctuation of its antiferromagnetic (AFM) order but also enhances the quality of the SC of this heterostructure system. On the other hand, the interfacial SC of this heterostructure was found to have a wider-ranging TI-layer thickness dependence than that of the Bi2Te3/Fe1+yTe heterostructure, which is believed to be attributed to the much higher bulk conductivity of Sb2Te3that enhances indirect coupling between its top and bottom topological surface states (TSSs). Our results provide evidence of the interplay among the AFM order, itinerant carries from the TSSs, and the induced interfacial SC of the TI/Fe1+yTe heterostructure system.
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Zeng, Yi, und Ling Wang. „Fei-Fei Li: Artificial Intelligence is on its way to reshape the world“. National Science Review 4, Nr. 3 (01.05.2017): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx060.
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Abstract Fei-Fei Li, a well-known scientist focusing on computer vision and Artificial Intelligence (AI), did not expect such zeal in China about AI. During her last visit to Beijing, the professor of Stanford University drew much attention from both academy and industry here; NSR took the opportunity to interview Professor Li. She points out that, although the neural network has made marvelous advances in the past 15–20 years, there are still enormous challenges ahead. On the one hand, computational models for AI, such as many current deep neural networks, have theoretical bottlenecks to resolve, such as interpretability and explainability; on the other hand, AI should offer more in solving societal problems and in accelerating innovation in industries such as healthcare, traffic control and agriculture. This would be a more practical way to realize the potential and speed up the advancement of AI. Moreover, Prof. Li is interested but cautious about Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
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Peng, Xinmiao, Margaret E. Sereno, Amanda K. Silva, Sidney R. Lehky und Anne B. Sereno. „Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field“. Journal of Neurophysiology 100, Nr. 2 (August 2008): 796–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01188.2007.
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Previous neurophysiological studies of the frontal eye field (FEF) in monkeys have focused on its role in saccade target selection and gaze shift control. It has been argued that FEF neurons indicate the locations of behaviorally significant visual stimuli and are not inherently sensitive to specific features of the visual stimuli per se. Here, for the first time, we directly examined single cell responses to simple, two-dimensional shapes and found that shape selectivity exists in a substantial number of FEF cells during a passive fixation task or during the sample, delay (memory), and eye movement periods in a delayed match to sample (DMTS) task. Our data demonstrate that FEF neurons show sensory and mnemonic selectivity for stimulus shape features whether or not they are behaviorally significant for the task at hand. We also investigated the extent and localization of activation in the FEF using a variety of shape stimuli defined by static or dynamic cues employing functional magentic resonance imaging (fMRI) in anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. Our fMRI results support the electrophysiological findings by showing significant FEF activation for a variety of shape stimuli and cues in the absence of attentional and motor processing. This shape selectivity in FEF is comparable to previous reports in the ventral pathway, inviting a reconsideration of the functional organization of the visual system.
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Thoen, Rutiane Ullmann, Nathaniele Nebel Barther, Elizângela Schemitt, Sílvia Bona, Sabrina Fernandes, Gabriela Coral, Norma Possa Marroni, Cristiane Tovo, Renata Padilha Guedes und Marilene Porawski. „Zinc supplementation reduces diet-induced obesity and improves insulin sensitivity in rats“. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44, Nr. 6 (Juni 2019): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0519.
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Rates of obesity have been growing at alarming rates, compromising the health of the world population. Thus, the search for interventions that address the metabolic repercussions of obesity are necessary. Here we evaluated the metabolic and antioxidant effects of zinc and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on obese rats. Male Wistar rats were fed either a high-fat/high-fructose diet (HFD) or a standard diet (SD) for 19 weeks. From the fifteenth week until the end of the experiment, HFD- and SD-fed rats received zinc (6 mg/kg) or BCAA (750 mg/kg) supplementation. Body weight, abdominal fat, lipid profile, blood glucose, insulin, leptin, and hepatic transaminases were evaluated. In the liver, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and lipid peroxidation were also analyzed. HFD-fed animals showed increased weight gain, abdominal fat pad, plasma insulin, leptin, and triglycerides levels in comparison with SD-fed rats. Zinc supplementation reduced all these parameters, suggesting a beneficial role for the treatment of obesity. BCAA, on the other hand, did not show any beneficial effect. Liver antioxidant enzymes and hepatic transaminases plasma levels did not change among groups. Lipid peroxidation was higher in HFD-fed rats and was not reverted by zinc or BCAA supplementation. In conclusion, zinc supplementation may be a useful strategy for the treatment of the metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity.
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Peairs, Frank B., Martha Lordier und Wendy Meyer. „Control of Alfalfa Insects, Fort Collins, Co, 1986“. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, Nr. 1 (01.01.1987): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.174.
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Abstract Treatments were applied on 16 May with a CO2 powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 26.6 gpa through 4 flat fan 8006 nozzles, mounted on a hand-held boom, at 30 psi. Plots were 12 ft × 18 ft and were arranged in 4 replicates of a split plot design with alfalfa variety (Perry and Ranger) as main plots and insecticide treatment as subplots. Varietal information is not included here. Crop height was ca 1.5 ft at time of application. Alfalfa was planted in the fall of 1986. Soil type was a clay loam. No rainfall was received during the experiment.
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Minuzzi, Luciele Guerra, Gabriel Keine Kuga, Leonardo Breda, Rafael Calais Gaspar, Vitor Rosetto Muñoz, Rodrigo Martins Pereira, José Diego Botezelli et al. „Short-term Resistance Training Increases APPL1 Content in the Liver and the Insulin Sensitivity of Mice Fed a Long-term High-fat Diet“. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 128, Nr. 01 (16.04.2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0885-9872.
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Abstract Background APPL1, an adapter protein, interact directly with adiponectin receptors mediating adiponectin signaling and acting as a critical regulator of the crosstalk between adiponectin and insulin signaling pathway. The inadequate level of physical activity, high-calorie intake, or both lead to adverse consequences on health, like insulin resistance. On the order hand, physical exercise acts positively in the insulin action. Purpose Here, we investigated the effects of short-term resistance training (RT) on APPL1 content and adiponectin pathway in the liver of mice fed a long-term high-fat diet. Methods Swiss mice were distributed into 3 groups: Mice that fed a chow diet (CTR); Mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 months (HFD); and mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 months and submitted to a climbing ladder exercise (RT) for 7 days (HFD-EXE). Results The results show that short-term RT increases the APPL1 content but wasn’t able to alter AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 content in the liver of HFD-EXE mice. However, this increase in the APPL1 content in response to RT was accompanied by improvement in the insulin sensitivity. Conclusion In summary, our data suggested that short-term RT improves glycemic homeostasis and increases APPL1 in the hepatic tissue of mice treated with long-term high-fat diet.
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Ognjanović, Miloš, Marko Bošković, Hristo Kolev, Biljana Dojčinović, Sanja Vranješ-Đurić und Bratislav Antić. „Synthesis, Surface Modification and Magnetic Properties Analysis of Heat-Generating Cobalt-Substituted Magnetite Nanoparticles“. Nanomaterials 14, Nr. 9 (30.04.2024): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14090782.
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Here, we present the results of the synthesis, surface modification, and properties analysis of magnetite-based nanoparticles, specifically Co0.047Fe2.953O4 (S1) and Co0.086Fe2.914O4 (S2). These nanoparticles were synthesized using the co-precipitation method at 80 °C for 2 h. They exhibit a single-phase nature and crystallize in a spinel-type structure (space group Fd3¯m). Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the particles are quasi-spherical in shape and approximately 11 nm in size. An observed increase in saturation magnetization, coercivity, remanence, and blocking temperature in S2 compared to S1 can be attributed to an increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy due to the incorporation of Co ions in the crystal lattice of the parent compound (Fe3O4). The heating efficiency of the samples was determined by fitting the Box-Lucas equation to the acquired temperature curves. The calculated Specific Loss Power (SLP) values were 46 W/g and 23 W/g (under HAC = 200 Oe and f = 252 kHz) for S1 and S2, respectively. Additionally, sample S1 was coated with citric acid (Co0.047Fe2.953O4@CA) and poly(acrylic acid) (Co0.047Fe2.953O4@PAA) to obtain stable colloids for further tests for magnetic hyperthermia applications in cancer therapy. Fits of the Box-Lucas equation provided SLP values of 21 W/g and 34 W/g for CA- and PAA-coated samples, respectively. On the other hand, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis points to the catalytically active centers Fe2+/Fe3+ and Co2+/Co3+ on the particle surface, suggesting possible applications of the samples as heterogeneous self-heating catalysts in advanced oxidation processes under an AC magnetic field.
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Bavia, Lorena, Íris Arantes de Castro und Lourdes Isaac. „C57BL/6 and A/J Mice Have Different Inflammatory Response and Liver Lipid Profile in Experimental Alcoholic Liver Disease“. Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/491641.
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Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an important worldwide public health issue characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis of hepatocytes with eventual development of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Comparison of murine models with different inflammatory responses for ALD is important for an evaluation of the importance of genetic background in the interpretation of ethanol-induced phenotypes. Here, we investigated the role of inflammation and genetic background for the establishment of ALD using two different mouse strains: C57BL/6 (B6) and A/J. B6 and A/J mice were treated with a high fat diet containing ethanol (HFDE) and compared to the controls for 10 weeks. Hepatomegaly and steatohepatitis were similar in B6 and A/J mice, but only A/J mice were resistant to weight gain. On the other hand, HFDE-fed B6 accumulated more triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol and presented more intense cellular infiltrate in the liver when compared to HFDM-fed mice. Liver inflammatory environment was distinct in these two mouse strains. While HFDE-fed B6 produced more liver IL-12, A/J mice increased the TNF-αproduction. We concluded that mouse genetic background could dictate the intensity of the HFDE-induced liver injury.
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Alnuaim, Abeer, Mohammed Zakariah, Wesam Atef Hatamleh, Hussam Tarazi, Vikas Tripathi und Enoch Tetteh Amoatey. „Human-Computer Interaction with Hand Gesture Recognition Using ResNet and MobileNet“. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (26.03.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8777355.
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Sign language is the native language of deaf people, which they use in their daily life, and it facilitates the communication process between deaf people. The problem faced by deaf people is targeted using sign language technique. Sign language refers to the use of the arms and hands to communicate, particularly among those who are deaf. This varies depending on the person and the location from which they come. As a result, there is no standardization about the sign language to be used; for example, American, British, Chinese, and Arab sign languages are all distinct. Here, in this study we trained a model, which will be able to classify the Arabic sign language, which consists of 32 Arabic alphabet sign classes. In images, sign language is detected through the pose of the hand. In this study, we proposed a framework, which consists of two CNN models, and each of them is individually trained on the training set. The final predictions of the two models were ensembled to achieve higher results. The dataset used in this study is released in 2019 and is called as ArSL2018. It is launched at the Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The main contribution in this study is resizing the images to 64 ∗ 64 pixels, converting from grayscale images to three-channel images, and then applying the median filter to the images, which acts as lowpass filtering in order to smooth the images and reduce noise and to make the model more robust to avoid overfitting. Then, the preprocessed image is fed into two different models, which are ResNet50 and MobileNetV2. ResNet50 and MobileNetV2 architectures were implemented together. The results we achieved on the test set for the whole data are with an accuracy of about 97% after applying many preprocessing techniques and different hyperparameters for each model, and also different data augmentation techniques.
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Snyder-Mackler, Noah, Carol Shively, Corbin Johnson, Kristopfer Michalson, Susan Appt, Daniel Belsky und Thomas Register. „A MEDITERRANEAN DIET INTERVENTION ALTERS AGE-ASSOCIATED PHYSIOLOGY IN A NOVEL NON-HUMAN PRIMATE MODEL“. Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.264.
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Abstract Diet modifications are some of the most well-established aging interventions. For decades we have known that caloric restriction can dramatically increase lifespan and healthspan in organisms ranging from yeast to primates. More recently, other dietary modifications, including varying nutrient composition, have been experimentally shown to alter healthspan and lifespan. However, limitations inherent in human trials, such as diet adherence and heterogeneity of other lifestyle factors, mitigate our ability to identify the mechanisms through which diet alters healthspan and lifespan. Here, we conducted a randomized, long-term, whole-diet manipulation in a nonhuman primate, where cynomolgus macaques consumed either a Mediterranean or Western diet for 15 months. We hypothesized that individuals fed a Western diet would exhibit accelerated rates of cellular and physiological aging relative to their Mediterranean-fed counterparts. Indeed, we found that Western diet-fed animals exhibited increases in physiological measures that also increase with age, including body weight, fasting insulin, and triglycerides. Animals eating a Mediterranean diet, on the other hand, had a more sensitive and tuned autonomic response, and reduced HPA responses to an acute stress challenge. Probing further, we found that diet strongly affected monocyte function, altering the expression of 40% of expressed genes, leading to a more proinflammatory monocyte phenotype in Western diet fed animals. Experiments are underway to explore effects of diet on other markers of biological aging. Together, these data provide the first controlled evidence that Western and Mediterranean diets can alter aging-associated function in a species with clear biological similarity and relevance to humans.
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Roché, H., R. Deporte, D. Berton-Rigaud, B. Coudert, N. Tubiana-Mathieu, J. Ferrero, H. Orfeuvre, B. Audhuy, L. Bobadilla und P. Fumoleau. „Capecitabine + epirubicin + cyclophosphamide (CEX) has comparable safety to 5-FU + epirubicin + cyclophosphamide (FEC) as neoadjuvant therapy in patients (pts) with operable breast cancer (BC): Early safety findings from a randomized phase III trial“. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, Nr. 18_suppl (20.06.2006): 10655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.10655.
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10655 Background: FEC100 is an established regimen in early-stage BC. Substituting capecitabine (X) for 5-FU in the neoadjuvant setting is logical. Here we present interim safety findings from a phase III trial of CEX vs. FEC as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable BC. Methods: Between Mar 04 and Jan 05, 60/182 planned pts were randomized to receive CEX (X 900mg/m2 bid d1–14, epirubicin 100mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 500mg/m2 d1) or FEC (short i.v. infusions of 5-FU 500mg/m2, epirubicin 100mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 500mg/m2 d1), q3w x4. Surgery with lymph node dissection was performed <5 wks (±1 wk) after last course of treatment. The primary endpoint was pCR. All patients received 4 courses of docetaxel 100 mg/m2 d1 after surgery. All adverse events (AEs) were graded according to the NCI-CTC (v3.0) and the Hand-Foot Syndrome (HFS) classification. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were evaluated for dihydropyrimidine deshydrogenase (DPD) deficiency. Results: Baseline characteristics in the CEX (n = 30) vs. FEC (n = 30) groups: median age (49.1 vs. 50.8 years); ER+/PR+ (60%/53% vs. 73%/37%). The median no. of cycles received was 4 in each group. The overall rate of AEs was very similar in the two groups, with no difference in grade 3/4 neutropenia. FEC was associated with more grade 3/4 nausea/vomiting (see table) . No evidence of PBMC DPD deficiency was observed. Conclusions: CEX and FEC are well tolerated in neoadjuvant BC. CEX offers the potential benefit of greater tumor exposure to 5-FU. Our findings also indicate that toxicity is not related to DPD activity. Recruitment is ongoing. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Mahmud, Hasan, Md Kamrul Hasan, Abdullah-Al-Tariq, Md Hasanul Kabir und M. A. Mottalib. „Recognition of Symbolic Gestures Using Depth Information“. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2018 (19.11.2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1069823.
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Symbolic gestures are the hand postures with some conventionalized meanings. They are static gestures that one can perform in a very complex environment containing variations in rotation and scale without using voice. The gestures may be produced in different illumination conditions or occluding background scenarios. Any hand gesture recognition system should find enough discriminative features, such as hand-finger contextual information. However, in existing approaches, depth information of hand fingers that represents finger shapes is utilized in limited capacity to extract discriminative features of fingers. Nevertheless, if we consider finger bending information (i.e., a finger that overlaps palm), extracted from depth map, and use them as local features, static gestures varying ever so slightly can become distinguishable. Our work here corroborated this idea and we have generated depth silhouettes with variation in contrast to achieve more discriminative keypoints. This approach, in turn, improved the recognition accuracy up to 96.84%. We have applied Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm which takes the generated depth silhouettes as input and produces robust feature descriptors as output. These features (after converting into unified dimensional feature vectors) are fed into a multiclass Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to measure the accuracy. We have tested our results with a standard dataset containing 10 symbolic gesture representing 10 numeric symbols (0-9). After that we have verified and compared our results among depth images, binary images, and images consisting of the hand-finger edge information generated from the same dataset. Our results show higher accuracy while applying SIFT features on depth images. Recognizing numeric symbols accurately performed through hand gestures has a huge impact on different Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) applications including augmented reality, virtual reality, and other fields.
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Fikus, Marta U., Piotr A. Mieczkowski, Piotr Koprowski, Joanna Rytka, Ewa Śledziewska-Gójska und Zygmunt Cieśla. „The Product of the DNA Damage-Inducible Gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DIN7, Specifically Functions in Mitochondria“. Genetics 154, Nr. 1 (01.01.2000): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.1.73.
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Abstract We reported previously that the product of the DNA damage-inducible gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DIN7, belongs to a family of proteins that are involved in DNA repair and replication. The family includes S. cerevisiae proteins Rad2p and its human homolog XPGC, Rad27p and its mammalian homolog FEN-1, and Exonuclease I (Exo I). Here, we report that Din7p specifically affects metabolism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We have found that dun1 strains, defective in the transcriptional activation of the DNA damage-inducible genes RNR1, RNR2, and RNR3, exhibit an increased frequency in the formation of the mitochondrial petite (ρ−) mutants. This high frequency of petites arising in the dun1 strains is significantly reduced by the din7::URA3 allele. On the other hand, overproduction of Din7p from the DIN7 gene placed under control of the GAL1 promoter dramatically increases the frequency of petite formation and the frequency of mitochondrial mutations conferring resistance to erythromycin (Er). The frequencies of chromosomal mutations conferring resistance to canavanine (Canr) or adenine prototrophy (Ade+) are not affected by enhanced synthesis of Din7p. Experiments using Din7p fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and cell fractionation experiments indicate that the protein is located in mitochondria. A possible mechanism that may be responsible for the decreased stability of the mitochondrial genome in S. cerevisiae cells with elevated levels of Din7p is discussed.
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Gil, M. Florencia, Marisol Fassolari, Marina E. Battaglia und Corina M. Berón. „Culex quinquefasciatus larvae development arrested when fed on Neochloris aquatica“. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, Nr. 12 (03.12.2021): e0009988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009988.
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Culex quinquefasciatus is a cosmopolitan species widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Due to its long history of close association with humans, the transmission of arboviruses and parasites have an important role in veterinary and public health. Adult females feed mainly on birds although they can also feed on humans and other mammals. On the other hand, larvae are able to feed on a great diversity of microorganisms, including microalgae, present in natural or artificial breeding sites with a high organic load. These two particularities, mentioned above, are some of the reasons why this mosquito is so successful in the environment. In this work, we report the identification of a microalga found during field sampling in artificial breeding sites, in a group of discarded tires with accumulated rainwater. Surprisingly, only one of them had a bright green culture without mosquito larvae while the other surrounding tires contained a large number of mosquito larvae. We isolated and identified this microorganism as Neochloris aquatica, and it was evaluated as a potential biological control agent against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The oviposition site preference in the presence of the alga by gravid females, and the effects on larval development were analyzed. Additionally, microalga effect on Cx. quinquefasciatus wild type, naturally infected with the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia (w+) and Wolbachia free (w−) laboratory lines was explored. According to our results, even though it is chosen by gravid females to lay their eggs, the microalga had a negative effect on the development of larvae from both populations. Additionally, when the larvae were fed with a culture of alga supplemented with balanced fish food used as control diet, they were not able to reverse its effect, and were unable to complete development until adulthood. Here, N. aquatica is described as a biological agent, and as a potential source of bioactive compounds for the control of mosquito populations important in veterinary and human health.
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Zytner, Palina, Anne Kutschbach, Weiye Gong, Verena Alexia Ohse, Laura Taudte, Anna Patricia Kipp, Lars-Oliver Klotz, Josephine Priebs und Holger Steinbrenner. „Selenium-Enriched E. coli Bacteria Mitigate the Age-Associated Degeneration of Cholinergic Neurons in C. elegans“. Antioxidants 13, Nr. 4 (20.04.2024): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040492.
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Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, but high-dose supplementation with Se compounds, most notably selenite, may exert cytotoxic and other adverse effects. On the other hand, bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), are capable of reducing selenite to red elemental Se that may serve as a safer Se source. Here, we examined how a diet of Se-enriched E. coli bacteria affected vital parameters and age-associated neurodegeneration in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The growth of E. coli OP50 for 48 h in medium supplemented with 1 mM sodium selenite resulted in reddening of the bacterial culture, accompanied by Se accumulation in the bacteria. Compared to nematodes supplied with the standard E. coli OP50 diet, the worms fed on Se-enriched bacteria were smaller and slimmer, even though their food intake was not diminished. Nevertheless, given the choice, the nematodes preferred the standard diet. The fecundity of the worms was not affected by the Se-enriched bacteria, even though the production of progeny was somewhat delayed. The levels of the Se-binding protein SEMO-1, which serves as a Se buffer in C. elegans, were elevated in the group fed on Se-enriched bacteria. The occurrence of knots and ruptures within the axons of cholinergic neurons was lowered in aged nematodes provided with Se-enriched bacteria. In conclusion, C. elegans fed on Se-enriched E. coli showed less age-associated neurodegeneration, as compared to nematodes supplied with the standard diet.
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Tsunekawa, Norikazu, Hiroshi Miwa, Shohei Mizuno, Mineaki Gotoh, Miyuki Takahashi, Mayuko Goto, Kazuto Suganuma, Ichiro Hanamura, Masato Shikami und Masakazu Nitta. „Metabolism of Human Leukemia Cells in NOD/Scid Mice: Effectiveness of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose“. Blood 118, Nr. 21 (18.11.2011): 4881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4881.4881.
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Abstract Abstract 4881 We have recently shown that NB4,an APL cell line, is dependent on glycolysis, while THP-1, a monocytic cell line, is relatively dependent on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, where oxidation of fatty acid is important. (Leukemia and Lymphoma 51:2112,2010) Here, we examined the energy metabolism of these leukemia cell lines in immunodeficient mice. 1.0×107 cells of each cell line were inoculated subcutaneously in NOD/scid mice with the treatment of anti-asialo GM1 antibody. Mice were divided into two groups: normal diet (carbohydrate;65.3%, fat;6.3%) or carbohydrate-restricted (high fat) diet (carbohydrate;19.6%, fat;62.2%). At day 42, tumor volume (TV) of NB4 in three normal diet-fed mice became 694±358mm3, which was greater than that in three high fat diet-fed mice:173±216mm3 (P= 0.043). On the other hand, tumor volume of THP-1 in three normal diet-fed mice became 1130 ± 600mm3, which was smaller than that in three high fat diet-fed mice: 3300 ± 1053mm3 (p = 0.050). Then, since 14 days after inoculation of leukemia cells in NOD/scid mice fed with normal diet, glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) (35mg/mouse) was administered intraperitoneally once a week. Tumor size at day 41 of both leukemia cells were suppressed by 2-DG treatment. (THP-1: 2-DG (-): TV = 3099 ± 193mm3, 2-DG (+): TV = 513 ± 550mm3) (THP-1: p = 0.040). (NB4: 2-DG (-): TV = 495 ± 417mm3, 2-DG (+): TV = 87 ± 89mm3) (NB4: p = 0.313). Pathological examination of tumors have shown that 2-DG treated tumor had larger areas of dead cells in both cell lines. Our study demonstrated that NB4 is dependent largely on glucose and THP-1 on fat. In addition, 2-DG is effective in growth suppression of leukemia cells in vivo. These findings will help the future therapy for leukemia targeting energy metabolism. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Johnson, Gregory, und Kurt Kammerzell. „Russian Wheat Aphid Control in Winter Wheat, 1990“. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 16, Nr. 1 (01.01.1991): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/16.1.240.
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Abstract Insecticide applications applied in combination and singly were evaluated for performance against RWA in a winter wheat field seeded Sep 89 in Carbon County, Mont. Insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10 ft hand held spray boom and Teejet 8001LP flat-fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. Chemical applications were applied on 3 May at first joint growth stage. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates, each measuring 20 × 30 ft. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by clipping 10 tillers from each treated and untreated replicate and counting the number of RWA on each tiller. Plots were machine harvested using a Hege 125C plot combine with a 4-ft header. One section, measuring 20 × 4 ft, was harvested from each replicate. Grain samples were cleaned and yield calculated.
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Patil, Dr Anita S., C. Binu Krishna, Bharath Raj R. V, Kushal und Nikhil Kumar T. H. „Reliable Examination Management System“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, Nr. 5 (31.05.2024): 1718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.61784.
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Abstract: Faculty and staff members must perform invigilation duties as a prerequisite for conducting examinations, such as exams in universities. The preparation of an invigilation duty list is a laborious task in educational organizations, exam authorities, etc. It becomes more complex when more invigilators are involved for examinations scheduled daily in two or more shifts for a greater number of days. Here, we have discussed the development of a system that can generate an invigilation duty list for any type of examination. This automated system will take some required data, like staff lists, exam dates, and the number of invigilators on the days, as input and produce an invigilation duty list based on fed data. It can be useful with this approach, one may cut down on the time wasted creating the invigilation duty list by hand in any organization, including universities and institutes where exams are held.
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Xavier, Soniya, Jasmine Gili, Peter McGowan, Simin Younesi, Paul F. A. Wright, David W. Walker, Sarah J. Spencer und Luba Sominsky. „High Maternal Omega-3 Supplementation Dysregulates Body Weight and Leptin in Newborn Male and Female Rats: Implications for Hypothalamic Developmental Programming“. Nutrients 13, Nr. 1 (30.12.2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010089.
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Maternal diet is critical for offspring development and long-term health. Here we investigated the effects of a poor maternal diet pre-conception and during pregnancy on metabolic outcomes and the developing hypothalamus in male and female offspring at birth. We hypothesised that offspring born to dams fed a diet high in fat and sugar (HFSD) peri-pregnancy will have disrupted metabolic outcomes. We also determined if these HFSD-related effects could be reversed by a shift to a healthier diet post-conception, in particular to a diet high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs), since ω3 PUFAs are considered essential for normal neurodevelopment. Unexpectedly, our data show that there are minimal negative effects of maternal HFSD on newborn pups. On the other hand, consumption of an ω3-replete diet during pregnancy altered several developmental parameters. As such, pups born to high-ω3-fed dams weighed less for their length, had reduced circulating leptin, and also displayed sex-specific disruption in the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Collectively, our study shows that maternal intake of a diet rich in ω3 PUFAs during pregnancy may be detrimental for some metabolic developmental outcomes in the offspring. These data indicate the importance of a balanced dietary intake in pregnancy and highlight the need for further research into the impact of maternal ω3 intake on offspring development and long-term health.
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Myers, A. F., E. B. Steel, M. Q. Ding und J. J. Cuomo. „TEM Investigation of Nitrogen-Doped Amorphous Carbon Coated Field Emitters“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600009338.
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Amorphous carbon coatings, including highly sp3-bonded amorphous diamond (a-D), also referred to as tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), and diamond-like carbon (DLC), have recently been explored for field emission applications [1-3]. These coatings can be deposited uniformly at low temperatures, and possess chemical and mechanical properties similar to those of diamond. They also can be doped with nitrogen to form n-type semiconductors [4]. Diamond coatings, on the other hand, are microscopically nonuniform, usually require deposition temperatures greater than 600 °C, and cannot be doped to produce shallow donor levels [2]. Diamond, a-D, and DLC coated emitters all show enhanced electron emission properties [1-3].The major emphasis of the work presented here is on the parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) characterization of the sp2 and sp3 bonded carbon in the coatings. PEELS spectra and TEM images were recorded with a Philips CM300 FEG TEM, equipped with a Gatan model 666 parallel acquisition EELS spectrometer. The operating voltage was 300 keV.
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Synofzik, Matthis, Peter Thier und Axel Lindner. „Internalizing Agency of Self-Action: Perception of One's Own Hand Movements Depends on an Adaptable Prediction About the Sensory Action Outcome“. Journal of Neurophysiology 96, Nr. 3 (September 2006): 1592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00104.2006.
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Extensive work on learning in reaching and pointing tasks has demonstrated high degrees of plasticity in our ability to optimize goal-directed motor behavior. However, studies focusing on the perceptual awareness of our own actions during motor adaptation are still rare. Here we present the first simultaneous investigation of sensorimotor adaptation on both levels, i.e., action and action perception. We hypothesized that self-action perception relies on internal predictions about the sensory action outcome that are updated in a way similar to that of motor control. Twenty human subjects performed out-and-back pointing movements that were fed back visually. Feedback was initially presented in spatiotemporal correspondence with respect to the actual finger position, but later rotated by a constant angle. When distorted feedback was applied repetitively, subjects' perceived pointing direction shifted in the direction of the trajectory rotation. A comparable perceptual reinterpretation was observed in control trials without visual feedback, indicating that subjects learned to predict the new visual outcome of their actions based on nonvisual, internal information. The perception of the world, however, remained unchanged. The changes in perception of one's own movements were accompanied by adaptive changes in motor performance of the same amount, i.e., a secondary motor compensation opposite to the direction of the imposed visual rotation. Our results show that the perception of one's own actions depends on adaptable internal predictions about the sensory action outcome, allowing us to attribute new sensory consequences of our actions to our own agency. Furthermore, they indicate that the updated sensory prediction can be used to optimize motor control.
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Kaur, Jasminder. „CHAMBA RUMAL: THE PAINTING BY NEEDLE“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, Nr. 6 (30.06.2017): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.1988.
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India is a nursery of art and numerous mesmerizing arts and crafts forms have taken shape in this land. Its hill state of Himanchal Pradesh has a legacy of many art techniques and the townships of Guler, Basohli, Kangra, Chamba, and Mandi are the main art schools here. Other than rich pictorial art of murals and miniatures, it has many other art forms to its credit, but the picturesque Chamba Rumal stands unparalleled. The vivacity, vividness and precision of this needle art make it so close to the Pahadi miniatures and murals that it appears to be their transcript on the fabric. Because of this resemblance, it is also known as “Needle Painting”. This household origin art was normally done on the domestic articles, i.e. Rumal (Coverlet), Cap (joji), Hand Fan, Choli (blouse) etc. Among these, Rumal got a special place in the world and became popular by the name of ‘Chamba Rumal’. The folk nature of this art got new dimension as a classical form with the royal patronage. Here the technique was drawn from the folk style, but the motifs were of the Pahadi paintings. Because of its pictorial beauty, Chamba Rumal is also known as ‘Painting by the Needle’.
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Woolf, Benjamin, Dipender Gill, Andrew J. Grant und Stephen Burgess. „MVMRmode: Introducing an R package for plurality valid estimators for multivariable Mendelian randomisation“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 5 (07.05.2024): e0291183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291183.
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Background Mendelian randomisation (MR) is the use of genetic variants as instrumental variables. Mode-based estimators (MBE) are one of the most popular types of estimators used in univariable-MR studies and is often used as a sensitivity analysis for pleiotropy. However, because there are no plurality valid regression estimators, modal estimators for multivariable-MR have been under-explored. Methods We use the residual framework for multivariable-MR to introduce two multivariable modal estimators: multivariable-MBE, which uses IVW to create residuals fed into a traditional plurality valid estimator, and an estimator which instead has the residuals fed into the contamination mixture method (CM), multivariable-CM. We then use Monte-Carlo simulations to explore the performance of these estimators when compared to existing ones and re-analyse the data used by Grant and Burgess (2021) looking at the causal effect of intelligence, education, and household income on Alzheimer’s disease as an applied example. Results In our simulation, we found that multivariable-MBE was generally too variable to be much use. Multivariable-CM produced more precise estimates on the other hand. Multivariable-CM performed better than MR-Egger in almost all settings, and Weighted Median under balanced pleiotropy. However, it underperformed Weighted Median when there was a moderate amount of directional pleiotropy. Our re-analysis supported the conclusion of Grant and Burgess (2021), that intelligence had a protective effect on Alzheimer’s disease, while education, and household income do not have a causal effect. Conclusions Here we introduced two, non-regression-based, plurality valid estimators for multivariable MR. Of these, “multivariable-CM” which uses IVW to create residuals fed into a contamination-mixture model, performed the best. This estimator uses a plurality of variants valid assumption, and appears to provide precise and unbiased estimates in the presence of balanced pleiotropy and small amounts of directional pleiotropy.
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Adams, Volker, Victoria Gußen, Sergey Zozulya, André Cruz, Anselmo Moriscot, Axel Linke und Siegfried Labeit. „Small-Molecule Chemical Knockdown of MuRF1 in Melanoma Bearing Mice Attenuates Tumor Cachexia Associated Myopathy“. Cells 9, Nr. 10 (11.10.2020): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102272.
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Patients with malignant tumors frequently suffer during disease progression from a syndrome referred to as cancer cachexia (CaCax): CaCax includes skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness, loss of bodyweight, and fat tissues. Currently, there are no FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved treatments available for CaCax. Here, we studied skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction in a murine CaCax model by injecting B16F10 melanoma cells into mouse thighs and followed mice during melanoma outgrowth. Skeletal muscles developed progressive weakness as detected by wire hang tests (WHTs) during days 13–23. Individual muscles analyzed at day 24 had atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, augmented metabolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress, and a catabolically activated ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), including upregulated MuRF1. Accordingly, we tested as an experimental intervention of recently identified small molecules, Myomed-205 and -946, that inhibit MuRF1 activity and MuRF1/MuRF2 expression. Results indicate that MuRF1 inhibitor fed attenuated induction of MuRF1 in tumor stressed muscles. In addition, the compounds augmented muscle performance in WHTs and attenuated muscle weight loss. Myomed-205 and -946 also rescued citrate synthase and complex-1 activities in tumor-stressed muscles, possibly suggesting that mitochondrial-metabolic and muscle wasting effects in this CaCax model are mechanistically connected. Inhibition of MuRF1 during tumor cachexia may represent a suitable strategy to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction.
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Li, Xin, Jionghao Feng, Haijun Wang, Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu und Ying Li. „Self-Healing Hydrogel Membrane Provides a Strategy for the Steady Production of Clean Water from Organic Wastewater“. Membranes 13, Nr. 7 (05.07.2023): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13070648.
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When the typical solar-driven hydrogel water evaporator treats the organic sewage, the organic pollutants will be accumulated in the evaporator and affect the evaporation performance. This issue is resolved by using silver–disulfide bonding to fix the silver oxide/silver (Ag2O/Ag) nanoparticles inside the polyacrylamide-acrylic acid hydrogel, resulting in the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and solar-driven water evaporation. Ag2O/Ag nanoparticles are a solar–thermal conversion material used to replace the traditional carbon material. On the one hand, the heterojunction structure of Ag2O/Ag enhances the separation ability of the photogenerated carriers, thereby increasing the photocatalytic efficiency. On the other hand, the surface of the nanoparticles is grafted with N, N′-bis(acryloyl) cystamine and becomes the crosslinking agent which is fixed in the hydrogel. Meanwhile, the inverted pyramid structure can be built at the surface of the hydrogel by soft imprinting technology. This kind of structure has excellent light trapping performance, which can increase the efficiency of Ag2O/Ag photocatalysis. Furthermore, the dynamic reversible coordination effect between Fe3+ and carboxyl realizes the self-healing capability of the hydrogel. Here are the properties of hydrogel: the fracture stress is 0.35 MPa, the fracture elongation is 1320%, the evaporation rate is 1.2 kg·m−2·h−1, and the rate of the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange is 96% in 3 h. This self-healing hydrogel membrane provides a strategy to steadily get clean water from organic sewage.
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Abadie, Cyril, Marlène Lamothe-Sibold, Françoise Gilard und Guillaume Tcherkez. „Isotopic evidence for nitrogen exchange between autotrophic and heterotrophic tissues in variegated leaves“. Functional Plant Biology 43, Nr. 3 (2016): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15187.
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Many plant species or cultivars form variegated leaves in which blades are made of green and white sectors. On the one hand, there is little photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in white tissue simply because of the lack of functional chloroplasts and thus, leaf white tissue is heterotrophic and fed by photosynthates exported by leaf green tissue. On the other hand, it has been previously shown that the white tissue is enriched in nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and polyamines, which can, in turn, be remobilised upon nitrogen deficiency. However, the origin of organic nitrogen in leaf white tissue, including the possible requirement for N-reduction in leaf green tissue before export to white tissue, has not been examined. Here, we took advantage of isotopic methods to investigate the source of nitrogen in the white tissue. A survey of natural isotope abundance (δ15N) and elemental composition (%N) in various variegated species shows no visible difference between white and green tissues, suggesting a common N source. However, there is a tendency for N-rich white tissue to be naturally 15N-enriched whereas in the model species Pelargonium × hortorum, white sectors are naturally 15N-depleted, indicating that changes in metabolic composition and/or N-partitioning may occur. Isotopic labelling with 15N-nitrate on illuminated leaf discs clearly shows that the white tissue assimilates little nitrogen and thus relies on nitrate reduction and metabolism in the green tissue. The N-sink represented by the white tissue is considerable, accounting for nearly 50% of total assimilated nitrate.
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Sotirov, Sotir, Evdokia Sotirova, Vassia Atanassova, Krassimir Atanassov, Oscar Castillo, Patricia Melin, Todor Petkov und Stanimir Surchev. „A Hybrid Approach for Modular Neural Network Design Using Intercriteria Analysis and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Logic“. Complexity 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3927951.
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Intercriteria analysis (ICA) is a new method, which is based on the concepts of index matrices and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, aiming at detection of possible correlations between pairs of criteria, expressed as coefficients of the positive and negative consonance between each pair of criteria. Here, the proposed method is applied to study the behavior of one type of neural networks, the modular neural networks (MNN), that combine several simple neural models for simplifying a solution to a complex problem. They are a tool that can be used for object recognition and identification. Usually the inputs of the MNN can be fed with independent data. However, there are certain limits when we may use MNN, and the number of the neurons is one of the major parameters during the implementation of the MNN. On the other hand, a high number of neurons can slow down the learning process, which is not desired. In this paper, we propose a method for removing part of the inputs and, hence, the neurons, which in addition leads to a decrease of the error between the desired goal value and the real value obtained on the output of the MNN. In the research work reported here the authors have applied the ICA method to the data from real datasets with measurements of crude oil probes, glass, and iris plant. The method can also be used to assess the independence of data with good results.
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Chaitanya, Cheepurupalli Krishna, Pillla Likhitha Sri und Ellapu Bhanu Prakash. „Pick and Place Robotic Arms Movement Controlled by Android Wirelessly“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, Nr. 10 (31.10.2023): 2049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56375.
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Abstract: The paper describes the design and implementation of pick and place arm Robot and its movement Control by realization of the mobile application for the Android operating system which is focused on using wireless Bluetooth technology. Prototype of a mobile robot is necessary for the development of the application. In this paper, Graphical user Interface based touch screen operation in the Android Application acts as a transmitter and sends commands to the receiver to control the movement of the robot either to move forward, backward and left or right. We can also operate the Robotic arm like holding, releasing an object and movement of robot hand upwards and downwards etc. Here also in this application we have a interfaced an android phone as a prototype for wireless camera so that the person controlling it can view operation of the arm and gripper remotely. Four motors are interfaced to the microcontroller where two motors are used for arm and gripper movement of the robot while the other two motors are used for the body movement. The receiver end Bluetooth device is fed to the Arduino to drive DC motors via motor driver IC
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Tsai, Tsung Cheng Cheng. „105 Feed Additives That Optimize Nitrogen Bio-availability in Nursery Pigs Fed Reducing Crude Protein Diets“. Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (01.05.2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.166.
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Abstract Reducing dietary crude protein in early nursery has been suggested as a way to conquer the challenge of post-weaning diarrhea. In order to meet the amino acid requirement in RCP diets, feed grade amino acids are typically used, but the detrimental effect on growth performance associated with the aggressive usage of these amino acids resulted in the establishment of dietary limits. Given the fact that protein deposition rate is the highest in young pigs, lower amino acid consumption could slow the growth rate and feed efficiency in early nursery phase. Therefore, identifying feed additives that increase nutrient retention not only can further reduce dietary nitrogen but also maintain GI tract health. Among all feed additives that exert improvements on nutrient digestibility, peptide and organic acids will be discussed here. Peptide, a di- tri amino acid, is absorbed more efficiently than free amino acids in the small intestine through a peptide transporter at the enteric site. In addition, aside from meeting the amino acid requirement, the bioactive peptide possesses functions such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and as a stimulated Peptide transporter associated with nutrient absorption. Hence, a dietary peptide can help pigs meet the nutrient requirement in RCP diets. Organic acids, on the other hand, have been found to lower gastric pH which improves nutrient absorption, alters microbiome structure (via bacteriostatic and bactericidal) and promotes the growth and health of animals. In addition, organic acids are a ready energy source which is especially critical since nutrient supply disruption, due to low intake during early weaning, is commonly found in weaning pigs. It is noteworthy that variations of growth-promoting effects do exist for both peptide and organic acid products. Thus, understanding the mode of action and response of dietary peptide and organic acid supplements when used across different farm settings is important to help producers decide when to transfer to an antibiotic-free, low zinc operation.
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Posson, H., und N. Peake. „The acoustic analogy in an annular duct with swirling mean flow“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 726 (10.06.2013): 439–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.210.
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AbstractThis paper is concerned with modelling the effects of swirling flow on turbomachinery noise. We develop an acoustic analogy to predict sound generation in a swirling and sheared base flow in an annular duct, including the presence of moving solid surfaces to account for blade rows. In so doing we have extended a number of classical earlier results, including Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings’ equation in a medium at rest with moving surfaces, and Lilley’s equation for a sheared but non-swirling jet. By rearranging the Navier–Stokes equations we find a single equation, in the form of a sixth-order differential operator acting on the fluctuating pressure field on the left-hand side and a series of volume and surface source terms on the right-hand side; the form of these source terms depends strongly on the presence of swirl and radial shear. The integral form of this equation is then derived, using the Green’s function tailored to the base flow in the (rigid) duct. As is often the case in duct acoustics, it is then convenient to move into temporal, axial and azimuthal Fourier space, where the Green’s function is computed numerically. This formulation can then be applied to a number of turbomachinery noise sources. For definiteness here we consider the noise produced downstream when a steady distortion flow is incident on the fan from upstream, and compare our results with those obtained using a simplistic but commonly used Doppler correction method. We show that in all but the simplest case the full inclusion of swirl within an acoustic analogy, as described in this paper, is required.
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Dietz, Daniel, und Andreas Binder. „Bearingless PM synchronous machine with zero-sequence current driven star point-connected active magnetic thrust bearing“. Transportation Systems and Technology 4, Nr. 3 (02.11.2018): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst2018435-25.
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Common cylindrical bearingless drives require a separate thrust bearing, which is fed by a DC supply. Here, a technique is presented, which enables the feeding of the thrust bearing by an artificially generated zero-sequence current between the two star points of the two parallel windings in the bearingless PM synchronous machine. This way, no additional DC supply for an axial active magnetic bearing is needed. It is replaced by two three-phase inverters as stator winding supply, which are needed in any case to generate torque and lateral rotor force in the motor. This examination explains the technique of adapting the electric potential of the star points in two three-phase windings of the motor. The focus is on the determination of the operating area (maximum zero-sequence current and band width). It is constrained by the bearingless motor due to torque and lateral force ripple as well as additional eddy current losses. On the other hand, the DC link voltage and the modulation degree of the inverter for simultaneous motor operation as well as the bearing inductance limit the system dynamic. It is shown that the proposed technique is applicable for a modulation degree < 0.866, taking into account that other constraints by the bearingless machine and the inverter are mainly noncritical.
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Muhtadi, Razan, Alexander Lorenz, Samantha J. Mpaulo, Christian Siebenwirth und Harry Scherthan. „Catalase T-Deficient Fission Yeast Meiocytes Show Resistance to Ionizing Radiation“. Antioxidants 9, Nr. 9 (17.09.2020): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090881.
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Environmental stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), or ionizing radiation (IR) can induce adverse effects in organisms and their cells, including mutations and premature aging. DNA damage and its faulty repair can lead to cell death or promote cancer through the accumulation of mutations. Misrepair in germ cells is particularly dangerous as it may lead to alterations in developmental programs and genetic disease in the offspring. DNA damage pathways and radical defense mechanisms mediate resistance to genotoxic stresses. Here, we investigated, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the role of the H2O2-detoxifying enzyme cytosolic catalase T (Ctt1) and the Fe2+/Mn2+ symporter Pcl1 in protecting meiotic chromosome dynamics and gamete formation from radicals generated by ROS and IR. We found that wild-type and pcl1-deficient cells respond similarly to X ray doses of up to 300 Gy, while ctt1∆ meiocytes showed a moderate sensitivity to IR but a hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide with cells dying at >0.4 mM H2O2. Meiocytes deficient for pcl1, on the other hand, showed a resistance to hydrogen peroxide similar to that of the wild type, surviving doses >40 mM. In all, it appears that in the absence of the main H2O2-detoxifying pathway S. pombe meiocytes are able to survive significant doses of IR-induced radicals.
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Baković, Petra, Maja Kesić, Darko Kolarić, Jasminka Štefulj und Lipa Čičin-Šain. „Metabolic and Molecular Response to High-Fat Diet Differs between Rats with Constitutionally High and Low Serotonin Tone“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 3 (21.01.2023): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032169.
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Maintaining energy balance is a complex physiological function whose dysregulation can lead to obesity and associated metabolic disorders. The bioamine serotonin (5HT) is an important regulator of energy homeostasis, with its central and peripheral pools influencing energy status in opposing ways. Using sublines of rats with constitutionally increased (high-5HT) or decreased (low-5HT) whole-body 5HT tone, we have previously shown that under standard diet constitutionally higher 5HT activity is associated with increased body weight, adiposity, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Here, we investigated the response of 5HT sublines to an obesogenic diet. Consistent with previous findings, high-5HT animals fed a standard diet had poorer metabolic health. However, in response to a high-fat diet, only low-5HT animals increased body weight and insulin resistance. They also showed more pronounced changes in blood metabolic parameters and the expression of various metabolic genes in hypothalamus and adipose tissue. On the other hand, high-5HT animals appeared to be protected from major metabolic disturbances of the obesogenic diet. The results suggest that constitutionally low 5HT activity is associated with higher susceptibility to harmful effects of a high-energy diet. High-5HT subline, which developed less adverse metabolic outcomes on hypercaloric diets, may prove useful in understanding metabolically healthy obesity in humans.
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de Sousa, J. T., und E. Foresti. „Domestic sewage treatment in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket - sequencing batch reactor system“. Water Science and Technology 33, Nr. 3 (01.02.1996): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0060.
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Domestic sewage treatment in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors has presented significant results in tropical regions. This reactor configuration has proven to be efficient in removing organic matter and total suspended solids as well as in producing smaller amounts of excess sludge than conventional aerobic reactor. On the other hand, its effluent often requires to be post-treated in order to achieve the emission standards. This paper is concerned with the alternative proposed here for treating domestic sewage in a combined anaerobic-aerobic system composed of an UASB reactor followed by sequencing batch aerobic reactors (SBR). In such a system, the UASB reactor removes considerable fraction of the influent organic matter, while the SBRs oxidize part of the remaining organic matter and ammonium nitrogen. A proper system operation would also permit the removal of nutrients (N and P). In order to investigate on the performance of this system for sewage treatment, a bench scale installation fed with synthetic substrate simulating domestic sewage was operated continuously during 38 weeks. The results permit to confirm the hypothesis proposed, since the system has consistently produced high quality effluents (BOD5 and VSS lower than 10 mg.L-1). The results also indicate that such combined anaerobic-aerobic system compete favorably with conventional aerobic systems in three essential cost features: energy consumption, excess sludge production and nutrient removal.
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Chekole, Wagaw Sendeku, Haileeyesus Adamu, Susanna Sternberg-Lewrein, Ulf Magnusson und Tesfaye Sisay Tessema. „Occurrence of Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Diarrheic Calves in a Low-Income Setting“. Pathogens 12, Nr. 1 (27.12.2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010042.
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Different E. coli pathotypes are common zoonotic agents. Some of these pathotypes cause recurrent and widespread calf diarrhea and contribute to significant economic losses in the livestock sector worldwide in addition to putting humans at risk. Here, we investigated the occurrence of E. coli pathotypes in diarrheic calves in Ethiopia kept under various calf management practices. One hundred fecal samples were collected from diarrheic calves in 98 different farms. E. coli was isolated in the samples from 99 of the diarrheic calves, and virulence genes were detected in 80% of the samples. The occurrence of E. coli pathotypes in the samples was 32% ETEC, 23% STEC, 18% STEC/ETEC, 3% EPEC, 2% EAEC, and 1% EHEC. No diarrheic calves were positive for the EIEC and DAEC pathotypes. The occurrence of pathotypes was positively associated with female calves (EPEC, p = 0.006), aged less than 2 weeks (STEC, p = 0.059), and calves fed colostrum via the hand method (STEC, p = 0.008 and EAEC, p = 0.003). This study revealed that several E. coli pathotypes occurred among calves affected with diarrhea. Moreover, the presence of a mixed STEC/ETEC pathotypes infection was present in the studied low-income setting. These findings indicate a considerable risk for the zoonotic transmission from calves to humans and the options to provide the better management for younger calves in order to reduce the economic loss.
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Ponnusamy, Suriyan, Quynh T. Tran, Thirumagal Thiyagarajan, Duane D. Miller, Dave Bridges und Ramesh Narayanan. „An estrogen receptor β-selective agonist inhibits non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in preclinical models by regulating bile acid and xenobiotic receptors“. Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, Nr. 6 (16.01.2017): 606–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216688569.
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Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) affects 8–10 million people in the US and up to 75% of obese individuals. Despite this, there are no approved oral therapeutics to treat NASH and therefore the need for novel approaches exists. The estrogen receptor β (ER-β)-selective agonist, β-LGND2, inhibits body weight and white adipose tissue, and increases metabolism, resulting in higher energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Due to favorable effects of β-LGND2 on obesity, we hypothesized that β-LGND2 will prevent NASH directly by reducing lipid accumulation in the liver or indirectly by favorably changing body composition. Male C57BL/6 mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks or methionine choline-deficient diet for four weeks and treated with vehicle exhibited altered liver weights by twofold and increased serum transaminases by 2–6-folds. These changes were not observed in β-LGND2-treated animals. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and collagen deposits, an indication of fibrosis, were observed in the liver of mice fed with HFD for 10 weeks, which were effectively blocked by β-LGND2. Gene expression studies in the liver indicate that pregnane X receptor target genes were significantly increased by HFD, and the increase was inhibited by β-LGND2. On the other hand, metabolomics indicate that bile acid metabolites were significantly increased by β-LGND2. These studies demonstrate that an ER-β agonist might provide therapeutic benefits in NASH by directly modulating the function of xenobiotic and bile acid receptors in the liver, which have important functions in the liver, and indirectly, as demonstrated before, by inhibiting adiposity. Impact statement Over 75–90% of those classified as clinically obese suffer from co-morbidities, the most common of which is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While there are currently no effective treatment approaches for NASH, data presented here provide preliminary evidence that an estrogen receptor β-selective ligand could have the potential to reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation, and protect liver from NASH.
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DE BORBA, ANDRÉ WEISSHEIMER, und ANA MARIA PIMENTEL MIZUSAKI. „Significado Tectônico dos Depósitos de Leques Aluviais da Formação Santa Bárbara (Eo-Paleozóico) na Região de Caçapava do Sul (RS, Brasil)“. Pesquisas em Geociências 29, Nr. 1 (30.06.2002): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19596.
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The alluvial fan deposits of Early Paleozoic Santa Bárbara Formation, located in Sul-rio-grandense Shield area of southernmost Brazil, have been analyzed here in terms of facies associations and tectonic significance. The investigated unit comprises conglomerates, sandstones, and siltstones, deposited probably under continental semi-arid climate conditions, in the post-collisional stages of Neoproterozoic Brasiliano/Pan-African Cycle. The location of the alluvial deposits suggests that the depositional locus of this sedimentary unit should probably consist of an individual and restricted fault-bounded basin, named here Santa Bárbara Basin. Its settling was controlled by the extensional and strike-slip reactivation of NE, NW, and N-S structures inherited from Brasiliano/Pan-African Cycle. Alluvial deposits located in the southwestern and northwestern borders show dominance of sheetflood processes in the alluvial fans deposition. On the other hand, the eastern border of Santa Bárbara Basin, named the “Caçapava paleohigh”, comprises the coarser alluvial deposits, with major occurrence of debris-flow features. This fact suggests a possible asymmetry of this basin. These eastern border deposits reveal, in the clast composition of the conglomerates, three main phases of denudation of “Caçapava paleohigh”. The basal conglomerates reflect a stage when this important topographic high was covered by andesites and metasedimentary rocks. Stratigraphically above, metavolcanic fragments compose the coarse deposits, while at the top of the package the conglomerate framework consists mainly of granitic clasts. This third stage reflects the exposure of the deeper parts of “Caçapava paleohigh”, and it can be positioned at the base of the unconformable Sequence III of Santa Bárbara Formation. The total inversion of braided fluvial axial filling system and the occurrence of intrabasinal debris-flow deposits suggest a strong tectonic event and possibly a significant time span at the base of Sequence III.a
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Kuldova, Tereza. „Fatalist Luxuries“. Cultural Politics 12, Nr. 1 (01.03.2016): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-3436415.
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This article, grounded in long-term ethnographic research among producers of contemporary luxurious embroideries and fashions in Lucknow, a North Indian city famous for its golden age as a powerful cultural center of opulence and excess, shows how anthropological knowledge can enrich current critical discussions of luxury and inequality. Since the 1990s, anthropology has seen a boom in consumption and material culture studies coterminous with the rise of identity politics and its celebration of diversity. In anthropological theory, as well, linking consumption to identity has stolen the limelight. In the process, questions of production, inequality, and reproduction of social structures have been overshadowed. Critical reappraisal of luxury in anthropological theory can paradoxically show us a way out of this identity trap, since luxury, unlike other consumer goods, demands that we think about inequality. Luxury also forces us to think beyond luxury brands, goods, and commodified experiences, pushing us toward more fundamental questions about what constitutes a good life, morality, and social order. The ethnographic case presented here, which reveals how structural violence can go hand-in-hand with paradoxical luxuries facilitated by fatalist attitudes, points to what such an anthropology of luxury might look like. In a village near Lucknow, women embroider luxury pieces for fashion ramps and celebrities, while being fed meritocratic dreams of individual progress and success by fashion designers and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) who try to convince them to work ever harder in the name of empowerment. But the women laugh at luxury goods, designers, and middle-class activists and, instead, insist on an antiwork ethic and a valorization of leisure—on wasting time over working; they prefer to “luxuriate” rather than indulge in luxury goods. However, this perception of luxury is connected to hierarchical inequality and a sense of social fatalism that has been reinvigorated through new experiences with competitive inequality, neoliberal pollution, and the false promises of meritocracy.
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Piovano, S., GE Lemons, A. Ciriyawa, A. Batibasaga und JA Seminoff. „Diet and recruitment of green turtles in Fiji, South Pacific, inferred from in-water capture and stable isotope analysis“. Marine Ecology Progress Series 640 (23.04.2020): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13287.
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Green turtles Chelonia mydas are listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, yet in the South Pacific few conservation-relevant data are available for the species, especially relating to foraging and habitat use. Here, in situ observations and stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) were used to evaluate green turtle diet and recruitment patterns at Yadua Island and Makogai Island, Fiji. Juvenile green turtles (N = 110) were hand-captured, measured, and sampled. Stable isotope analysis was performed on skin samples and on putative prey items. ‘Resident’ turtles versus ‘recent recruits’ were classified based on their bulk skin tissue isotope values, which were compared with stable isotope values of local prey items and analyzed via cluster analysis. Green turtle diet composition was estimated using MixSIAR, a Bayesian mixing model. Recent recruits were characterized by ‘low δ13C/high δ15N’ values and ranged in curved carapace length (CCL) from 25.5 to 60.0 cm (mean ± SD = 48.5 ± 5.7 cm). Recruitment mostly occurred in summer. Green turtles identified as ‘residents’ had CCLs ranging from 43.5 to 89.0 cm (mean ± SD = 57.4 ± 9.0 cm) and were characterized by ‘high δ13C/low δ15N’ values; mixing model results indicate they fed primarily on invertebrates (40%), fishes (31%), and marine plants (29%). This study confirms the value of seagrass pastures as both an essential habitat and a primary food source for green turtles, and can serve as a baseline for evaluations of natural and anthropogenic changes in local green turtle aggregations.
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Mériaux, Catherine A., Dave A. May und Claude Jaupart. „The impact of vent geometry on the growth of lava domes“. Geophysical Journal International 229, Nr. 3 (07.01.2022): 1680–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac005.
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SUMMARY Thick lava flows that are a feature of many volcanic fields on the Earth and Venus vary from sheet-like to nearly perfect axisymmetric domes. Here, we investigate how these geometrical characteristics depend on the shape of the feeder vent. We study the gravitational spreading of viscous lava erupting from elliptical vents onto a flat surface using 3-D numerical models. The aspect ratio of the vent, defined to be the major to minor axes ratio, varies between 1 and 25. In the limit of an aspect ratio of one, the vent is circular and spreading is axisymmetric. In the limit where the ratio is large, the vent behaves as a fissure. The numerical models rely on an isoviscous lava rheology and a constant volumetric eruption rate. In all cases, the initial phase of the dome’s evolution is in a lava-discharge dominated regime such that spreading is insignificant and the height of the dome increases at a constant rate over the vent area. For vent aspect ratios greater than five, three successive regimes of spreading are identified: 2-D spreading in the direction perpendicular to the major axis of the vent, a transient phase such that the dome shape evolves towards that of a circular dome and a late axisymmetric spreading phase that does not depend on the vent shape. These regimes are delimited by the times required for the flow thickness above the vent to reach a given height and for the flow to spread axisymmetrically up to a length equal to the semi-major axis of the vent. Numerical results for the flow height and runout length tend towards the similarity solutions in the 2-D and axisymmetric regimes. Two main implications for highly viscous (rhyolitic) fissure eruptions can be drawn. First, the fissure length determines the flow regimes. The longer the vent fissure length, the longer the early lava discharge regime and 2-D spreading perpendicular to the length of the fissure. Second, the aspect ratio of fissure-fed lava flows can be used as an indicator of the fissure length and the duration of lava discharge. The ellipticity of some terrestrial fissure-fed flows provides evidence for viscous gravity-driven spreading terminated before the onset of the axisymmetric regime. On the other hand, the circular domes on Venus appear to be the result of fissure-fed eruptions sustained enough for the spreading to reach the axisymmetric regime. We propose relationships providing estimates of the fissure length and the duration of lava discharge based on fossil dome dimensions.
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Komprda, Tomas, Zbysek Sladek, Zuzana Sevcikova, Veronika Svehlova, Jan Wijacki, Roman Guran, Tomas Do et al. „Comparison of Dietary Oils with Different Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid n-3 and n-6 Content in the Rat Model of Cutaneous Wound Healing“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 21 (24.10.2020): 7911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217911.
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Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 can affect cutaneous wound healing; however, recent findings demonstrate the variable extent of their influence on the quality of healing. Here, we compare the effect of several dietary oils, containing different levels of PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6, on wound healing in the rat model. Rats were fed the feed mixture with 8% palm oil (P), safflower oil (S), fish oil (F) or Schizochytrium microalga extract (Sch) and compared to the animals fed by control feed mixture (C). Dorsal full-thickness cutaneous excisions were performed after 52 days of feeding and skin was left to heal for an additional 12 days. Histopathological analysis of skin wounds was performed, including immune cells immunolabeling and the determination of hydroxyproline amount as well as gene expression analyses of molecules contributing to different steps of the healing. Matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization mass-spectrometry-imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to determine the amount of collagen α-1(III) chain fragment in healing samples. Treatment by Schizochytrium extract resulted in decrease in the total wound area, in contrast to the safflower oil group where the size of the wound was larger when comparing to control animals. Diet with Schizochytrium extract and safflower oils displayed a tendency to increase the number of new vessels. The number of MPO-positive cells was diminished following any of oil treatment in comparison to the control, but their highest amount was found in animals with a fish oil diet. On the other hand, the number of CD68-positive macrophages was increased, with the most significant enhancement in the fish oil and safflower oil group. Hydroxyproline concentration was the highest in the safflower oil group but it was also enhanced in all other analyzed treatments in comparison to the control. MALDI-MSI signal intensity of a collagen III fragment decreased in the sequence C > S > Sch > P > F treatment. In conclusion, we observed differences in tissue response during healing between dietary oils, with the activation of inflammation observed following the treatment with oil containing high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level (fish oil) and enhanced healing features were induced by the diet with high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, Schizochytrium extract).
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Gawrysiak, Leszek, und Waldemar Kociuba. „Similarity and Change Detection of Relief in a Proglacial River Valley (Scott River, SW Svalbard)“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 20 (22.10.2023): 5066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15205066.
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This study focuses on contemporary geomorphic changes in the proglacial valley floor of the Scott River catchment (northwest of Wedel Jarlsberg Land, southwestern Spitsbergen). The similarity and variability of landforms along the entire 3.3 km length of the unglaciated valley floor was assessed using precision terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) measurements made in July/August 2010–2013. Digital terrain models (DTMs) were generated from the high-resolution TLS survey data, followed by a geomorphon map, which was then used for a similarity and changes of morphology analysis performed with GeoPAT2 software. The study revealed a large spatial variation of contemporary processes shaping the valley floor and changes in its morphology. Their spatial distribution relates to the geologically determined split of the valley floor into three morphological zones separated by gorges. The upper gorge cuts the terminal moraine rampart, which limits the uppermost section of the valley floor, which is up to 700 m wide and is occupied by the outwash plain. The study showed that this is the area characterised by the greatest dynamics of contemporary geomorphic processes and relief changes. The similarity index value here is characterised by a large spatial variation that in some places reaches values close to 0. In the middle section stretching between the upper gorge (cutting the terminal moraine) and the lower gorge (cutting the elevated marine terraces), a much smaller variability of processes and landforms is observed, and the found changes of the valley floor relief mainly include the area of braided channel activity. Similarity index values in this zone do not fall below 0.65. The lowest section, the mouth of the alluvial fan, on the other hand, is characterised by considerable spatial differentiation. The southern part of the fan is stable, while the northern part is intensively re-shaped and has a similarity index that locally falls below 0.5. The most dynamic changes are found within the active channel system along the entire length of the unglaciated section of the Scott River. The peripheral areas, located in the outer zones of the valley floor, show great stability.
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Ding, Xiaofeng, Yan Luo, Xing Zhang, Handong Zheng, Xin Yang, Xuexian Yang und Meilian Liu. „IL-33-driven ILC2/eosinophil axis in fat is induced by sympathetic tone and suppressed by obesity“. Journal of Endocrinology 231, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2016): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-16-0229.
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Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in white adipose tissue (WAT) promote WAT browning and assist in preventing the development of obesity. However, how ILC2 in adipose tissue is regulated remains largely unknown. Here, our study shows that ILC2s are present in brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as subcutaneous and epididymal WAT (sWAT and eWAT). The fractions of ILC2s, natural killer T (NKT) cells and eosinophils in sWAT, eWAT and BAT are significantly decreased by high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding and leptin deficiency-induced obesity. Consistent with this, the adipose expression and circulating levels of IL-33, a key inducing cytokine of ILC2, are significantly downregulated by obesity. Furthermore, administration of IL-33 markedly increases the fraction of ILC2 and eosinophil as well as the expression of UCP1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, in adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice. On the other hand, cold exposure induces the expression levels of IL-33 and UCP1 and the population of ILC2 and eosinophil in sWAT, and these promoting effects of cold stress are reversed by neutralization of IL-33 signaling in vivo. Moreover, the basal and cold-induced IL-33 and ILC2/eosinophil pathways are significantly suppressed by sympathetic denervation via local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in sWAT. Taken together, our data suggest that the ILC2/eosinophil axis in adipose tissue is regulated by sympathetic nervous system and obesity in IL-33-dependent manner, and IL-33-driven ILC2/eosinophil axis is implicated in the development of obesity.
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Reddy, Mooli Raja Gopal, Gundluri Venkata Asha, Sravan Kumar Manchiryala, Uday Kumar Putcha, Ayyalasomayajula Vajreswari und Shanmugam M. Jeyakumar. „High-Fat Diet Elevates Liver Docosahexaenoic Acid Possibly through Over-Expression of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Elongase 2 in C57BL/6J Mice“. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 89, Nr. 1-2 (Juli 2019): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000432.
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Abstract. The liver is the main site of lipid metabolism and vitamin A storage. Dietary factors are known to affect liver function, thereby leading to metabolic abnormalities. Here, we assessed the impact of long-term feeding of a high-fat diet on hepatic vitamin A status and lipid metabolism. For this purpose, 14 male and 14 female 35-day-old mice (strain C57BL/6J) were each divided into 2 groups of 7 animals and fed either a stock diet or a high-fat (HF) diet for 26 weeks. In addition to increased body weight/weight gain, the HF diet induced hypertriglyceridemia in both (p < 0.01). However, liver triglyceride levels were comparable among groups, which could be partly explained by unaltered expression of various lipogenic pathway proteins such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), and glycerol 3-phosphate acyl transferase (GPAT). On the other hand, hepatic retinol stores increased significantly in both sexes, whereas males displayed elevated circulatory retinol levels. Notably, long-term feeding of a HF diet elevated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) levels in the liver (p ≤ 0.001), which is in line with the over-expression of very long-chain fatty acid elongase 2 (ELOVL2) protein in both sexes of mice (p < 0.01). In conclusion, very long-term feeding of a HF diet increased hepatic retinol stores and induced hypertriglyceridemia. However, it had no effect on hepatic triglyceride accumulation, possibly due to increased DHA levels arising from the ELOVL2-mediated elongation pathway.
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Nalinipriya, G., M. Geetha, D. Sudha und T. Daniya. „Fuzzy Neighbors and Deep Learning-Assisted Spark Model for Imbalanced Classification of Big Data“. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 31, Nr. 01 (Februar 2023): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488523500095.
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Big data is important in knowledge manipulation, assessment, and prediction. However, extracting and analyzing knowledge through big database are complex because of imbalance data distribution that leads to wrong decisions and biased classification outputs. Hence, an effective and optimal big data classification approach is designed using the proposed Bird Swarm Deer Hunting Optimization-Deep Belief Network (BSDHO-based DBN) algorithm based on spark architecture that follows the master and slave nodes. The proposed BSDHO is obtained by combining Deer Hunting Optimization algorithm and Bird Swarm Algorithm. The developed model poses two nodes, namely slave and master node. The training data is initially given to the master node in the spark architecture to perform transformation of data. Here, the transformation of data is done with an exponential log kernel, and then selection of feature is done with sequential forward selecting for choosing suitable features for enhanced processing. Consequently, oversampling process is performed with Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor (Fuzzy KNN) in the slave node using selected features to manage imbalance data. Then, in master node, classification is done with Deep belief Network, and trained using developed Bird swarm Deer Hunting Optimization (BSDHO) algorithm. On the other hand, the test data is taken as input, and is fed to the slave node to perform data transformation. Then, the transformed data is given to the master node for classification based on the proposed BSDHO. At last, the training data and testing data output produced the classified output. The proposed BSDHO-based DBN provided enhanced outcomes with highest specificity of 97.92%, accuracy of 96.92%, and sensitivity of 96.9%.