Zeitschriftenartikel: „Heterocycles and applications“

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Andres, C. J., Derek J. Denhart, Milind S. Deshpande und Kevin W. Gillman. „Recent Advances in the Solid Phase Synthesis of Drug Heterocyclic Small Molecules“. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 2, Nr. 4 (August 1999): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207302666220204193145.

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Abstract: Because of their synthetic challenge, broad range of physical I chemical properties, and diverse biological activities, heterocycles continue to be of interest to both the academic and industrial chemist. This review covers recent advances in the solid phase synthesis of drug-like heterocyclic small molecules. Syntheses which form the heterocycle on the solid phase are emphasized; syntheses in which a preformed heterocycle is functionalized on the solid support have been omitted. The majority of references are from publication year 1999. This review should be of interest to anyone involved in, or contemplating the solid phase synthesis of small molecule drug-like heterocycles, especially for combinatorial chemistry applications.

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Luna, Isadora Silva, Rayssa Marques Duarte da Cruz, Ryldene Marques Duarte da Cruz, Rodrigo Santos Aquino de Araújo und Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Junior. „1,4-Dithiane-2,5-diol: A Versatile Synthon for the Synthesis of Sulfur-containing Heterocycles“. Current Organic Synthesis 15, Nr. 8 (17.12.2018): 1026–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179415666180821154551.

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Background: 1,4-Dithiane-2,5-diol (1,4-DTD) is the stable dimer of α-mercapto acetaldehyde. This commercially available ambidentade compound is characterized as having in its chemical structure one group that acts as an electrophile and another that acts as a nucleophile, this permits its use as versatile and efficient synthon in synthetic heterocycle procedures. Objective: The aim of this review is to present synthetic applications of 1,4-DTD in heterocyclic chemistry and their applicability to the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Gewald reactions to obtain C-4 and C-5 unsubstituted 2-amino-thiophene derivatives; sulfa- Michael/Henry and sulfa-Michael/aldol sequences to obtain polysubstituted tetrahydrothiophenes, and other heterocyclic reactions that allow synthesizing several functionalized sulfur-containing heterocycles such as thiazolidines, oxathiazinoles and thiazoles are presented and discussed. The use of such heterocyclics in subsequent reactions allows obtaining various bioactive compounds including the antiretroviral lamivudine which is one of the examples presented in this review.

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Hoffman, Gavin R., und Allen M. Schoffstall. „Syntheses and Applications of 1,2,3-Triazole-Fused Pyrazines and Pyridazines“. Molecules 27, Nr. 15 (22.07.2022): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154681.

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Pyrazines and pyridazines fused to 1,2,3-triazoles comprise a set of heterocycles obtained through a variety of synthetic routes. Two typical modes of constructing these heterocyclic ring systems are cyclizing a heterocyclic diamine with a nitrite or reacting hydrazine hydrate with dicarbonyl 1,2,3-triazoles. Several unique methods are known, particularly for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines and their benzo-fused quinoxaline and quinoxalinone-containing analogs. Recent applications detail the use of these heterocycles in medicinal chemistry (c-Met inhibition or GABAA modulating activity) as fluorescent probes and as structural units of polymers.

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Masdeu, Carme, Maria Fuertes, Endika Martin-Encinas, Asier Selas, Gloria Rubiales, Francisco Palacios und Concepcion Alonso. „Fused 1,5-Naphthyridines: Synthetic Tools and Applications“. Molecules 25, Nr. 15 (31.07.2020): 3508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153508.

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Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, including fused 1,5-naphthyridines, have versatile applications in the fields of synthetic organic chemistry and play an important role in the field of medicinal chemistry, as many of them have a wide range of biological activities. In this review, a wide range of synthetic protocols for the construction of this scaffold are presented. For example, Friedländer, Skraup, Semmlere-Wolff, and hetero-Diels-Alder, among others, are well known classical synthetic protocols used for the construction of the main 1,5-naphthyridine scaffold. These syntheses are classified according to the nature of the cycle fused to the 1,5-naphthyridine ring: carbocycles, nitrogen heterocycles, oxygen heterocycles, and sulphur heterocycles. In addition, taking into account the aforementioned versatility of these heterocycles, their reactivity is presented as well as their use as a ligand for metal complexes formation. Finally, those fused 1,5-naphthyridines that present biological activity and optical applications, among others, are indicated.

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Boelke, Andreas, Soleicha Sadat, Enno Lork und Boris J. Nachtsheim. „Pseudocyclic bis-N-heterocycle-stabilized iodanes – synthesis, characterization and applications“. Chemical Communications 57, Nr. 60 (2021): 7434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc03097c.

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Kerru, Nagaraju, Lalitha Gummidi, Suresh Maddila, Kranthi Kumar Gangu und Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda. „A Review on Recent Advances in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules and Their Biological Applications“. Molecules 25, Nr. 8 (20.04.2020): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081909.

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The analogs of nitrogen-based heterocycles occupy an exclusive position as a valuable source of therapeutic agents in medicinal chemistry. More than 75% of drugs approved by the FDA and currently available in the market are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties. In the forthcoming decade, a much greater share of new nitrogen-based pharmaceuticals is anticipated. Many new nitrogen-based heterocycles have been designed. The number of novel N-heterocyclic moieties with significant physiological properties and promising applications in medicinal chemistry is ever-growing. In this review, we consolidate the recent advances on novel nitrogen-containing heterocycles and their distinct biological activities, reported over the past one year (2019 to early 2020). This review highlights the trends in the use of nitrogen-based moieties in drug design and the development of different potent and competent candidates against various diseases.

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Yadav, Shailendra, Sushma Singh und Chitrasen Gupta. „A CONCISE OVERVIEW ON HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS EXHIBITING PESTICIDAL ACTIVITIES“. International Journal of Advanced Research 9, Nr. 08 (31.08.2021): 989–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13352.

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Heterocyclic compounds are numerous and diverse group of organic compounds. Heterocycles are abundantly found in nature and express various physiological properties. Heterocycles are intricately linked to all aspects of life. There are many heterocyclic compounds currently known, and the number is constantly rising owing to extensive synthetic development and their applications. Heterocyclic compounds are used significantly in a number of areas, including biochemistry and medicinal chemistry, and some others. They are predominantly synthesized in agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries due to their potential biological activities. This review article focuses on recently synthesized heterocyclic compounds and their different pesticidal activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, nematocidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and herbicidal.

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Niedballa, Jonas, und Thomas J. J. Müller. „Heterocycles by Consecutive Multicomponent Syntheses via Catalytically Generated Alkynoyl Intermediates“. Catalysts 12, Nr. 1 (13.01.2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12010090.

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Multicomponent processes are beneficial tools for the synthesis of heterocycles. As densely substituted bifunctional electrophiles, ynones are essential intermediates by applying cyclocondensations or cycloadditions in numerous heterocycle syntheses. The respective alkynoyl intermediates are generally accessible by palladium-, copper- and palladium/copper-catalyzed alkynylation. In turn, the mild reaction conditions allow for a fast and versatile entry to functional heterocycles in the sense of consecutive multicomponent processes. This review collates and presents recent advances in accessing thirteen heterocycle classes and their applications by virtue of catalytic alkynoyl generation in diversity-oriented multicomponent syntheses in a one-pot fashion.

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Sparr, Christof, und Christian Fischer. „Configurationally Stable Atropisomeric Acridinium Fluorophores“. Synlett 29, Nr. 16 (03.08.2018): 2176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610233.

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Arylated heterocyclic fluorophores are particularly useful scaffolds for numerous applications, such as bioimaging or synthetic photochemistry. While variation of the substitution pattern at the heterocycle and aryl groups allows dye modulation, the bond rotational barriers are also strongly affected. Unsymmetrically substituted ring systems of rotationally restricted arylated heterocycles therefore lead to configurationally stable atropisomeric fluorophores. Herein, we describe these characteristics by determining the properties and configurational stability of atropisomeric, tri-ortho-substituted naphthyl-acridinium fluorophores. A significant barrier to rotation of >120 kJ mol–1 was measured, which renders these dyes and related compounds distinct atropisomers with stereoisomer-specific properties over a broad temperature range.

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Keszei, Soma J., Márk Váradi und Rita Skoda-Földes. „Urea-Functionalized Heterocycles: Structure, Hydrogen Bonding and Applications“. Molecules 28, Nr. 23 (24.11.2023): 7757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237757.

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Ureido-heterocycles exhibiting different triple- and quadruple H-bonding patterns are useful building blocks in the construction of supramolecular polymers, self-healing materials, stimuli-responsive devices, catalysts and sensors. The heterocyclic group may provide hydrogen bond donor/acceptor sites to supplement those in the urea core, and they can also bind metals and can be modified by pH, redox reactions or irradiation. In the present review, the main structural features of these derivatives are discussed, including the effect of tautomerization and conformational isomerism on self-assembly and complex formation. Some examples of their use as building blocks in different molecular architectures and supramolecular polymers, with special emphasis on biomedical applications, are presented. The role of the heterocyclic functionality in catalytic and sensory applications is also outlined.

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Adak, Laksmikanta, und Tubai Ghosh. „Recent Progress in Iron-Catalyzed Reactions Towards the Synthesis of Bioactive Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles“. Current Organic Chemistry 24, Nr. 22 (18.12.2020): 2634–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999200714102103.

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Heterocyclic compounds are the largely diverse organic molecules and find prevalent applications in the fine chemical industry, medicinal chemistry and agricultural science. They are also among the most commonly bearing frameworks in numerous drugs and pharmaceutical substances. Therefore, the development of convenient, efficient and environmentally benign methods to produce various types of heterocyclic compounds is an attractive area of research. For the synthesis and functionalization of heterocycles, enormous achievements have been attributed over the past decades. Recently, ironcatalyzed reactions have accomplished a noteworthy development in the synthesis of heterocycles. This review highlights some remarkable achievements in the iron-catalyzed synthesis of heterocyclic compounds published in the last five years.

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Munzeiwa, Wisdom A., Bernard Omondi und Vincent O. Nyamori. „Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands“. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (12.03.2020): 362–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.35.

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Diverse P,N-phosphine ligands reported to date have performed exceptionally well as auxiliary ligands in organometallic catalysis. Phosphines bearing 2-pyridyl moieties prominently feature in literature as compared to phosphines with five-membered N-heterocycles. This discussion seeks to paint a broad picture and consolidate different synthetic protocols and techniques for N-heterocyclic phosphine motifs. The introduction provides an account of P,N-phosphine ligands, and their structural and coordination benefits from combining heteroatoms with different basicity in one ligand. The body discusses the synthetic protocols which focus on P–C, P–N-bond formation, substrate and nucleophile types and different N-heterocycle construction strategies. Selected references are given in relation to the applications of the ligands.

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Anjaneyulu, Bendi, Sangeeta und Naina Saini. „A Study on Camphor Derivatives and Its Applications: A Review“. Current Organic Chemistry 25, Nr. 12 (14.07.2021): 1404–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272825666210608115750.

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Natural compounds are the prominent sources for the synthesis of abundant biologically active substances in medicinal chemistry. Camphor exists in two enantiomeric forms i.e., R and S, or both, which are readily obtainable. Camphor is a small molecule with chirality property that binds to some active site, together with its low cost and convenience to transform into synthetically useful derivatives and one of the most important monoterpenoids widely spread in plants and has been used as starting material for the various camphor based derivatives which exhibit several biological activities include antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-cancer. Many of those simple derivatives are commercially available in the form of camphor sulfonic acid or ketopinic acid that can be easily be produced from camphor. This compound is primarily used as a chiral starting material in the enantiospecific synthesis of natural products is because of its available methods for the direct or indirect introduction of functionality at C-3, C-5, C-8, C-9, and C-10 carbon atoms. In this study, heterocyclic compounds derived from camphor are arranged in different groups as Camphor-Derived Simple Heterocycles, Fused Camphor-Derived Heterocycles, Spiro Camphor-Derived Heterocycles, Ring Expanded Camphor-Derived Heterocycles and Camphor derived metal complexes. This study summarizes the transformations of camphor and its derivatives along with their biological activities.

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Das, Suven. „Recent applications of ninhydrin in multicomponent reactions“. RSC Advances 10, Nr. 32 (2020): 18875–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02930k.

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This article aims to review recent multicomponent reactions of ninhydrin towards diverse organic scaffolds, such as indeno-fused heterocycles, spiro-indeno heterocycles, quinoxalines, propellanes, cage-like compounds, and dispiro heterocycles.

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Sharma, Praveen Kumar, Andleeb Amin und M. Kumar. „Synthetic Methods of Medicinally Important Heterocycles-thiazines: A Review“. Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal 14, Nr. 1 (14.09.2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874104502014010071.

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Heterocyclic compounds containing N and S atoms have unique properties so that they can be used as potential reactive materials in pharmacokinetic systems. In medicinal chemistry, the therapeutic applications of nitrogen sulphur heterocycles are well known. Especially, Thiazines attract the attention of chemists due to their great bioactive behavior. The present study is a review of the work carried out by the research community for the synthesis of novel, effective, medicinally important heterocyclic compounds-thiazines.

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Nayl, AbdElAziz A., Ashraf A. Aly, Wael A. A. Arafa, Ismail M. Ahmed, Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid, Esmail M. El-Fakharany, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, Hendawy N. Tawfeek und Stefan Bräse. „Azides in the Synthesis of Various Heterocycles“. Molecules 27, Nr. 12 (09.06.2022): 3716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123716.

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In this review, we focus on some interesting and recent examples of various applications of organic azides such as their intermolecular or intramolecular, under thermal, catalyzed, or noncatalyzed reaction conditions. The aforementioned reactions in the aim to prepare basic five-, six-, organometallic heterocyclic-membered systems and/or their fused analogs. This review article also provides a report on the developed methods describing the synthesis of various heterocycles from organic azides, especially those reported in recent papers (till 2020). At the outset, this review groups the synthetic methods of organic azides into different categories. Secondly, the review deals with the functionality of the azido group in chemical reactions. This is followed by a major section on the following: (1) the synthetic tools of various heterocycles from the corresponding organic azides by one-pot domino reaction; (2) the utility of the chosen catalysts in the chemoselectivity favoring C−H and C-N bonds; (3) one-pot procedures (i.e., Ugi four-component reaction); (4) nucleophilic addition, such as Aza-Michael addition; (5) cycloaddition reactions, such as [3+2] cycloaddition; (6) mixed addition/cyclization/oxygen; and (7) insertion reaction of C-H amination. The review also includes the synthetic procedures of fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline derivatives and organometal heterocycles (i.e., phosphorus-, boron- and aluminum-containing heterocycles). Due to many references that have dealt with the reactions of azides in heterocyclic synthesis (currently more than 32,000), we selected according to generality and timeliness. This is considered a recent review that focuses on selected interesting examples of various heterocycles from the mechanistic aspects of organic azides.

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da Silva, Allan, Deborah dos Santos, Marcio Paixão und Arlene Corrêa. „Stereoselective Multicomponent Reactions in the Synthesis or Transformations of Epoxides and Aziridines“. Molecules 24, Nr. 3 (11.02.2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030630.

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Small ring heterocycles, such as epoxides and aziridines, are present in several natural products and are also highly versatile building blocks, frequently involved in the synthesis of numerous bioactive products and pharmaceuticals. Because of the potential for increased efficiency and selectivity, along with the advantages of environmentally benign synthetic procedures, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been explored in the synthesis and ring opening of these heterocyclic units. In this review, the recent advances in MCRs involving the synthesis and applications of epoxides and aziridines to the preparation of other heterocycles are discussed emphasizing the stereoselectivity of the reactions.

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Galachar, Kapilkumar, Ashokbhai R. Rathod, Chandankumar Pashavan, Yogesh Naliapara, Vipul Kataria und Sushil Korgaokar. „A Greener Approach for Synthesis of Quinoline-3-carboxylate Building Block and their Biological Screening“. Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry 6, Nr. 4 (31.12.2021): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajomc.2021.ajomc-p347.

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The analogs of nitrogen-based heterocycles occupy an exclusive position as a value of more than 75% of drugs approved by the FDA and currently available in the market are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties. Among many N-containing heterocycles, quinolines have become important due to their variety of applications in medicinal, synthetic organic chemistry as well as in the field of industrial chemistry. Present work gives information about the green and clean synthesis using multicomponent reactions (MCRs) methods and L-proline and ammonium acetate as a catalyst for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives. Synthesized quinoline derivatives undergo spectroscopic analysis and their biological evaluation.

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Li, Yanan, Tao Liu und Jianan Sun. „Recent Advances in N-Heterocyclic Small Molecules for Synthesis and Application in Direct Fluorescence Cell Imaging“. Molecules 28, Nr. 2 (11.01.2023): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020733.

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Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are ubiquitous in natural products and drugs. Various organic small molecules with nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as nitrogen-containing boron compounds, cyanine, pyridine derivatives, indole derivatives, quinoline derivatives, maleimide derivatives, etc., have unique biological features, which could be applied in various biological fields, including biological imaging. Fluorescence cell imaging is a significant and effective imaging modality in biological imaging. This review focuses on the synthesis and applications in direct fluorescence cell imaging of N-heterocyclic organic small molecules in the last five years, to provide useful information and enlightenment for researchers in this field.

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Sarasiya, Shahir, Sara Sarasiya und Maged Henary. „Exploration of NIR Squaraine Contrast Agents Containing Various Heterocycles: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications“. Pharmaceuticals 16, Nr. 9 (14.09.2023): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16091299.

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Squaraine dye is a popular class of contrast near-infrared (NIR) dyes. Squaraine dyes have shown the ability to be modified with various heterocycles. The indole moiety is the most notable heterocycle incorporated in squaraine dyes. A tremendous amount of work has gone into developing indole-based squaraine dyes and determining their applications. The optical properties of squaraine dyes containing an indole moiety facilitate high quantum yields and molar absorptivity, but the absorbance maxima is capped near 700 nm. This is the major limitation of indole-based squaraine dyes. In comparison, other heterocycles with larger conjugated systems such as quinoline and perimidine have demonstrated promising optical properties and immense potential for modifications, albeit with limited development. Quinoline- and perimidine-based squaraine dyes have molar extinction coefficients over 100,000 M−1 cm−1 and absorbances over 800 nm. This report will look at indole-, quinoline-, and perimidine-based squaraine dyes. Due to the sheer number of reported dyes, the search for indole-based squaraine dyes has been limited to reports from the past five years (2018–2023). For quinoline- and perimidine-based squaraine dyes, a holistic search was performed to analyze the optical properties and applications, due to the abovementioned limitation. This report will evaluate the three different classes of squaraines: indole-, quinoline-, and perimidine-based, to evaluate their optical properties and applications, with the goal of encouraging the exploration of other heterocycles for use in squaraine dyes.

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Berger, Olivier, und Jean-Luc Montchamp. „Phosphinate-containing heterocycles: A mini-review“. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (27.03.2014): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.67.

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This review provides an overview of recent efforts towards the synthesis of phosphinate heterocycles R1R2P(O)(OR). Our laboratory and others’ have been involved in this field and as a result new P–C, P–N, and P–O containing heterocyclic motifs are now available through a variety of methods. While developing rapidly, this area is still in its infancy so that biological testing of the compounds has not yet been conducted and applications are rare. The growing availability of synthetic methods will undoubtedly change this situation in the near future.

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Abid, Mohammed, Béla Török und Xudong Huang. „Microwave-Assisted Tandem Processes for the Synthesis of N-Heterocycles“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, Nr. 3 (2009): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08474.

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Over the years, microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) became a commonly applied mainstream tool for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The broad range of emerging applications in this field is mainly due to the significant contribution of MAOS to the development of ecofriendly processes. Various transformations have been developed for the synthesis of N-heterocycles under microwave conditions, including fast and selective processes. Tandem reactions involving greener reaction media, solvent-free conditions, and solid-phase synthesis are of exceptional interest in this area. In most transformations, microwave conditions dramatically enhanced reaction rates, as well as provided improved yields. This account highlights the most recent advancements in MAOS-based tandem processes for the synthesis of N-heterocycles.

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Abid, Mohammed, Béla Török und Xudong Huang. „Corrigendum to: Microwave-Assisted Tandem Processes for the Synthesis of N-Heterocycles“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, Nr. 4 (2009): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08474_co.

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Over the years, microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) became a commonly applied mainstream tool for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The broad range of emerging applications in this field is mainly due to the significant contribution of MAOS to the development of ecofriendly processes. Various transformations have been developed for the synthesis of N-heterocycles under microwave conditions, including fast and selective processes. Tandem reactions involving greener reaction media, solvent-free conditions, and solid-phase synthesis are of exceptional interest in this area. In most transformations, microwave conditions dramatically enhanced reaction rates, as well as provided improved yields. This account highlights the most recent advancements in MAOS-based tandem processes for the synthesis of N-heterocycles.

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Kaur, Navjeet. „Copper Catalysts in the Synthesis of Five-membered N-polyheterocycles“. Current Organic Synthesis 15, Nr. 7 (16.10.2018): 940–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179415666180815144442.

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Background: Due to significant biological activity associated with N-, O- and S-heterocycles, a number of reports for their synthesis have appeared in recent decades. Traditional approaches require expensive or highly specialized equipment or would be of limited use to the synthetic organic chemist due to their highly inconvenient approaches. This review summarizes the applications of copper catalysts with the emphasis on their synthetic applications for nitrogen bearing polyheterocylces. In summary, this review article describes the synthesis of a number of five-membered poly heterocyclic rings. Objective: Nowadays new approaches that employ atom-economical and efficient pathway have been developed. The researchers are following natural models to design and synthesize heterocycles. The transition metal catalyzed protocols have attracted the attention as compared to other synthetic methodologies because they use easily available substrates to build multiple substituted complicated molecules directly under mild conditions. In organic synthesis, constituted by transition metal catalyzed coupling transformations are one of the most powerful and useful protocols. The N-heterocycles are synthesized by this convenient and useful tool. Conclusion: The efficient and chemoselective synthesis of heterocycles by this technique has appeared as an important tool. This review shows a highly dynamic research field and the employment of copper catalysts in organic synthesis. Several strategies have been pointed out in the past few years, to meet more sustainable, efficient and environmentally benign chemical products and procedures. The catalytic strategies have been the focus of intense research because they avoid the use of toxic reagents. Among these catalytic strategies, highly rewarding and an important method in heterocycles synthesis is metal catalyzed synthesis.

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Melen, Rebecca, Yashar Soltani und Lewis Wilkins. „A Comparative Assessment of Modern Cyclization Methods of Substituted Alkynyl Esters, Ethers, and Acids“. Synlett 29, Nr. 01 (11.12.2017): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591862.

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Naturally occurring heterocycles such as pyrones, dihydropyrones, and isocoumarins have proven to be highly active biological agents with a vast plethora of applications. Therefore, their synthesis has attracted mentionable notice in recent decades. Of particular synthetic use is the cyclization of substituted alkynyl esters. More recently, main group compounds have been studied to affect this synthetic pathway giving access to a large family of heterocyclic derivatives.

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Georghiou, Paris E. „Preface“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, Nr. 9 (01.01.2010): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20108209iv.

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The 22nd International Congress on Heterocyclic Chemistry (ICHC-22) was held 2-7 August 2009 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. St. John's, the capital of Canada's youngest Province, Newfoundland and Labrador, is also Canada’s oldest and North America’s most easterly city. The Conference was chaired by Prof. Mohsen Daneshtalab (School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland) and was organized by the School of Pharmacy and the Chemistry Department at Memorial University of Newfoundland.Approximately 260 participants from over 30 different countries attended. The scientific program consisted of 10 plenary lectures, 19 invited lectures, 52 short communications, and 115 posters. Prof. Samuel Danishefsky (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Columbia University) was honored with the 2009 ISHC Senior Award in Heterocyclic Chemistry, and Prof. John Wood (Colorado State University) was the 2009 Katritzky Junior Award winner. A special symposium entitled "Focus on heterocycles in organic synthesis today and tomorrow" was held during the Congress as a tribute to Prof. Victor Snieckus (Queen's University, Kingston) for his research accomplishments and long-time contribution to the International Society of Heterocyclic Chemistry (ISHC).The five Congress themes were:- New Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry- Biologically Active Heterocycles (Pharmaceuticals/Agrochemicals)- Heterocyclic Natural Products and their Analogues- Applications of Heterocycles in Organic Synthesis- Heterocycles in Materials ScienceBesides the collection of 9 papers that are based on the plenary and invited lectures included in this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the ICHC-22 Book of Abstracts is available online and can be downloaded for free from http://www.ichc2009.ca/abstract_book.pdf in pdf format.ICHC-23 will be held in Glasgow, Scotland, 31 July to 5 August 2011 with the following five main themes of heterocyclic chemistry: synthetic methodology, natural products and complex molecule synthesis, materials, medicinal chemistry, and nanochemistry. The conference will be chaired by Prof. Colin Suckling (University of Strathclyde).The organizers are grateful to all who contributed to a successful scientific program, especially to the speakers and to our public and private sponsors: City of St. John's, Memorial University of Newfoundland, IUPAC, Thieme, Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., ChemRoutres Corporation, and American Diagnostica, Inc.Paris E. GeorghiouConference Editor

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Verma, Smita, Vishnuvardh Ravichandiran, Nihar Ranjan und Swaran J. S. Flora. „Recent Advances in Therapeutic Applications of Bisbenzimidazoles“. Medicinal Chemistry 16, Nr. 4 (20.05.2020): 454–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406415666190416120801.

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Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are one of the most common structural motifs in approximately 80% of the marketed drugs. Of these, benzimidazoles analogues are known to elicit a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal as well as chemosensor effect. Based on the benzimidazole core fused heterocyclic compounds, crescent-shaped bisbenzimidazoles were developed which provided an early breakthrough in the sequence-specific DNA recognition. Over the years, a number of functional variations in the bisbenzimidazole core have led to the emergence of their unique properties and established them as versatile ligands against several classes of pathogens. The present review provides an overview of diverse pharmacological activities of the bisbenzimidazole analogues in the past decade with a brief account of its development through the years.

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Arun, V., und Suman De Sarkar. „Recent Developments in the de Novo Synthesis of Heterocycles by First-Row Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenation“. Current Organic Chemistry 23, Nr. 9 (31.07.2019): 1005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190423125226.

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Applications of Acceptorless Dehydrogenation (AD) process for the synthesis of important heterocycles are discussed. The key features of AD process are the generation of more reactive carbonyl/imine compounds from alcohols/amines by the release of dihydrogen as a stoichiometric byproduct. In this review, we document recent advances in this field by using first row transition metal catalysts and easily accessible coupling partners, thus offering cost-effective access to different heterocyclic rings.

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van Maarseveen, Jan H. „Solid Phase Synthesis of Heterocycles by Cyclization/Cleavage Methodologiest“. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 1, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1997): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207301666220125213031.

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For the solid phase preparation of various (pharmacologically important) heterocycles, cyclization/cleavage (C/C) or cyclorelease strategies proved to be superior. CC approaches take utmost advantage of the benefits of sol)d phase synthesis. Besides the practical benefits of solid phase reactions, cyclative release approaches are distinguished especially because of the generally found high purity of the final detached products, since only the anticipated structures cleave off the resin. Also cyclization/cleavage strategies are "traceless", as the obtained moiety after cyclization is part of the formed heterocycle. Over the last thirty years numerous approaches towards important heterocycle classes have been published. Among the successfully applied strategies are carbon-nitrogen (sulfur) bond, carbon-oxygen bond, sulfur-sulfur bond and carbon-carbon forming reactions in the final cyclorelease step.

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van Dijk, Tom, J. Chris Slootweg und Koop Lammertsma. „Nitrilium ions – synthesis and applications“. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, Nr. 48 (2017): 10134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob02533e.

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Access to both stable and transient nitrilium ions and the use of these synthons in the organic synthesis of imines and a large spectrum of heterocycles and transition metal complexes are succinctly summarized.

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Fuertes, Maria, Carme Masdeu, Endika Martin-Encinas, Asier Selas, Gloria Rubiales, Francisco Palacios und Concepcion Alonso. „Synthetic Strategies, Reactivity and Applications of 1,5-Naphthyridines“. Molecules 25, Nr. 14 (16.07.2020): 3252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143252.

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This review covers the synthesis and reactivity of 1,5-naphthyridine derivatives published in the last 18 years. These heterocycles present a significant importance in the field of medicinal chemistry because many of them exhibit a great variety of biological activities. First, the published strategies related to the synthesis of 1,5-naphthyridines are presented followed by the reactivity of these compounds with electrophilic or nucleophilic reagents, in oxidations, reductions, cross-coupling reactions, modification of side chains or formation of metal complexes. Finally, some properties and applications of these heterocycles studied during this period are examined.

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Guo, Fenghai, Jayla A. Young, Mina S. Perez, Holden A. Hankerson und Alex M. Chavez. „Progress on the Cu-Catalyzed 1,4-Conjugate Addition to Thiochromones“. Catalysts 13, Nr. 4 (08.04.2023): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13040713.

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Carbon–carbon bond formation is one of the most important tools in synthetic organic chemists’ toolbox. It is a fundamental transformation that allows synthetic chemists to synthesize the carbon framework of complex molecules from inexpensive simple starting materials. Among the many synthetic methodologies developed for the construction of carbon–carbon bonds, organocopper reagents are one of the most reliable organometallic reagents for this purpose. The versatility of organocuprate reagents or the reactions catalyzed by organocopper reagents were demonstrated by their applications in a variety of synthetic transformations including the 1,4-conjugate addition reactions. Sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds are a much less studied area compared to oxygen-containing heterocycles but have gained more and more attention in recent years due to their rich biological activities and widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and material science. This paper will provide a brief review on recent progress on the synthesis of an important class of sulfur-heterocycles-2-alkylthiochroman-4-ones and thioflavanones via the conjugate additions of Grignard reagents to thiochromones catalyzed by copper catalysts. Recent progress on the synthesis of 2-substituted thiochroman-4-ones via alkynylation and alkenylation of thiochromones will also be covered in this review.

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Aly, Ashraf A., Alaa A. Hassan, Maysa M. Makhlouf und Stefan Bräse. „Chemistry and Biological Activities of 1,2,4-Triazolethiones—Antiviral and Anti-Infective Drugs“. Molecules 25, Nr. 13 (03.07.2020): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133036.

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Mercapto-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles are very interesting compounds as they play an important role in chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects on cancer. In recent decades, literature has been enriched with sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles which are used as a basic nucleus of different heterocyclic compounds with various biological applications in medicine and also occupy a huge part of natural products. Therefore, we shed, herein, more light on the synthesis of this interesting class and its application as a biologically active moiety. They might also be suitable as antiviral and anti-infective drugs.

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Perrone, Serena, Francesco Messa, Luigino Troisi und Antonio Salomone. „N-, O- and S-Heterocycles Synthesis in Deep Eutectic Solvents“. Molecules 28, Nr. 8 (14.04.2023): 3459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083459.

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The synthesis of heterocycles is a fundamental area of organic chemistry that offers enormous potential for the discovery of new products with important applications in our daily life such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavors, dyes, and, more generally, engineered materials with innovative properties. As heterocyclic compounds find application across multiple industries and are prepared in very large quantities, the development of sustainable approaches for their synthesis has become a crucial objective for contemporary green chemistry committed to reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes. In this context, the present review focuses on the recent methodologies aimed at preparing N-, O- and S-heterocyclic compounds in Deep Eutectic Solvents, a new class of ionic solvents that are non-volatile, non-toxic, easy to prepare, easy to recycle, and can be obtained from renewable sources. Emphasis has been placed on those processes that prioritize the recycling of catalyst and solvent, as they offer the dual benefit of promoting synthetic efficiency while demonstrating environmental responsibility.

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Kaur, Gurpreet, Aditi Sharma und Bubun Banerjee. „[Bmim]PF6: An efficient tool for the synthesis of diverse bioactive heterocycles“. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 83, Nr. 10 (2018): 1071–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc180103052k.

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Heterocycles are the privileged structural subunit of many marketed drug molecules. On the other hand, the last decade has seen tremendous applications of the ionic liquid [bmim]PF6 (1-butyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate) as an efficient, cheap, commercially available, low toxic reaction medium for various organic transformations. The present review summarizes recent reported applications of [bmim]PF6 as an efficient reaction medium for the synthesis of diverse biologically relevant heterocycles.

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Fu, Gregory C. „New applications of organometallic catalysts in organic chemistry“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, Nr. 1 (01.01.2002): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274010033.

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Chinchilla, Rafael, Carmen Nájera und Miguel Yus. „Metalated heterocycles in organic synthesis: Recent applications“. Arkivoc 2007, Nr. 10 (28.02.2007): 152–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0008.a13.

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Johnson, C. R. „Unusual applications of oxygen heterocycles in synthesis“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 59, Nr. 8 (01.01.1987): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198759080969.

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Ullah, Faiz, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Farhan Ali Khan, Muhammad Mustaqeem, Rizwan Nasir Paracha, Muhammad Fayyaz ur Rehman, Fariha Kanwal, Syed Shams ul Hassan und Simona Bungau. „Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles and Crown Ethers: Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications“. Molecules 27, Nr. 19 (06.10.2022): 6631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196631.

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Fluorescent molecules absorb photons of specific wavelengths and emit a longer wavelength photon within nanoseconds. Recently, fluorescent materials have been widely used in the life and material sciences. Fluorescently labelled heterocyclic compounds are useful in bioanalytical applications, including in vivo imaging, high throughput screening, diagnostics, and light-emitting diodes. These compounds have various therapeutic properties, including antifungal, antitumor, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Different neutral fluorescent markers containing nitrogen heterocycles (quinolones, azafluoranthenes, pyrazoloquinolines, etc.) have several electrochemical, biological, and nonlinear optic applications. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which destroys tumors and keeps normal tissues safe, works in the presence of molecular oxygen with light and a photosensitizing drugs (dye) to obtain a therapeutic effect. These compounds can potentially be effective templates for producing devices used in biological research. Blending crown compounds with fluorescent residues to create sensors has been frequently investigated. Florescent heterocyclic compounds (crown ether) increase metal solubility in non-aqueous fluids, broadening the application window. Fluorescent supramolecular polymers have widespread use in fluorescent materials, fluorescence probing, data storage, bio-imaging, drug administration, reproduction, biocatalysis, and cancer treatment. The employment of fluorophores, including organic chromophores and crown ethers, which have high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability constants, opens up new avenues for research. Fluorescent organic compounds are gaining importance in the biological world daily because of their diverse functionality with remarkable structural features and positive properties in the fields of medicine, photochemistry, and spectroscopy.

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Chiou, Wen-Hua, Seung-Yub Lee und Iwao Ojima. „Recent advances in cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, Nr. 6-7 (01.06.2005): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-035.

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This article describes recent advances in the cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions catalyzed by transition-metal complexes and their applications in organic synthesis as a review covering the relevant literature up to the middle of 2004. The reactions are categorized into four types, i.e., intramolecular amidocarbonylation reactions, intramolecular aminocarbonylation reactions, cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions involving carbonnucleophiles, and other cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions. Cyclohydrocarbonylation reactions provide efficient routes to various monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic compounds as a one-step cascade process or a one-pot process. Reaction mechanisms for these cascade processes are discussed as needed for clarification. The heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds, thus obtained, can be further transformed to specific targets. Examples of such applications are also discussed.Key words: catalysis, cyclohydrocarbonylation, hydroformylation, amidocarbonylation, cyclization, regioselectivity, aldehydes, regioselective, cascade, heterocycles, rhodium.

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Harith M. Al-ajely. „Synthesis and pharmaceutical applications of Oxazine compounds derived from Pyronic, Salicylic, Antharanilic acids and Phenols“. International Journal of Science and Research Archive 2, Nr. 2 (30.05.2021): 074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.2.2.0250.

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It is well known from FDA reports that More than 75% of the heterocyclic compounds are drugs and 90 of heterocyclic compounds are cancer drugs. The nitrogen-based heterocycles occupy an exclusive position as a valuable source of therapeutic agents in medicinal chemistry. Most drugs approved by the FDA and currently available in the market are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties, More over heterocyclic compounds are important class of organic chemistry due to their widely spread in nature. Also there are many route for their action and many mechanistic pathways for their preparation and different metabolic actions. This comes from the easily building or removal of any functional group within the molecules. Changing just on group cause to change the metabolic pathway of the drug action and site of attack of the desired target accordingly. This great characteristic value make them much more important in drug discovery programs of many researchers and also encouraged us and drew attentions of other researchers to develop new ways for their synthesis. As a result different pharmacological and medical applications. Oxazie compounds are sub branch of heterocyclic compounds. These compounds having two hetero atoms, Oxygen and nitrogen within their structures make them much more important toward therapeutic studies. We are here in our investigation will focus on the methodologies and the therapeutic action of the titled compounds as well as other various applications.

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Bosdet, Michael J. D., und Warren E. Piers. „B-N as a C-C substitute in aromatic systems“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 87, Nr. 1 (01.01.2009): 8–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-110.

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The substitution of isoelectronic B–N units for C–C units in aromatic hydrocarbons produces novel heterocycles with structural similarities to the all-carbon frameworks, but with fundamentally altered electronic properties and chemistry. Since the pioneering work of Dewar some 50 years ago, the relationship between B–N and C–C and the wealth of parent all-carbon aromatics has captured the imagination of organic, inorganic, materials, and computational chemists alike, particularly in recent years. New applications in biological chemistry, new materials, and novel ligands for transition-metal complexes have emerged from these studies. This review is aimed at surveying activity in the area in the past couple of decades. Its organization is based on ring size and type of the all-carbon or heterocyclic subunit that the B–N analog is derived from. Structural aspects pertaining to the retention of aromaticity are emphasized, along with delineation of significant differences in physical properties of the B–N compound as compared to the C–C parent.Key words: boron-nitrogen heterocycles, aromaticity, organic materials, main-group chemistry.

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Angeli, Andrea, Niccolò Paoletti und Claudiu T. Supuran. „Five-Membered Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors“. Molecules 28, Nr. 7 (04.04.2023): 3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073220.

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The development of heterocyclic derivatives has progressed considerably over the past decades, and many new carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) fall into this field. In particular, five-membered heterocyclic sulfonamides have been generally shown to be more effective inhibitors compared to six-membered rings ones. Despite the importance of oxygen and nitrogen five-membered heterocyclic aromatic rings in medicinal chemistry, the installation of sulfonamide moiety on such heterocycles has not received much attention. On the other hand, 1,3,4-thiadiazole/thiadiazoline ring-bearing sulfonamides are the scaffolds which have been widely used in a variety of pharmaceutically important CAIs such as acetazolamide, metazolamide and their many derivatives obtained by using the tail approach. Here, we reviewed the field focusing on the diverse biological activities of these CAIs, such as antiglaucoma, antiepileptic, antitumor and antiinfective properties. This review highlights developments involving five-membered heterocyclic sulfonamides over the last years, with a focus on their pharmacological/clinical applications.

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Kaur, Navjeet. „Photochemical Reactions for the Synthesis of Six-Membered O-Heterocycles“. Current Organic Synthesis 15, Nr. 3 (27.04.2018): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179414666171011160355.

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Background: The chemists have been interested in light as an energy source to induce chemical reactions since the beginning of the scientific chemistry. This review summarizes the chemistry of photochemical reactions with emphasis of their synthetic applications. The organic photochemical reactions avoid the polluting or toxic reagents and therefore offer perspectives for sustainable processes and green chemistry. In summary, this review article describes the synthesis of a number of six-membered O-heterocycles. Objective: Photochemistry is indeed a great tool synthetic chemists have at their disposal. The formation of byproducts was diminished under photochemical substrate activation that usually occurred without additional reagents. Photochemical irradiation is becoming more interesting day by day because of easy purification of the products as well as green chemistry. Conclusion: This review article represents the high applicability of photochemical reactions for organic synthesis and research activities in organic photochemistry. The synthesis of heterocyclic molecules has been outlined in this review. Traditional approaches require expensive or highly specialized equipment or would be of limited use to the synthetic organic chemist due to their highly inconvenient approaches. Photochemistry can be used to prepare a number of heterocycles selectively, efficiently and in high yield.

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Philip, Rose Mary, G. S. Susan Treesa, Salim Saranya und Gopinathan Anilkumar. „Applications of aryl-sulfinamides in the synthesis of N-heterocycles“. RSC Advances 11, Nr. 33 (2021): 20591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04099e.

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Monier, Mohamed, Doaa Abdel-Latif, Ahmed El-Mekabaty, Başak D. Mert und Khaled M. Elattar. „Advances in the Chemistry of 6-6 Bicyclic Systems: Chemistry of Pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidines“. Current Organic Synthesis 16, Nr. 6 (26.11.2019): 812–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666190704113647.

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The aim of this work is to discuss the chemistry of pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines as one of the most important heterocyclic compounds with remarkable synthetic, biological and medical applications. In this overview, the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds incorporated the pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold as demonstrated by chemical reactions and different preparation processes. The anticipated compounds were synthesized from pyridine or pyrimidine compounds and a description of the reactivity of substituents attached to ring carbon and nitrogen atoms is discussed. On the other hand, the synthesis and reactions of fused heterocycles incorporated pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold is described. The diamine analogs included pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine core were reported as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The chemical reactions of certain unexpected and chemically substantial compounds have been discussed.

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Srivastava, Arjita, Pravin K. Singh, Akram Ali, Praveen P. Singh und Vishal Srivastava. „Recent applications of Rose Bengal catalysis in N-heterocycles: a short review“. RSC Advances 10, Nr. 65 (2020): 39495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07400d.

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Susanto, Steven, Nicole Jung und Stefan Bräse. „Solid phase syntheses of S,N-substituted 2-mercaptobenzoimidazoles“. RSC Advances 6, Nr. 46 (2016): 39573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05702k.

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Tolba, Mahmoud S., Mokhtar A. Abd ul-Malik, Adel M. Kamal El-Dean, Ahmed A. Geies, Shaban M. Radwan, Remon M. Zaki, Mostafa Sayed, Shaaban K. Mohamed und Shaban A. A. Abdel-Raheem. „An overview on synthesis and reactions of coumarin based compounds“. Current Chemistry Letters 11, Nr. 1 (2022): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2021.9.007.

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Oxygen-containing heterocycles are largely distributed in natural and synthetic compounds. Coumarins are among the most famous heterocycles which possess one oxygen atom in their rings. Coumarins are classified as multifunctional scaffold and are used as anti-oxidant reagents, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-HIV active, analgesic, anti-histaminic, insecticides, dyes, herbicides, sensitizers, perfumes, cosmetics and food additives. Due to their diverse applications in industrial and pharmaceutical fields, many chemists have given significant interest to these compounds. Herein, the review highlights various methods for the synthesis and interactions of coumarin moiety as one of the most efficient categories of heterocycles.

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Dhameliya, Tejas M., Disha D. Shah, Aayushi C. Shah, Tithi S. Shah, Tanvi M. Patel, Devalben K. Rana, Dipen K. Sureja und Kunjan B. Bodiwala. „Synthesis of Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Heterocycles Catalysed by Metal Nanoparticles Reported in 2022“. Synlett, 03.01.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1751533.

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AbstractThe versatility of aza- and oxa-heterocyclic compounds has garnered significant attention in recent times. A large number of currently approved pharmaceutical products include nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocycles. Recent nanotechnological developments have propelled an upsurge in the applications of nanocatalysis for heterocyclic synthesis. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the synthesis of aza- and oxa-heterocycles owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Various MNPs including gold, silver, nickel and palladium have been evaluated for their catalytic activities in different reaction types, including cyclisation, coupling, hydrogenation and oxidative transformations. The MNPs have exhibited remarkable catalytic efficiency when utilised under optimal conditions. These catalysts have showcased high reusability and recyclability, yielding satisfactory amounts of the desired heterocyclic compound. The present work provides a detailed overview of recent advances in the area of MNP-assisted synthetic construction of aza- and oxa-heterocycles, published during the previous calendar year, 2022. The review serves as a valuable resource and also paves the way for future investigations in the development of novel catalytic strategies for heterocycle synthesis.1 Introduction2 Nanocatalysis3 Aza- and Oxa-Heterocycle Synthesis Catalysed by MNPs3.1 AuNPs3.2 CuNPs3.3 CoNPs3.4 FeNPs3.5 NiNPs3.6 PdNPs3.7 PtNPs3.8 SiNPs3.9 ZnNPs3.10 Bimetallic NPs3.11 Other MNPs4 Summary and Outlook

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