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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Heritage materials“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Heritage materials"
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Savinykh, Anna. „Framework for CLIL materials for Russian heritage language learners“. International Journal of Multilingual Education X, Nr. 2 (24.12.2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2021.18001.
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The increasing number of immigrants made heritage language learning a crucial issue of 21-st century education. The neediness for an effective educational approach in this field leaded to CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning). CLIL materials are high-contextualized by age, skills, language, subject content, etc. So, teachers ought to become materials designers to provide their learners with an effective tool of learning. Usually, teachers did not specifically train for materials design. Thus, easy-to-use framework for materials is essential to provide high-quality materials. This article provides a framework for CLIL materials design for Russian heritage language learners. The framework is based on the main materials design principles, heritage learners` pedagogical needs, and CLIL-specific materials design principles. It is written in the easy-to-use form of a checklist. The checklist has seven sections and 32 questions. The framework may be used in different contexts of teachers from different countries who use CLIL to teach the Russian heritage language.
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Wu, Yanming, und Qi Zhou. „Research on Reconstruction Design of Exterior Wall Materials and Structures of Industrial Architectural Heritage“. Resourceedings 2, Nr. 2 (02.09.2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i2.604.
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With the advent of the post-industrial era, China’s traditional industrial industry has gradually declined or transformed, leaving a large number of industrial buildings abandoned and idle. A majority of these existing industrial building heritages were built with original facade design, which cannot meet the requirements of the time and no longer fits into the new urban interface. From the perspective of language relationship in architecture, building skin and building space are two vital interdependent elements, and the study of building materials as a carrier has a significant impetus to the exploration of building skin. Therefore, the external wall material has naturally become an important factor directly related to the design and performance of the renovation of the industrial building heritages. Its performance and form largely influence or determine the possible ways and means of the transformation of the heritage facades. How should material performance be used to preserve the historical imprint of industrial heritage while conforming to contemporary aesthetics? What are the rules of material performance in the renovation of industrial buildings? These are the issues that needs to be considered and studied in the transformation of industrial building heritage.This paper studies the exterior wall materials and structures in the renovation of industrial building heritage facades, and uses reconstruction theory as a methodology to sort out effective strategies and methods for the material performance of industrial building heritage facade renovation. First it summarizes and elaborates the classification and performance characteristics of the materials of heritage facades as well as the principles and methods of facades transformation. Later it focuses on the practice and development of the renovation of facades in China’s industrial building heritages, taking the reform practice of Nanjing Hutchison Factory as an example. Combing the analysis and summary of the practical project with the theory, this paper helps improve the theoretical system of architectural skin materials within the scope of architectural design theory, summarizes the design concepts consistent with the current view, and conclude the corresponding architectural skin design strategy and methods.
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McCarthy, Tina M., und Eleni Evdokia Glekas. „Deconstructing heritage: enabling a dynamic materials practice“. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 10, Nr. 1 (09.12.2019): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-06-2019-0084.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address a gap in current heritage practice within the USA, as defined by the US Secretary of Interior’s Standards, which offers no treatment for a building entering the end of its lifecycle. Design/methodology/approach Building on research conducted for “Deconstructing the Culture of Demolition,” Master of Design Studies thesis completed in 2018, this paper seeks to better understand how deconstruction industry practice could be changed by the inclusion of heritage values through a case study of the sustainability non-profit Emergent Structures of Savanah, Georgia. Findings The benefits of replacing demolition with deconstruction extend beyond the preservation of materials alone. Applying critical heritage theories to deconstruction practice addresses challenging issues in the discipline, such as mutability of heritage objects and equity in heritage practice. Deconstruction redefines the concept of death in the built environment, harnessing its energy to serve the heritage goals of memory, revival and sustainable community development. Practical implications The findings are based on real-world practice, linking heritage methodology to deconstruction practice. These examples will be useful to preservation professionals who deal with demolition in the course of their work, to rethink the idea of waste and value in heritage practice. Originality/value This paper explores best practices in promoting heritage value and community engagement through deconstruction. This insight will promote interdisciplinary communication around historic materials and their treatment, which remains unexplored in both deconstruction and heritage research.
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Baglioni, Michele, Giovanna Poggi, David Chelazzi und Piero Baglioni. „Advanced Materials in Cultural Heritage Conservation“. Molecules 26, Nr. 13 (29.06.2021): 3967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133967.
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Cultural Heritage is a crucial socioeconomic resource; yet, recurring degradation processes endanger its preservation. Serendipitous approaches in restoration practice need to be replaced by systematically addressing conservation issues through the development of advanced materials for the preservation of the artifacts. In the last few decades, materials and colloid science have provided valid solutions to counteract degradation, and we report here the main highlights in the formulation and application of materials and methodologies for the cleaning, protection and consolidation of works of art. Several types of artifacts are addressed, from murals to canvas paintings, metal objects, and paper artworks, comprising both classic and modern/contemporary art. Systems, such as nanoparticles, gels, nanostructured cleaning fluids, composites, and other functional materials, are reviewed. Future perspectives are also commented, outlining open issues and trends in this challenging and exciting field.
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Matusiak, Krystyna K., Ling Meng, Ewa Barczyk und Chia-Jung Shih. „Multilingual metadata for cultural heritage materials“. Electronic Library 33, Nr. 1 (02.02.2015): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-08-2013-0141.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore multilingual access in digital libraries and to present a case study of creating bilingual metadata records for the Tse-Tsung Chow Collection of Chinese Scrolls and Fan Paintings. The project, undertaken at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries, provides access to digital copies of calligraphic and painted Chinese scrolls and fans from the collection donated by Prof Tse-Tsung Chow (Cezong Zhou). Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines the current approaches to multilingual indexing and retrieval in digital collections and presents a model of creating bilingual parallel records that combines translation with controlled vocabulary mapping. Findings – Creating multilingual metadata records for cultural heritage materials is in an early phase of development. Bilingual metadata created through human translation and controlled vocabulary mapping represents one of the approaches to multilingual access in digital libraries. Multilingual indexing of collections of international origin addresses the linguistic needs of the target audience, connects the digitized objects to their respective cultures and contributes to richer descriptive records. The approach that relies on human translation and research can be undertaken in small-scale digitization projects of rare cultural heritage materials. Language and subject expertise are required to create bilingual metadata records. Research limitations/implications – This paper presents the results of a case study. The approach to multilingual access that involves research, and it relies on human translation that can only be undertaken in small-scale projects. Practical implications – This case study of creating parallel records with a combination of translation and vocabulary mapping can be useful for designing similar bilingual digital collections. Social implications – This paper also discusses the obligations of holding institutions in undertaking digital conversion of the cultural heritage materials that originated in other countries, especially in regard to providing metadata records that reflect the language of the originating community. Originality/value – The research and practice in multilingual indexing of cultural heritage materials are very limited. There are no standardized models of how to approach building multilingual digital collections. This case study presents a model of providing bilingual access and enhancing the intellectual control of cultural heritage collections.
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Vu Hoang, Khoa. „The benefits of preserving and promoting cultural heritage values for the sustainable development of the country“. E3S Web of Conferences 234 (2021): 00076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400076.
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Cultural and natural heritages are considered invaluable resources, creating a unique tourist attraction for each country. However, knowing how to use this heritage for sustainable tourism development, while preserving and promoting the heritage value for future generations is not a simple task. This article focuses on the values of cultural heritage and the importance of maintaining and promoting it while integrating with the environment for the development of society. It discusses the current state of cultural heritage preservation and promotion in Vietnam, showing examples of development with disregard to the heritage and the environment, why it is necessary to have sustainable development in active culture conservation, as well as the relationship between the preservation, promotion of the cultural heritage and the socio-economic development and the environment. A perspective on the cultural heritage value in sustainable development is also given. Through the reading of supporting materials and the comparison of survey data, it is clear that the preservation of cultural values not only contribute directly to the socio-economic development of a country similar to Vietnam, but also to help create new values in later generations. Therefore, it is concluded that a sustainable approach to the conservation of cultural heritages is very important for the future handling of such irreplaceable resources.
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Ozeran, Megan. „Managing Metadata for Philatelic Materials“. Information Technology and Libraries 36, Nr. 3 (17.09.2017): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v36i3.10022.
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Stamp collectors frequently donate their stamps to cultural heritage institutions. As digitization becomes more prevalent for other kinds of materials, it is worth exploring how cultural heritage institutions are digitizing their philatelic materials. This paper begins with a review of the literature about the purpose of metadata, current metadata standards, and metadata that are relevant to philatelists. The paper then examines the digital philatelic collections of four large cultural heritage institutions, discussing the metadata standards and elements employed by these institutions. The paper concludes with a recommendation to create international standards that describe metadata management explicitly for philatelic materials.
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Pampus, Mareike. „More Than Colonial Vestige? Afternoon Tea as Heritage Practice in Penang (Malaysia)“. Heritage 6, Nr. 3 (10.03.2023): 2928–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6030155.
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This article builds on insights from both critical heritage studies and Indian Ocean studies to argue that there is a need to delve deeply into how, by whom, and why heritage is practiced. Empirically, the practice of afternoon tea in Penang (Malaysia) provides insights into habits, manners, and customs in order to explore heritage as a social practice. Drawing on ethnographic field research on the island of Penang in Malaysia, this article demonstrates how the multiple forms, as well as the changing production, practice, and preservation, of local cultural heritage are used to strategically and situationally create identities in dependence of the “other” and in response to a national heritage narrative. In contrast to what is nowadays often considered a colonial vestige, I maintain that these cultural heritage elements are not foreign but part of specific local cultural heritages.
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Melo, Maria J., Austin Nevin und Piero Baglioni. „Chemistry and Cultural Heritage*“. Chemistry International 40, Nr. 2 (01.04.2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0205.
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Abstract The conservation of works of art makes them accessible, and will ensure the transfer of cultural heritage to future generations,. For long term preservation, the development of effective and sustainable conservation materials is of fundamental importance. Although in the past traditional approaches in restoration have used highly effective natural materials for cleaning, modern research has focused on the systematic design of materials and methodologies. For instance, during the nineteenth century conservators reported the use of materials such as vinegar, wine, lemon juice, and today saliva is still used in cleaning applications. Although it is now recognized that these materials contain components that are effective cleaning agents, until recently there has been a lack of systematic studies regarding the control of their structure and reactivity.
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Ganobjak, Michal, Samuel Brunner und Jannis Wernery. „Aerogel materials for heritage buildings: Materials, properties and case studies“. Journal of Cultural Heritage 42 (März 2020): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.09.007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Heritage materials"
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Loke, Maphole Emelly. „Standard protocols for restoring heritage cementing materials“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3050.
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Thesis (MEng (Civil Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2020The history of the South African construction industry dates as far back as the seventeenth century, with structures such as the Castle of Good Hope, cathedrals, museums and memorials, among many others. Heritage structures represent the history of a country and its development. These structures do not only elaborate on the history, but also embody unique designs and materials used for their construction. This makes historic structures physically distinct from modern constructions. However, heritage structures often show critical signs of deterioration, which threaten their existence thereof. In attempts to rescue these national treasures, the use of Portland cement has been a common practice, but there are problems with using such modern materials. The application of incompatible materials is said to accelerate the deterioration and endanger the authenticity of these monuments. This practice is a result of a misunderstanding of the original material behaviour and has been responsible for the failure of many restoration projects. For developing countries, South Africa in particular, this approach has undoubtedly impacted negatively on the economy, as repeated repairs are necessary. Characterisation of the original cementing materials is the key to compatible restoration of heritage buildings. The research describes the development of an integrated protocol to establish the properties of the original heritage cementing materials. The key objective for the study was to investigate and standardise an analytical procedure whose primary purpose is the identification of major and minor components of heritage cementing materials and binder-to-aggregate ratio, which would be useful for production of repair materials. The results obtained from the experimental investigation into the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the original materials from the Castle of Good Hope and Robben Island are presented in this study. The experimental results were analysed for their ability to provide useful data at minimal costs. After that, a standard protocol was developed, incorporating the procedure for sampling as well as preparation of the sample, material analysis and documentation. The standard protocol includes the cohesion test, visual investigation and titration test for analysis of the salts and metal oxides present in the materials. These tests provide relevant data for the search of replica repair materials. The standard protocol will be useful for local heritage authorities, as it could be incorporated into the conservation management plans prior to restoration works. This will ensure compatible and sustainable restoration of historic buildings, not only in South Africa, but around the world. The heritage materials for the two oldest buildings in the Western Cape were made of hydraulic lime-based mortars, seashells, and uniform and well-graded sand. Less than 5% of the materials showed no traces of a binder. The restored areas were restored with cement-based materials. The affordable standard methodology for characterising original heritage cementing materials involved the sample collection that represents the majority of the building, sample preparation, detailed visual investigation and cohesion test, as well as hydraulicity and cementation indices analysis to determine the type of binder. These tests were concluded to be convenient, easy to conduct and cost-effective.
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Joseph, Edith Michelle Maryse <1977>. „Application of FTIR microscopy to cultural heritage materials“. Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1404/1/Joseph_Edith_tesi.pdf.
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Research in art conservation has been developed from the early 1950s, giving a significant contribution to the conservation-restoration of cultural heritage artefacts. In fact, only through a profound knowledge about the nature and conditions of constituent materials, suitable decisions on the conservation and restoration measures can thus be adopted and preservation practices enhanced. The study of ancient artworks is particularly challenging as they can be considered as heterogeneous and multilayered systems where numerous interactions between the different components as well as degradation and ageing phenomena take place. However, difficulties to physically separate the different layers due to their thickness (1-200 µm) can result in the inaccurate attribution of the identified compounds to a specific layer. Therefore, details can only be analysed when the sample preparation method leaves the layer structure intact, as for example the preparation of embedding cross sections in synthetic resins. Hence, spatially resolved analytical techniques are required not only to exactly characterize the nature of the compounds but also to obtain precise chemical and physical information about ongoing changes. This thesis focuses on the application of FTIR microspectroscopic techniques for cultural heritage materials. The first section is aimed at introducing the use of FTIR microscopy in conservation science with a particular attention to the sampling criteria and sample preparation methods. The second section is aimed at evaluating and validating the use of different FTIR microscopic analytical methods applied to the study of different art conservation issues which may be encountered dealing with cultural heritage artefacts: the characterisation of the artistic execution technique (chapter II-1), the studies on degradation phenomena (chapter II-2) and finally the evaluation of protective treatments (chapter II-3). The third and last section is divided into three chapters which underline recent developments in FTIR spectroscopy for the characterisation of paint cross sections and in particular thin organic layers: a newly developed preparation method with embedding systems in infrared transparent salts (chapter III-1), the new opportunities offered by macro-ATR imaging spectroscopy (chapter III-2) and the possibilities achieved with the different FTIR microspectroscopic techniques nowadays available (chapter III-3).
In chapter II-1, FTIR microspectroscopy as molecular analysis, is presented in an integrated approach with other analytical techniques. The proposed sequence is optimized in function of the limited quantity of sample available and this methodology permits to identify the painting materials and characterise the adopted execution technique and state of conservation. Chapter II-2 describes the characterisation of the degradation products with FTIR microscopy since the investigation on the ageing processes encountered in old artefacts represents one of the most important issues in conservation research. Metal carboxylates resulting from the interaction between pigments and binding media are characterized using synthesised metal palmitates and their production is detected on copper-, zinc-, manganese- and lead- (associated with lead carbonate) based pigments dispersed either in oil or egg tempera. Moreover, significant effects seem to be obtained with iron and cobalt (acceleration of the triglycerides hydrolysis). For the first time on sienna and umber paints, manganese carboxylates are also observed. Finally in chapter II-3, FTIR microscopy is combined with further elemental analyses to characterise and estimate the performances and stability of newly developed treatments, which should better fit conservation-restoration problems.
In the second part, in chapter III-1, an innovative embedding system in potassium bromide is reported focusing on the characterisation and localisation of organic substances in cross sections. Not only the identification but also the distribution of proteinaceous, lipidic or resinaceous materials, are evidenced directly on different paint cross sections, especially in thin layers of the order of 10 µm. Chapter III-2 describes the use of a conventional diamond ATR accessory coupled with a focal plane array to obtain chemical images of multi-layered paint cross sections. A rapid and simple identification of the different compounds is achieved without the use of any infrared microscope objectives. Finally, the latest FTIR techniques available are highlighted in chapter III-3 in a comparative study for the characterisation of paint cross sections. Results in terms of spatial resolution, data quality and chemical information obtained are presented and in particular, a new FTIR microscope equipped with a linear array detector, which permits reducing the spatial resolution limit to approximately 5 µm, provides very promising results and may represent a good alternative to either mapping or imaging systems.
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Joseph, Edith Michelle Maryse <1977>. „Application of FTIR microscopy to cultural heritage materials“. Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1404/.
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Research in art conservation has been developed from the early 1950s, giving a significant contribution to the conservation-restoration of cultural heritage artefacts. In fact, only through a profound knowledge about the nature and conditions of constituent materials, suitable decisions on the conservation and restoration measures can thus be adopted and preservation practices enhanced. The study of ancient artworks is particularly challenging as they can be considered as heterogeneous and multilayered systems where numerous interactions between the different components as well as degradation and ageing phenomena take place. However, difficulties to physically separate the different layers due to their thickness (1-200 µm) can result in the inaccurate attribution of the identified compounds to a specific layer. Therefore, details can only be analysed when the sample preparation method leaves the layer structure intact, as for example the preparation of embedding cross sections in synthetic resins. Hence, spatially resolved analytical techniques are required not only to exactly characterize the nature of the compounds but also to obtain precise chemical and physical information about ongoing changes. This thesis focuses on the application of FTIR microspectroscopic techniques for cultural heritage materials. The first section is aimed at introducing the use of FTIR microscopy in conservation science with a particular attention to the sampling criteria and sample preparation methods. The second section is aimed at evaluating and validating the use of different FTIR microscopic analytical methods applied to the study of different art conservation issues which may be encountered dealing with cultural heritage artefacts: the characterisation of the artistic execution technique (chapter II-1), the studies on degradation phenomena (chapter II-2) and finally the evaluation of protective treatments (chapter II-3). The third and last section is divided into three chapters which underline recent developments in FTIR spectroscopy for the characterisation of paint cross sections and in particular thin organic layers: a newly developed preparation method with embedding systems in infrared transparent salts (chapter III-1), the new opportunities offered by macro-ATR imaging spectroscopy (chapter III-2) and the possibilities achieved with the different FTIR microspectroscopic techniques nowadays available (chapter III-3).
In chapter II-1, FTIR microspectroscopy as molecular analysis, is presented in an integrated approach with other analytical techniques. The proposed sequence is optimized in function of the limited quantity of sample available and this methodology permits to identify the painting materials and characterise the adopted execution technique and state of conservation. Chapter II-2 describes the characterisation of the degradation products with FTIR microscopy since the investigation on the ageing processes encountered in old artefacts represents one of the most important issues in conservation research. Metal carboxylates resulting from the interaction between pigments and binding media are characterized using synthesised metal palmitates and their production is detected on copper-, zinc-, manganese- and lead- (associated with lead carbonate) based pigments dispersed either in oil or egg tempera. Moreover, significant effects seem to be obtained with iron and cobalt (acceleration of the triglycerides hydrolysis). For the first time on sienna and umber paints, manganese carboxylates are also observed. Finally in chapter II-3, FTIR microscopy is combined with further elemental analyses to characterise and estimate the performances and stability of newly developed treatments, which should better fit conservation-restoration problems.
In the second part, in chapter III-1, an innovative embedding system in potassium bromide is reported focusing on the characterisation and localisation of organic substances in cross sections. Not only the identification but also the distribution of proteinaceous, lipidic or resinaceous materials, are evidenced directly on different paint cross sections, especially in thin layers of the order of 10 µm. Chapter III-2 describes the use of a conventional diamond ATR accessory coupled with a focal plane array to obtain chemical images of multi-layered paint cross sections. A rapid and simple identification of the different compounds is achieved without the use of any infrared microscope objectives. Finally, the latest FTIR techniques available are highlighted in chapter III-3 in a comparative study for the characterisation of paint cross sections. Results in terms of spatial resolution, data quality and chemical information obtained are presented and in particular, a new FTIR microscope equipped with a linear array detector, which permits reducing the spatial resolution limit to approximately 5 µm, provides very promising results and may represent a good alternative to either mapping or imaging systems.
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Crawford, James Bruce. „Atmospheric microclimates : damaging & protecting indoor cultural heritage materials“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87502/.
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This thesis in applied physics analyzes and solves problems regarding destructive and protective atmospheric microclimates in order to slow down the deterioration of indoor cultural heritage materials. Fresh approaches to two longstanding areas of concern are made in laboratory studies with a view to future field testing and evaluation by heritage conservation practitioners and museum display case manufacturers. Methods used for observing and analysing materials are macrophotography, optical microscopy, metallography, image analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Structural engineering methods comprise geometric surveys and compression and deflection tests. Airtightness measurement techniques were tracer gas decay and pressure decay. Investigations into the corrosion of lead by oak-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) revealed the presence of a rarely reported crystalline phase which was confirmed to be associated with modern oak. The morphology and composition of the observed products of corrosion were almost identical to those found in field environments, but differed in specific ways to prior laboratory studies which used synthetic or oak-emitted VOCs. Five novel surface protection treatments using materials derived from ethanolic solutions of high molecular weight carboxylic acids (CH3(CH2)n-2COOH; n = 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18) were tested atmospherically for five years. Hexadecanoic (n = 16) and octadecanoic acid (n = 18) treatments inhibited corrosion of lead exposed to oak VOCs by up to ≈60%. These effective treatment materials showed lamellar morphologies similar to those made from aqueous solutions of lower molecular weight carboxylic acids (n = 10 or 11). In contrast, two materials with non-lamellar morphologies made from ethanolic decanoic acid (n = 10) and tetradecanoic acid (n = 14) were found to increase corrosion. Inspections of industry-made medium-sized (≈1 m3 ) museum display cases with doors located systematic leaks in sorbent compartments, around exhibit compartment doors and in ceilings: providing vertical leakage circuits driven by stack pressures (˜0.1 Pa). A walk-in test chamber with a custom-designed tracer gas and environmental monitoring system was made to evaluate three devices for passively controlling airtightness on a pair of display cases. Airtightness of the cases was increased by 7 to 13 times. Despite remaining leaks in the ceilings, the cases reached or went beyond the microbarometric limit; due to new pressure-proofed sorbent compartments and novel convex gaskets for the compliant unframed exhibit compartment doors; solving leakage caused by restorative forces imposed by gaskets. The greatest airtightness (0.013±0.004 air exchanges daily) was achieved by a case retrofitted with a pair of high compliance bellows (Δ±2 Pa) with high conductance pipework, while being subjected to temperature cycling (Δ+2°C daily) and natural barometric pressure fluctuations. A formula derived from Ohm’s Law to evaluate the minimum required airway resistance of gaps in display cases was proposed as a new way to calculate, and then measure, the capability of a case to have its airtightness increased by installing bellows.
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Pitarch, i. Martí Àfrica. „Spectroscopic analytical methodologies for the study of cultural heritage materials“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285774.
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Els estudis que es presenten en aquesta tesi doctoral se centren en l’aplicació i millora de metodologies analítiques existents, relativament senzilles, i el desenvolupament de nous procediments que poden utilitzar-se per a l’estudi de materials del Patrimoni Cultural. La posada en pràctica i la modelització de la resposta analítica de les tècniques espectroscòpiques utilitzades en aquest treball s’ha dut a terme mitjançant l’anàlisi de materials antics de diferent tipus, començant amb materials de composició relativament senzilla com ara aliatges metàl·lics i passant, gradualment, a l’estudi de materials amb matrius més complexes tals com pigments minerals, papers i tintes. Els resultats obtinguts són de notable interès per a la conservació d’aquests materials, aspecte rellevant donada la seva fragilitat i elevat potencial d’alterabilitat.
En aquest sentit, en primer lloc es va fer un estudi exhaustiu de monedes antigues de diversa cronologia, mitjançant l’ús de la fluorescència de raigs X per dispersió d’energies (EDXRF). Els resultats de les anàlisis van permetre determinar no només la composició química elemental de les monedes i donar resposta a algunes de les qüestions plantejades pels historiadors, sinó que també van permetre optimitzar al màxim les condicions experimentals de les anàlisis i fixar els límits de quantificació per aquest tipus de matrius.
En segon lloc, es va dur a terme un estudi multi-espectroscòpic de pintures a l’oli sobre suports metàl·lics (coure i llautó) de diversa cronologia (una del segle XVII i l’altra de finals del segle XVIII). Els resultats de les anàlisis van esser útils, per una banda, per establir la distribució elemental en superfície a partir d’un mètode quantitatiu d’anàlisis EDXRF desenvolupat específicament per aquest tipus d’obres d’art i, per l’altra, identificar els compostos utilitzats en l’elaboració de les pintures (pigments i aglutinants) a partir de la utilització de difracció de raigs X (XRD) i espectroscòpies Raman (RS) i infraroja per transformada de Fourier (FTIR).
En tercer lloc, es va realitzar un ampli estudi analític (tot emprant EDXRF, RS i FTIR) de cromolitografies del segle XIX amb l’objectiu de caracteritzar el material de suport i identificar-ne les tintes utilitzades per a la seva coloració. A més de les conclusions històriques, els resultats de les anàlisis posaven de manifest la necessitat de dur a terme una aproximació multi-analítica per a una complerta caracterització dels materials estudiats.
Finalment, en quart lloc es va dur a terme un estudi arqueomètric (emprant EDXRF, XRD, FTIR, microscòpia òptica de polarització (PLM) i microscòpia electrònica de centelleig (SEM-EDS)) de pintura mural d’època clàssica. Els resultats de les anàlisis van permetre obtenir informació relativa a la naturalesa dels pigments utilitzats i la seva possible procedència per una banda, i per l’altra caracteritzar els materials de suport, descriure la qualitat dels estucs i determinar si seguien els models descrits pels autors clàssics.Los estudios que se presentan en esta tesis doctoral se centran en la aplicación y mejora de metodologías analíticas existentes, relativamente sencillas, y el desarrollo de nuevos procedimientos que pueden ser utilizados para el estudio de materiales del Patrimonio Cultural. La puesta a punto y la modelización de la respuesta analítica de las técnicas espectroscópicas utilizadas se ha llevado a cabo mediante el análisis de materiales antiguos de distinta índole, empezando con materiales de composición sencilla tales como metales y pasando paulatinamente al estudio de materiales con matrices más complejas (pigmentos minerales, papeles y tintas). Los resultados obtenidos son de notable interés para la conservación de dichos materiales, aspecto relevante dada su fragilidad y elevado potencial de alterabilidad. De este modo, en primer lugar se hizo un estudio exhaustivo de monedas antiguas de diversa cronología mediante el uso de la fluorescencia de rayos X por dispersión de energías (EDXRF). Los resultados de los análisis permitieron determinar no solo la composición química elemental de las monedas y dar respuesta a algunos de los problemas planteados por los historiadores, sino que también permitieron optimizar al máximo las condiciones experimentales de los análisis y fijar los limites de cuantificación para este tipo de matrices. En segundo lugar se llevó a cabo un estudio multi-espectroscópico de pintura al óleo sobre cobre de dos ejemplares de distinta cronología (uno del siglo XVII y otro de finales del siglo XVIII). Los resultados de los análisis han sido útiles, por un lado, para establecer la distribución elemental en superficie a partir de un método semi-cuantitativo de análisis EDXRF desarrollado especialmente para este tipo de obras y, por el otro, identificar los compuestos empleados en la elaboración de las pinturas (pigmentos y aglutinantes entre otros) a partir de la utilización de la difracción de rayos X (XRD) y espectroscopías Raman (RS) e infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). En tercer lugar se realizó un amplio estudio analítico (utilizando EDXRF, XRD, RS y FTIR) de papeles del siglo XIX con el fin de caracterizar el soporte e identificar las tintas empleadas. Además de las conclusiones históricas, los resultados de los análisis ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de un estudio multi-analítico para una completa caracterización de los materiales estudiados. Por último, en cuarto lugar se llevó a cabo estudio arqueométrico completo (empleando EDXRF, XRD, FTIR, microscopía óptica de polarización (PLM) y microscopía óptica de barrido (SEM-EDS)) de pintura mural de época clásica. Los resultados de los análisis permitieron obtener información relativa, por un lado, a la naturaleza de los pigmentos utilizados y su posible procedencia y, por otro lado, caracterizar los materiales de soporte, describir la calidad de los estucos y determinar si siguen los modelos propuesto por los autores clásicos.
The research presented in this thesis is focused on the application and improvement of analytical existing procedures and the development of new methodologies that can be employed for the study of Cultural Heritage materials. The starting up and modelling of the analytical response was fulfilled by the analysis of different type of ancient materials, starting with materials of relatively simply composition such as metallic alloys, and going through the analysis of materials with more complexes matrices, such as mineral pigments, ancient documents and inks). The obtained results are of considerable interest for the conservation of these materials, as they are usually fragile and have a high potential of alterability. In this sense, the first analytical experience was carried out on metallic artefacts. The study involved the characterization of ancient coins from diverse chronology by means of non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results of the analysis allowed determining the elemental composition of the coins and answer some of the questions presented by the historians. Moreover the optimization of the experimental parameters and quantification limits (LOQ) were carefully determined for this kind of matrices. In a second stage, a multi-spectroscopic study of two “oil on copper” paintings from different chronology (seventeenth and nineteenth centuries respectively) was carried out. The results allowed establishing, on one hand, the pigment mass distribution along the painting surfaces by using a semi-quantitative EDXRF method developed specifically for such kind of artworks. On the other hand, identifying the compounds employed to elaborate the paintings (pigments and binders amongst others) by using XRD, RS and FTIR spectroscopies. In a third stage, a full analytical approach of chromolithographs from the nineteenth century was done by using EDXRF, XRD, RS and FTIR instrumentation. The study was carried out in order to characterize the supporting material and identify the employed inks for colouring the lithographs. Apart of the historical explanations, results of the analysis highlighted the necessity of having a multi-analytical approximation for the proper characterization of such kind of materials. Finally, a complete archaeometric study of ancient wall-paintings was accomplished by employing EDXRF, XRD, FTIR, PLM and SEM-EDS. The results of the analytical campaign allowed not only obtaining information related to the nature of the employed pigments and their possible provenance but also characterizing the supporting materials (including their mineralogical and textural description), and determining whether they follow or not the procedures explained in the classical textual sources.
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DONNICI, MARGHERITA. „IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE MATERIALS BY ADVANCED ELECTROANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2988340.
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The common thread of the PhD project is the development of strategies, based, primarily, on dynamic electroanalytical techniques, for investigating and characterizing different types of substrates of historic/artistic interest. The use of electrochemical apparatuses and approaches was done, where possible, in the least invasive way, to characterize metal-based materials; from the other side to propose new systems and approaches to study materials, which can suffer from contact with liquid electrolytes.
The research on copper natural patinas was applied, in a first part, to relatively easy systems composed by primary patina, essentially made of cuprite. Here, ancient coins were studied by the voltammetry of immobilized particles (VIMP) technique simply by pressing a graphite pencil on their surface, thus resulting in an essentially non-destructive sampling, useful characteristic for the study of cultural heritage materials. The new approach developed has revealed the existence of different corrosion patterns which are sensitive to the composition of the base metal, in particular to the presence of Zn. Voltammetric data suggests the possibility of establishing a chronological ordering of the coins and hence to add this multiple scan strategy to the existing electrochemical dating methods.
A further step in the research activity was was to investigate copper-based materials in a more complex corrosion status (presence of primary cuprite together with brochantite). The goal was to study the effect of alternative, to classical and poorly environmentally safe, corrosion inhibitors. Specifically, decanoic acid (HC10) and its sodium salt (NaC10) have been considered here, as potential eco-friendly inhibitors.
In a first part of the research activity, the interactions between Cu2+ and HC10 in water and 50% (v/v) E/W mixture was elucidated by a detailed analysis of the voltammetric responses. The results obtained proved useful to clarify some aspects of the mechanisms which could be involved when the corroded roof claddings are treated with the inhibitors and the stability of the coatings when the samples are immersed in synthetic acid rain.
A second section of the study aimed at comparing the protective effects of HC10, NaC10 and the poorly environmentally safe benzotriazole (BTA) on bare copper and roof cladding samples. A third section of the study examines in detail the reactivity of the top layer and cross section of the roof cladding samples untreated and treated with HC10 and BTA. This study has been performed by using SECM to get information on the reactivity with high spatial resolution. The ability of the inhibitors to prevent further corrosion of the various layers of patina was assessed in aqueous media containing NO3-, SO42- and Cl-, which are characterized by different complexing ability towards copper ions. The research activity continued in the direction of investigating innovative strategies based on the use of microcapillary (MC) techniques. In particular, MCs filled with conductive hydrogels have been developed with the objective of applying it to study materials that suffer the contact with liquid solutions and metallic objects. Here, the properties of agarose hydrogel as medium to perform voltammetric measurements, using the electroactive redox probes and a Pt microdisk electrode were examined. The hydrogel containing the redox probe and various electrolytes are employed for MC contact measurements above platinum and gold substrates. To demonstrate the suitability of the above microprobe for more practical applications, proof-of-concept measurements were performed to characterize micro areas of metallic silver deposited on to the surface of a pencil graphite line deposited on a paper material. With the purpose to tailor the electrode surface or the content of MCs with more selective compounds, condconducting polymers, presenting intrinsic chiral activity, have been studied.
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Pinotti, Elena. „Dynamic characterization of high performance materials for application to cultural heritage“. Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2690722.
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Natural hazards, such as earthquakes, can compromise the integrity of the cultural heritage with potentially devastating effects. The reduction of the seismic vulnerability of the cultural heritage constitutes a question of maximum importance especially in countries where vast cultural heritage combines with a medium or high seismic risk, such as in Italy. From the second half of the last century, the scientific community edited a number of important documents and charts for the conservation, reinforcement and restoration of the cultural heritage. The aim is to mitigate the seismic vulnerability of the cultural heritage.
This research focused on high performance materials for applications aimed to structural and seismic protection of cultural heritage, with a special focus on historical masonry structures. In particular, the final aim is to define a self-diagnosis strategy for fibres, yarns and ties in view of efficient, non-invasive and reversible interventions on cultural heritage buildings.
In order to set up the scene, the present thesis starts by introducing the reader to the seismic protection of cultural heritage thorough an extensive review on high performance materials, strengthening techniques and systems, taking care to highlight real world applications and limitations of their use.
The second step of this work concerns in the mechanical and rheological characterization of high performance material fibres. The materials investigated are essentially Kevlar® 29 (para-aramid), Carbon and Silicon Carbide. To reach this goal, an extensive experimental testing campaign was conducted on fibres and yarns in accordance with specific protocols. A further step was defining appropriate damage indices for different materials, with a special focus on Kevlar® 29. Within the same research programme, a novel testing machine was also designed in cooperation with the Laboratory of Electronic Measurements of the Politecnico di Torino. A prototype-testing machine for dynamic testing on high resistance fibres was built using recycled materials and components. A distinctive feature of this machine is that it can apply to the sample any kind of dynamic excitation (random, impulse, harmonic etc.).
A second testing campaign concerned the durability of Kevlar® 29 fibres, which are known to be sensitive to long-term exposure to UV radiation. Accordingly, for this campaign, the samples were artificially damaged by using UV lamps. The analysis of the resonance profiles allowed for the extraction of parameters such as the elastic moduli, quality factors, and non-linear coefficient for a set of fibres. In particular, non-linearity parameters derived from the Krylov-Bogoliubov method demonstrated to be consistent with the damage affecting the fibres.
The final chapter of the dissertation concerns a new concept for a tie endowed with self-diagnosis properties, which are obtained by integrating a low cost testing device into the tie model. The self-diagnosis properties system of existing structures has an important role in the preservation of the cultural heritage because the best therapy is preventive maintenance. Specifically, the para-aramid tie system proposed for the reinforcement of historic building constitutes a non-invasive, reversible and repeatable intervention, as required by the main guidelines on preservation of cultural heritage.
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CIANTELLI, Chiara. „ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON UNESCO HERITAGE SITES IN PANAMA“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487994.
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The Panamanian isthmus hosts two sites inscribed on the World Heritage List: the Archaeological site of Panama Viejo (XVI cent.) and the Fortresses of Portobelo and San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII cent.).
In order to support the conservation and valorisation of these places, in 2014 a collaboration work has been started among the Patronages of Panama Viejo and of Portobelo and San Lorenzo, the Italian CNR-ISAC and the Department of Physics and Earth Sciences of the University of Ferrara. Firstly, the project was focused on the characterization of rocks belonging to the masonries, in conjunction with the evaluation of their state of conservation and damage estimation in relation with the environmental impact. Furthermore, potential quarries of raw material supply have been identified and sampled. Therefore, after a survey and sampling campaign, specimens underwent the following analyses: stereomicroscope, PLM, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP and IC, highlighting at Panamá Viejo masonries mainly composed of polygenic breccias, tuffites, basaltic andesites, rhyolites and sporadic rhyodacites, while outcrops of breccias and andesites were identified. Considering Portobelo fortifications, coral limestones and sandstones have been identified as principal construction materials; while basaltic andesite has been observed only at Fuerte de San Fernando, where an outcrop of this material was present. Finally, at Fort San Lorenzo, tuffites and grainstones have been detected in the masonries and possible quarries of both have been found. Concerning the state of conservation, the most diffused deterioration phenomena are due to biological growth, exfoliation and detachment, disintegration, salt encrustations and chromatic alteration.
Successively, in order to determine the environmental context, a selection of monitoring stations, recording climate parameters (near-surface air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall amount), have been chosen near the sites among national Panamanian networks. Besides, the same parameters were collected from two climate models, both from historical simulations and future scenarios: EC-Earth, 25 km of resolution, and Arpege 50 km of resolution, and compared with the monitored records. Utilizing environmental data obtained and applying specific damage functions it was possible to assess the deterioration phenomena occurring on heritage materials, as surface recession, cycles of salts transition and biomass accumulation. Considering the first one, it was utilized Lipfert function modified, related to the karst effect. The area of Portobelo and San Lorenzo showed a higher surface recession, especially considering the data extracted from EC-Earth experiment, both for the past and the future situation. In consideration of the salts cycles of dissolution and crystallization, halite has been elected as a priority phase of investigation, since sodium and chloride resulted ones of the most abundant ions in the samples, detected in all sites, also taking into account their proximity to the sea. The past situation (1979-2008) highlighted that the higher frequency of halite transition cycles is recorded during the dry season (November/December to April/ May). In general, Portobelo results the less interested by this phenomenon, while the area near San Lorenzo seems to be the most affected. In order to estimate the biomass accumulation on hard acid stones, the function developed by Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012) was applied. The highest yearly biomass values are recorded at Portobelo, both in the past and future.
In conclusion, the obtained results contribute significantly to the formulation of guidelines and development of strategies for current and future preservation of the sites, and represent a fundamental knowledge for further related analysis, in order to increase the awareness of the possible risks connected with the climate change impact on Cultural Heritage.L'istmo di Panama ospita due siti iscritti alla World Heritage List, ossia il sito Archeologico di Panama Viejo (XVI sec.) e i Fortini di Portobelo e San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII sec.). Al fine di supportare la conservazione e la valorizzazione di questi luoghi, è stato avviato un lavoro di collaborazione tra i Patronati di Panama Viejo e di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, il CNR-ISAC e il Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra dell'Università di Ferrara. In primo luogo il progetto è stato focalizzato sulla caratterizzazione dei materiali lapidei naturali costituenti le murature, compresa la valutazione del loro stato di conservazione e dei fenomeni di degrado dovuti all'impatto ambientale. In aggiunta sono state identificate possibili cave di approvvigionamento dei materiali da costruzione. Pertanto, a seguito di una campagna di campionamento, i frammenti ottenuti sono stati sottoposti ad analisi per mezzo di stereomicroscopio, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP e IC. Queste hanno permesso di identificare brecce poligeniche, tufiti, andesiti basaltiche, rioliti e alcune riodaciti, come materiali impiegati nelle murature dei monumenti di Panamá Viejo; mentre sono stati individuati affioramenti di brecce e andesiti basaltiche. Considerando le fortificazioni di Portobelo, calcari corallini e arenarie sono i principali materiali costituenti le strutture murarie. Andesiti basaltiche sono state rinvenute solo a Fuerte de San Fernando, dove erano presenti anche in affioramento. Infine, presso Forte San Lorenzo, i materiali da costruzione impiegati sono tufiti e grainstone, delle quali sono state individuate anche possibili cave. Prendendo in considerazione lo stato di conservazione, i fenomeni di alterazione più diffusi sono ascrivibili a crescita biologica, esfoliazione e distacchi, disgregazione, incrostazioni saline ed alterazioni cromatiche. Successivamente, al fine di determinare il contesto ambientale, sono state selezionate delle stazioni di monitoraggio, appartenenti alla rete nazionale panamense, situate nei pressi dei siti oggetto di studio, che registrassero parametri climatici quali temperatura dell’aria, umidità relativa e pioggia. Gli stessi parametri sono stati estratti anche da simulazioni storiche e scenari futuri di due modelli climatici: EC-Earth, con risoluzione di 25 km, e Arpege, con risoluzione di 50 km, comparandoli con quelli ottenuti dalle centraline. Utilizzando i dati ambientali in specifiche funzioni di danno, è stato possibile valutare diverse morfologie di degrado come la recessione superficiale, cicli di transizioni saline e accumulo di biomassa. Riguardo alla prima, è stata utilizzata la funzione di Lipfert modificata, relativa all’effetto carsico. Questa ha permesso di rilevare una maggiore recessione nelle aree di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, specialmente considerando i dati di EC-Earth, sia per la situazione passata che futura. Considerando i cicli di dissoluzione e cristallizzazione dei sali, lo studio si è incentrato sulla halite, poiché sodio e cloro sono risultati essere gli ioni più abbondanti nei campioni di tutti i siti, essendo infatti tutte aree costiere marine. In generale, paragonando le condizioni passate e future, Portobelo risulta essere il meno interessato dal fenomeno, mentre l’area in prossimità di San Lorenzo la più soggetta. Al fine di stimare l’accumulo di biomassa su rocce acide, è stata impiegata la funzione messa a punto da Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012), rivelando valori di biomassa più elevati nella costa Nord, specialmente a Portobelo. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di contribuire significativamente alla futura formulazione di linee guida e nello sviluppo delle attuali e future strategie di preservazione dei siti, rappresentando una conoscenza fondamentale per studi successivi, al fine di incrementare la consapevolezza dei possibili rischi connessi all’impatto dei cambiamenti climatici sul patrimonio culturale.
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Schmahl, Karolin. „Open Cultural Heritage – zum Hören!“ De Gruyter, 2018. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36386.
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Digitale oder digitalisierte Tonaufnahmen sind zunehmend gefragte, wichtige Quellen für die Wissenschaft und als Dokumente des kulturellen Erbes auch für eine breite Öffentlichkeit von großem Interesse. Die Online-Bereitstellung frei zugänglicher Audiodokumente als Open Cultural Heritage erweist sich für Bibliotheken und Archive in der Praxis jedoch häufig als schwierig. Der Beitrag umreißt die besonderen Herausforderungen bei der Digitalisierung und Bereitstellung von Tondokumenten und skizziert – auch anhand von Praxisbeispielen – verschiedene Wege, auf denen Sammlungen den Anforderungen von Open Science gerecht werden können.Digital or digitized sound recordings are increasingly demanded, and important sources for science. As documents of cultural heritage, they are also of great interest to the general public. However, providing freely accessible audio documents online as Open Cultural Heritage is often difficult for libraries and archives in practice. The article sketches the specific challenges of digitizing and publishing sound documents and outlines – also on the basis of practical examples – different ways in which collections can meet the requirements of open science.
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Beltran, Sanchidrian Victòria. „Vibrational spectroscopies study of Pinus resin in materials from cultural heritage objects“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404064.
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Many historical objects have coatings or varnish layers on the surface. In order to determine their conservation and historical contextualization is necessary to know its origin, why they were applied, the application technique and how they aged. In this context we found that one kind of material used is diterpenic resin obtained from species of the Pinaceae family.
A search in historical sources from 9th to 19th centuries was performed in order to know how Pinaceae resin was used during history. It has been observed that resins from certain Pinaceae species such as Abies alba Mill. or Larix decidua Mill. were mainly applied in valuable objects. On the other hand, Pinus species were mainly used in daily objects without artistic merit. Moreover, it is also noted that, generally, coatings made from Pinaceae species resin include also other resins, essential oils, drying oils, etc. However, the analytical data obtained from varnishes and coatings of historical objects from our geographical environment, demonstrate that Pinus resin was used in a wider range of objects than the ones mentioned in consulted historical sources. The analysis of varnish and coating layers is very intricate. Besides the complexity of its composition, these layers are very thin, <20 µm, and they are on the surface so many interferences can be found like deposition products or even remains of biological activity.
This work is focused on the study of main compounds of Pinaceae species resins used in varnishes and coatings. Particularly, it is centred in resin from Pinus genus species: its aging processes and its markers in FTIR and Raman spectra in order to detect the oxidation degree of this material. The main analytical techniques used are vibrational spectroscopies µRaman and µFTIR. While these techniques have some limitations, particularly its low sensitivity, they provide information from a wide range of molecular and intermolecular bonds. Additionally, analysis are fast, the cost is moderate and have a reduced environmental impact, since waste generated is very low.
Obtained results have been used for the analysis of coatings and varnishes from historical objects. These analysis have been performed with optimized sample preparation methods and using complementary analytical techniques such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and analytical techniques with synchrotron sources for small heterogeneous samples with complex structure (µSR-FTIR in Diamond Synchrotron Light Source, Oxfordshire and µSR-XRD Synchrotron ALBA-CELLS, Barcelona).A la superfície de molts objectes d’interès històric s ’hi troben capes de vernís o recobriments dels quals, per la seva conservació i contextualització històrica, és necessari conèixer el seu origen, la raó per la qual van ser aplicats, la tècnica d’aplicació i com els ha afectat el pas del temps. En aquest context ens trobem que un dels materials que ha estat àmpliament utilitzat és la resina diterpènica obtinguda d’espècies de la família Pinaceae. S’ha dut a terme una cerca en tractats i manuscrits d’entre els segles IX i XIX per veure quin impacte tenia el seu ús i com s ’aplicaven històricament. S'ha observat que resines d’espècies com ara Abies alba Mill. o Larix decidua Mill. eren principalment reservades per vernissos i recobriments d'objectes de valor artístic. En aquests tractats també es pot veure que l’ús principal de la resina extreta d’espècies de Pinus era per vernissos i recobriments d'objectes d’ús quotidià i, generalment, de poc valor artístic. De la mateixa manera, s'observa que habitualment els recobriments fets amb resina de Pinaceae contenien també altres tipus de resines, olis essencials, olis assecants, etc. No obstant això, les dades analítiques obtingudes d’objectes artístics de diferents èpoques del nostre entorn geogràfic, van indicant que la resina de Pinus era més àmpliament emprada del que es descriu a les fonts històriques consultades. La complexitat de l’anàlisi d’aquestes capes de vernís o recobriments, més enllà de la complexitat de la seva composició, és que acostumen a trobarse en capes de molt poc gruix, <20 μm, i que es tan en contacte amb l’ambient, i per tant s ’hi pot trobar també deposició de pols i, fins i tot, res idus d’activitat biològica. Aquest treball es centra en l’estudi dels components principals de les resines de la família Pinaceae utilitzades en vernissos i recobriments. Concretament en les espècies del gènere Pinus , els proces s os d’envelliment i l’obtenció de marcadors als espectres de FTIR i Raman per detectar-ne el grau d’oxidació del material. Les tècniques d’anàlisi principals han estat les espectroscòpies vibracionals μFTIR i μRaman. Si bé aquestes tècniques presenten algunes limitacions, especialment pel que fa a la sensibilitat, permeten obtenir informació d’un ampli ventall d’enllaços moleculars i intermoleculars. A més, les anàlisis són ràpides, el seu cost és relativament baix i tenen un reduït impacte mediambiental, ja que la generació de residus és gairebé nul·la. Els resultats obtinguts s ’han utilitzat per l’anàlisi de recobriments d’objectes d’interès històrico-artístic. Per dur a terme aquestes anàlisis s ’han optimitzat mètodes de preparació de mostra i utilitzat tècniques analítiques complementàries, com ara la microscòpia òptica i la microscòpia electrònics de ras treig (SEM-EDX) i l’ús de tècniques associades a la llum sincrotró quan la quantitat, heterogeneïtat i estructura de les mostres ho han fet necessari (μSR-FTIR al Sincrotró Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire i μSR-XRD al Sincrotró ALBA-CELLS, Barcelona).
En la superficie de muchos objetos de interés histórico se encuentran capas de barniz o recubrimientos de los que, por su conservación y contextualización histórica, es necesario conocer el origen, por qué motivo fueron aplicados, la técnica de aplicación y cómo les ha afectado el paso del tiempo. En este contexto nos encontramos que uno de los tipos de materiales utilizados son las resinas diterpénicas obtenidas de especies de la familia Pinaceae. Se ha llevado a cabo una búsqueda en tratados y manuscritos de entre los siglos IX y XIX para conocer sus usos y cómo se han aplicado a lo largo de la historia. Se ha observado que resinas de ciertas especies de Pinaceae como Abies alba Mill. o Larix decidua Mill. eran principalmente reservadas a los objetos de valor artístico. En estos tratados también se comprueba que las resinas de las especies de Pinus se usaban principalmente en objetos de cotidianos y generalmente de poco valor artístico. Además se observa que, generalmente, los barnices hechos a partir de resinas de especies de Pinaceae suelen incluir también otras resinas, aceites esenciales, aceites secantes, etc. Sin embargo, los datos analíticos de los barnices y recubrimientos de objetos artísticos de diferentes épocas de nuestro entorno geográfico, van indicando que la resina de Pinus era más ampliamente empleada de lo que se describe en las fuentes históricas consultadas. La dificultad del análisis de estas capas de barniz o recubrimientos, además de la complejidad de su composición, reside en que suelen encontrarse en capas de muy poco grosor, <20 μm, y que están en contacto con el ambiente, de modo que en la superficie se puede encontrar también deposición de polvo e, incluso, residuos de actividad biológica. Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de los componentes principales de las resinas de la familia Pinaceae usadas en barnices y recubrimientos. Concretamente se centra en la resina de las especies del género Pinus, sus procesos de envejecimiento y la obtención de marcadores en los espectros de FTIR y Raman para detectar el grado de oxidación del material. Las técnicas analíticas principales han sido las espectroscopias vibracionales μFTIR y μRaman. Si bien estas técnicas presentan algunas limitaciones, especialmente en cuanto a la baja sensibilidad, permiten obtener información de un amplio abanico de enlaces moleculares e intermoleculares. Además, los análisis son rápidos, su coste es relativamente bajo y tienen un reducido impacto medioambiental, dado que la generación de residuos es prácticamente nula. Los resultados obtenidos se han utilizado para el análisis de recubrimientos de objetos de interés histórico-artístico. Para llevar a cabo estos análisis se han optimizado los métodos de preparación de muestra y se han usado técnicas analíticas complementarias, como la microscopía óptica, la microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM-EDX) y el uso de técnicas asociadas a la luz sincrotrón cuando la cantidad, heterogeneidad y estructura de las muestras lo han hecho necesario (μSR-FTIR en el Sincrotrón Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire y μSR-XRD en el Sincrotrón ALBA-CELLS, Barcelona).
Bücher zum Thema "Heritage materials"
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Eric, May, und Jones Mark, Hrsg. Conservation science: Heritage materials. Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub., 2006.
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University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Library. UIUC digital gateway to cultural heritage materials. Urbana: Grainger Engineering Library, 2003.
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1949-, Cummins Jim, Canada. Multiculturalism and Citizenship Canada und Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. National Heritage Language Resource Unit, Hrsg. Annotated inventory of heritage language curriculum materials. [Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education], 1992.
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Boquera, A. Martinez. Islamic heritage architecture. Herausgegeben von International Conference on Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art (1st : 2016 : Valencia, Spain). Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2017.
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Malaysia, Arkib Negara, Hrsg. Archives exclusive heritage. [Kuala Lumpur]: Ministry of Unity, Culture, Arts and Heritage Malaysia, 2008.
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Destaing, Emilie, und Anna Trazzi. Consciences patrimoniales: Materiaux de cours issus des formations Mutual Heritage = Heritage awareness : materials from Mutual Heritage trainings. Bologna: Bononia University Press, 2009.
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Dan, Maria Bostenaru, Richard Přikryl und Ákos Török, Hrsg. Materials, Technologies and Practice in Historic Heritage Structures. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2684-2.
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A, Moropoulou, und Techniko Epimelētērio Hellados, Hrsg. Compatible materials for the protection of cultural heritage. [Greece]: Technical Chamber of Greece, 2000.
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A, Janssens Koen H., und Grieken R. van, Hrsg. Non-destructive micro analysis of cultural heritage materials. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004.
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Raju, A. A. N. Documentary heritage of Indian libraries. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications, 2003.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Heritage materials"
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Aguirre Ullauri, María del Cisne, und Edison Maximiliano Castillo Carchipulla. „Materials from a Heritage Perspective“. In Energetic Characterization of Building Evolution, 117–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21598-8_5.
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Wateau, Fabienne, Carmem Regina Giongo, Daniela Figueiredo, Johnny Reis und Manuelle Lago. „Unwanted Legacy and Memory of the Milieu: Toxic Materials, Remediation, Habituation (Estarreja, Portugal)“. In Toxic Heritage, 188–201. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003365259-21.
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D’Agostino, Salvatore. „Traditional and innovative materials“. In Conservation and Restoration of Built Heritage, 53–60. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160960-5.
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Beaudrie, Sara M., und Sergio Loza. „Heritage language curriculum design and materials selection“. In Heritage Language Program Direction, 169–92. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003257271-10.
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McNamara, Christopher J., Nick Konkol und Ralph Mitchell. „Microbial Deterioration of Cultural Heritage Materials“. In Environmental Microbiology, 137–51. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470495117.ch6.
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Bianconi, Fabio, Raffaele Federici und Marco Filippucci. „The Modernist Culture of Building Materials in Umbria“. In Digital Modernism Heritage Lexicon, 661–707. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76239-1_29.
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Muşkara, Üftade, und Seda Karayünlü Bozbaş. „Characterization of Earthen Building Materials in Gölcük Vernacular Houses“. In Conservation of Architectural Heritage, 13–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74482-3_2.
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Conti, Monica, Valeria Danese und Vittorino Pata. „Aging of Viscoelastic Materials: A Mathematical Model“. In Mathematical Modeling in Cultural Heritage, 135–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58077-3_9.
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Santo, A. P., I. Centauro und E. Pecchioni. „Walking Through Florence to Discover the Stone-Built Cultural Heritage“. In Advanced Structured Materials, 309–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15676-2_21.
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Bretti, Gabriella, Barbara De Filippo, Roberto Natalini, Sara Goidanich, Marco Roveri und Lucia Toniolo. „Modelling the Effects of Protective Treatments in Porous Materials“. In Mathematical Modeling in Cultural Heritage, 73–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58077-3_5.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Heritage materials"
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Mathys, A., J. Brecko, D. Van den Spiegel und P. Semal. „3D and challenging materials“. In 2015 Digital Heritage. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/digitalheritage.2015.7413827.
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Barberis, Elettra, Emilio Marengo und Marcello Manfredi. „Quantitative imaging to study new conservation materials“. In 2015 Digital Heritage. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/digitalheritage.2015.7419538.
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AKRAM, Laila. „Fire Induced Microstructural Changes in Local Building Materials: Cases of White Marble and Limestone“. In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-32.
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Abstract. The aim of this work is to evaluate the degradation state of natural stones after their exposure to fire. These building and decorative materials, widely used in the architectural heritage, suffer irreversible damage when exposed to high temperatures. Therefore, knowledge of their residual durability is crucial in order to determine whether the post-fire building structure should be restored, reinforced or demolished. For this purpose, limestones (calcarenites) and white marbles collected from local quarries were subjected to heating-cooling cycles in a muffle furnace at various temperatures up to 1100°C. After each exposure, the selected samples were characterized at room temperature using X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman and ATR-FTIR infrared techniques. The results obtained showed that the mineralogical nature of both calcareous and marble natural stones is a key factor in their thermal stability when exposed to high temperatures. Above 570°C, natural stones undergo calcite decarbonation at different temperature ranges. Marble, which is mineralogically monophasic, underwent decomposition at 800°C, similar to calcite in its pure state. Calcarenite was decomposed at a much lower temperature of about 700 °C. This study classifies marble as more thermally stable than calcarenite.
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KHRISSI, Youssef. „Experimental Study of the Reinforcement of Unstabilized and Stabilized Local Clay Materials with Date Palm Fibers“. In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-5.
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Abstract. The aim of this study is to experimentally test the stabilization of unexploited clay from the Errachidia region (south-east Morocco) with date palm spathes, with a view to its potential use in construction. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the thermophysical and mechanical behavior of fiber-stabilized clay blocks. Several samples of spathe-reinforced clay at six different grades (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) were prepared and tested. Thermal characterization was carried out using the PHYWE House thermal insulation method to determine thermal conductivity and resistance. Mechanical performance was measured in terms of compressive and flexural strength. In addition, the chemical identification of Errachidia clay was studied using the X-ray fluorescence method. The results of the clay identification showed that Errachidia clay meets the minimum requirements for the manufacture of compressed earth bricks and adobe. The results of the thermophysical tests showed that the addition of date palm spathes had a positive influence on the lightness and thermophysical properties of the clay samples stabilized by the spathes. In terms of mechanical test results, the flexural and compressive strengths of clay blocks stabilized with date palm fibers continue to increase up to a fiber content of 3%. After this content, mechanical performance decreases with the addition of spathes and no improvement is detected. Consequently, a fiber content of 3% represents the optimum content for stabilizing Errachidia clay. At this content, stabilized clay blocks show optimal mechanical performance and improved thermal properties compared to reference samples. However, increasing the percentage of fiber mass leads to an increase in water absorption and a decrease in density. Clay compounds reinforced with date palm spathe can be considered as environmentally friendly building materials.
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KHRISSI, Youssef. „Thermal Characterization of a New Bio-Composite Building Material based on Gypsum and Date Palm Fiber“. In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-6.
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Abstract. In Morocco, the prevalent use of building materials with low thermal resistance has translated into substantial energy consumption. This has underscored the pressing need to promote the development and adoption of sustainable construction and insulation materials. The primary objective of our study is to enhance the thermal properties of plaster by incorporating date palm fibers (DPF) to create an exterior wall coating. To evaluate the thermal properties of the resulting Gypsum-DPF bio-composite material, we conducted several experimental measurements of thermophysical properties. These measurements encompassed the determination of bulk density and thermal conductivity, which were assessed using the steady-state hot plate method. Our findings reveal that the inclusion of date palm fiber in the material led to a noteworthy reduction in bulk density, amounting to approximately 17.16%. Furthermore, thermal conductivity decreased by approximately 26.24%. These outcomes underscore the potential and value of utilizing this bio-composite material in building construction to enhance thermal comfort and, critically, contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2 emissions.
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Cardaci, Alessio, Giulio Mirabella Roberti und Antonella Versaci. „Palazzo Raimondi in Cremona: 3D survey and diagnostic tests for the knowledge of construction techniques and historical materials“. In 2015 Digital Heritage. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/digitalheritage.2015.7419482.
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Ali, A., und E. Al-Banna. „Study of the archaeological building materials on Farasan Islands, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and their relationship with the islands’ local and climatic environment“. In DEFENCE HERITAGE 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dshf160091.
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EL MANSOURI, Charaf Eddine. „Assessment of the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Local Building Materials Stabilised with Gum Arabic in the Drâa-Tafilalet Region, South-East Morocco“. In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-7.
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Abstract. Morocco enjoys a very remarkable earthen architectural heritage throughout the southeast of the country, earthen constructions which are characterized by its ability to absorb and reject moisture from the indoor air according to the fluctuations of the microclimate of the building guarantees a passive indoor comfort that would save energy. Unfortunately, earthen structures suffer from rapid degradation due to climatic changes (temperature, air humidity, water...). This study concerns mechanical, thermal characterization and durability of compressed earth blocks manufactured (CEB) with clay, gum arabic with different proportions. For this purpose, the mass percentages of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% of gum arabic by contribution to the total mass are retained for this research work. cylindrical bricks of CEB are manufactured to carry out mechanical tests, and those of prismatic form are adapted for the determination of thermal conductivities with the method "house has high insulation". The use of gum arabic as a binder in construction has given satisfactory results. At a rate of 5% of gum arabic the bricks are associated with a compaction stress of 5.78 MPA for the compressive strength, allow us to obtain CEB with an acceptable mechanical strength and a better resistance to rainwater. In addition, the values of thermal conductivity measured, show that when the rate of gum arabic increases, the thermal conductivity rises. The thermal conductivities of all formulations vary between 0.72 and 1.05 W/(m.K). The durability test carried out on the stabilized and non-stabilized bricks, shows that the specimens not stabilized by gum arabic are totally degraded from 5 min of immersion, On the other hand those stabilized by gum arabic kept their shape more than 5 hours. This study proved the effectiveness of CEB stabilized by gum arabic for use as new sustainable construction materials in the region of Drâa-Tafilalet (southeast of Morocco).
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Ghetea, Constantin, Sorin Georgian Moga, Denis Aurelian Negrea, Marian Catalin Ducu und Adriana Gabriela Plaiasu. „Methods for characterizing of materials from heritage paintings“. In 2021 13th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecai52376.2021.9515155.
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Waked, A. M. „Nano materials applications for conservation of cultural heritage“. In STREMAH 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/str110481.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBerichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Heritage materials"
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Sweeney, Liam, und Kurtis Tanaka. Teaching with Cultural Heritage Materials During the Pandemic. Ithaka S+R, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18665/sr.316459.
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Pfluger, Rainer, Alexander Rieser und Daniel Herrera, Hrsg. Conservation compatible energy retrofit technologies: Part I: Introduction to the integrated approach for the identification of conservation compatible retrofit materials and solutions in historic buildings. IEA SHC Task 59, Oktober 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task59-2021-0004.
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According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), existing European buildings consume about 40% of the total energy consumption in Europe. For this reason, in the last decades, several energy policies have been directed to deep renovation of the existing stock (as last 2018/844). Considering that more than one quarter of all European buildings were constructed before the 1950s, we can assume that many of them are of cultural, architectural, social and heritage values, hence in need of special attention for conservation purposes.
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Khuder, Wafaa. The Role of Small and Medium Industries in the Heritage Identity in Iraq: A Case Study of Bashiqa Town. Institute of Development Studies, Mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2023.005.
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This paper aims to identify the most famous Yazidi heritage industries in the town of Bashiqa, in Nineveh governorate. It explores the economic, social and cultural reality of three non-material industries (the manufacture of al-rashi, olive oil and soap) in the town of Bashiqa by comparing how they were manufactured in the past with how they are manufactured in the present, and assessing the impact of ISIS gangs on these industries. Finally, the paper puts forward proposals for how these industries can be developed to maintain their heritage and sustainability. The research also aims to invoke the cultural and scientific heritage of the local community to draw inspiration from their sources of strength to plan how local production of the traditional heritage industries can be revitalised after the destruction caused by ISIS. The paper also explores the attachment of the Yazidi community in Bashiqa to the traditional industrial crafts and the extent of their influence on social and economic life, especially given that the city of Mosul is famous for its craft activity, in addition to the cultural and religious differences among the local population of Bashiqa, which comprises several components of Iraqi society (Yazidi, Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and the Muslim Shabak – Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish) and thus affect the community’s view of the traditional crafts.
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Khomenko, Tetiana, und Yuriy Kolisnyk. Втрати української культури у російсько-українській війні: культурно-інформаційний спротив. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11749.
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The authors explored the activity of mass media and cultural organizations aimed at clarification of the current problematic issue – preservation of Ukrainian cultural heritage under the conditions of the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine. The authors emphasize that occupants not only destroy historic buildings, i.e. material objects, but also steal art values, destroy library and archive funds; their actions are aimed at destruction of our spirituality, identity and history. It is pointed out that there are the main streams in the work of journalists, experts, and culture figures, namely: fixation of losses, propaganda of the Ukrainian culture in the world, expert evaluation of the restitution possibilities, and filling of the culture material with patriotic sense. The full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine on the 24th of February 2022 led to the numerous loss of life, ruination of the military, civil and infrastructure objects. But the state-aggressor destroys and robs our culture in this war. Since the beginning of the war mass media have been actively informing about the situation in the regions, which happened to be at the line of the Russian troops attack. The information was in particular about the fact that different educational establishments, libraries and their funds, museums with valuable collections, theatres, religious buildings and historic buildings had been ruined. To tell the truth the information was incomplete due to the limited opportunities to monitor the situation. However, later it has been systematized. The work of journalists and experts contributed to this since they stated the criminal acts of Russia, informing about the ruination facts of historic, sacral, cultural monuments, devastation of many museum collections, destruction of library and archive funds. Digitalization of the Russian war crimes against Ukrainian culture became one more important work aimed at preservation of the Ukrainian cultural heritage. It was done by means of interactive maps of the Ukrainian cultural losses and it enables documenting crimes of the occupant army and spreading this information at the international level. Key words: culture, cultural front, cultural losses, cultural values, cultural heritage, war, media.
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Lyzanchuk, Vasyl. COMMUNICATIVE SYNERGY OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL VALUES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN HYBRID WAR. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11077.
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The author characterized the Ukrainian national values, national interests and national goals. It is emphasized that national values are conceptual, ideological bases, consolidating factors, important life guidelines on the way to effective protection of Ukraine from Russian aggression and building a democratic, united Ukrainian state. Author analyzes the functioning of the mass media in the context of educational propaganda of individual, social and state values, the dominant core of which are patriotism, human rights and freedoms, social justice, material and spiritual wealth of Ukrainians, natural resources, morality, peace, religiosity, benevolence, national security, constitutional order. These key national values are a strong moral and civic core, a life-giving element, a self-affirming synergy, which on the basis of homogeneity binds the current Ukrainian society with the ancestors and their centuries-old material and spiritual heritage. Attention is focused on the fact that the current problem of building the Ukrainian state and protecting it from the brutal Moscow invaders is directly dependent on the awareness of all citizens of the essence of national values, national interests, national goals and filling them with the meaning of life, charitable socio-political life. It is emphasized that the missionary vocation of journalists to orient readers and listeners to the meaningful choice of basic national values, on the basis of which Ukrainian citizens, regardless of nationality together they will overcome the external Moscow and internal aggression of the pro-Russian fifth column, achieve peace, return the Ukrainian territories seized by the Kremlin imperialists and, in agreement will build Ukrainian Ukraine.
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Limoges, A., A. Normandeau, J. B R Eamer, N. Van Nieuwenhove, M. Atkinson, H. Sharpe, T. Audet et al. 2022William-Kennedy expedition: Nunatsiavut Coastal Interaction Project (NCIP). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332085.
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The accelerating Arctic cryosphere decline severely impacts the land on which northern communities live through the presence of coastal and marine geohazards and coastal erosion, which further places the cultural heritage of coastal archaeological sites at risks. Sea ice decline also compromises the formation of polynyas, with unknown consequences for the regional ecosystems. From the 10th to the 18th of July 2022, a scientific cruise onboard the research vessel William-Kennedy allowed the collection of a suite of samples and data from the marine coastal environment of Nain, Nunatsiavut. In total, 42 surface sediment samples, 29 sediment cores, 41 conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles, 13 water samples, 24 phytoplankton nets and 13 zooplankton nets were collected. The cruise allowed the deployment of 2 moorings equipped with sediment traps in Nain Bay and within deeper offshore waters. Triangulation showed that the 2 moorings were correctly placed near their target locations. Drop camera transects were deployed in Webb Bay and at the easternmost tip of Paulmp;gt;'s Island to image the seabed and study benthic habitats. Finally, acoustic sub-bottom profiling along the entire study area allowed a high-resolution characterization of the stratigraphy of the seafloor, helped identifying locations for sediment sampling and inferring geological information about the depositional environments. The material and data collected during the research cruise will be key to 1) evaluating the productivity and dynamics of small recurring polynyas (i.e., rattles) on diverse timescales, 2) assessing marine and coastal geohazards (e.g., landslides) in relation to the deglacial history of Nain, 3) investigate the seabed geomorphology in Webb Bay and linkages with permafrost and sea-level changes and 3) conducting benthic habitat characterization. Co-led by the University of New Brunswick (UNB) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), this cruise was done in collaboration with the Government of Nunatsiavut, Université du Québec à Montréal, Université Laval, Dalhousie University and Memorial University, and was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and NRCan.
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Burns, Malcom, und Gavin Nixon. Literature review on analytical methods for the detection of precision bred products. Food Standards Agency, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ney927.
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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.