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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Herbivory attack“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Herbivory attack"
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de Bobadilla, Maite Fernández, Roel Van Wiechen, Gerrit Gort und Erik H. Poelman. „Plasticity in induced resistance to sequential attack by multiple herbivores in Brassica nigra“. Oecologia 198, Nr. 1 (13.10.2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05043-1.
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AbstractIn nature, plants interact with multiple insect herbivores that may arrive simultaneously or sequentially. There is extensive knowledge on how plants defend themselves against single or dual attack. However, we lack information on how plants defend against the attack of multiple herbivores that arrive sequentially. In this study, we investigated whether Brassica nigra L. plants are able to defend themselves against caterpillars of the late-arriving herbivore Plutella xylostella L., when plants had been previously exposed to sequential attack by four other herbivores (P. xylostella, Athalia rosae, Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae). We manipulated the order of arrival and the history of attack by four herbivores to investigate which patterns in sequential herbivory determine resistance against the fifth attacker. We recorded that history of sequential herbivore attack differentially affected the capability of B. nigra plants to defend themselves against caterpillars of P. xylostella. Caterpillars gained less weight on plants attacked by a sequence of four episodes of attack by P. xylostella compared to performance on plants that were not previously damaged by herbivores. The number of times the plant was attacked by herbivores of the same feeding guild, the identity of the first attacker, the identity and the guild of the last attacker as well as the order of attackers within the sequence of multiple herbivores influenced the growth of the subsequent herbivory. In conclusion, this study shows that history of sequential attack is an important factor determining plant resistance to herbivores.
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SCHMIDT, GEROLD, und GERHARD ZOTZ. „Herbivory in the epiphyte, Vriesea sanguinolenta Cogn. & Marchal (Bromeliaceae)“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, Nr. 6 (November 2000): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001747.
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Although herbivory in ground-rooted flora is well documented, current knowledge of the herbivore pressure on vascular epiphytes remains mostly anecdotal. Here, we present the results of a 3-year study on the herbivory in a population of the epiphytic bromeliad Vriesea sanguinolenta. In different years, 26–61% of all epiphytes showed traces of herbivore attack, while up to 4.4% of the entire leaf area of the epiphyte population was consumed annually. The recorded levels of damage to photosynthetic tissue, mostly caused by the larvae of Napaea eucharilla (Riodinidae, Lepidoptera), indicate that vascular epiphytes may be regularly and sometimes even lethally attacked by insect herbivores. The level of damage is comparable to ground-rooted tropical flora, which certainly does not support the prevalent notion of low and negligible levels of herbivory in vascular epiphytes.
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Bont, Zoe, Marc Pfander, Christelle A. M. Robert, Meret Huber, Erik H. Poelman, Ciska E. Raaijmakers und Matthias Erb. „Adapted dandelions trade dispersal for germination upon root herbivore attack“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, Nr. 1921 (26.02.2020): 20192930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2930.
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A plant's offspring may escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape insect herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how different dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale agg.) populations, including diploid outcrossers and triploid apomicts, modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack by their main root-feeding natural enemy, the larvae of the common cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. In a manipulative field experiment, root herbivore attack increased seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential was independent of plant cytotype, but associated with a reduction in germination rate, suggesting that adapted dandelions trade dispersal for establishment upon attack by root herbivores. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggested that the increased dispersal capacity was not the result of stress flowering. In summary, these results suggest that root herbivory selects for an induced increase in dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack. Induced seed dispersal may be a strategy that allows adapted plants to escape from herbivores.
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Kliebenstein, Daniel, Deana Pedersen, Bridget Barker und Thomas Mitchell-Olds. „Comparative Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Glucosinolates, Myrosinase and Insect Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Genetics 161, Nr. 1 (01.05.2002): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.325.
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Abstract Evolutionary interactions among insect herbivores and plant chemical defenses have generated systems where plant compounds have opposing fitness consequences for host plants, depending on attack by various insect herbivores. This interplay complicates understanding of fitness costs and benefits of plant chemical defenses. We are studying the role of the glucosinolate-myrosinase chemical defense system in protecting Arabidopsis thaliana from specialist and generalist insect herbivory. We used two Arabidopsis recombinant inbred populations in which we had previously mapped QTL controlling variation in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. In this study we mapped QTL controlling resistance to specialist (Plutella xylostella) and generalist (Trichoplusia ni) herbivores. We identified a number of QTL that are specific to one herbivore or the other, as well as a single QTL that controls resistance to both insects. Comparison of QTL for herbivory, glucosinolates, and myrosinase showed that T. ni herbivory is strongly deterred by higher glucosinolate levels, faster breakdown rates, and specific chemical structures. In contrast, P. xylostella herbivory is uncorrelated with variation in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. This agrees with evolutionary theory stating that specialist insects may overcome host plant chemical defenses, whereas generalists will be sensitive to these same defenses.
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Campos, Wellington G., Ana P. Faria, Maria Goreti A. Oliveira und Hérica L. Santos. „Induced response against herbivory by chemical information transfer between plants“. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2008): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202008000400001.
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Plants respond to herbivores and pathogens attack with increased emission of volatile organic compounds. These molecules act as indirect defences when attracting natural enemies of herbivores and thus benefit the plant. It remains controversial whether undamaged plants capture chemicals released by damaged neighbouring plants and respond to them by increasing their defensive barriers against an imminent attack. In spite of public appeal and of this being the 25th year of the Talking Trees Hypothesis, only recently have the most sceptical scientists been convinced. The induced response to herbivory by interplant information transfer has been found in two plant-herbivore systems. However, the universality of the phenomenon and its ecological and evolutionary relevance remain unclear. The integration of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Physiology, and Ecology begin to shed light on the mechanisms of the signal transfer. This integrative approach has developed new and more sensitive tools for identification of complex volatile mixtures and for understanding the process of biosynthesis, emission, transportation and reception of signals.
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Bebber, Dan, Nick Brown und Martin Speight. „Drought and root herbivory in understorey Parashorea Kurz (Dipterocarpaceae) seedlings in Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, Nr. 5 (21.08.2002): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002511.
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The influence of herbivory on dipterocarp seedling growth and survival in Bornean primary lowland forest understorey during and after the 1997–8 El Niño-Southern Oscillation was investigated. During the drought, a coleopteran (Scolytidae) root borer attacked dipterocarp seedlings, primarily of the genus Parashorea. Infestation was spatially heterogeneous on a large (c. 100 m) scale. Attack rate decreased with plant vigour within infested areas. Experiments showed that root damage was fatal under drought conditions, but not after rain. Defoliation and apical meristem removal did not increase mortality. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of herbivore outbreaks and difficulties involved in experimenting with root herbivores limit the power of such short-term investigations. However, the study shows that herbivores can cause differential mortality between species, and can therefore influence dipterocarp regeneration dynamics. The effect of herbivory depends on the plant organ attacked and interactions with other stresses such as drought. El Niño-related droughts are increasing in frequency in South-East Asian rain forests, which may lead to increased numbers of herbivore outbreaks and greater seedling mortality due to these factors.
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Rusman, Quint, Peter N. Karssemeijer, Dani Lucas-Barbosa und Erik H. Poelman. „Settling on leaves or flowers: herbivore feeding site determines the outcome of indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators“. Oecologia 191, Nr. 4 (04.11.2019): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04539-1.
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Abstract Herbivore attack can alter plant interactions with pollinators, ranging from reduced to enhanced pollinator visitation. The direction and strength of effects of herbivory on pollinator visitation could be contingent on the type of plant tissue or organ attacked by herbivores, but this has seldom been tested experimentally. We investigated the effect of variation in feeding site of herbivorous insects on the visitation by insect pollinators on flowering Brassica nigra plants. We placed herbivores on either leaves or flowers, and recorded the responses of two pollinator species when visiting flowers. Our results show that variation in herbivore feeding site has profound impact on the outcome of herbivore–pollinator interactions. Herbivores feeding on flowers had consistent positive effects on pollinator visitation, whereas herbivores feeding on leaves did not. Herbivores themselves preferred to feed on flowers, and mostly performed best on flowers. We conclude that herbivore feeding site choice can profoundly affect herbivore–pollinator interactions and feeding site thereby makes for an important herbivore trait that can determine the linkage between antagonistic and mutualistic networks.
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Castro, Jorge. „Postfire Burnt-Wood Management Affects Plant Damage by Ungulate Herbivores“. International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/965461.
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I analyze the effect of post-fire burnt wood management on herbivore attack on a woody plant species (Ulex parviflorus). Two experimental plots of ca. 20 hectares were established at two elevations in a burnt area in a Mediterranean mountain (Sierra Nevada, Spain). Three replicates of three treatments differing in post-fire burnt wood management were established per plot: “no intervention” (NI, all trees remained standing), “partial cut plus lopping” (PCL, felling the trees, cutting the main branches, and leaving all the biomassin situ), and “salvage logging” (SL; removal of logs and elimination of woody debris). Risk of herbivory and damage intensity were monitored for two years. The pattern of attack by ungulate herbivores varied among treatments and years. In any case, there was an overall reduction in the risk of herbivory in the PCL treatment, presumably because the highest habitat complexity in this treatment hampered ungulate movement and foraging. As a result, the burnt logs and branches spread over the ground acted as a physical barrier that protected seedlings from herbivores. This protection may be used for the regeneration of shrubs and trees, and it is of interest for the regeneration of burnt sites either naturally or by reforestation.
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García-Guzmán, Graciela, und Julieta Benítez-Malvido. „Effect of litter on the incidence of leaf-fungal pathogens and herbivory in seedlings of the tropical tree Nectandra ambigens“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, Nr. 2 (06.02.2003): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003195.
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Effects of litter cover on insect herbivory, leaf-fungal damage, and seedling performance (survival, growth in height and leaf number), were assessed on established Nectandra ambigens seedlings in three sites of a Mexican tropical rain forest. Naturally occurring seedlings were measured for height, leaf number and standing levels of leaf damage by herbivores and pathogens. Thereafter, seedlings were exposed for 1 y to three litter treatments: (1) litter addition, (2) control and (3) continuous litter removal. There was a significant effect of site on the proportion of surviving seedlings and on the relative growth rates in terms of leaf number. Overall, seedlings with higher initial leaf number showed higher survival and produced more leaves after 12 mo than seedlings with lower initial leaf number. Litter addition resulted in seedlings with lower relative growth rates in height and higher levels of damage by herbivores and pathogens. On average, leaf area damaged by pathogens was < 6% and herbivory was < 27%. Seedlings with higher levels of herbivory showed higher levels of pathogen attack. Herbivory and pathogen attack had no effect on seedling performance. This study reveals the importance of litter-cover on the interactions between seedlings, herbivores and pathogens, as well as on the performance of tropical seedlings.
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Lawrence, Susan D., Nicole G. Novak, Chelsea J. T. Ju und Janice E. K. Cooke. „Examining the molecular interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata“. Botany 86, Nr. 9 (September 2008): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-074.
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Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is a devastating herbivorous pest of solanaceous plants. Despite the economic impact, little is known about the molecular interaction of CPB with these plants. Using an 11 421 expressed sequence tag (EST) potato microarray, we identified 320 genes differentially expressed in potato leaves in response to CPB herbivory. Amongst these were genes putatively encoding proteinase inhibitors along with enzymes of terpenoid, alkaloid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways, suggesting the defensive chemistries that constitute potato’s defense against CPB herbivory. Several genes, such as those encoding proteinase inhibitors, represent mechanisms implicated in other plant–herbivory interactions, and could correspond with general defensive chemistry strategies. In other cases, products of the differentially expressed genes may represent taxa-specific defensive chemistry. For example, the presumed alkaloid products of a putative tropinone reductase I are specific to a subset of the Solanaceae. Two herbivory-induced genes, not specific to potato, are implicated in the synthesis of volatiles known to attract CPB predators. Comparison of continuous herbivore attack versus recovery from CPB attack indicates that fewer genes involved in defensive chemistry are induced after continuous feeding than after feeding and recovery, suggesting the plant’s ability to mount a full defense response is enhanced under light versus heavy attack.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Herbivory attack"
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Zabaras, Dimitrios, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College und of Science Food and Horticulture School. „Determination of induced changes in foliar emissions of terpene-accumulating plants“. THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Zabaras_D.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/809.
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Stress-induced changes in the emissions of volatiles from many economically-important plants have been demonstrated in studies over the past decade. Plants such as cotton and corn change both the composition and concentration of their emissions when subjected to wounding, herbivory and pathogen attack. Terpene-accumulating plants have been overlooked as potential objects of such studies although work on conifers has shown that species rich in constitutive defences can also exhibit induced responses. The aim of this study was to investigate whether terpene-accumulating plants respond to stress by altering their foliar emissions qualitatively and/or quantitatively. Species examined included Salvia officinalis (common sage), Melaleuca alternifolia (Australian tea tree) and Ocimum minimum (Bush basil). An experimental design was developed to eliminate factors such as leaf ontogeny that can affect the obtained results and complicate their interpretation. Small-scale solvent extraction and HS-SPME-based techniques were also developed; they enabled the quantitative determination of treatment-induced changes over periods ranging from 10 minutes to 6 months. Treatment of plants included mechanical wounding, herbivory, pathogen attack and chemical elicitation. Overall, statistically significant induced-changes were observed for both leaf-oil composition and concentration. The response of the different species used varied. O. minimum exhibited the greatest compositional changes whilst M. alternifolia was the only species for which oil-concentration changes were observed. The demonstrated changes were not as great as those reported in similar studies with non-terpene producing plants. The results indicate that the high metabolic costs associated with the production and storage of constitutive defences may be responsible for the limited induction of further defensive responsesDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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König, Malin A. E. „Context dependency of plant – animal interactions“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101067.
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The strength and direction of interactions between organisms vary spatially across the landscape. Traditionally, the focus has been on how trait variation affects the interactions between species. However, differences in abiotic and biotic environmental factors may also alter the distribution, phenology and behavior of the interacting species. To be able to understand why an interaction varies across the landscape, the effects of trait variation has to be separated from the effects of the environmental context. In this thesis, I try to separate the effects of context and trait differences on plant resistance against herbivory, through experimental and observational studies conducted with two cytotypes of the perennial herb Cardamine pratensis and its main herbivore, Anthocharis cardamines. The results show that differences in plant resistance against oviposition under controlled conditions were mainly mediated by flower size; larger flowers were more attractive to the female butterfly. However, among-populations differences in oviposition under natural conditions were not related to the resistance observed under controlled conditions, or to ploidy type, flowering phenology or plant size. Within populations under natural conditions the oviposition patterns by A. cardamines was affected by the plant traits plant size and flowering phenology. The result of this thesis shows that among-population differences in intensity of plant-herbivore interactions were caused by differences in environmental context rather than by herbivore preferences for any phenotypic plant traits, while host plant selection within population was based on plant traits. This suggests that biotic and biotic context can have important effects on the intensity of plant-herbivore interactions. Although genetic traits influenced the outcome of the interaction within populations, it was the environmental context of the populations that determined largely if the interaction took place or not.At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript in review in Plos One; Paper 3: Manuscript in review in Ecological Entomology; Paper 4: Manuscript
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Pais, Mara Patrícia. „"Artrópodos e suas relações de herbivoria como bioindicadores nos primeiros estágios de uma recomposição de floresta estacional semidecidual em Ribeirão Preto, SP"“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-29032005-105741/.
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Em 1998 iniciou-se no campus da USP de Ribeirão Preto, SP, um projeto recuperação florestal entitulado "Floresta da USP", com o propósito de recompor,numa área de 75 ha, a floresta estacional semidecidual, um dos tipos de vegetação nativa da região. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as principais modificações que se processam neste novo habitat nos primeiros anos seguidos ao plantio, utilizando a comunidade de artrópodos e as relações de herbivoria como bioindicadores. Inicialmente, foram avaliados alguns parâmetros da estrutura do habitat em quatro sub-áreas com idades diferentes, comparando-as com um remanescente de floresta nativa existente nas proximidades. Entre estes mesmos locais, foi comparada a comunidade de artrópodos epígeos através de análise multivariada, buscando relacioná-las com variáveis ambientais. Além disso, numa das áreas foi acompanhada a dinâmica da comunidade de artrópodos associada à seis espécies vegetais (três pioneiras e três tardias), por dois anos consecutivos. Nas mesmas espécies vegetais utilizadas para a amostragem de artrópodos, foram avaliados os níveis de herbivoria e algumas características vegetais que poderiam influenciar na preferência por insetos herbívoros. Ficou demonstrado que as maiores transformações do habitat recomposto ocorrem nos dois primeiros anos seguidos ao plantio. As principais variáveis do habitat relacionadas com a fauna de artrópodos epígeos foram a altura da vegetação, presença de gramíneas invasoras e presença de um terceiro estrato arbóreo, exclusivo da mata nativa. Apesar de muito dissimilares da comunidade da mata, as comunidades das sub-áreas da Floresta da USP mostram uma tendência de se aproximarem da existente na mata de acordo com o tempo transcorrido após o plantio. Em relação à fauna de dossel, embora não se tenha observado diferença na riqueza, abundância e diversidade geral entre os dois anos seguidos ao plantio, foi detectada uma grande dissimilaridade de espécies e uma profunda reestruturação da abundância de organismos dentro das guildas. As formigas, tanto por sua abundância como riqueza, tiveram grande participação dentro das diversas variáveis da comunidade analisadas e, entre elas, as formigas cortadeiras foram também responsáveis por uma grande elevação nos níveis de herbivoria do primeiro para o segundo ano de acompanhamento, tanto em espécies iniciais quanto tardias.In 1998 a recomposition project named "Floresta da USP" was started at the USP campus in Ribeirão Preto, SP, aiming at recovering a 75 ha area with the regional native vegetation, the seasonal semideciduous forest. This study evaluated the main changes that ocurried in this new habitat during the first years after planting, considering the arthropod community and the herbivory relationships as bioindicators. We measured some habitat structure parameters at four sites of different ages, contrasting them to the same parameters measured at a local forest patch. The epigeous arthropod community was compared among sites using multivariate analysis, including several environmental variables. We also monitored the community dynamics of arthropods, herbivory levels and leaf physical chemical caracteristics of six plant species (3 pioneers and 3 late successional) at one of the sites during two years as well as the main leaf variables that could have some effect on the herbivore preferences. Results indicated great chances in the first years of recomposition. Vegetation height, presence of alien grasses, and presence of a third stratum at the forest patch were the principal habitat features related to the epigeous arthropod community. Despite the high dissimilarity, arthropod community of recomposed sites had a tendency of reducing this dissimilarity over time in relation to the forest. Richness, abundance, and diversity of canopy arthropod community were not different between the two years. However, a high species dissimilarity was detected and a strong guild rearrangement concerning abundance from one year to another. There was a high number of species and individuals. Leaf-cutting ants were important to the ecosystem dynamics due to the high levels of herbivory imposed to several plant species.
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Ribeiro, Fabiane Moreira Mundim. „Efeito da herbivoria por saúvas sobre a fenologia, sobrevivência, crescimento e conteúdo nutricional de árvores do Cerrado“. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2009. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13303.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisHerbivory often influences the fitness and development of attacked trees, acting as an important factor of evolutionary pressure on a species ecology. However, there are few studies that show the effects of insect herbivores on Cerrado tree species. In this study I evaluated the impact of the leaf-cutter ant Atta laevigata on the vegetative and reproductive phenology, survival, growth, architecture and leaf nutrients of six tree species of a Cerrado vegetation. For three years, I visited individuals of Cardiopetalum callophylum, Coussarea hydrangeaefolia, Guapira graciliflora, Maprounea guianensis, Vochysia tucanorum and Xylopia aromatica, and determined the intensity of phenological events and leaf-cutter ant attacks. In addition, based on the recurrence frequency and intensity of ant-attacks (often 100% of leaf removal) previously observed, I created two artificial defoliation experimental treatments that simulated high and low Atta laevigata s attack frequency. I then evaluated how the different frequencies of high intensity attacks influenced the survival, growth, flower production, leaf nutrient content and architecture of the trees. The results showed that the defoliation by leaf-cutter ants reduced the photosynthetic area of attacked trees and reduced flower and fruit production of preferred species. However, it did not affect the synchrony and timing of leaf and flower/fruit production. Herbivory frequency had a negative effect on the plant tolerance to herbivory, survival, flower production and architecture in all six species. However, for some species, the leaf content of N and P were significantly higher in defoliated trees than in control trees. These results indicated that leaf-cutter ants can be considered chronic herbivores in some areas of the Cerrado, and that their continued activities can, in the long-term, affect the structure and dynamics of the vegetation.
A herbivoria influência o sucesso reprodutivo e o desenvolvimento das plantas, atuando como um importante agente de pressão evolutiva na ecologia de algumas espécies. Porém, há poucos estudos que mostram o efeito da atividade dos insetos herbívoros nas espécies arbóreas do Cerrado. Neste estudo apresento evidências dos efeitos da formigas cortadeira Atta laevigata, sobre a fenologia, sobrevivência, crescimento, arquitetura e nutrientes foliares de seis espécies arbóreas. Durante três anos acompanhei indivíduos de Cardiopetalum callophylum, Coussarea hydrangeaefolia, Guapira graciliflora, Maprounea guianensis, Vochysia tucanorum e Xylopia aromatica e determinei a intensidade de cada evento fenológico e dos ataques por saúvas. Baseado no tempo de recorrência e na intensidade dos ataques (normalmente 100% das folhas removidas) previamente observados, criei duas categorias de desfolha que simulando uma alta e uma baixa freqüência de ataque por Atta laevigata. Dessa maneira, examinei como diferentes freqüências de ataques de alta intensidade influenciaram a sobrevivência, o crescimento, a floração, o teor de nutrientes foliares e a arquitetura das plantas. Meus resultados mostraram que a desfolha por saúvas diminuiu a área fotossintética das plantas e reduziu a produção de frutos das espécies preferidas. Porém, a sincronia e a época de produção de folhas e frutos não foram afetadas. Os resultados indicam também que a freqüência de desfolhas tem um efeito negativo na capacidade de tolerância, na sobrevivência, na produção de flores, e na arquitetura das árvores. Entretanto, para algumas espécies, as concentrações foliares de N e P foram significativamente maiores em plantas cortadas do que em não-cortadas. Estes resultados indicam que as saúvas podem ser consideradas herbívoros crônicos em áreas do Cerrado e que a atividade contínua destas formigas pode, a longo prazo, afetar a estrutura e dinâmica da vegetação.
Mestre em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais
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Orre, G. U. S. „'Attract and reward' : combining a floral resource subsidy with a herbivore-induced plant volatile to enhance conservation biological control“. Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1429.
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Experiments were conducted to assess whether a concept termed 'attract and reward' (A&R) could enhance conservation biological control (CBC). In A&R, a synthetically-produced herbivore induced plant volatile (HIPV) ('attract') is combined with a floral resource ('reward'). It is anticipated that the two will work synergistically attracting natural enemies into the crop ('attract') and maintaining them within the crop ('reward'). The study system consists of brassica, the most commonly occurring brassica herbivores, their natural enemies and higher order natural enemies. The HIPV deployed is methyl salicylate (MeSA) and the floral resource is buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum. The aim of the first two field experiments, in 2007 and 2008, was to evaluate the effects of MeSA and MeSA combined with buckwheat (A&R) on the abundance of arthropods from three trophic levels. In 2007, a field experiment was conducted using MeSA alone. The mean abundance of the leafmining fly Scaptomyza flava (trophic level 2), the diamondback moth (trophic level 2)(DBM) parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (trophic level 2) and the hoverfly Melangyna novaezealandiae (trophic level 3) was increased in MeSA-treatments by up to 300% and for the brown lacewing parasitoid Anacharis zealandica a maximum mean increase of 600% was recorded. Significantly more females of the D. semiclausum and M. novaezealandiae were attracted to MeSA than males. When A&R was deployed in 2008, were arthropods from the third and fourth trophic levels affected. For none of the species was there a synergistic effect between 'attract' and 'reward' on their abundance. The brown lacewing Micromus tasmaniae (trophic level 3), two parasitoids of DBM and one of cabbage white butterfly Pieris rapae (trophic level 2) increased significantly in treatments with buckwheat. The hoverfly Melanostoma fasciatum (trophic level 3) was significantly more abundant in treatments with MeSA, but significantly less abundant in treatments with buckwheat. The effect of MeSA on the fourth trophic level parasitoid Anacharis zealandica (trophic level 4) was inconsistent between years. Here it significantly decreased its abundance, while treatments with buckwheat increased it. Significantly fewer male than female D. semiclausum were attracted to MeSA only treatments. These experiments show that MeSA and buckwheat can have unwanted effects on arthropod abundance which may disrupt CBC. To assess the effect of A&R on CBC a further field experiment evaluating herbivore densities, predation, parasitism and hyper-parasitism rates was conducted. The only effect was significantly higher aphid parasitism in treatments with MeSA. Based on the results from the field experiments it remained unclear whether it was MeSA or a blend of volatiles produced by MeSA-induced host plants that were attractive to the arthropods. An olfactory experiment was conducted to evaluate if the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani can be attracted to two different concentrations of MeSA diluted in Synertrol oil. Significantly more parasitoids were attracted to 2.0% MeSA than to air while the parasitoid did not respond to the 0.5% concentration. These results indicate that A&R has potential as a CBC technique, as long as any unwanted side effects can be managed. Although there were no synergistic effects between 'attract' and 'reward' on the abundance of individual natural enemies, combining MeSA and buckwheat could still be beneficial because the two techniques increase the abundance of different natural enemies.
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Ferreira, Beatriz Zidioti [UNESP]. „Herbivoria por Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 sobre espécies arbóreas em restauração florestal“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123248.
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000829618.pdf: 753713 bytes, checksum: 2979f64b4b2f31cece5635b570076eae (MD5)Formigas cortadeiras são herbívoros que possuem grande potencial para modificar comunidades e ecossistemas em sucessão e por isso são considerados engenheiros do ecossistema. A maioria dos danos causados por formigas ocorre em folhas jovens, o que dificulta o estabelecimento e o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas plantadas, de modo que podem atrasar a recuperação da estrutura e da diversidade, no caso de plantios de restauração. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se formigas cortadeiras podem atuar como filtro biótico a determinar a composição de espécies das comunidades vegetais, se podem levar à extinção algumas espécies ou se podem comprometer a estrutura das florestas restauradas. Para isto, instalamos experimento em plantio de restauração de floresta ripária realizado em 1990, no município de Tarumã, SP. O experimento baseou-se na simulação da entrada de espécies na floresta restaurada, por meio da introdução de mudas de 20 espécies arbóreas nativas da flora regional, representativas de diferentes guildas funcionais. Plantamos 20 indivíduos de cada espécie em uma clareira grande, com cerca de 500 m², circundada pela floresta já existente. A densidade de plantio foi definida com base na densidade em que plantas do porte das mudas ocorrem em florestas naturais da região. O desenvolvimento de cada muda plantada e os ataques por formigas foram registrados de dezembro de 2012 a dezembro de 2013. Foi analisada comparativamente a frequência de ataques de herbivoria por formigas entre as espécies arbóreas e investigamos possíveis padrões de resistência à herbivoria associados a atributos funcionais dessas espécies. Avaliamos também o efeito da herbivoria seletiva sobre a diversidade da comunidade em restauração. Do ponto de vista de manejo, investigamos se a frequência de ataques de herbivoria por formigas está associada à aclimatação e se a mortalida ...
Leaf-cutting ants are herbivores that have great potential to shape communities and ecosystems functioning and are therefore considered ecosystem engineers. Most damage caused by leaf-cutting ants occurs in young leaves, thus influencing seedlings establishment and development, possibly delaying the restoration processes. The aim of this study was to verify if leaf-cutting ants can act as a biotic filter determining species composition of communities undergoing restoration, and if they can lead to extinction some species or compromise the structure of restored forests. The study was conducted in a riparian forest undergoing restoration since 1990, at the municipality of Tarumã-SP. We simulated the arrival of forest species to the site being restored, by introducing 20 seedlings of tree species of the regional flora, representing different functional guilds. We planted 20 individuals of each species in a large gap, with about 500 m², surrounded by the existing forest. Planting density was defined based on the density in which plants the same size of the seedlings planted occur in the native forest in the study region. The development of each individual and herbivory by ants were recorded from December 2012 to December 2013. We compared the frequency of herbivory among species and investigated possible patterns of resistance to herbivory associated with functional attributes of the tree species. We also evaluated the effect of selective herbivory on the diversity of the community in restoration through time. From the management perspective, we investigated whether or not the frequency of herbivory by ants is associated with time after planting (acclimation), and if mortality rates depend on the size of the seedlings planted. The frequency of herbivory was different among the tree species planted, resulting in different rhythms and different mortality rates among species. As a consequence, ...
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Ferreira, Beatriz Zidioti 1990. „Herbivoria por Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 sobre espécies arbóreas em restauração florestal /“. Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123248.
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Orientador: Giselda DuriganBanca: José Marcelo Domingues Torezan
Banca: Maria Teresa Z. Toniato
Resumo: Formigas cortadeiras são herbívoros que possuem grande potencial para modificar comunidades e ecossistemas em sucessão e por isso são considerados engenheiros do ecossistema. A maioria dos danos causados por formigas ocorre em folhas jovens, o que dificulta o estabelecimento e o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas plantadas, de modo que podem atrasar a recuperação da estrutura e da diversidade, no caso de plantios de restauração. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se formigas cortadeiras podem atuar como filtro biótico a determinar a composição de espécies das comunidades vegetais, se podem levar à extinção algumas espécies ou se podem comprometer a estrutura das florestas restauradas. Para isto, instalamos experimento em plantio de restauração de floresta ripária realizado em 1990, no município de Tarumã, SP. O experimento baseou-se na simulação da entrada de espécies na floresta restaurada, por meio da introdução de mudas de 20 espécies arbóreas nativas da flora regional, representativas de diferentes guildas funcionais. Plantamos 20 indivíduos de cada espécie em uma clareira grande, com cerca de 500 m², circundada pela floresta já existente. A densidade de plantio foi definida com base na densidade em que plantas do porte das mudas ocorrem em florestas naturais da região. O desenvolvimento de cada muda plantada e os ataques por formigas foram registrados de dezembro de 2012 a dezembro de 2013. Foi analisada comparativamente a frequência de ataques de herbivoria por formigas entre as espécies arbóreas e investigamos possíveis padrões de resistência à herbivoria associados a atributos funcionais dessas espécies. Avaliamos também o efeito da herbivoria seletiva sobre a diversidade da comunidade em restauração. Do ponto de vista de manejo, investigamos se a frequência de ataques de herbivoria por formigas está associada à aclimatação e se a mortalida ...
Abstract: Leaf-cutting ants are herbivores that have great potential to shape communities and ecosystems functioning and are therefore considered ecosystem engineers. Most damage caused by leaf-cutting ants occurs in young leaves, thus influencing seedlings establishment and development, possibly delaying the restoration processes. The aim of this study was to verify if leaf-cutting ants can act as a biotic filter determining species composition of communities undergoing restoration, and if they can lead to extinction some species or compromise the structure of restored forests. The study was conducted in a riparian forest undergoing restoration since 1990, at the municipality of Tarumã-SP. We simulated the arrival of forest species to the site being restored, by introducing 20 seedlings of tree species of the regional flora, representing different functional guilds. We planted 20 individuals of each species in a large gap, with about 500 m², surrounded by the existing forest. Planting density was defined based on the density in which plants the same size of the seedlings planted occur in the native forest in the study region. The development of each individual and herbivory by ants were recorded from December 2012 to December 2013. We compared the frequency of herbivory among species and investigated possible patterns of resistance to herbivory associated with functional attributes of the tree species. We also evaluated the effect of selective herbivory on the diversity of the community in restoration through time. From the management perspective, we investigated whether or not the frequency of herbivory by ants is associated with time after planting (acclimation), and if mortality rates depend on the size of the seedlings planted. The frequency of herbivory was different among the tree species planted, resulting in different rhythms and different mortality rates among species. As a consequence, ...
Mestre
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Vieira, de Araújo Júnior Manoel. „Efeito da fragmentação florestal nas taxas de herbivoria da formiga cortadeira Atta cephalotes“. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2004. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/803.
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Previous issue date: 2004As principais conseqüências da fragmentação são a redução e o isolamento dos habitats e um maior efeito de borda nos remanescentes. As mudanças decorrentes desse efeito permitem o estabelecimento de espécies pioneiras nos fragmentos e nas áreas de borda de floresta. Como as formigas cortadeiras coletam preferencialmente espécies pioneiras, nós hipotetizamos que as taxas de herbivoria de Atta cephalotes são maiores nas colônias localizadas em áreas perturbadas, como bordas e fragmentos pequenos, do que em florestas maduras. As taxas de herbivoria foram calculadas através da seguinte fórmula: Taxa de herbivoria = (TR x 100/TR + VAC) onde, TR é o total removido pelas formigas e VAC é a vegetação disponível após a remoção. As colônias localizadas na borda e no fragmento tiveram maiores taxas de herbivoria que as colônias localizadas no interior de florestas maduras, corroborando a hipótese apresentada. O fator responsável por esse resultado foi a menor área de forrageamento nos habitat de borda e fragmento, provavelmente devido à maior proporção de plantas pioneiras nesses ambientes perturbados. Esses resultados são muito relevantes, pois, associados à maior densidade de formigas cortadeiras nas bordas e fragmentos, indicam esses ambientes como mais suscetíveis à ação desses organismos, estando sempre em estágios iniciais de sucessão
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Figueroa, Falcão Poliana. „Efeito da fragmentação florestal na diversidade de plantas cortadas pela formiga cortadeira Atta cephalotes“. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2004. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/797.
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Previous issue date: 2004Este estudo testou a hipótese que a riqueza e a diversidade de material vegetal coletado por colônias das formigas cortadeiras Atta cephalotes são menores em áreas perturbadas como bordas de floresta e fragmentos devido a maior proporção de espécies pioneiras nessas áreas. O trabalho foi realizado em uma área de floresta Atlântica, no nordeste do Brasil (8o 30 S; 35o 50 W). Quinze colônias de Atta cephalotes foram acompanhadas por um ano. A carga vegetal trazida pelas formigas foi coletada e separada em: folhas, flores, frutos e outros. Das 483 morfoespécies vegetais coletadas pelas colônias de Atta cephalotes foram identificadas 93 espécies, pertencentes a 44 famílias e 66 gêneros. As colônias coletaram principalmente folhas de espécies com hábito arbóreo e estratégia de regeneração pioneira. Entretanto, os resultados não corroboram essa hipótese, não havendo diferença na riqueza e diversidade de espécies vegetais coletadas pelas colônias de interior, borda e fragmento, apesar de em alguns meses as colônias coletarem maior proporção de poucas espécies nesses dois últimos habitats. Esse resultado foi devido a maior área de forrageamento das colônias localizadas no interior da floresta, o que compensaria a menor proporção de espécies pioneiras nesse habitat
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Sávio, Damásio da Silva Paulo. „A distribuição das formigas cortadeiras (Atta chephalotes) e seu papel na regeneração de um trecho de Floresta Atlântica Nordestina“. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/685.
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Previous issue date: 2008Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
As formigas cortadeiras são consideradas importantes herbívoros em florestas tropicais primárias porque promovem a heterogeneidade espacial e temporal de recursos, como luz, nutrientes e solo. Porém, a distribuição destas formigas em florestas em estágios sucessionais iniciais e o seu papel na regeneração florestal têm sido pobremente estudados. Esta tese foi desenvolvida em trechos de florestas secundárias de um remanescente de floresta Atlântica Nordestina (8º30 S, 35º50 O) e teve como objetivos: (1) investigar a densidade e o tamanho da área de forrageamento das formigas cortadeiras, Atta cephalotes, ao longo de uma cronoseqüência sucessional (trechos entre 25 e 47,5 anos), e (2) avaliar a influência destas formigas sobre o estabelecimento de plântulas. Na primeira parte da tese, a densidade de colônias em 14 trechos de florestas foi quantificada e o tamanho das áreas de forrageamento de 12 colônias foi acompanhado durante um ano. Para a segunda parte, foi analisada a diversidade e composição de plântulas em 12 quadrantes (1m2) distribuídos aleatoriamente em cada uma das áreas de forrageamento de 15 colônias e outros 12, nas respectivas áreas controle (sem formigas). Além disso, também foram investigadas a germinação de sementes e a mortalidade de plântulas de três espécies (Tapirira guianensis - Anacardiaceae; Pouteria sp. - Sapotaceae; Simarouba amara - Simaroubaceae), a 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 metros de distância das colônias. De acordo com nossos resultados, a densidade de colônias diminuiu e o tamanho das áreas de forrageamento aumentou com o avanço na cronoseqüência sucessional. Do mesmo modo, o tamanho das áreas de forrageamento também aumentou com o acréscimo na riqueza de espécies. Segundo nossas estimativas nos trechos com menos de 30 anos, onde foram encontradas 19 de um total de 26 colônias, as formigas cortadeiras podem explorar mais de 89% (11,15 de 12,51 ha) de toda área florestal. Com relação à comunidade de plântulas, a diversidade foi menor nas áreas de forrageamento (diversidade média para o índice de Shannon-Wiener, H = 0,27 ± DP 0,23 bits/indivíduo) do que nas áreas controle (H`= 0,44 ± 0,61 bits/indivíduo), onde algumas espécies ocorreram exclusivamente, indicando uma segregação taxonômica. Quanto à germinação de sementes, apenas a espécie T. guianensis apresentou variações significativas com relação aos fatores analisados; houve uma tendência a uma maior germinação a 15 m de distância das colônias e nos trechos entre 30-40 anos de regeneração. As três espécies apresentaram uma diferença significante apenas para a causa de morte. Enquanto a principal causa de morte das plântulas de T. guianensis foi associada à ação de outros herbívoros, provavelmente, insetos galhadores; as plântulas das outras duas espécies foram encontradas primeiramente secas, apresentando também grande mortalidade devida ao corte pelas formigas cortadeiras. Inclusive, para Pouteria sp., a mortalidade associada ao corte por saúvas tende a reduzir com a distância das colônias. Nossos resultados sugerem que em florestas secundárias, principalmente aquelas com menos de 30 anos de regeneração, deve-se esperar um aumento na herbivoria por formigas cortadeiras devido à conjunção de dois fatores: uma maior densidade de colônias aliada a uma redução das áreas de forrageamento. As formigas podem também influenciar a germinação de sementes e limitar o estabelecimento de novas plântulas, o que não apenas comprometeria a regeneração da floresta, mas também reduziria a diversidade de espécies, como foi observado neste estudo. Assim, as formigas cortadeiras estariam, em florestas secundárias, ampliando os efeitos negativos da fragmentação sobre a comunidade vegetal
Bücher zum Thema "Herbivory attack"
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Plant defense: Warding off attack by pathogens, pests and vertebrate herbivores. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
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Walters, Dale. Plant Defense: Warding off Attack by Pathogens, Herbivores and Parasitic Plants. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.
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Walters, Dale. Plant Defense: Warding off Attack by Pathogens, Herbivores and Parasitic Plants. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.
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Wirth, Rainer, Bert Hölldobler, Hubert Herz, Ronald J. Ryel und Wolfram Beyschlag. Herbivory of Leaf-Cutting Ants: A Case Study on Atta Colombica in the Tropical Rainforest of Panama. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Wirth, Rainer, Bert Hölldobler, Hubert Herz, Ronald J. Ryel und Wolfram Beyschlag. Herbivory of Leaf-Cutting Ants: A Case Study on Atta colombica in the Tropical Rainforest of Panama. Springer, 2010.
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Herbivory of Leaf-Cutting Ants: A Case Study on Atta colombica in the Tropical Rainforest of Panama (Ecological Studies). Springer, 2003.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Herbivory attack"
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Lev-Yadun, Simcha. „Evaluating Risk: The Problematic and Even Erroneous Common View of “No Damage or No Attack Equals No Risk”“. In Defensive (anti-herbivory) Coloration in Land Plants, 15–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42096-7_6.
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Hill, Martin P., und Julie A. Coetzee. „How can progress in the understanding of antagonistic interactions be applied to improve biological control of plant invasions?“ In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 363–76. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0363.
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Abstract Classical biological control has been used as a management tool for invasive non-native plant species globally for over 200 years. There have been some very successful programmes, most notably on waterweeds, cacti and seed reduction in perennial trees. Seventy per cent of agents released have established in at least one instance, and 66% of the targeted invasive species have showed some level of control. However, some programmes have failed to meet expectations, for example on Lantana camara. The most commonly cited reasons for the failure of establishment or limited efficacy of biological control agents are unsuitable climatic conditions and genotype incompatibility. We propose that antagonistic biotic interactions play a significant role in the outcomes of weed biological control programmes. Induced plant defences (physical and chemical) that can be mounted rapidly by the invasive non-native plants can result in the reduction in agent populations after initial attack. Rapid induction of plant defences have been implicated in the lack of long-term establishment of the agent Falconia intermedia that showed great initial promise against the widespread invasive shrub L. camara. Host range expansion by native natural enemies onto biological control agents have also been shown to reduce population growth of agents. Finally, competition from indigenous plant species aids invasive alien plant population reduction in the presence of herbivory. All three factors have been poorly studied and further work is needed to better explain the outcomes of weed biological control programmes.
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van Rijn, Paul C. J. „Do plants reduce herbivore attack by providing pollen?“ In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 351–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_115.
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Hill, Martin P., und Julie E. Coetzee. „How can progress in the understanding of antagonistic interactions be applied to improve biological control of plant invasions?“ In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 363–76. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0020.
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Classical biological control has been used as a management tool for invasive non-native plant species globally for over 200 years. There have been some very successful programmes, most notably on waterweeds, cacti and seed reduction in perennial trees. Seventy per cent of agents released have established in at least one instance, and 66% of the targeted invasive species have showed some level of control. However, some programmes have failed to meet expectations, for example on <i>Lantana camara</i>. The most commonly cited reasons for the failure of establishment or limited efficacy of biological control agents are unsuitable climatic conditions and genotype incompatibility. We propose that antagonistic biotic interactions play a significant role in the outcomes of weed biological control programmes. Induced plant defences (physical and chemical) that can be mounted rapidly by the invasive non-native plants can result in the reduction in agent populations after initial attack. Rapid induction of plant defences have been implicated in the lack of long-term establishment of the agent <i>Falconia intermedia</i> that showed great initial promise against the widespread invasive shrub <i>L. camara</i>. Host range expansion by native natural enemies onto biological control agents have also been shown to reduce population growth of agents. Finally, competition from indigenous plant species aids invasive alien plant population reduction in the presence of herbivory. All three factors have been poorly studied and further work is needed to better explain the outcomes of weed biological control programmes.
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Greg Murray, K., und Sharon Kinsman. „Plant-Animal Interactions“. In Monteverde. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095609.003.0014.
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The term “plant-animal interactions” includes a diverse array of biologically important relationships. Plant-herbivore relationships (in which an animal feeds on whole plants or parts of them) are examples of exploitation, because one species benefits from the interaction while the other suffers. Plant-pollinator and plant-seed disperser relationships (in which animals disperse pollen or seeds, usually in return for a food reward) are examples of mutualisms because they are beneficial to both parties. Another class of plant-animal mutualisms involves plants that provide nesting sites and/or food rewards to ants, which often protect the plant from herbivores or competing plants. Plantpollinator and plant-seed disperser mutualisms probably originated as cases of exploitation of plants by animals (Thompson 1982, Crepet 1983, Tiffney 1986). Many of the distinctive plant structures associated with animal-mediated pollen and seed dispersal (e.g., flowers, nectaries, attractive odors, fleshy fruit pulp, and thickened seed coats) presumably evolved to attract consumers of floral or seed resources while preventing them from digesting the pollen or seeds. mutualisms in structuring ecological communities. Competition and predator-prey interactions were more common subjects. Botanists had described the characteristics of the plant and animal players in pollination and seed dispersal mutualisms (Knuth 1906, 1908, 1909, Ridley 1930, van der Pijl 1969, Faegri and van der Pijl 1979), but these descriptive works did not fully examine plant-animal mutualisms in the context of communities. The opportunity to work in the neotropics, facilitated by the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS), the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), and other institutions, attracted the attention of temperate-zone ecologists to the mutualisms that are much more conspicuous components of tropical systems than of temperate ones (Wheelwright 1988b). Plant-pollinator interactions have attracted more attention in Monteverde than plant-frugivore interactions, and plant-herbivore interactions remain conspicuously understudied. This imbalance probably reflects the interests of those who first worked at Monteverde and later returned with their own students, rather than differences in the significance of the interactions at Monteverde or elsewhere. Aside from a few studies of herbivory in particular species (e.g., Peck, “Agroecology of Prosapia,”), even basic surveys remain to be done.
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Johnson, Scott N., und Ximena Cibils-Stewart. „Advances in understanding plant root responses to root-feeding insects“. In Understanding and improving crop root function, 231–66. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0075.13.
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This chapter presents an overview of the interactions between plant roots and root-feeding insect herbivores, focussing on changes in growth and physiology and crucially how roots are defended against insect attack. Several reviews have covered the ecology and management of insect root herbivores, together with their interactions with the abiotic and biotic soil environment. Therefore, the chapter focuses particularly on advances in our understanding of how plant mutualistic fungi may affect root-herbivores. This is an emerging area of research, with many attendant knowledge gaps, but we argue that this is an important component of how plants resist attack by belowground insect herbivores.
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„Water Relations of Plants Attacked by Pathogens, Insect Herbivores and Parasitic Plants“. In Physiological Responses of Plants to Attack, 130–52. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118783054.ch6.
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Tuma, Jiri, Lenka Tumova und Matej Semerak. „The changes of cabbage selected metabolites production in depending on herbivore insect attack“. In Abstract book of the 18th Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, 164–65. Szent István Egyetemi Kiadó Nonprofit Kft., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.34116/nti.2019.aa.72.
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„Plants’ Defense Against Insects“. In The Chemistry of Plants and Insects: Plants, Bugs, and Molecules, 54–79. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782624486-00054.
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Plants have evolved a wealth of highly diverse chemical compounds in response to insect attacks. This chapter addresses the major groups of chemical plant defenses. Many unrelated plants produce viscous secretions, known as resins or gums, in response to wounding or insect attacks. Volatile monoterpenes with strong odors in leaves deter insects. In response to injury, plants can synthesize defensive volatiles de novo, like green-leaf volatiles related to hexanol and increased amounts of mono- and sesquiterpenes. Many examples of multipartite relationships link a plant, its herbivores, and the herbivores’ natural enemies. Cyanogenic glycosides are widespread defensive plant compounds that generate hydrogen cyanide when leaves or other plant parts are damaged. Structures of common cyanoglycosides and mechanisms of their reactions in plants are shown. Glucosinolates, also known as mustard oils, are sulfur- and nitrogen-containing plant compounds found mainly in plants of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). Numerous insects have learned to tolerate and to adapt to glucosinolates. Diverse defensive compounds, that to humans have a distinct bitter taste, deter insect herbivores. Some of them, like neem, have been used as insect repellents since ancient times. Chemical structures of bitter-tasting plant compounds are introduced, like azadirachtin from neem, tannins, and the alkaloid quinine. Plant toxins, including the major family of alkaloids, harm or kill invading insects. The occurrence and typical structures of alkaloids are introduced. Characteristic ring structures in alkaloids are commonly used to classify these plant defenses. Plant latex occurs in about 10% of all angiosperms. The structures of characteristic latex components are introduced, like rubber, bitter compounds like lactucin and the alkaloid morphine, and the cardenolide calotropin from milkweeds.
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Maun, M. Anwar. „Animal–plant interactions“. In The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0015.
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Population dynamics of plant species of coastal sand dunes is influenced directly, both above and below the soil surface, by a wide variety of organisms. Plants serve as sources of carbon and pathogens including viruses, insects, bacteria, fungi, birds, and mammals of various kinds. Some enhance plant performance while others have deleterious effects. Positive interactions include pollination of flowers by useful insects in return for nectar and pollen, nutrient acquisition from soil by mycorrhizal fungi in exchange for carbon and acquiring nitrogen (N) from N-fixing bacteria. In the history of co-evolution between plants and organisms over one hundred million years plants have developed many mechanisms to defend themselves from pathogens. Morphology may be altered by producing epicuticular waxes, developing trichomes over leaves, producing tough leaves with deposition of celluloses, lignin, suberin and callose, developing thorns on stems and branches or producing secondary plant metabolites that retard development, intoxicate or kill herbivorous insects. Herbivory may induce a plant to produce chemicals that signal to advertise the presence of insects feeding on them and attract parasites to reduce their numbers. Phenological escape is also employed, such as delay of leaf expansion during periods of insect abundance. Some indirect mechanisms of plant defence involve the use of insects such as ants for protection from other phytophagous insects. However, the predators have also evolved the ability to break down the defence mechanisms of the plant. For example, they may use phytochemicals for their own defence or as olfactory clues for feeding. In this chapter a brief account of organisms of the coastal dune communities, including species of the intertidal zone, scavengers of the sea coast, reptiles, birds, insects, mammals and their possible interactions with terrestrial vegetation is presented. For biological organisms of the seashore the intertidal zone is the most important for food and shelter. The sand-dwelling species of the seashore must be able to contend with four limiting factors: (i) rush of water from the approaching or receding high tide and pounding breakers, (ii) low salinity of the top surface of sand (iii) desiccation of surface by high winds and sunshine and (iv) extreme changes in temperature of topsoil.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Herbivory attack"
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Mathieu, Amélie, Véronique Letort, Renaud Gosset, Jacques Gignoux und Paul-Henry Cournède. „Simulation of Morphological Plasticity of Acacia tortilis in Response to Herbivore Attacks“. In 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.30.
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Fagúndez, Jaime, Laura Lagos, José Antonio Cortés Vázquez und Flávia Canastra. Galician Wild Ponies. Socio-Economic Context and Environmental Benefits: Galicia Area Report and Case Study for GrazeLIFE (LIFE18 PRE NL 002). Publishing Service-University of A Coruña, Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498234.
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The University of A Coruña is partner of the GRAZELIFE LIFE preparatory project (LIFE 18 PRE/NL002). We contributed to the main aim of the project of promoting sustainable grazing by large herbivores, with the study of the particular case of Galician wild ponies as a natural grazing semi-wild land use model, and alternative land uses of short and long-term afforestation, extensive grazing and abandonment. We selected two sub-areas in Galicia representing different situations in dominant land uses and the wild ponies’ system. Xistral, in the north, is a protected Natura 2000 site covered by wet heaths and bogs, ponies are owned by commoners that are mainly cattle farmers. Groba, in the south, is a drier area with dominance of forestry use and high frequency of wildfires, where ponies are owned by non-professional farmers. We performed twenty personal semi-structured interviews with pony owners, land owners and related experts from different sectors (afforestation, tourism, conservation NGOs), and performed two focus groups. We discussed topics such as their relation with ponies, the challenges they face, their demands and feelings on the policies, including CAP subsidies or compensations for wolf attacks, and their expectations for the future. In the field, we selected representative stands of each land use model in each sub-area and performed a systematic record of plant species, measures of plant biomass, and collected soil samples. Measures were used as proxies of biodiversity changes, carbon storage and wildfire risk, to compare between the selected models.
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Fagúndez, Jaime, Laura Lagos, José Antonio Cortés Vázquez und Flávia Canastra. Galician Wild Ponies. Socio-Economic Context and Environmental Benefits: Galicia Area Report and Case Study for GrazeLIFE (LIFE18 PRE NL 002). Publishing Service-University of A Coruña, Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498241.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The University of A Coruña is partner of the GRAZELIFE LIFE preparatory project (LIFE 18 PRE/NL002). We contributed to the main aim of the project of promoting sustainable grazing by large herbivores, with the study of the particular case of Galician wild ponies as a natural grazing semi-wild land use model, and alternative land uses of short and long-term afforestation, extensive grazing and abandonment. We selected two sub-areas in Galicia representing different situations in dominant land uses and the wild ponies’ system. Xistral, in the north, is a protected Natura 2000 site covered by wet heaths and bogs, ponies are owned by commoners that are mainly cattle farmers. Groba, in the south, is a drier area with dominance of forestry use and high frequency of wildfires, where ponies are owned by non-professional farmers. We performed twenty personal semi-structured interviews with pony owners, land owners and related experts from different sectors (afforestation, tourism, conservation NGOs), and performed two focus groups. We discussed topics such as their relation with ponies, the challenges they face, their demands and feelings on the policies, including CAP subsidies or compensations for wolf attacks, and their expectations for the future. In the field, we selected representative stands of each land use model in each sub-area and performed a systematic record of plant species, measures of plant biomass, and collected soil samples. Measures were used as proxies of biodiversity changes, carbon storage and wildfire risk, to compare between the selected models.