Dissertationen zum Thema „Hépatocytes – Métabolisme – Aspect moléculaire“
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Vercoutère, Barbara. „Voies et régulations du métabolisme hépatique de la glutamine chez des souris normales et déficientes en récepteur à l'hormone thyroïdienne par invalidation de gènes : aspects cellulaires et moléculaires“. Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10202.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAshraf, Kutub. „A comprehensive study of the antiplasmodial effects of Artemisia spp. infusions against multiple parasite developmental stages including hypnozoite“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS188.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMy PhD thesis entitled ‘A comprehensive study of the antiplasmodial effects of Artemisia spp. infusions against multiple parasite developmental stages including hypnozoite’. The dormant liver resident parasite is called hypnozoite which can linger for weeks to months, and then relapse to cause recurrent blood stage infection. This hypnozoite reservoir is one of the critical barriers towards malaria eradication, mainly due to the lack of mass medication with a drug that can clear the hypnozoites in the liver. There is a dire need for the development of new hypnozoite-killing drugs but phenotypic screens are hindered by a lack of in vitroculture platforms. Under conventional culture conditions, hypnozoite cultures are often contaminated. This effect partially arises from infection with unpurified sporozoites that adversely affect the hepatocytes culture. Addressing this issue, in chapter 1, firstly I focused on the development of a short protocol with an antimicrobial cocktail, methyl paraben and penicillin streptomycin in a supplementation with sucrose solution that ensure yeast free sporozoite production in the salivary glands. In chapter 2, I tried to describe the research objectives, methodology and findings of the experiments. After developing a robust culture strategy, I moved on drug screening against the hypnozoite stage. We selected two Artemisia sp. A. annuaandA. afra. Aqueousinfusions prepared from them and were tested against the hepatic stage of all Plasmodiumsp. The reasoning behind these plant selections have been described in detail in this manuscript. I found a strong antimalarial activity of Artemisia infusions that blocked the relpase causing hypnozoite formation and cleared the liver parasites. In chapter 3, I described the effect in more detail. We believe that this profound inhibitory activity of Artemisia infusion is partially mediated by the disruption of the biogenesis of apicoplast and mitochondria. In chapter 4, I showed various confocal images of apicoplast disruption and quantitative PCR data of apicoplast DNA confirm our observation. Drug resistance to P. falciparum is a growing problem in Southeast Asia. New drugs are required to solve the problem. In chapter 5, I described in vitro activity of Artemisia infusions against the drug resistant P. falciparum isolates. It can be noted that the in vitroantimalarial effect that I observed in the liver and blood stage of Plasmodium was not artemisinin dependent asA. afracontains negligible amount of artemisinin but showed potent inhibitory activity.This is the first indication that compounds other than 8 aminoquinolines and artemisinin could be effective against the relapsing malaria and overcome the antimlarail drug resistance
Le, Daré Brendan. „Xénobiotiques hépatotoxiques : études de métabolisme et mécanismes d’action“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REN1B005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleXenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity is an extremely rich subject, given the multiple mechanisms and actors involved. This translational work aims to improve ethanol and amanitins (powerful fungal toxins) hepatotoxic mechanisms understanding, in order to provide new elements to optimize the therapeutic management of intoxicated patients. In a first step, we provide additional elements of understanding on macrophages response mechanisms to ethanol. These xenobiotic-cell interactions, shown through the P2X7 receptor induction example, seem to contribute in alcoholic liver damage severity, and testify to the macrophages plasticity in pathological situations. These results suggest in particular the interest of P2X7 receptor antagonist’s development in the treatment of alcoholism. In a second step, we are applied molecular networking, which allows the visualization of complex data acquired by LC-MS/MS, to xenobiotic metabolism study. The acebutolol metabolism example, in the context of voluntary drug intoxication on the one hand, and the in vitro quetiapine metabolism study on the other hand, have provided consistent evidence concerning molecular network interest in this context. In a third and final step, the molecular network application allowed us to rule out the hypothesis of an in vivo and in vitro amanitins metabolism. Moreover, our results show that the hepatocyte-like cellular model of differentiated HepaRG is a relevant model in amanitins study, and show the mitochondrial ROS production implication in these substances toxicity
Gerardi, Laffin Catherine. „Structure oligomérique du transporteur sodium-dépendant du D-glucose au niveau de la membrane de la bordure en brosse rénale de porc“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTaudon, Nicolas. „Molécules inhibitrices du métabolisme phospholipidique de plasmodium : développement préclinique d'une nouvelle approche thérapeutique“. Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON13507.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleXu, Elaine Meng. „Role of ceacam1 and shp1 in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23713.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleL’obésité et le diabète de type 2 (T2D) sont étroitement associés à la résistance à l’insuline, une maladie métabolique qui se développe suite à un défaut causé par une réduction de la signalisation de l’insuline et de sa clairance. Afin de comprendre la pathogenèse de la résistance à l’insuline plusieurs molécules qui régulent les voies de signalisation ainsi que la clairance sous contrôle du récepteur à l’insuline ont été étudiées, incluant la protéine tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP1 et la molécule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1 or CC1) qui est régulée en aval sous le contrôle de SHP1. Les nombreuses isoformes de CC1 contribuent à différentes fonctions cellulaires. Dans le foie, l’isoforme CC1-L, qui est phosphorylée sur tyrosine (Tyr), joue un rôle métabolique essentiel dans la régulation de la clairance de l’insuline et dans la suppression de l’activité de la synthase des acides gras (FAS). Nous avons démontré que des souris invalidées pour CC1 (Cc1-/-) sous un régime standard faible en gras (SD) développent néanmoins une importante stéatose hépatique qui est démontré par une augmentation de triglycérides, de cholestérol total ainsi que de cholestérol estérifié dans le foie. Sous un régime contenant 55% de gras (HFD) ces mêmes souris démontrent une prédisposition au développement de la stéatose et dysfonction hépatique induite par le régime, indiqués par une accumulation de lipides hépatiques et une augmentation d’enzymes marqueurs de dommage hépatique dans la circulation. La stéatose hépatique dans la souris Cc1-/- est liée à une augmentation significative d’importantes enzymes lipogéniques et de la synthèse du cholestérol qui sont régulés suite à une augmentation de l’activité nucléaire des facteurs de transcription Srebp1c et Srebp2. Comparées aux souris contrôle sauvages (WT) les souris CC1-/- ont démontré une réduction de la clairance de l’insuline, une intolérance au glucose, une résistance à l’insuline hépatique et une augmentation d’expression des activateurs transcriptionels hépatiques PGC-1 et FoxO1. L’absence de CC1 a aussi exacerbé l’intolérance au glucose et la résistance à l’insuline hépatique induite par le régime à haute teneur de gras mais la clairance de l’insuline n’était pas diminuée dans les souris Cc1 -/-. Nos donnés indiquent que CC1 est un important régulateur de la lipogénèse hépatique et que les souris CC1-/- sont prédisposées à développer une stéatose hépatique qui mène à une résistance à l’insuline hépatique et des dommages dans le foie qui sont surtout évidentes sous un régime riche en lipides. Une importante Tyr phosphatase de CC1 est SHP1. Précédemment nous avons démontré que SHP1 est un important régulateur de l’homéostasie du glucose et de la clairance de l’insuline par le foie, cependant son rôle dans l’obésité liée au diabète reste méconnu. Nous rapportons ici que l’expression de SHP1 est significativement augmentée dans les tissus métaboliques de souris obèses sous régime HFD. Nous avons généré des souris invalidées pour SHP1 spécifiquement dans les hépatocytes (Ptpn6H-KO) pour investiguer le rôle de SHP1 dans le développement de la résistance à l’insuline et de la stéatose hépatique. Sous régime HFD les souris Ptpn6H-KO deviennent aussi obèses que les souris non invalidées pour SHP1 (Ptpn6f/f). Malgré ceci les souris Ptpn6H-KO démontrent une amélioration de la glycémie à jeun et une protection contre la résistance à l’insuline induite par l’obésité qui est confirmée par la suppression de la synthèse de glucose hépatique ainsi qu’une amélioration de l’activation du récepteur pour l’insuline avec une augmentation concomitante des voies de signalisation Akt. Il est aussi possible que la clairance de l’insuline accrue qu’on observe dans les souris Ptpn6H-KO soit due à une augmentation de la phosphorylation sur tyrosine de CC1. Les souris obèses Ptpn6H-KO montrent une augmentation de stéatose hépatique qui est le résultat de 1) une augmentation de lipogénèse hépatique associée à une augmentation importante de l’activité et de l’expression de SREBP-1 et des enzymes lipogéniques en aval FAS et ACC, 2) une augmentation de la captation postprandiale des acides gras qui est possiblement liée à une augmentation de l’expression du gène et de l’activité nucléaire de PPARγ, 3) une diminution de la sécrétion des triglycérides et de l’apolipoprotéine B sous le forme de lipoprotéines de très basse densité (VLDL). Étonnamment, malgré le niveau élevé de stéatose hépatique, le profil inflammatoire dans le foie des souris Ptpn6H-KO était similaire ou même amélioré comparé aux souris contrôles Ptpn6f/f et ceci était accompagné d’une diminution de dommage hépatocellulaire. Ces résultats démontrent que SHP1 est un nouveau médiateur de la résistance à l’insuline dans les hépatocytes et contribue à la détérioration du métabolisme du glucose induite par l’obésité. Chez la souris Ptpn6H-KO la stéatose hépatique induite par le régime suggère par ailleurs un autre rôle de SHP1 dans la régulation du métabolisme hépatique des lipides. Malgré le fait que CC1 et SHP1 se retrouvent dans le même complexe que Cdk2 et le récepteur de l’insuline, ils jouent des rôles opposés, CC1 étant un régulateur positif et SHP1 un régulateur négatif de la clairance de l’insuline. Ceci est en accord avec la régulation hépatique par le glucose des voies de signalisation de l’insuline pour ces deux molécules car les souris Cc1-/- démontrent une détérioration du métabolisme du glucose et de la signalisation de l’insuline alors que les souris Ptpn6H-KO démontrent une amélioration. Notre observation de stéatose hépatique chez ces deux modèles animaux suggère que CC1 et SHP1 limitent la synthèse et l’entreposage des lipides hépatiques de façon dépendante ou indépendante de la signalisation de l’insuline. Les résultats de ces études utilisant des modèles invalidés pour CC1 ou SHP1 révèlent des mécanismes du contrôle de la synthèse de glucose hépatique et du métabolisme des lipides qui sont très complexes et distincts. En plus ces résultats nous apportent une compréhension importante de la régulation hépatique de l’action et de la clairance de l’insuline.
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are tightly associated with a common link, insulin resistance, a metabolic disorder developed from defective insulin action involving impaired insulin signaling and clearance. To investigate the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, many molecules modulating its signaling pathways as well as insulin receptor-mediated insulin clearance have been studied, including the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP1 and its regulated downstream molecule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1 or CC1). CC1 in multiple isoforms contributes differentially to various cellular functions, the tyrosine (Tyr)-phosphorylated isoform of CC1 (CC1-L) is known to play an essential metabolic role in the hepatic regulation of insulin clearance and insulin-mediated acute inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity. We have found that CC1-deficient (Cc1-/-) mice on standard diet (SD) already develop spontaneous hepatic steatosis with significantly elevated accretion of triglyceride (TG), total and esterified cholesterol. When challenged with a 55% kcal high-fat diet (HFD), these mice show greater susceptibility to the development of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and dysfunction, indicated by higher hepatic lipid content and serum levels of hepatic enzymes as markers of liver damage. Hepatic steatosis in the Cc1-/- mice is linked to a significant increase of key lipogenic (FAS, ACC) and cholesterol synthetic (HMGCR) enzymes, which is a result of increased nuclear activity of their positive gene transcription factors Srebp1c and Srebp2. Compared to their wild-type (WT) littermate controls, Cc1-/- mice exhibited impaired insulin clearance, glucose intolerance, liver insulin resistance, and elevated hepatic key gluconeogenic transcriptional activators Pgc1 and FoxO1. Lack of CC1 also exacerbated the HFD-induced glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance, while insulin clearance was not further deteriorated. These data demonstrate that CC1 is a key regulator of hepatic lipogenesis and that Cc1-/- mice are predisposed to liver steatosis, leading to hepatic insulin resistance and liver damage, particularly when chronically exposed to dietary fat. An important Tyr phosphatase of CC1, SHP1, has been found previously by our lab to regulate glucose homeostasis and liver insulin clearance, but its potential implication in obesity-linked insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis has not yet been examined. We hereby report that SHP1 expression is significantly upregulated in metabolic tissues of HFD-fed obese mice. We have also further investigated the role of hepatocyte SHP1 in promoting insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis by generating hepatocyte-specific SHP1 knockout mice (Ptpn6H-KO). Upon HFD feeding, Ptpn6H-KO mice develop obesity as their Ptpn6f/f littermates. With consistently improved fasting glycemia, these mice are protected from obesity-induced liver insulin resistance as revealed by normalized insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production and hepatic insulin signaling with improved activation of insulin receptor and downstream signaling through Akt. More rapid insulin clearance in Ptpn6H-KO mice due to heightened CC1 tyrosine phosphorylation is also a possible contribution to the improved insulin action. Unexpectedly, obese Ptpn6H-KO mice exhibit enhanced hepatic steatosis. In detailed mechanisms, this is a result of 1) augmented hepatic lipogenesis, marked by upregulated activity and expression of SREBP-1 as well as the downstream regulated lipogenic enzymes such as FAS and ACC, 2) increased postprandial fatty acid uptake, possibly linked to the upregulation of PPAR gene expression and nuclear activity, and 3) decreased postprandial TG output in apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-associated lipoprotein particles, i.e. very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). More interestingly, the steatotic livers of these Ptpn6H-KO mice display comparable or even reduced level of inflammation accompanied by significantly less hepatocellular damage than that in their Ptpn6f/f counterparts. These results present hepatocyte SHP1 as a novel mediator of insulin resistance compromising hepatic glucose metabolism in diet-induced obesity. The enhanced diet-induced hepatic steatosis in Ptpn6H-KO mice provides a new role for SHP1 in liver lipid metabolism and further supports the bifurcation of insulin signaling in the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis or also confirms a possible disconnection between hepatic regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Although both CC1 and SHP1 are found in the same complex with Cdk2 and insulin receptor to regulate insulin clearance, they play opposing roles as CC1 is the positive regulator and SHP1 being the negative one. This is in accordance with the hepatic glucoregulation of insulin signaling for both molecules, since Cc1-/- mice show impaired glucose metabolism and insulin signaling whereas Ptpn6H-KO mice exhibit improvement. Interestingly, our observation of hepatic steatosis in both animal models, though with different characteristics, suggests that both CC1 and SHP1 limit hepatic lipid synthesis and storage, dependent or independent of insulin signaling. Findings from these studies using animal models lacking CC1 and SHP1 reveal complex and differential regulatory mechanisms of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and they also provide important understanding of the hepatic regulation of insulin action and clearance.
Dreumont, Natacha. „Étude du métabolisme des ARNm aberrants du gène codant pour la fumarylacétoacétate hydrolase“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22127/22127.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChouinard, Sarah. „Régulation de l'homéostasie des androgènes et des dérivés des acides gras bioactifs dans la prostate humaine par les UDP-glucuronosyltransférases (UGT)2B“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25674/25674.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaciejewski, Hugo. „Approche intégrée et moléculaire du métabolisme anaérobie chez le rameur entrainé“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00634282.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJossé, Rozenn. „Recherche de gènes cibles de contaminants de l'environnement génotoxiques après exposition aiguë ou répétée des cellules hépatiques humaines HepaRG“. Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1B079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe lack of relevant in vitro models makes it challenging prediction of toxicity of chemicals in humans, particularly effects induced by reiterated exposure to low concentrations and mixtures. The present work aimed at determining whether human hepatoma HepaRG cells, which are able to metabolize chemicals to levels close to those found in primary human hepatocytes, could bring answers to these challenges. We first showed that these cells maintained their functional capacity for at least one month after differentiation and were suitable for the detection of DNA damage induced by promutagens using the comet and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. Then, we have studied mechanisms involved in AFB1 toxicity and identified FHIT tumor suppressor gene as a potent early biomarker for discriminating between genotoxic and nongenotoxic compounds
Bensalem, Hadia. „Implication des radicaux libres dans le cancer et la pathologie bilharzienne : exploitation des propriétés anti-radiculaires de l'hydrogène moléculaire“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2002AIX20657.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur work is the first attempt to examine the opportunity to use the radical scavenging properties of gaseous hydrogen for protection against ionizing radiations and in a new anticancerous strategy. Hydrogen reacts with the hydroxyl radical, which is responsible for most of the radiation's damages ; the radical also initiates tumoral proliferation through several mechanisms, especially DNA alteration. We showed that 0. 7 MPa hydrogen reduces by 40 % base alteration in a gamma-irradiated DNA solution. The proportion of oxidized/reduced byproducts is unchanged, showing that hydrogen acts on the hydroxyl radical itself and not on down-stream reactions. Moreover, hydrogen triggers the apoptosis of cancer cell lines which are in active mitosis. Together with previous experiments showing a protective effect of hydrogen towards chronic hepatic inflammation, our findings illustrate the potential therapeutic properties of molecular hydrogen. Compared with all known drugs, hydrogen has the advantage to scavenge the hydroxyl radical without side effects. Ln the second part of our work, we examined the implication of nitric oxide (NO) in the hepatic injury due to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, in the mouse. We showed that the activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is dramatically decreased. This is probably due to the nitrosylation/nitration of the enzyme by peroxynitrite, because of the simultaneous production of i) reactive oxygen species and ii) NO by the inducible NO synthase isoform (iNOS). We showed also that the expression and activity of iron regulatory protein-1 (IRP-1) is altered. This is likely to result in a change of the hepatic iron homeostasis. Actually, the disease induces a marked increase of free iron concentration in the liver. These observations should be taken into consideration for the human pathology
Escalettes-Darhan, Sylvie. „Acidémie méthylmalonique : à propos d'un cas“. Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M131.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMucunguzi, Octave. „Les mécanismes moléculaires du Facteur Trefoil 2 dans le métabolisme énergétique et le développement de l'obésité“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40220.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleObesity is a multifactorial disease. Food intake, lifestyle and genetics are the three factors that contribute to its development. Tff2 is a small gut peptide playing protective and maintenance functions. Trefoil factor 2 knockout mice (Tff2KO) are viable, fertile and protected from high fat induced obesity (HIO) and their feeding behaviors are different from those of wild type (WT) ones. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Tff2 contributes to the development of obesity. To do this, the principal transcriptional regulators for high fat and low fat responsive genes were identified in the small intestine; then Tff2 KO and WT mice were fed ad libitum with high-fat diet (HF) and low-fat diet (LF), their development has been supervised. Thereafter, energy metabolizing organs such as liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle have been harvested in order to measure the expression of genes and proteins involved in energy metabolism. Proteins and genes such as CD36/Cd36, NUR77/Nur77, and GLUT4/Glut4 were more expressed in Tff2KO mice than in WT mice, whereas no significant differences were observed in mitochondrial proteins. Our results showed a part of molecular and metabolic pathways that connect Tff2 and energy metabolizing proteins, we hope that Tff2 will be studied in human tissues to emphasize its role in the development of obesity and use it as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity.
Raherison, Sophie. „Etude physiologique de l'efflux actif dans la résistance aux fluoroquinolones chez Mycoplasma hominis, caractérisation moléculaire de son support génétique“. Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR28992.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLemire, Bruno. „Métabolisme et signalisation cellulaire dans le quadriceps des patients atteints de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30022/30022.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePeripheral muscle dysfunction is one of the most important systemic manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This dysfunction brings many muscle abnormalities at the clinical, structural, metabolic and biochemical levels. These abnormalities contribute to the exercise intolerance, loss of muscle mass and force as well as diminishing quality of life of patients with COPD. This thesis as for general objective the investigation of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD, more precisely 1) the study of signalling pathways involved in muscle atrophy 2) the study of muscle metabolism in response to endurance exercise involved in exercise intolerance and 3) the study of muscle cellular adaptations to resistance exercise involved in the less than optimal response following resistance training in patients with COPD. First, we showed the possible contribution of the MAPKs, more precisely p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK, to the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. The phosphorylation levels as well as the mRNA expression of these key proteins are elevated in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls. We also demonstrated that SAA1 could have a possible role in the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. Secondly, we observed that patients with COPD have a greater reliance on the muscle glycolytic metabolism during an endurance exercise done until exhaustion, therefore possibly contributing to the exercise intolerance seen in patients with COPD. Lastly, we demonstrated that the cellular adaptation in response to resistance exercise training is different for proteins involved in muscle mass regulation in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls, thus possibly contributing to the less-than-optimal response to resistance exercise training in patients with COPD. This thesis puts at the forefront the signalling pathways and inflammatory markers contributing to the inherent peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD, as well as the investigation of exercise response in patients with COPD. These results will add to the scientific knowledge of the metabolic and cellular aspects of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD.
Zhang, Yonghua. „Studies of the adipose tissue transcriptome“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25907/25907.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTyre, Madeline. „Répression de l'expression du gène Insl3 par les estrogènes dans les cellules de Leydig“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29813/29813.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMercenne, Gaëlle. „Rôle de la protéine VIF du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) dans le métabolisme d'APOBEC3G : fixation à l'ARNm et inhibition traductionnelle“. Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6092.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHIV-1 Vif protein is a little auxiliary protein of 23kDa, highly basic and essential to pathogenicity in non-permissive cells. Recently, it has been shown that these cells express specifically a restriction factor, APOBEC3G (A3G) which, in absence of Vif, induced a decreased in viral infectivity. However, the virus has developed a strategy which allows to by-pass this immunitary defense. This evasion mechanism is controlled by Vif protein which acts by various ways to counteract A3G: at the packaging level by inhibiting its incorporation in the viral particles, at post-translational level by inducing its degradation and finally at translational level by understood mechanism. My PhD work focused in this last aspect. First of all, we have shown that Vif binds to A3G mRNA and presents a better affinity for 3’UTR than for 5’UTR. These results are confirmed by in solution probing and footprinting experiments which suggest that Vif binds preferentially the 3’UTR. Analyses of a Vif mutant in the multimerization domain (AALA Vif) show that this motif is implicated in binding specificity to A3G mRNA because this protein didn’t show anymore any binding preference for all tested RNA. Then, biophysical and biochemical studies allow us to characterize the wild-type Vif (WT Vif) and AALA Vif. Our results show that WT Vif is organized in complexes of 6-10 proteins whereas AALA Vif seems to form only dimers or trimers. Consequently, mutation in the multimerization domain decreased the Vif capacity to multimerize. Analyses of secondary structure indicate that the two proteins are organized in a similar way and that the C-terminal region is as a majority unstructured. This lack of organization would explain the plasticity of this region, providing a greater diversity of interactions between Vif and its numerous partners. In order to study the potential consequences of Vif binding to A3G mRNA, we analyzed the A3G translation in vitro and ex vivo in presence of Vif. We showed that the 5’UTR of A3G mRNA is necessary to translational inhibition by Vif but that the multimerization domain is not implicated in this mechanism. So, considering the Vif binding proprieties to A3G mRNA, these results suggest that Vif affinity for RNA doesn’t necessarily correlate with its importance in translational inhibition. The study of the inhibition mechanism itself suggests that Vif stimulates the assembly of A3G mRNA in complexes of high molecular weight. Complementary experiments will be necessary to identify the components of these complexes and to localized these assemblies in the cell
Cherizol, Rose Guerline. „Importance de la déficience du facteur trefoil 2 (tff2) dans la protection contre l'obésité“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30704/30704.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleObesity is a major public health problem. Many countries are well documented in scientific literature for their high prevalence of obesity. Although there are some drugs against obesity, they are increasingly removed from the market because of their serious and sometimes fatal side effects. To allow better preventive and therapeutic strategies, it is important to know other molecular mechanisms which could provide new targets for the prevention and therapy of obesity. The overall objective of this thesis was to identify new molecular mechanisms controlling food intake in order to develop prevention and treatment against obesity and the associated diseases. We first wanted to identify specific gene for a high-fat diet in mice. We therefore chose Tff2 since it is modulated by the high-fat food (high fat) and its expression is correlated to that of apolipoprotein A4 (ApoA4), which is a satiety factor induced by fat intake. Subsequently, we determined the effects associated with the impairment of trefoil factor 2 (Tff2KO) in protecting against obesity induced by high-fat diet. In sum, the overall results suggest the involvement of Tff2 deficiency in the control of energy balance. Indeed, Tff2KO increases food intake while decreasing leptin levels. In addition, Tff2KO substantially increases the excretion of fecal energy. In conclusion, these results suggest that Tff2 could be a major preventive and therapeutic target in controlling obesity. Finally, we attempted to localize the expression of Tff2 in the brain. The results have allowed us to see that Tff2 is weakly detected in the brain.
Sood, Aditi. „Wiring the adaptive response of mitochondria to metabolic transitions : a Mitofusin-2- dependent proteolytic elimination of OPA1 accompanies cristae and mitochondria-ER contacts remodelling in the postprandial mouse liver“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25772.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is well established in cultured models that mitochondrial dynamics and cristae remodeling regulate mitochondrial function under different stress conditions, such as starvation and apoptosis. Despite the tremendous amount of research in this field, relatively little is known about the significance of mitochondrial dynamics and ultrastructure remodeling under normal physiological conditions in vivo. In the 1960’s, Hackenbrock demonstrated that isolated mitochondria adopt distinct internal conformations under different metabolic states. Based on these observations, he predicted that mitochondrial ultrastructural changes regulate the organelles functional output. However, whether these ultrastructural changes also accompany metabolic transitions in vivo, under physiological conditions, is not known. Further, hepatic metabolism requires mitochondria to adapt their bioenergetic and biosynthetic output to the ever-changing anabolic/catabolic state of the liver cell, but the wiring of this process is still largely elusive. In this study, we provide the first in vivo quantitative description of the adaptive response of the mitochondrial reticulum to hepatic metabolic transitions. Using a postprandial mouse liver model and quantitative cryo-EM analysis we show that at 5 hours after feeding the mTORC1 signaling is blocked, the mitochondria network fragments, the cristae density decreases and the mitochondrial respiratory capacity drops. These changes are accompanied with a parallel increase in the mitochondria-ER contact (MERCs) lengths, which control calcium and phospholipids fluxes between the two organelles. Further, these events are associated with the transient expression of two previously unidentified C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of Optic atrophy-1 (OPA1), a mitochondrial GTPase that regulates cristae and mitochondrial dynamics. Using an in vitro assay, we show that these CTFs originate from a novel OPA1 processing, termed C-cleavage that eliminates OPA1 activity by breaking off the GTPase. Importantly, we show that C-cleavage requires the presence of Mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a key regulator of mitochondria fusion and MERCs biogenesis, but not that of its homolog Mitofusin-1 (MFN1), thereby linking cristae remodeling to MERCs assembly.
Salaberry, Nora. „Caractérisation moléculaire et pharmacologique de l'horloge circadienne située dans l'habénula“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe habenula (Hb) is a key nucleus for monoamine control with circadian properties. However, its clockwork is not fully characterized. In this thesis, we confirm that the Hb harbors a molecular circadian clock which can be disrupted by mutations of clock genes. Furthermore, we showed that the Hb clock was still rhythmic even without the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or in constant light condition which disrupts locomotor activity rhythms and SCN oscillations. However, Hb oscillators (in the caudal and rostral part) are uncoupled in constant darkness condition. In the last part of the study, we determined the potential internal synchronizators. The results indicated that at least four molecules (dopamine, noradrenaline, vasopressin and orexin) affect the Hb circadian properties (period, amplitude). The characterization of the Hb clock will give us a better understanding of its involvement in psychiatric diseases combining rhythms and monoamine alteration like depression or addiction
Moreau, Karine. „Réponse du métabolisme protéique au jeûne court et à la renutrition au cours du vieillissement“. Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTunçay, Hande. „La génétique formelle chez Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : un outil puissant de dissection du catabolisme de l’amidon“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10177/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the last two decades of research, efforts have been focused on the understanding of the complex pathway of starch biosynthesis with comparatively less emphasis on the genes and regulatory networks responsible for mobilization in planta of this important source of storage polysaccharide. However the starch metabolism network includes over 40 genes highly conserved from green algae to land plants. This comes as a surprise when one considers that this storage polysaccharide is made solely of glucose residues with only two types of chemical linkages. In addition to its central importance in food and material science, a particular interest in the understanding of starch mobilization in green algae rather than crops has been generated from recent developments in the production of bioenergies. While successful reverse genetic approaches have been mostly applied to Arabidopsis, we propose to complete and reassess our vision of starch catabolism by applying a high throughput forward genetic strategy in the system which among all model plants is most suited for such an approach: the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We thus constructed and screened an insertional mutant bank and identified more than 40 mutant strains altered in their ability or in the kinetics of starch mobilization. The combination of biochemical, enzymological and molecular approaches allowed us to identify several of the mutations responsive of the catabolic phenotype
Scheer, Hélène. „Rôle complexe de l’uridylation dans le métabolisme des ARNm chez Arabidopsis thaliana“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRNA degradation is an essential step of gene regulation and is critical for development and survival of organisms. Uridylation of mRNAs triggers their degradation and is conserved in most eukaryotes. My PhD thesis is focused on the characterization of URT1, a TUTase responsible for the uridylation of mRNAs in Arabidopsis. I have identified a chain of interactions linking URT1 to factors involved in translation inhibition. Those interactions are likely conserved in all land plants. In addition, I show by 3’ RACE-seq, a method using high throughput sequencing to characterize the 3’ extremities of candidate mRNAs, that URT1 expression levels can control the distribution profiles of uridylated and non-uridylated poly(A) tails. Interestingly, the modification of these distribution profiles is associated to the repression of the expression of a reporter gene, without affecting mRNA steady-state levels. My results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular roles of mRNA uridylation in Arabidopsis and open new perspectives related to the diversity of the roles of uridylation in the metabolism of mRNAs
Mellaoui, Samia. „Rôle de la protéine FMRP dans la formation et le dynamisme des granules à ARN“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29529/29529.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLacape, Geneviève. „Contribution à l'étude d'un mécanisme d'information transcellulaire : le métabolisme d'acides gras hydroxyles par les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires“. Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2B001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProulx, Marie-Claude. „Identification de facteurs régulant le complexe γ-sécrétase dans le contexte de la maladie d'alzheimer“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19313.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoudreault, Lydia. „Étude d'association entre des polymorphismes du gène du récepteur de leukemia inhibitory factor et la densité osseuse chez les femmes canadiennes françaises“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29524/29524.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHammami, Walid. „Étude physiologique et métabolique de la production de la flocculosine chez Pseudozyma flocculosa“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27003/27003.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl, Garch Farid. „Résistance non enzymatique aux aminosides chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa“. Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESAA001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for chronic lung infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ln order to identify aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms, an insertional library was built in reference strain PAO 1 of P. Aeruginosa with a transposon. Screening of 12,000 clones on agar medium containing gentamicin led to the isolation of four groups of aminoglycoside resistant mutants showing either an alteration of the LPS, a defective electron transport chain, a lack in ribosomal protein L25, or overproduction of the efflux system MexXY. Each of these mechanisms promoted a 2-fold increase in the MICs of various aminoglycosides compared to PAO1. When combined, these alterations had addictive or multiplicative effects on resistance to aminoglycosides, resulting in MICs up to 16 fold higher than in PAO1 for clinical relevant drugs such as tobramycin. Altogether, these results show that high level resistance to aminoglycosides in P. Aeruginosa may result from the interplays of several low-level resistance mechanisms
Jenty, Marion. „Rôle de la signalisation LRP1/Wnt5a dans le métabolisme du cholestérol“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ025/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProtects against intracellular cholesterol accumulation and we identified the secreted protein Wnt5a as a partner of this inhibitory effect of LRP1. The aim of this thesis is to determine the molecular mechanisms by which the LRP1/Wnt5a signaling pathway prevents cholesterol accumulation in cells and to study the antiatherogenic potential of Wnt5a. We first showed in vitro and in vivo that Wnt5a decreases cellular cholesterol content by stimulating its efflux through the induction of cholesterol transporters expression and by down-regulating the expression of HMGCoA-reductase. Then we used mice deleted for Wnt5a specifically in smooth muscle cells, which present more atherosclerotic lesions than control mice after a high cholesterol diet. This confirms that Wnt5a protects against atherosclerosis and could be an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of the disease
Simar, David. „Expression de Hsp72 au cours du vieillissement : quel rôle pour l'aptitude physique ?“ Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON14003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFranchet, Adrien. „Étude de l’infection de la microsporidie Tubulinosema ratisbonensis sur son hôte Drosophila melanogaster : importance du métabolisme lipidique de l’hôte dans la prolifération parasitaire“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ089.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe study the host/pathogen interactions between Drosophila and a natural intracellular parasite : the microsporidium Tubulinosema ratisbonensis. Microsporidia are highly derived group of fungi with a compact genome and no mitochondria. These obligate parasites thus rely intensively on host metabolism for growth and proliferation. The interactions between microsporidia and their hosts remain poorly understood at the metabolic level.In vivo, spores target many tissues especially the fat body that loses its lipid droplets. Metabolic reserves become depleted during the course of the infection and flies display the hallmarks of severe starvation. Fatty acids supplementation of the infected flies diet increases parasite proliferation and host susceptibility to the parasite. This effect is blocked when perturbing lipid assimilation and transport originating from the gut. Accordingly, flies resist better infection when lipid synthesis is blocked, as the parasite proliferation is hampered
Moufok-Sadoun, Ahlam. „Rôle de la cadhérine atypique MUCDHL dans le système digestif et ses pathologies“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ075/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMUCDHL is an atypical cadherin that has been poorly studied. The data obtained so far suggest that this gene has tumor suppressive activity in the intestine, namely by its interaction and inhibitory effect on β-catenin, and that its expression is frequently decreased in colorectal cancers (CCR). In parallel to this anti-oncogenic function, other studies have suggested that MUCDHL is involved in the assembly of the intestinal brush border (BB), by contributing to the formation of an inter-microvilli interaction complex. Our objective was to determine the function and mode of action of MUCDHL in the digestive system, Through a detailed characterization of the interaction with β-catenin, we showed that the anti-oncogenic mode of action of MUCDHL is more complex than a simple membrane sequestration of β-catenin. In addition, we confirmed the tumor suppressive function of MUCDHL on a very large cohort of human CCR and showed for the first time that its loss amplifies intestinal tumorigenesis in a murine model. Moreover, the study of the phenotype of Mucdhl-/- mice allowed us to demonstrate the importance of MUCDHL in the homeostasis of the digestive system. Indeed, the absence of MUCDHL causes morphological alterations of the intestinal BB, but also numerous metabolic disturbances. Thus, this work provides new information on the function and mode of action of MUCDHL in the digestive system
Baudoin, Léa. „Rôle de la O-GlcNAcylation dans les effets pro-inflammatoires du LPS dans le macrophage“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB098.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the last decades, changes in lifestyle have led to a dramatic increased prevalence of pathologies such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Chronic hyperglycaemia associated with these diseases has deleterious effects on many tissues, resulting in serious complications (glucotoxicity). Among the different mechanisms involved in the toxic effects of glucose, O-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAc) of proteins plays an important role. O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates the activities of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Only two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), control the level of O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O- GlcNAc) on proteins. OGT is the enzyme that O-GlcNAcylates proteins, whereas OGA removes O-GlcNAc from proteins. This post-translational modification tightly depends on glucose availability and its flux through the hexosamines biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity are also characterized by chronic low level inflammation, which contributes to the complications observed in these pathologies. The metabolic disturbances associated with these diseases (increased free fatty acids and glucose) promote pro-inflammatory processes in the macrophage. However, the relationships between inflammatory processes and O-GlcNAcylation of proteins remain poorly explored. The aim of this work was to evaluate the involvement of the O-GlcNAcylation pathway in the macrophage. The studies were carried out using the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line or primary macrophages differentiated from mouse bone marrow (BMDM), peritoneal mouse macrophages, or human monocytes derived macrophages (hMDM). O-GlcNAcylation of proteins was measured in RAW264.7 macrophages using a BRET biosensor targeted to different cell compartments. We have observed that activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 by LPS (lipopolysaccharide) increases the BRET signal at the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, and nucleus of RAW264.7 cells. An increase in LPS-induced O-GlcNAcylation was also observed by western blotting in RAW264.7 cells and primary mouse and human macrophages. This increase in O-GlcNAcylation was in particular detected on the p65 subunit of the NFκB transcription factor, suggesting a role for this modification in the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS. In agreement with this notion, inhibition of OGA, (responsible for de-GlcNAcylation of proteins) using a specific inhibitor (Thiamet G) potentiates the effects of LPS on mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1β. In addition, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible OTG-KO mouse model. Invalidation of OGT in primary macrophages of these mice reduces the effect of LPS on the expression of IL1β mRNAs by a factor of 2, suggesting that the induction of O-GlcNAcylation is at least in part involved in the transmission of the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for LPS-induced increase in O-GlcNAcylation, we studied the effect of LPS on the enzymes involved in the O-GlcNAc pathway in RAW264.7 cells. We observed that LPS treatment had no effect on the expression (mRNA and protein) and on the enzymatic activities of OGT and OGA. On the other hand, LPS induced a strong increase in the expression (mRNA and protein) of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate limiting enzyme of the HBP pathway. Inhibition of GFAT with 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) inhibited LPS-induced increase in O-GlcNAcylation and LPS effect on the expression of IL1β mRNA, but not NOS2 expression, confirming a partial dependence of the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS on the O-GlcNAc pathway. In conclusion, our results indicate that activation of the O-GlcNAcylation pathway could be considered as an integral part of the signal induced by TLR4, and suggest that this pathway is involved in some of the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS in the macrophage
Buges, Julie. „Metabolism and roles of hydroxycinnamic acids in Cichorium intybus L“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIndustrial chicory, Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum, accumulates a wide array ofpotent specialized metabolites. These metabolites exhibit very diverse structures, activities and functions that are remarkable from a physiological standpoint, but also for their applications such as in human and animal health, agronomy and other diverse industries.This work focused on two specialized metabolites of C. intybus: an unusual phenolamide tetracoumaroyl-spermine (TetraSpm) and 3,5-isochlorogenic acid (diCQA). This research contributes to the biochemical and physiological characterization as well as the investigation of the evolutive history of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these two hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates. We used computational analysis and molecular engineering approaches.We demonstrated the sequential action of the two CiSHTs (Spermine Hydroxycinnamoyl Transferases) in vivo in the biosynthetic pathway of TetraSpm. We investigated the influence of free polyamine availability and structural features on the catalytic activities of SHT proteins. Furthermore, we engineered a chimeric protein able to catalyze the production of TetraSpm in a single step.The study of diCQA metabolism in C. intybus involved the identification and preliminary characterization of target genes belonging to the GDSL-lipase like enzymatic family. Moreover, it emphasized the diversity of plant acyltransferases involved in specialized metabolism. The physiological roles and functions of TetraSpm and diCQA are still to be determined. However, the conservation of TetraSpm among the Asteraceae family suggests that it plays a significant role in their evolution, and the therapeutic properties of diCQA are of great interest in human health. Thus, deciphering these biosynthetic pathways is crucial for their reconstitution in more efficient systems via molecular engineering and consequently the valorization of these compounds
Fauchey, Valérie. „Contrôle dopaminergique du striatum chez la souris déficiente pour le transporteur de la dopamine : régulation d'expression génique chez l'adulte et au cours du développement“. Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28728.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMagliarelli, Helena. „Uncovering ubiquitylation pathways in liver metabolism by a proteomic approach“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ083/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn vertebrates, the liver has developed to be a major metabolic organ able to control glucose and lipid homeostasis. It activates or inhibits specific pathways in a regulated manner, depending on the metabolic state of our organism. Based on the emerging experimental evidence suggesting that the ubiquitin conjugation system is engaged in response to different metabolic cues, we conducted a global proteomic analysis to identify metabolic pathways modified by ubiquitylation. To this end, we used livers of mice subjected to a fasting – refeeding protocol. Amongst the 117 proteins differentially ubiquitylated upon fasting or refeeding conditions, we identified complement 3 (C3) to be ubiquitinated in livers of refed mice. We observed that an activation product of C3, C3a, is ubiquitylated in primary hepatocytes treated with nutrient-rich media. Thus, we suggest that the ubiquitylation of C3 plays a role in the regulation of inflammatory or metabolic functions of C3 in the liver
Ouizougun-Oubari, Mohamed. „Études structurales de la nucléoprotéine du virus respiratoire syncytial : vers le développement rationnel d'inhibiteurs“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for bronchiolitis in both infants and the elderly. The majority of infants become infected with RSV before the age of 2 and in some cases can have fatal consequences. To date, this type of respiratory infection has no effective treatment.When I arrived in the structural virology unit of the Pasteur Institute, the structure of RSV nucleoprotein N had just been solved. Having the structure of this protein, the first objective of this thesis was to characterize at the structural level the interaction between this nucleoprotein and its main viral partner, phosphoprotein P, a complex essential to the replication / transcription process. From these structural data, a second objective consisted of the rational search for inhibitors targeting this interaction with a view to the development of new therapeutic molecules. The first part of this manuscript presents the results of the 2015 publication (Ouizougun-Oubari et al., 2015) presenting a valid study model, the N-NTD, for studying the N-P interaction. The structure of the N-NTD / P2 complex led to a list of 100 molecules where a molecular family, BPdCs, were able to inhibit the formation of the N-P complex. The second part of the manuscript describes complexes obtained with other compounds (non BPdC) and some biochemical characterization of their inhibitory feature. Together, this study sheds light on a rational approach to the development of a new type of inhibitor, not only in RSV, but also in other viral Mononegavirales including many emerging diseases
Pontoizeau, Clément. „High-Field NMR Metabolomics : Phenotyping the Metabolic Complexity from Humans to Cells“. Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00918143.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBohler, Sacha. „Les effets de l'ozone sur les processus foliaires du peuplier : une approche protéomique“. Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10140/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAfter the industrial revolution of the 1700s and 1800s, and the subsequent industrialization, many pollutants have accumulated in the atmosphere, mainly due to the use of coal and fossil fuels. Besides the primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, secondary oxides such as ozone started to accumulate. Nowadays, ozone is the third gas involved in global climate change, but is also a major health risk for humans, and induces considerable damage to vegetation. Starting in the 50s, ozone research was based on targeted studies. Nowadays, with the advent of global techniques such as transcriptomics and proteomics, new results can be produced in an unbiased way. In the thesis presented here, a proteomic study of the effects of ozone on poplar leaf processes was carried out. With the help of this technique, complemented with biochemical and physiological approaches and with morphological observations, it was possible to confirm previous results, but also to elaborate new hypotheses concerning the effects of ozone on poplar leaf metabolism. In parallel, studying the stress also allowed to clarify some of the changes that occur in metabolism during leaf development, under stress conditions and under control conditions. In this document, the procedures, results and conclusions obtained during this study are presented in detail
Baranger, Mathilde. „Implication et mode d'action de la cadhérine atypique Mucdhl dans la physiopathologie intestinale“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBecause of its frequency and severity, Colorectal Cancer (CRC) remains an important public health issue. Our objective is to understand mechanisms contributing to intestinal homeostasis through Mucdhl, a poorly characterized atypical cadherin that may play a unusual role in the intestinal , epithelium and be implicated in CRC. lnterestingly, its expression seems to be frequently reduced in CRC, while its retention in colon cancer cells decreases their tumorigenic potential.To better apprehend the mode of action of Mucdhl, a functional characterization of its interaction with oncogen,iç β-catenin was performed and new partners have been identified in intestinal cells.To understand the role of Mucdhl in intestinal physiology, mice genetically-invalidated at the Mucdhl locus were studied. Analysis of the consequences of Mucdhl loss of expression indicates that it is involved in the morphology and function of the mouse intestine, but also in metabolic processes. Moreover, Mucdhl loss of expression increases the sensibility of mice to the development of certain intestinal tumors. Thus, we generated new information on the physiopathological functions of Mucdhl, an intriguing atypical cadherin potentially involved in CRC
Mazuy, Claire. „Etude de l’interaction entre le récepteur nucléaire FXR et le facteur de transcription FOXA2 dans le foie“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S055/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe liver is a key regulator of whole-body energy metabolism. The nuclear receptor super-family plays a leading role in the metabolic sensing of the liver. Among the nuclear receptors, the bile acid nuclear receptor FXR contribute to the modulation of liver activity in particular through the regulation of bile acid, lipids and glucose homeostasis. Consequently, FXR became a potential therapeutic target for many diseases implicated metabolic disorder such as cholestasis, type 2 diabete or Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Despite promising results especially on NASH, patient treatment with FXR agonist the INT747 seems to increase LDL-Cholesterol plasma concentrations together with a decreased concentration of HDL-Cholesterol suggesting a higher risk to develop atherosclerosis. These effects on plasma lipid profile are the major break against the development of agonists in clinics. Giving the poor understanding and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms which govern FXR regulation of activity on various signaling pathways, it is of major interest to find new partners and regulators of FXR and especially on lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. One of the transcription factor known to be active in the control of these signaling pathways in the liver is the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA2. This transcription factor whose activity is dependent of physiological conditions is activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin. In addition, this factor is known to regulate bile acid, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, functions very close from FXR activities in the liver.The objective of this PhD was to study the interaction between FXR and FOXA2 signaling pathways in different hepatic cells lines from human or mouse origin and in the liver. We established that FOXA2 and FXR are colocalised in HepG2 cells and liver chromatin near genes implicated in the lipid and cholesterol metabolism. These FXR/FOXA2 cobinding zones present few consensus FOXA2 response elements suggesting the implication of non consensus binding motifs or a “tethering” mechanism. We show that FOXA2 binding to FXR/FOXA2 cobinding zones is increased when FXR is activated and/or more present in the chromatin evoking a potential interaction between these two factors. We demonstrate that FXR and FOXA2 interact physically and that FOXA2 is a repressor of FXR transcriptional activity using different approaches and cellular models. Finally, we show that FOXA2 is implicated in glucagon-induced repression of FXR transcriptional activity on Shp gene.To conclude, our results show for the first time that the fasting key regulator of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis FOXA2 is a repressor of FXR transcriptional activity through a plausible mechanism involving “tethering” process. This work gives a novel mechanism by which FXR activity can be modified by nutritional status in a gene-specific manner
Hick, Aurore. „Développement d'un nouveau modèle cellulaire de l'ataxie de Friedreich : différenciation de cellules pluripotentes induites de patients en cardiomyocytes“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ064/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFriedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a recessive neurodegenerative disorder due to a deficit of frataxin, a highly conserved mitochondrial protein. It is commonly associated with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The main pathophysiological consequences are a decrease of Fe-S enzyme activities and mitochondrial iron accumulation. The recent technical advances in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) from somatic cells provide a powerful tool to create disease specific cellular models. Cardiomyocytes derived from FA-iPS present altered mitochondria after 1 month in culture. After four months in culture, iron deposits can be found in degenerating mitochondria, indicating a progression in the pathophysiology of the disease. Our study illustrates the ability of iPS-derived cardiomyocytes to model the cardiac phenotype associated with FA, and offers new opportunities to further investigate pathological mechanisms linked to frataxin deficiency
Zmarlak, Natalia Marta. „Regulation of immune signalling in the malaria mosquito vector, Anopheles : the secreted mosquito leucine-rich repeat protein APL1C is a pathogen binding factor essential for immunity to Plasmodium ookinetes and sporozoites“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnopheles mosquito is a vector of Plasmodium parasite, the causative agent of malaria. The Anopheles leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins were described as key antagonists of Plasmodium parasites in Anopheles mosquito midgut. APL1C (Anopheles Plasmodium-responsive factor) is a representative of LRR members which specifically protects against rodent malaria parasites by stabilizing the complement-like protein TEP1. By combining cell biology with functional genomic approaches, this study shows that mosquito bloodmeal induce the presence of an extracellular layer of APL1C protein surrounding the midgut beneath of the basal lamina. Consistently with the formation of this layer, APL1C binds to the ookinetes that emerged on the basal side of the midgut. This presence occurs independently from TEP1 function, requires the contribution of the phagocytic cells and nitration pathway. In addition, APL1C defence function is not restricted to the ookinete in the midgut but it also acts against the latest Plasmodium stage, the sporozoites. APL1C inhibits salivary glands infection prevalence, and consistently, it also binds to the surface of the sporozoites in the hemocoel. However, unlike to the midgut stages, anti-sporozoites APL1C-dependent mechanism involves different partners. Moreover, RNAseq study revealed APL1C gene targets, including genes with immune-like function. These results generate novel biological insight for the function of APL1C, and probably other LRR family members, as a pathogen recognition receptor inducing immune response against pathogens that come in contact with mosquito hemolymph compartment
Jadid, Nurul. „Etude moléculaire et fonctionnelle du rôle des isoprénoïdes cytosoliques (dolichol et stérol) au cours du développement chez Arabidopsis thaliana“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ118.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIsoprenoids represent important cell constituents synthesized in many living organisms. ln plants, isoprenoid biogenesis occurs in three compartments : plastids, the endoplasmic reticulum-cytosol and mitochondrie.We focused on the molecular and functional studies of the role of Iwo cytosolic isoprenoids ( dolichol andsterol) in the development of plants. The key Io our strategy is the targeted silencing of specific Arabidopsis genes using the RNAi technology (knockdown) and the identification of T-DNA insertion mutants (knockout). ln the first chapter, we show that isoprenoids are involved indirectly in protein N-glycosylation via Dolichol P-Mannose derived from dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS). We demonstrate that plant DPMSis organized as a heteromeric enzyme complex localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and consists of DPMS1 acting as the catalytic core and two interacting subunits DPMS2 and DPMS3. The DPMS1-RNAiand dpms1 lines display an altered N-glycosylation pattern and exhibit extensive chlorosis, strong inhibition of root growth and hypersensitivity to ammonium. These phenotypic defects are associated with an «unfolded protein response» in the ER. These data demonstrate that the DPMS genes are essential for the protein N-glycome and plant development. ln the second chapter, we focused on the potentiel roles of sterol biosynthetic intermediates (SBls) in plant development using ERG28 protein, a component of the sterol C-4 demethylation (SC4DM) complex, as a target. We demonstrate that ERG28 is localized in ER and tethers 3 enzymes, sterol 4alpha-methyl oxidase, 4alpha carboxysterol-C3-dehydrogenase/C4- decarboxylase and sterone ketoreductase. We show that the Arabidopsis ERG28-RNAi and erg28 lines develop the hallmarks of altered polar auxin transport (PAT) including the differentiation of pin-like inflorescences, the loss of apical dominance, leaf fusion and inhibition root growth. The observed phenotypes correlate with the accumulation of methylene-cycloartanol-4-carboxy-4-methyl, a cryptic SBI. Our data provide a new level of interaction between sterols and auxin
Humo, Muris. „Douleur neuropathique et dépression : les modifications moléculaires dans le cortex cingulaire antérieur“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMood disorders are frequently comorbid with chronic pain and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) appears to be an important region in this relationship. We aimed to investigate the molecular basis of this comorbidity, at both the whole structure and the cell type specific level. A genomic analysis of the ACC in a mouse model displaying chronic pain-induced anxiodepressive consequences evidenced an overexpression of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Phosphatase 1 (MKP-1). An upregulated ACC MKP-1 was also observed in other models of depression, while decreasing its expression attenuates depressive-like behaviors, showing that MKP-1 is a key factor in the pathophysiology of depression. This was further validated by showing that acute ketamine administration normalizes the disrupted MAPK pathway, alongside producing a transient analgesic and a prolonged antidepressant effect. Finally, to address the role of different cell populations in this comorbidity, we have isolated GABAergic neurons from animals showing depressive- like behaviors, which will be used for genomic analysis in order to reveal important cell-type specific candidate genes
Jaeg, Tiphaine. „Exploring the mitochondrial function in muscle and molecular dysregulation in cerebellum in a mouse model for ARCA2, a recessive ataxia with coenzyme Q10 deficiency“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ082/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleARCA2, a rare form of recessive ataxia, is characterized by early onset progressive ataxia, cerebellar atrophy and a mild Coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Most of the patients show additional neurological signs such as epilepsy and exercise intolerance. Mutations in the COQ8A gene lead to ARCA2. COQ8A is suggested as being an unorthodox protein kinase like, with a regulatory role in CoQ biosynthesis, in mammals. To better understand ARCA2, a constitutive Coq8a knock-out (KO) mouse model was generated, which recapitulates most of the patient’s symptoms. Here we report the use of cellular models and the affected tissues to uncover the molecular signature of COQ8A loss and CoQ deficit. Despite CoQ deficit in the muscle, no mitochondrial bioenergetics defect was uncovered. In parallel, we have identified, by RT-qPCR, a key set of genes that are dysregulated in cerebellum, very early on in the pathology. We are currently investigating these pathways to uncover the link with COQ8A function. Altogether, our experiments will shed light on the early molecular events that lead to ARCA2 and may help draw a link between COQ8A function, CoQ pools and the symptoms observed in patients
Iglesias, Juliana. „Analyse fonctionnelle du rôle CYP76C2 dans les mécanismes de défense des plantes contre les agents pathogènes“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana subjected to biotic stresses has revealed the activation of members of the CYP76 family, especially of CYP76C2 (≈ 50 times). The functional characterization of CYP76C2, has been the objective of this thesis. After confirmation of the selective activation of CYP76C2 by pathogens, the phenotype of its insertion and overexpressor mutants was characterized under infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 avrRpm1 and Botrytis cinerea. In order to identify the metabolic pathway involving CYP76C2, targeted and non-targeted metabolic profiling was focused on differentially accumulated compounds in the different mutants after infection. Whereas subtle differences of response of the CYP76C2 mutant lines in response to pathogens seemed to confirm its involvement in response to biotic stress, phenotypes strikingly different from those of wild-type plants were not observed. A non-targeted analysis by UPLC-MS (Orbitrap) identified a compound absent in the cyp76c2 line that may correspond to an oxygenated C11 conjugate (raw formula C17H28O9), but its structure was not identified. CYP76C2 thus does not seem directly involved in the synthesis of a molecule crucial for defense responses, but more likely has a role in the synthesis of a potentially redundant specialized defense compound or in a detoxification process
Lotz-Tavernier, Caroline. „Rôle des altérations transcriptionnelles et épigénétiques dans les déficits comportementaux de la maladie de Huntington“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ099.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease, characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric troubles, associated to transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulations, preferentially in the striatum. The causal relationship between these molecular dysfunctions and behavioral deficits is still poorly understood and its characterization is the objective of my thesis. We observed a progressive striatum-dependent procedural memory deficit in the R6/1 HD mouse, which is partially compensated by hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Moreover, our transcriptomic data show that the cognitive deficit of R6/1 mice is correlated to altered striatal transcriptional regulations induced by procedural learning. Particularly, the expression of immediate early genes involved in neuronal plasticity is impaired. To improve these alterations, R6/1 mice were treated with a histone acetyltransferase activator. We observed a partial improvement of the procedural memory deficit of R6/1 mice. Surprisingly, this treatment induces transcriptomics and epigenetics changes, more particularly in the glial cells, and it improves cholesterol metabolism. Thus, our analyzes allows precisly, for the first time, to describe the relationship between the epigenetic, transcriptional and behavioral alterations in HD