Dissertationen zum Thema „Heat sales“

Los fluidos de transferencia de calor, y en particular los nanofluidos, se pueden considerar un elemento esencial en diversos sectores industriales y su rendimiento es clave para una adecuada aplicación en tecnologías que van desde la gestión térmica y la refrigeración, a la generación de energía solar térmica y eléctrica mediante el uso de intercambiadores de calor. Estas industrias necesitan fluidos de transferencia de calor con un rango de temperatura del líquido más amplio y mejores prestaciones en la transferencia de calor que los fluidos convencionales. Todos los fluidos parecen beneficiarse de la dispersión de nanopartículas sólidas, tanto aquellos usados en aplicaciones de baja temperatura y temperatura ambiente, como aquellos que funden a más alta temperatura (p. ej. sales fundidas). La dispersión de nanopartículas conduce a la obtención de nanofluidos que con frecuencia presentan mejores conductividades térmicas y/o calores específicos en comparación con los fluidos base. Sin embargo hay algunas excepciones. En la bibliografía podemos encontrar resultados contradictorios acerca de la mejora de las propiedades térmicas en nanofluidos, lo cual hace que sea necesario un estudio de estos materiales en mayor profundidad. Por otra parte, la naturaleza líquida de estos materiales plantea un verdadero desafío, tanto desde el punto de vista experimental como en relación al marco conceptual. El trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis ha abordado dos retos diferentes relacionados con los fluidos de transferencia de calor y los nanofluidos. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo un estudio riguroso y sistemático de las propiedades térmicas, morfológicas, reológicas, de estabilidad, acústicas y vibracionales de nanofluidos de grafeno en disolventes orgánicos. Observamos un gran aumento de la conductividad térmica de hasta un 48% y un aumento del 18% en la capacidad calorífica de los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilacetamida (DMAc). También se observó una mejora significativa en los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF) del orden del 25% y 12% para la conductividad térmica y la capacidad calorífica, respectivamente. El desplazamiento de varias bandas del espectro Raman de DMF y DMAc hacia altas frecuencias (máx. ~ 4 cm-1) al aumentar la concentración de grafeno, sugirió que éste tiene la capacidad de afectar a las moléculas de disolvente a larga distancia, en términos de energía vibracional. En paralelo, las simulaciones numéricas basadas en la teoría funcional de la densidad (DFT) y dinámica molecular (MD) mostraron una orientación paralela de DMF hacia el grafeno, favoreciendo la interacción π-π y contribuyendo a la modificación de los espectros de Raman. Además, se observó un orden local de las moléculas de DMF alrededor del grafeno, lo que sugiere que tanto este tipo especial de interacción como el orden local inducido pueden contribuir a la mejora de las propiedades térmicas del fluido. También se realizaron estudios similares en nanofluidos de grafeno disperso en 1-metil-2-pirrolidona, sin embargo, no se observó ninguna modificación de la conductividad térmica o de los espectros de Raman. Todas estas observaciones juntas sugieren que existe una correlación entre la modificación de los espectros vibracionales y el aumento de la conductividad térmica de los nanofluidos. En vista de los resultados, se discutieron y descartaron algunos de los mecanismos propuestos para explicar la mejora de la conductividad térmica en nanofluidos. La segunda línea de investigación se centró en el desarrollo y caracterización de nuevas formulaciones de sales fundidas con baja temperatura de fusión y alta estabilidad térmica. Con este propósito, se sintetizaron dos nuevas formulaciones de seis componentes basadas en nitratos con una temperatura de fusión de 60-75 °C y una estabilidad térmica de aprox. 500 °C. Por otro lado, la complejidad de las muestras llevó a establecer una serie de métodos experimentales que se proponen para la detección del punto de fusión de estos materiales como una alternativa a la calorimetría convencional, estas técnicas son: espectroscopia Raman, técnica 3ω y transmisión óptica.
Heat transfer fluids and nanofluids constitute an important element in the industry and their performance is key to the successful application in technologies that go from heat management and cooling to heat exchangers in thermal-solar energy and electricity generation. These industries demand heat transfer fluids with a wider liquid temperature range and better thermal performance than the conventional fluids. From low-temperature fluids to high-temperature molten salts, these fluids seem to benefit from the dispersion of solid nanoparticles, leading to nanofluids which frequently feature improved thermal conductivities and/or specific heats as compared with the bare fluids. However, there are some exceptions. Contradictory reports make it necessary to study these materials in greater depth than has been usual. Yet, the liquid nature of these materials poses a real challenge, both from the experimental point of view and from the conceptual framework. The work reported in this thesis has tackled two different challenges related to heat transfer fluids and nanofluids. In the first place, a careful and systematic study of thermal, morphological, rheological, stability, acoustic and vibrational properties of graphene-based nanofluids was carried out. We observed a huge increase of up to 48% in thermal conductivity and 18% in heat capacity of graphene-N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) nanofluids. A significant enhancement was also observed in graphene-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) nanofluids of approximately 25% and 12% for thermal conductivity and heat capacity, respectively. The blue shift of several Raman bands (max. ~ 4 cm-1) with increasing graphene concentration in DMF and DMAc nanofluids suggested that graphene has the ability to affect solvent molecules at long-range, in terms of vibrational energy. In parallel, numerical simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) showed a parallel orientation of DMF towards graphene, favoring π–π stacking and contributing to the modification of the Raman spectra. Furthermore, a local order of DMF molecules around graphene was observed suggesting that both this special kind of interaction and the induced local order may contribute to the enhancement of the thermal properties of the fluid. Similar studies were also performed in graphene-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone nanofluids, however, no modification of the thermal conductivity or the Raman spectra was observed. All these observations together suggest that there is a correlation between the modification of the vibrational spectra and the increase in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. In light of these results, the mechanisms suggested in the literature to explain the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids were discussed and some of them were discarded. The second line of research focused on the development and characterization of novel molten salts formulations with low-melting temperature and high thermal stability. In this regard, two novel formulations of six components based on nitrates with a melting temperature of 60-75 °C and a thermal stability up to ~ 500 °C were synthesized. Moreover, the complexity of the samples led to establish a series of experimental methods which are proposed for the melting temperature detection of these materials as an alternative to conventional calorimetry. These methods are Raman spectroscopy, three-omega technique, and optical transmission.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, September, 2020
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 125-133).
Nuclear and solar-thermal communities are investigating the use of high Prandtl number liquid-salts in energy generation systems, including fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactors (FHRs), molten salt reactors (MSRs), fusion devices, and concentrated solar power plants. The temperature distribution in the coolant salts can be affected by participating media radiative heat transfer, due to the high temperature operation and their semitransparent nature. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes a valuable tool to model the complex 3-dimensional nature of the heat transfer, especially in regions where temperature-dependent material corrosion drives the need for accurate local temperature predictions. Correctly modeling radiative heat transfer in CFD requires well-characterized liquid-salt optical properties, which are not yet known. Additionally, current CFD approaches can become computationally too expensive for practical use when spectral effects need to be resolved.
A lower cost approach, capable of still resolving the coupled convective-radiative heat transfer is therefore needed. In this thesis, an experimental apparatus for measuring the spectral absorption coefficients of 46.5%LiF:11.5%NaF:42%KF (FLiNaK) and 50%NaCl:50%KCl is designed and validated to have high-measurement accuracy in the transmissive and multiphonon absorption regions where radiative emissions peak. A high-fidelity CFD methodology is then developed to model participating media radiative heat transfer. The approach defines a consistent, spectral banding procedure that captures non-gray absorption behavior at reasonable computational cost. The methodology is applied to CFD simulations of a twisted elliptical tube heat exchanger geometry, where local, 3-dimensional effects are especially significant.
A matrix of simulation results comparing FLiNaK and 66.6%LiF:33.4%BeF2 (FLiBe) coolants provides a quantitative assessment of the thermal radiation contributions to the overall heat transfer. Laminar flows, expected in accident scenarios, experience the strongest effect, where lower average wall temperatures and enhanced temperature uniformity result in an effective Nusselt number increase of up to 11%. Turbulent flows see a reduction in maximum local wall temperatures up to 25'C, which could have a notable impact on reducing corrosion effects. The observed trends demonstrate the larger impact of radiation effects in FLiBe simulations due to larger absorption in BeF2. This suggests thermal radiation may be more dominant in MSRs, where dissolved fuel and impurities increase absorption.
The method proposed to include the effects of thermal radiation in CFD analysis can support a more effective and accurate design of high temperature systems and components, providing increased safety margins for operation.
by Carolyn Patricia Coyle.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering

This diploma thesis deals with the operational and economic assessment of the installation of new TG3 turbines in the Přerov Heating Plant. The beginning of this thesis deals with a brief theoretical introduction of this investment and describes the classical economic evaluation methods and the Monte Carlo method. Subsequently, the investment project was analyzed and inputs for the economic model were created. The economic model was then evaluated using classical methods and Monte Carlo methods, the results are then compared with each other. Based on the results of the economic evaluation, the most efficient variant of the Přerov Heating Plant technology was chosen.

This master’s thesis is focused on a Draft of a Corporate Financial Plan for industrial company P-D Refractories CZ a.s. for years 2019 to 2022. First chapter of this master’s thesis is oriented in goals, methods and approaches of this thesis. Next part is aiming at theoretical solution for financial planning. Third chapter contains information about analyzed company, application of selected methods of strategic analysis and financial analysis including evaluation of the state of company and detection of potential deficiencies. Last chapter of this thesis is focused on suggestion, formation and evaluation of the financial plan for P-D Refractories CZ a.s. for next four years.

Inorganic salts are very promising as high-temperature heat transfer fluids and thermal storage media in solar thermal power production. The dual-tank molten salt storage system, for example, has been demonstrated to be effective for continuous operation in solar power tower plants. In this particular storage regime, however, much of the thermal storage potential of the salts is ignored. Most inorganic salts are characterized by high heats of fusion, so their use as phase-change materials (PCMs) allows for substantially higher energy storage density than their use as sensible heat storage alone. For instance, use of molten sodium-potassium eutectic salt over a temperature range of 260 to 560°C (the approximate operating parameters of a proposed utility-scale storage system) allows for a volumetric energy storage density of 212 kWhth/m3, whereas the use of pure sodium nitrate (T_m = 307°C) over the same temperature range (utilizing both sensible and latent heat) yields a storage density of 347 kWhth/m3. The main downside to these media is their relatively low thermal conductivity (typically on the order of 1 W/m-K). While low conductivity is not as much an issue with heat transfer fluids, which, owing to convective heat transfer, are not as reliant on conduction as a heat transfer mode, it can become important for PCM storage strategies, in which transient charging behavior will necessarily involve heating the solid-phase material up to and through the process of melting. This investigation seeks to develop new methods of improving heat transfer in inorganic salt latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) media, such as sodium / potassium nitrates and chlorides. These methods include two basic strategies: first, inclusion of conductivity-enhancing additives, and second, incorporation of infrared absorptive additives in otherwise transparent media. Also, in the process, a group of chloride based salts for use as sensible storage media and/or heat transfer fluids has been developed, based on relevant cost and thermophysical properties data. For direct conductivity enhancement, the idea is simple: a PCM with low conductivity can be enhanced by incorporation of nanoparticulate additives at low concentration (~5 wt %). This concept has been explored extensively with lower temperature heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, etc. (e.g., nanofluids), as well as with many lower temperature PCMs, such as paraffin wax. Extension of the concept to high temperature inorganic salt thermal storage media brings new challenges—most importantly, material compatibility. Also, maintenance of the additive distribution can be more difficult. Promising results were obtained in both these regards with nitrate salt systems. The second heat transfer enhancement strategy examined here is more novel in principle: increasing the infrared absorption of a semitransparent salt PCM (e.g., NaCl) with a suitable additive can theoretically enhance radiative heat transfer (for sufficiently high temperatures), thereby compensating for low thermal conductivity. Here again, material compatibility and maintenance of additive dispersion become the focus, but in very different ways, owing to the higher temperatures of application (>600°C) and the much lower concentration of additives required (~0.5 wt %). Promising results have been obtained in this case, as well, in terms of demonstrably greater infrared absorptance with inclusion of additives.

This thesis deals with certain aspects of the solution chemistry of the simple dicarboxylate anions: oxalate, malonate and succinate, up to high concentrations. These ions are either significant impurities in the concentrated alkaline aluminate solutions used in the Bayer process for the purification of alumina, or are useful models for degraded organic matter in industrial Bayer liquors. Such impurities are known to have important effects on the operation of the Bayer process. To develop a better understanding of the speciation of oxalate (the major organic impurity in Bayer liquors) in concentrated electrolyte solutions, the formation constant (Log£]) of the extremely weak ion pair formed between sodium (Na+) and oxalate (Ox2ƒ{) ions was determined at 25 oC as a function if ionic strength in TMACl media by titration using a Na+ ion selective electrode. Attempts to measure this constant in CsCl media were unsuccessful probably because of competition for Ox2ƒ{ by Cs+. Aqueous solutions of sodium malonate (Na2Mal) and sodium succinate (Na2Suc) were studied up to high (saturation) concentrations at 25 oC by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) over the approximate frequency range 0.1 „T £h/GHz „T 89. To complement a previous study of Na2Ox, formation constants of the Na+-dicarboxylate ion pairs were determined and they were shown to be of the solvent-shared type. Both the Mal2ƒ{ and Suc2ƒ{ ions, in contrast to Ox2ƒ{, were also shown to possess large secondary hydration shells Apparent molal volumes (Vf) and heat capacities at constant pressure (Cpf) of aqueous solutions of Na2Ox, Na2Suc, Na2Mal and K2Ox were determined at 25 oC up to their saturation limits using vibrating tube densitometry and flow calorimetry. These data were fitted using a Pitzer model. The adherence of Vf and Cpf of various Na+ and K+ salts to Young¡¦s rule was examined up to high concentrations using the present and literature data. Young¡¦s rule was then used to estimate hypothetical values of Cpf and Vf for the sparingly soluble Na2Ox at high ionic strengths, which are required for the thermodynamic modelling of Bayer liquors. The solubility of Na2Ox in various concentrated electrolytes was measured, at temperatures from 25 oC to 70 oC in media both with (NaCl, NaClO4, NaOH) and without a common ion (KCl, CsCl, TMACl). The common ion effect was found to dominate the solubility of Na2Ox. The solubility of calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaOx„ªH2O) was also determined. The solubilities of both Na2Ox and CaOx„ªH2O in media without a common ion increased with increasing electrolyte concentration, except in TMACl media, where they decreased. The solubility of Na2Ox was modelled using a Pitzer model assuming the Pitzer parameters for Na2SO4 and minimising the free energy of the system. The data were modelled successfully over the full concentration and temperature range of all the electrolytes, including ternary (mixed electrolyte) solutions.

A dissertação apresentada consiste na modelação de um sistema de armazenamento de energia em betão que utiliza sais fundidos como fluido de transferência de calor. Foi utilizado um método das diferenças finitas para a análise dos diferentes componentes do sistema de armazenamento e de transferência de calor, tendo sido este posteriormente aplicado em MATLAB e validado com casos já estudados. Neste software foi também otimizado um módulo com base nos comportamentos analisados bem como capacidades energéticas e custos do betão para posterior aplicação na Évora Molten Salt Platform; Abstract: High temperature solid storage simulation This dissertation consists in the modulation of a concrete energy storage system that uses molten salts as a heat transfer fluid. A finite difference method was used to analyze the behavior of the different components of the storage system and heat transfer. This was applied in MATLAB and validated with previous studied models. In this software a model was also optimized based on the behaviors previously studied, but also the effective heat capacity and costs of the concrete to further apply in the Évora Molten Salt Platform.

Cílem práce bylo vytvořit základní koncept integrovaného výměníku tepla pro solí chlazený reaktor vyvíjený společností Terrestrial Energy s využitím programu Promex. První kapitola se zabývá historií a současnou situací v oblasti výzkumu malých modulárních reaktorů chlazených fluoridovými solemi. Ve druhé kapitole jsou popsány vlastnosti fluoridových solí a konstrukčních materiálů. Poslední kapitola se zabývá simulací tepelného výměníku pomocí programu Promex, validací modelu, transformací protiproudého výměníku na výměník s U trubkami a vizualizací výměníku s použitím CAD Invetoru.

This master’s thesis deals with influence of heat source on the value of the apartment building. The introduction describes the calculation of heat losses, types of heating systems, heating elements, heat sources for heating and hot water, methods of market valuation. Further are chosen two variants of heat sources for heating and domestic hot water for the Domino apartment building. Both heating elements are designed to cover the heat losses of the house. At the end of the thesis is an evaluation of the return of a more expensive variant, but cheaper to operate, profit from sale and profibility on rent of the apartment building.

Esta dissertação consiste no dimensionamento de uma tubagem usada para transporte de fluidos de transferência de calor a altas temperaturas, nomeadamente sais fundidos. A abordagem feita a nível analítico enfoca sobretudo na análise de flexibilidade, seguindo metodologias como a de S.W.Spielvogel, Vigas em balanço guiadas e Grinnel Corporation. Foram definidas algumas situações de traçado no sentido de perceber qual a melhor configuração para a Plataforma de Sais Fundidos de Évora. Seguidamente recorreu-se ao software comercial CAESAR II para dimensionar a tubagem. A seguinte dissertação compreende também especificações a nível da norma aplicável; Abstract: Design of high temperatures pipeline for Évora Molten Salt Platform This dissertation consists in a design of a pipeline used for carrying heat transfer fluid at high temperatures, in particular molten salts. It was made an analytical approach which focus mainly on flexibility analysis following methodologies such as S.W.Spielvogel, Guided Cantilever and Grinnel Corporation. There were defined typical layouts in order to realize which are the best configuration for the study case. Then it was used commercial software CAESAR II to make a geometrical complete design of the pipeline. The present dissertation also includes specifications in terms of the applicable code.

Background Nuclear reactors utilizing molten fuels rather than solid fuels show a massive advantage in energy yield, waste handling and safety features. The only successful reactor utilizing a molten fuel was called the ‘Molten Salt Reactor Experiment’ (MSRE), built and operated in the Oak Ridge national laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, U.S.A. during the 1960s. The molten salts in question are fluoride compounds under the name of “FLiBe”. In this thesis, the heat exchangers of the MSRE are modelled and simulated, with the aim to test whether current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and mathematical models can accurately predict molten salt heat transfer behaviour.  Methods All programs used are open-source and/or free-access to facilitate open collaboration between researchers in this growing field. All models and findings produced in this thesis are free to use for future research. The program Onshape was used to draw CAD-models based on hand-drawn technical documents released by ORNL. Several programs, e.g., Simscale and Salome, were used to create high detailed meshes of the heat exchangers. The CFD software Simscale and OpenFOAM have been used to simulate the heat exchangers, using the 𝑘 − 𝜔 𝑆𝑆𝑇 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model to perform a multiregion conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis. The program Paraview has been used for all post-processing on the large datasets.  Results A working toolchain with open-source programs for CFD has been identified. Highly detailed, full-scale and accurate CAD-drawings of the two heat exchangers have been produced. Models have been finely meshed, containing tens of millions of cells, with good quality measures. The simulations produced physically sound and valuable data: Great heat transfer predictive capability with high accuracy to the data presented by ORNL. Pressure data showed a consistent over-prediction with a factor of ~2. Possibility of error within the MSRE measurement.  Conclusions CHT using modern turbulence methods work well for the intended purpose and can be used by industry to simulate molten salt heat transfer. Open-source programs perform well and can be used by researchers to share ideas and progress. Doubts around certain measurements from the MSRE, showing large uncertainties. Future projects have been outlined to continue the work performed in this thesis. Molten salt reactors show fantastic promise as an energy generation method and should be seriously considered for the future of clean, reliable energy.

Le défi énergétique imposé par l’épuisement des énergies fossiles d’une part et par leur consommation croissante d’autre part, a favorisé l’apparition d’une gestion optimale de l’énergie basée sur l’utilisation de ressources propres et renouvelables telles que l’énergie solaire. Le secteur du bâtiment est le principal consommateur d’énergie. Une grande partie de cette énergie est consommée par les systèmes de chauffage. Par conséquent, une bonne gestion peut être réalisée grâce à l’utilisation des technologies de stockage thermochimique d’énergie. L’avantage principal d’utiliser ce type de système est la possibilité de stocker de la chaleur pendant la période de disponibilité maximale du rayonnement solaire, en été (étape de déshydratation) et la libérer pour chauffer une maison pendant la période hivernale (étape d’hydratation). L’amélioration des propriétés d’adsorption des matériaux pour le stockage thermochimique de la chaleur est l’objectif principal de ce travail. L’utilisation d’adsorbants poreux tels que les zéolithes dans le domaine du stockage saisonnier de la chaleur s’avère être une solution intéressante pour la réduction de la consommation d’énergie. Par ailleurs, le développement de nouveaux matériaux composites à base d’hydrate de sel a été étudié pour améliorer les capacités de stockage à la fois des matrices mésoporeuses et des hydrates salins. Une comparaison entre les différentes séries de matériaux de stockage thermochimiques sélectionnés et synthétisés a été réalisée, concernant l’impact de la nature et de la quantité de sel ajouté et des propriétés physicochimiques des matériaux poreux sur leurs densités de stockage de chaleur et leurs capacités de sorption d’eau. Afin de mieux comprendre le comportement d’adsorption-désorption, les différents types de matériaux de stockage sélectionnés ont été caractérisés d’un point de vue structural et textural en utilisant des techniques appropriées et par adsorption de la vapeur d’eau en utilisant un analyseur thermique TG-DSC 111 de Setaram. Des cycles successifs d’hydratation (à 20°C) / déshydratation (à 150°C) ont été effectués
The energy challenge imposed by exhaustion of fossil fuels and their increasing consumption has favored the emergence of optimal energy management based on the use of alternative resources such as solar energy. The household sector is the main consumer of energy. A large part of this energy is consumed by heating systems. Therefore, good management can be achieved through the use of thermochemical energy storage technology. The main advantage to use this type of system is the possibility to store heat during the maximum availability of solar radiation in summer (dehydration step) and release the energy on demand for heating houses in winter (hydration step). The improvement of the adsorption properties of materials for thermochemical heat storage is the main objective of this work. The use of porous adsorbents such as zeolites in the field of seasonal heat storage is an attractive solution for the reducing of energy consumption. On the other hand, the development of new composite materials based on hydrate salt is made to improve the heat storage capacities of both pure mesoporous host matrix and hydrate salt. A comparison among different series of thermochemical storage materials selected and synthesized was done by analyzing the impact of salt addition and physico-chemical properties of porous materials on the heat storage and water sorption performances. In order to understand the adsorption-desorption behavior, different kinds of materials were characterized in their structural, textural and surface properties by using appropriate techniques and by adsorption of water vapor using a Setaram TG-DSC 111 apparatus. Successive cycles of hydration (at 20°C) / dehydration (at 150 °C) were performed

Warum verwenden wir Wörter, die mit physikalischer Temperatur zu tun haben, zur Beschreibung zwischenmenschlicher Phänomene (wie zum Beispiel “eine warmherzige Person” oder “jemandem die kalte Schulter zeigen”)? Jüngere Forschung im Bereich Embodied Cognition hat in aktuellen Publikationen eine Antwort auf diese Frage geliefert: Das Erleben von physikalischer Wärme wird unbewusst mit Gefühlen interpersonaler Wärme assoziiert; physikalische Kälte hingegen wird mit Gefühlen von interpersonaler Kälte und Einsamkeit verbunden. In diesem Zusammenhang konnten beispielsweise Williams und Bargh (2008) zeigen, dass bereits das kurzzeitige Halten einer Tasse mit heißem Kaffe (verglichen mit einer Tasse Eiskaffee) dazu führt, dass die Persönlichkeit einer Zielperson als wärmer (d.h. großzügiger und fürsorglicher) eingeschätzt wird. Diese unbewusste Assoziation hat weitreichende Konsequenzen für das Urteilen und Handeln von Menschen. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab zu klären, ob und wie Temperatur menschliches Urteilen und Verhalten in verschiedenen Kontexten beeinflusst. Desweiteren sollen zugrundeliegende Prozesse (Mediatoren) sowie weitere Rahmenbedingungen (Moderatoren) untersucht werden. Insgesamt wurden drei Versuchsreihen in drei angewandten Kontexten durchgeführt (Rechtsprechung, Verkauf und Dienstleistungen). Diese Bereiche stehen exemplarisch für eine große Anzahl von Situationen, in denen Temperatur das Urteilen und Handeln von Menschen beeinflussen kann (insbesondere alle Situationen, in denen Menschen sich gegenseitig wahrnehmen und miteinander interagieren). Zur Manipulation von Temperatur wurden verschiedene Methoden angewandt. Dies umfasste sowohl semantische Temperaturprimings als auch die systematische Variation der Raumtemperatur. Dabei wurde die Raumtemperatur unter Berücksichtigung bauphysikalischer Gesichtspunkte erfasst und innerhalb einer Komfortzone manipuliert. Die Ergebnisse aus allen Experimenten der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit zeigen, dass Temperatur das Urteilen und Handeln von Menschen entscheidend beeinflussen kann. Ergebnisse aus dem ersten Laborexperiment (Kontext Rechtsprechung) legen nahe, dass die Beurteilung von Verbrechern signifikant von der Raumtemperatur, die innerhalb einer Komfortzone manipuliert wurde, beeinflusst wird: In einem kühlen Raum wurden Verbrecher als kaltblütiger eingeschätzt, während sie in einem warmen Raum als hitzköpfiger eingestuft wurden. In diesem Zusammenhang schrieben die Teilnehmer bei niedriger Raumtemperatur Verbrechern mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit Kalkülverbrechen, mehr Morde und schwerere Verbrechen, die mit längeren Gefängnisstrafen verbunden sind, zu (verglichen mit Teilnehmern bei mittlerer und hoher Raumtemperatur). Bei hoher Raumtemperatur hingegen hielten es die Teilnehmehmenden für wahrscheinlicher, dass die Verbrecher ein Affektverbrechen begangen haben (verglichen mit den anderen beiden Bedingungen). Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Temperatur attributionale Prozesse beeinflusst. In der zweiten Versuchsreihe (Kontext Verkauf) gaben die Teilnehmer bei niedriger Raumtemperatur positivere Konsumentenurteile gegenüber Produkten und Verkaufspersonal ab (im Vergleich zu Teilnehmenden bei mittlerer und hoher Raumtemperatur). Zudem zeigten sie positivere Verhaltenstendenzen gegenüber Produkten und Verkäufer/innen (z.B. eine höhere Kaufwahrscheinlichkeit und eine höhere Bereitschaft, mit Verkaufspersonal ein Beratungsgespräch zu beginnen). Überdies steigerte in einer weiteren Studie ein semantisches Kältepriming den Drang der Teilnehmer, umgehend einen Einkauf zu tätigen (verglichen mit einem Priming von Wärme und einer Kontrollbedingung). In der dritten Versuchsreihe (Kontext Dienstleistungen) zeigten Personen in einem umfassenden Dienstleistungsszenario bei niedrigen Raumtemperaturen (im Vergleich zu hohen Temperaturen) eine höhere Kundenorientierung – sowohl in kritischen Service-Szenarien als auch in einem Selbstberichtsmaß. Zudem vergaben sie Kunden signfikant höhere Rabatte. Dieser Effekt wurde auch in einer Stichprobe mit erfahrenen Dienstleistern bestätigt, die nach einem semantischen Temperaturpriming eine höhere Kundenorientierung in der Kaltbedingung (im Vergleich zur Warm- und Kontrollbedingung) angaben. Mithilfe dieses Experiments konnte zudem aufgezeigt werden, dass die gefundenen Effekte unabhängig von menschlicher Routine, Erfahrung und individuellem Wissensstand stattfinden. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit konnte als erste in der Embodied Cognition-Forschung einen Mediationseffekt zwischen Temperatur und Verhaltensvariablen (im Kontext von Konsumentenverhalten) nachweisen. Niedrige Temperaturen führen demnach zu einem erhöhten Anschlussmotiv. Dies wirkt sich wiederum auf das Verhalten von Konsumenten aus (z.B. durch eine höhere Bereitschaft, mit einem/r Verkäufer/in in Interaktion zu treten oder etwas zu kaufen.) Zudem zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit als Erste in diesem Forschungszweig einen Moderationseffekt: In der dritten Versuchsreihe konnte in einer Moderationsanalyse bestätigt werden, dass die Verträglichkeit der Teilnehmenden den Einfluss von Temperatur auf die Gewährung von Kundenrabatten moderierte. Auf diese Weise liefert die Arbeit nicht nur in verschiedenen Kontexten Erkenntnisse über die Tragweite von Temperatureffekten auf menschliches Urteilen und Handeln – sie gewährt auch wertvolle Einblicke in die zugrundeliegenden Faktoren und Rahmenbedingungen von Temperatureffekten. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer und praktischer Gesichtspunkte diskutiert sowie künftige Forschungsthemen abgeleitet.

碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
101
Abstract The heat capacity of pure sterically hindered amines (SHAs) 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (AEPD), 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD), 2-tert-butylamino ethanol (TBAE), their aqueous solutions, and their ternary systems containing piperazine (PZ), lithium chloride (LiCl) and lithium bromide (LiBr), were reported at the temperature range of 303.15 to 353.15 K. the measurements were performed by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 2010 by TA Instruments. The measured heat capacities of the binary systems were represented by Redlich-Kister type equation. The correlations yielded satisfactory results as indicated by the overall average absolute percent deviations (AAD) of 0.1 %. Söhnel-Novotný-type equation was applied to fit the heat capacities of the ternary systems and yielded satisfactory results by the AAD of 0.2 %, 0.1 %, and 0.1 % for PZ / LiCl / LiBr + AEPD + H2O systems, PZ / LiCl / LiBr + AMPD + H2O systems, and PZ / LiCl / LiBr + TBAE + H2O systems, respectively. In general, the measured heat capacities provide sufficient accuracy for most engineering design process involving sterically hindered amine systems as the CO2 absorbents.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
動物科學與畜產系所
106
Low heat stability of goat milk limited the application of ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization on producing sterilized UHT goat milk from excess goat milk in summer for producing goat dairy products in winter in Taiwan. Therefore, this study aimed to add phosphates in goat milk to increase the heat stability for producing UHT sterilized goat milk in summer for making goat dairy products in winter. The quality of goat milk was measured with aNalysis of pH value, titratable acidity (TA), ionic calcium concentration (iCa), ethanol stability, sediment content, color evaluation (L* a* b*), total bacterial count (TBC) and sensory evaluation. Milk samples were obtained from an Alpine goat farm in Changzh, Pintung, Taiwan. In experiment 1, the pH of raw goat milk was adjusted to 6.7-7.1 with baseline 3 stabilizers, blend of sodium phosphates (Na) (group 1), blend of sodium and potassium phosphates (Sp) (group 2), and 0.5 N NaOH (group 3), respectively. Autoclave sterilization at 135℃ for 4 seconds was applied to investigate the heat stability. In experiment 2, 0.05-0.11% Na and Sp were added to raw goat milk at different seasons before autoclave sterilization at 135℃ 4 sec to investigate the optimal amount of stabilizers addition. In experiment 3, was focused on producing shelf life extened milk (product A) from raw goat milk, which was added with 0.08-0.09% Na and Sp sterilized using UHT pilot plant at 135℃ for 4 sec, then reproduced acid flavor milk (product B) from product A. Results of experiment 1 showed that the addition of NaOH in goat milk before heating increased the pH, ethanol stability, and decreased iCa; however, the addition of phosphates in milk resulted in coagulation after 135℃ 4 sec autoclave heating. It indicated that pH value was not a suitable indicator for adjusting the amount of stabilizers added for stabilizing goat milk. Results of experiment 2 showed that there were seasonal differences in choosing the optimal addition levels of stabilizers. After autoclaved, sediments of goat milk with 0.08-0.09% Na and Sp addition without coagulation found, significantly lower than other treatmens, it is indicated higher heat stability. Results of experiment 3 showed that all treatments after UHT sterilization significant lower L*, but significantly higher a* and b* values. Sediments of goat milk added with 0.08% Na and 0.08% Sp were significantly lower than other treatments. The sensory evaluation was scored on 7 points hedonic scale sensory evaluations results of all groups showed that overall acceptability was higher than 4 points in 60 days of storage.The pH value and titratable acidity of acid flavored goat milk of each group were not significantly different during stored at 4℃ for 21 days. Sensory evaluations all group showed that overall acceptability were higher than 5 points. In summary, the addition of 0.08% blend of sodium phosphates and 0.08% blend of sodium with potassium phosphates to raw goat milk improve heat stability of goat milk in UHT treatment, which can extend the shelf life of excess goat milk in summer for winter use, and therefore suitable for producing acid flavored milk.