Thematische Bibliographien / Heat sales

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Heat sales“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 12. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Heat sales"

REISCH, MARC S. „FLAME RETARDANTS SALES HEAT UP“. Chemical & Engineering News 75, Nr. 8 (24.02.1997): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n008.p019.

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Lyu, Xiaozhong, Cuiqing Jiang, Yong Ding, Zhao Wang und Yao Liu. „Sales Prediction by Integrating the Heat and Sentiments of Product Dimensions“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 3 (11.02.2019): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030913.

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Online word-of-mouth (eWOM) disseminated on social media contains a considerable amount of important information that can predict sales. However, the accuracy of sales prediction models using big data on eWOM is still unsatisfactory. We argue that eWOM contains the heat and sentiments of product dimensions, which can improve the accuracy of prediction models based on multiattribute attitude theory. In this paper, we propose a dynamic topic analysis (DTA) framework to extract the heat and sentiments of product dimensions from big data on eWOM. Ultimately, we propose an autoregressive heat-sentiment (ARHS) model that integrates the heat and sentiments of dimensions into the benchmark predictive model to forecast daily sales. We conduct an empirical study of the movie industry and confirm that the ARHS model is better than other models in predicting movie box-office revenues. The robustness check with regard to predicting opening-week revenues based on a back-propagation neural network also suggests that the heat and sentiments of dimensions can improve the accuracy of sales predictions when the machine-learning method is used.

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Addoum, Jawad M., David T. Ng und Ariel Ortiz-Bobea. „Temperature Shocks and Establishment Sales“. Review of Financial Studies 33, Nr. 3 (14.02.2020): 1331–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz126.

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Abstract Combining granular daily data on temperatures across the continental United States with detailed establishment data from 1990 to 2015, we study the causal impact of temperature shocks on establishment sales and productivity. Using a large sample yielding precise estimates, we do not find evidence that temperature exposures significantly affect establishment-level sales or productivity, including among industries traditionally classified as “heat sensitive.” At the firm level, we find that temperature exposures aggregated across firm establishments are generally unrelated to sales, productivity, and profitability. Our results support existing findings of a tenuous relation between temperature and aggregate economic growth in rich countries.

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Zhang, Guoquan, und Haibin Qiu. „Competitive Product Identification and Sales Forecast Based on Consumer Reviews“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (16.09.2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2370692.

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Sellers readily obtain consumer product evaluations from online reviews in order to identify competitive products in detail and predict sales. Firstly, we collect product review data from shopping websites, social media, product communities, and other online platforms to identify product competitors with the help of word-frequency cooccurrence technology. We take mobile phones as an example to mine and analyze product competition information. Then, we calculate the product review quantity, review emotion value, product-network heat, and price statistics and establish the regression model of online product review forecasts. In addition, the neural-network model is established to suggest that the relationships among factors are linear. On the basis of analyzing and discussing the impact of product sales of the competitors, product price, the emotional value of the reviews, and product-network popularity, we construct the sales forecast model. Finally, to verify the validity of the factor analysis affecting the sales and the rationality of the established model, actual sales data are used to further analyze and verify the model, showing that the model is reasonable and effective.

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Li, Yong, und Tian Jiao Jia. „Mathematical Model of the Generated Energy Based on “Ordering Power by Heat”“. Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (Dezember 2012): 1294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1294.

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Now China has a lot of low-efficiency, large- pollution and small-capacity captive power plant, it is not conducive to energy conservation, also affect the power company electricity sales, so we should achieved “ordering power by heat” to limit the actual generated energy that does not belong to the generated energy based on “ordering power by heat”. This article used the thermoelectric separation method to calculate the generated energy based on “ordering power by heat”. It has laid a certain foundation to truly realize the “ordering power by heat”.

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Parker, James, David Glew, Martin Fletcher, Felix Thomas und Christopher Gorse. „Accounting for refrigeration heat exchange in energy performance simulations of large food retail buildings“. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, Nr. 3 (28.10.2016): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416675389.

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Heat exchange between chilled food storage and conditioned spaces in large food retail stores is not currently required as part of design stage regulatory compliance energy performance models. Existing work has identified that this exchange has a significant impact on store energy demand and subsequently leads to unrealistic assessment of building performance. Research presented in this article uses whole building dynamic thermal simulation models that are calibrated against real store performance data, quantifying the impact of the refrigeration driven heat exchange. Proxy refrigerated units are used to simulate the impact of these units for the sales floor areas. A methodology is presented that allows these models to be simplified with the aim of calculating a realistic process heat exchange for refrigeration and including this in thermal simulation models; a protocol for the measurement of chilled sales areas and their inclusion in the building models is also proposed. It is intended that this modelling approach and the calculated process heat exchange inputs can be used to improve the dynamic thermal simulation of large food retail stores, reduce gaps between predicted and actual performance and provide more representative inputs for design stage and regulatory compliance energy calculations. Practical application: The modelling methodology and research findings presented in the article are of practical use for building energy modelling engineers using dynamic simulation models to design and/or evaluate the energy performance of large food retail stores. The methodology can be used in the design of new facilities or the evaluation of large scale retrofit projects. It is also of practical interest to energy and facility managers within large food retail organisations as it will aid their understanding of applied energy performance models.

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Lin, Chun-Wei R., Yuh-Jiuan Melody Parng und Yu-Lin Chen. „Profit optimization of sustainable low-to-medium temperature waste heat recovering management“. Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, Nr. 2 (12.03.2018): 330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-04-2017-0148.

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Purpose Responding to natural resource depletion and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission problems, and also the stricter government’s energy regulations, the purpose of this paper is to develop a sustainable waste heat recovery optimal-profit-oriented management model especially targeting on the easily forgotten low- and medium-temperature waste heat in the industry. In the paper, a system is constructed to facilitate converting the low- and medium-grade waste heat in factories into electricity, and yields optimal profit. Design/methodology/approach This paper integrates an efficient Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system from both sustainable energy reservation and cost effectiveness approaches with an optimization model that adopts particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine proper installation locations and feasible generator sets. The system is constructed to facilitate converting the low- and medium-grade waste heat in factories into electricity, and yields optimal profit. The model considers the environmental factors: temperature, heat amount, equipment configuration of the number of ORC sets, and detailed investment cost constraints. Findings The results show that annual investment return rate, annual increase in electricity, power generation efficiency, and annual CO2 emission reduction are all highly improved, and investment recovery period is shortened. Also, the larger scale of the waste heat emission, the better the performance is achieved. Finally, the study also completes a sensitivity test under dynamic conditions of electricity price, generator sales price and factory budget constraints, and the results are consistently robust. More valuably, this paper demonstrates applications on two different manufacturing industries with various waste heat emission scales to prove the accountability. Originality/value The main contributions are in three aspects. First, it proves that applying PSO to a nonlinear mathematical model can help determine the optimal number and style configuration of generators for waste heat sources. Second, different from the prior research works focusing on power generation, this paper also deliberates the cost factors, cost of generators, costs of numerous peripheral components and future maintenance costs to ensure the factories not conflict with the financial limitations. Third, it is not only successfully applied in two industries with different scales, but also robust with various economic tests, electricity price change, generator sales price change, and investment budget adjustments.

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Сазонова, Светлана, Svetlana Sazonova, Сергей Николенко, S. Nikolenko, Максим Манохин und Maksim Manohin. „DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR MONITORING WATER HEAT HEATING WITH SALES OF VALUABLE ROCKS OF FORESTS“. Forestry Engineering Journal 8, Nr. 3 (10.09.2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b97a15e9393c4.46673542.

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Kim, Hyo-Jin, Jae-Sung Baek und Seung-Hoon Yoo. „Price Elasticity of Heat Demand in South Korean Manufacturing Sector: An Empirical Investigation“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 21 (04.11.2019): 6144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216144.

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Heat is a crucial input supplied in the form of steam or hot water to industrial production of South Korea. Estimating the demand function for heat in the manufacturing sector is all the more important a task in terms of policy because heat consumption in the manufacturing sector is increasing because using heat directly as a fuel can reduce the air pollutants emissions and save energy when compared with using electricity, which is secondary energy. Thus, this article tries to estimate the demand function for industrial heat in the manufacturing sector of South Korea using cross-sectional data for analyzing the influence of manufacturing firms’ characteristics. To this end, 257 observations collected from a nationwide survey of manufacturing firms in 2017 are used and analyzed. As a robust approach, the least absolute deviations estimation method is applied to obtain the demand function. The results show that the price elasticity and sales amount elasticity of the industrial heat demand are estimated to be −0.8476 and 1.0144, respectively, which are statistically significant at the 1% level. Furthermore, the economic benefits of industrial heat consumption are computed to be 1.59 times as great as the price of heat. The results of this study can be utilized in policy planning, making, and evaluation.

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Atănăsoae, Pavel. „The Operating Strategies of Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Plants in Liberalized Power Markets“. Energies 11, Nr. 11 (10.11.2018): 3110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113110.

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Distributed generation is a good option for future energy systems with respect to sustainable development. In this context, the small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plants are seen as an efficient way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to lower fuel consumption compared to the separate generation of the heat and electricity. The objective of this paper is to establish operating strategies of the small-scale CHP plants to reduce operational cost and increase revenue in liberalized electricity markets. It analyzes a cogeneration plant with organic Rankine cycle and biomass fuel under the conditions of the Romanian electricity market and the green certificates support scheme for electricity generated in high efficiency cogeneration and from renewable sources. The main finding is that choosing an appropriate mode of operation and using correlated prices of heat and electricity can increase the trading profitability of a CHP plant in liberalized power markets. This can be done by an analysis of the particularities and the specific operating conditions of the CHP plant. The results show that the operating strategies of the CHP plant can yield substantial net revenues from electricity and heat sales. The CHP plant can be economically operated to a useful heat load of more than 40% when operating strategies are applied.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Heat sales"

Rodríguez-Laguna, María del Rocío. „Heat transfer fluids: From fundamental aspects of graphene nanofluids at room temperature to molten salts formulations for solar-thermal conversion“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667803.

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Los fluidos de transferencia de calor, y en particular los nanofluidos, se pueden considerar un elemento esencial en diversos sectores industriales y su rendimiento es clave para una adecuada aplicación en tecnologías que van desde la gestión térmica y la refrigeración, a la generación de energía solar térmica y eléctrica mediante el uso de intercambiadores de calor. Estas industrias necesitan fluidos de transferencia de calor con un rango de temperatura del líquido más amplio y mejores prestaciones en la transferencia de calor que los fluidos convencionales. Todos los fluidos parecen beneficiarse de la dispersión de nanopartículas sólidas, tanto aquellos usados en aplicaciones de baja temperatura y temperatura ambiente, como aquellos que funden a más alta temperatura (p. ej. sales fundidas). La dispersión de nanopartículas conduce a la obtención de nanofluidos que con frecuencia presentan mejores conductividades térmicas y/o calores específicos en comparación con los fluidos base. Sin embargo hay algunas excepciones. En la bibliografía podemos encontrar resultados contradictorios acerca de la mejora de las propiedades térmicas en nanofluidos, lo cual hace que sea necesario un estudio de estos materiales en mayor profundidad. Por otra parte, la naturaleza líquida de estos materiales plantea un verdadero desafío, tanto desde el punto de vista experimental como en relación al marco conceptual. El trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis ha abordado dos retos diferentes relacionados con los fluidos de transferencia de calor y los nanofluidos. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo un estudio riguroso y sistemático de las propiedades térmicas, morfológicas, reológicas, de estabilidad, acústicas y vibracionales de nanofluidos de grafeno en disolventes orgánicos. Observamos un gran aumento de la conductividad térmica de hasta un 48% y un aumento del 18% en la capacidad calorífica de los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilacetamida (DMAc). También se observó una mejora significativa en los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF) del orden del 25% y 12% para la conductividad térmica y la capacidad calorífica, respectivamente. El desplazamiento de varias bandas del espectro Raman de DMF y DMAc hacia altas frecuencias (máx. ~ 4 cm-1) al aumentar la concentración de grafeno, sugirió que éste tiene la capacidad de afectar a las moléculas de disolvente a larga distancia, en términos de energía vibracional. En paralelo, las simulaciones numéricas basadas en la teoría funcional de la densidad (DFT) y dinámica molecular (MD) mostraron una orientación paralela de DMF hacia el grafeno, favoreciendo la interacción π-π y contribuyendo a la modificación de los espectros de Raman. Además, se observó un orden local de las moléculas de DMF alrededor del grafeno, lo que sugiere que tanto este tipo especial de interacción como el orden local inducido pueden contribuir a la mejora de las propiedades térmicas del fluido. También se realizaron estudios similares en nanofluidos de grafeno disperso en 1-metil-2-pirrolidona, sin embargo, no se observó ninguna modificación de la conductividad térmica o de los espectros de Raman. Todas estas observaciones juntas sugieren que existe una correlación entre la modificación de los espectros vibracionales y el aumento de la conductividad térmica de los nanofluidos. En vista de los resultados, se discutieron y descartaron algunos de los mecanismos propuestos para explicar la mejora de la conductividad térmica en nanofluidos. La segunda línea de investigación se centró en el desarrollo y caracterización de nuevas formulaciones de sales fundidas con baja temperatura de fusión y alta estabilidad térmica. Con este propósito, se sintetizaron dos nuevas formulaciones de seis componentes basadas en nitratos con una temperatura de fusión de 60-75 °C y una estabilidad térmica de aprox. 500 °C. Por otro lado, la complejidad de las muestras llevó a establecer una serie de métodos experimentales que se proponen para la detección del punto de fusión de estos materiales como una alternativa a la calorimetría convencional, estas técnicas son: espectroscopia Raman, técnica 3ω y transmisión óptica.
Heat transfer fluids and nanofluids constitute an important element in the industry and their performance is key to the successful application in technologies that go from heat management and cooling to heat exchangers in thermal-solar energy and electricity generation. These industries demand heat transfer fluids with a wider liquid temperature range and better thermal performance than the conventional fluids. From low-temperature fluids to high-temperature molten salts, these fluids seem to benefit from the dispersion of solid nanoparticles, leading to nanofluids which frequently feature improved thermal conductivities and/or specific heats as compared with the bare fluids. However, there are some exceptions. Contradictory reports make it necessary to study these materials in greater depth than has been usual. Yet, the liquid nature of these materials poses a real challenge, both from the experimental point of view and from the conceptual framework. The work reported in this thesis has tackled two different challenges related to heat transfer fluids and nanofluids. In the first place, a careful and systematic study of thermal, morphological, rheological, stability, acoustic and vibrational properties of graphene-based nanofluids was carried out. We observed a huge increase of up to 48% in thermal conductivity and 18% in heat capacity of graphene-N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) nanofluids. A significant enhancement was also observed in graphene-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) nanofluids of approximately 25% and 12% for thermal conductivity and heat capacity, respectively. The blue shift of several Raman bands (max. ~ 4 cm-1) with increasing graphene concentration in DMF and DMAc nanofluids suggested that graphene has the ability to affect solvent molecules at long-range, in terms of vibrational energy. In parallel, numerical simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) showed a parallel orientation of DMF towards graphene, favoring π–π stacking and contributing to the modification of the Raman spectra. Furthermore, a local order of DMF molecules around graphene was observed suggesting that both this special kind of interaction and the induced local order may contribute to the enhancement of the thermal properties of the fluid. Similar studies were also performed in graphene-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone nanofluids, however, no modification of the thermal conductivity or the Raman spectra was observed. All these observations together suggest that there is a correlation between the modification of the vibrational spectra and the increase in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. In light of these results, the mechanisms suggested in the literature to explain the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids were discussed and some of them were discarded. The second line of research focused on the development and characterization of novel molten salts formulations with low-melting temperature and high thermal stability. In this regard, two novel formulations of six components based on nitrates with a melting temperature of 60-75 °C and a thermal stability up to ~ 500 °C were synthesized. Moreover, the complexity of the samples led to establish a series of experimental methods which are proposed for the melting temperature detection of these materials as an alternative to conventional calorimetry. These methods are Raman spectroscopy, three-omega technique, and optical transmission.

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DiGuilio, Ralph Michael. „The thermal conductivity of molten salts and concentrated aqueous salt solutions“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11847.

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Coyle, Carolyn Patricia. „Advancing radiative heat transfer modeling in high-temperature liquid-salts“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129113.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, September, 2020
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 125-133).
Nuclear and solar-thermal communities are investigating the use of high Prandtl number liquid-salts in energy generation systems, including fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactors (FHRs), molten salt reactors (MSRs), fusion devices, and concentrated solar power plants. The temperature distribution in the coolant salts can be affected by participating media radiative heat transfer, due to the high temperature operation and their semitransparent nature. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes a valuable tool to model the complex 3-dimensional nature of the heat transfer, especially in regions where temperature-dependent material corrosion drives the need for accurate local temperature predictions. Correctly modeling radiative heat transfer in CFD requires well-characterized liquid-salt optical properties, which are not yet known. Additionally, current CFD approaches can become computationally too expensive for practical use when spectral effects need to be resolved.
A lower cost approach, capable of still resolving the coupled convective-radiative heat transfer is therefore needed. In this thesis, an experimental apparatus for measuring the spectral absorption coefficients of 46.5%LiF:11.5%NaF:42%KF (FLiNaK) and 50%NaCl:50%KCl is designed and validated to have high-measurement accuracy in the transmissive and multiphonon absorption regions where radiative emissions peak. A high-fidelity CFD methodology is then developed to model participating media radiative heat transfer. The approach defines a consistent, spectral banding procedure that captures non-gray absorption behavior at reasonable computational cost. The methodology is applied to CFD simulations of a twisted elliptical tube heat exchanger geometry, where local, 3-dimensional effects are especially significant.
A matrix of simulation results comparing FLiNaK and 66.6%LiF:33.4%BeF2 (FLiBe) coolants provides a quantitative assessment of the thermal radiation contributions to the overall heat transfer. Laminar flows, expected in accident scenarios, experience the strongest effect, where lower average wall temperatures and enhanced temperature uniformity result in an effective Nusselt number increase of up to 11%. Turbulent flows see a reduction in maximum local wall temperatures up to 25'C, which could have a notable impact on reducing corrosion effects. The observed trends demonstrate the larger impact of radiation effects in FLiBe simulations due to larger absorption in BeF2. This suggests thermal radiation may be more dominant in MSRs, where dissolved fuel and impurities increase absorption.
The method proposed to include the effects of thermal radiation in CFD analysis can support a more effective and accurate design of high temperature systems and components, providing increased safety margins for operation.
by Carolyn Patricia Coyle.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering

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Čech, Jan. „Provozně-ekonomické posouzení instalace nové turbíny“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442874.

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This diploma thesis deals with the operational and economic assessment of the installation of new TG3 turbines in the Přerov Heating Plant. The beginning of this thesis deals with a brief theoretical introduction of this investment and describes the classical economic evaluation methods and the Monte Carlo method. Subsequently, the investment project was analyzed and inputs for the economic model were created. The economic model was then evaluated using classical methods and Monte Carlo methods, the results are then compared with each other. Based on the results of the economic evaluation, the most efficient variant of the Přerov Heating Plant technology was chosen.

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Seidl, Jakub. „Návrh podnikového finančního plánu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417364.

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This master’s thesis is focused on a Draft of a Corporate Financial Plan for industrial company P-D Refractories CZ a.s. for years 2019 to 2022. First chapter of this master’s thesis is oriented in goals, methods and approaches of this thesis. Next part is aiming at theoretical solution for financial planning. Third chapter contains information about analyzed company, application of selected methods of strategic analysis and financial analysis including evaluation of the state of company and detection of potential deficiencies. Last chapter of this thesis is focused on suggestion, formation and evaluation of the financial plan for P-D Refractories CZ a.s. for next four years.

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Euhus, Daniel D. „Nucleation in bulk solutions and crystal growth on heat-transfer surfaces during evaporative crystallization of salts composed of NaCO and NaSO“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5401.

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Druske, Mona-Maria [Verfasser], und Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Ruck. „The reactions of mixed salts in advanced heat storage systems / Mona-Maria Druske ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Ruck“. Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1207542970/34.

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Druske, Mona-Maria Verfasser], und Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ruck. „The reactions of mixed salts in advanced heat storage systems / Mona-Maria Druske ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Ruck“. Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1207542970/34.

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Myers, Philip D. Jr. „Additives for Heat Transfer Enhancement in High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Media: Selection and Characterization“. Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5749.

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Inorganic salts are very promising as high-temperature heat transfer fluids and thermal storage media in solar thermal power production. The dual-tank molten salt storage system, for example, has been demonstrated to be effective for continuous operation in solar power tower plants. In this particular storage regime, however, much of the thermal storage potential of the salts is ignored. Most inorganic salts are characterized by high heats of fusion, so their use as phase-change materials (PCMs) allows for substantially higher energy storage density than their use as sensible heat storage alone. For instance, use of molten sodium-potassium eutectic salt over a temperature range of 260 to 560°C (the approximate operating parameters of a proposed utility-scale storage system) allows for a volumetric energy storage density of 212 kWhth/m3, whereas the use of pure sodium nitrate (T_m = 307°C) over the same temperature range (utilizing both sensible and latent heat) yields a storage density of 347 kWhth/m3. The main downside to these media is their relatively low thermal conductivity (typically on the order of 1 W/m-K). While low conductivity is not as much an issue with heat transfer fluids, which, owing to convective heat transfer, are not as reliant on conduction as a heat transfer mode, it can become important for PCM storage strategies, in which transient charging behavior will necessarily involve heating the solid-phase material up to and through the process of melting. This investigation seeks to develop new methods of improving heat transfer in inorganic salt latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) media, such as sodium / potassium nitrates and chlorides. These methods include two basic strategies: first, inclusion of conductivity-enhancing additives, and second, incorporation of infrared absorptive additives in otherwise transparent media. Also, in the process, a group of chloride based salts for use as sensible storage media and/or heat transfer fluids has been developed, based on relevant cost and thermophysical properties data. For direct conductivity enhancement, the idea is simple: a PCM with low conductivity can be enhanced by incorporation of nanoparticulate additives at low concentration (~5 wt %). This concept has been explored extensively with lower temperature heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, etc. (e.g., nanofluids), as well as with many lower temperature PCMs, such as paraffin wax. Extension of the concept to high temperature inorganic salt thermal storage media brings new challenges—most importantly, material compatibility. Also, maintenance of the additive distribution can be more difficult. Promising results were obtained in both these regards with nitrate salt systems. The second heat transfer enhancement strategy examined here is more novel in principle: increasing the infrared absorption of a semitransparent salt PCM (e.g., NaCl) with a suitable additive can theoretically enhance radiative heat transfer (for sufficiently high temperatures), thereby compensating for low thermal conductivity. Here again, material compatibility and maintenance of additive dispersion become the focus, but in very different ways, owing to the higher temperatures of application (>600°C) and the much lower concentration of additives required (~0.5 wt %). Promising results have been obtained in this case, as well, in terms of demonstrably greater infrared absorptance with inclusion of additives.

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au, A. Tromans@chem murdoch edu, und Andrew John Tromans. „Solution Chemistry of some Dicarboxylate Salts of Relevance to the Bayer Process“. Murdoch University, 2001. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040730.140604.

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This thesis deals with certain aspects of the solution chemistry of the simple dicarboxylate anions: oxalate, malonate and succinate, up to high concentrations. These ions are either significant impurities in the concentrated alkaline aluminate solutions used in the Bayer process for the purification of alumina, or are useful models for degraded organic matter in industrial Bayer liquors. Such impurities are known to have important effects on the operation of the Bayer process. To develop a better understanding of the speciation of oxalate (the major organic impurity in Bayer liquors) in concentrated electrolyte solutions, the formation constant (Log£]) of the extremely weak ion pair formed between sodium (Na+) and oxalate (Ox2{) ions was determined at 25 oC as a function if ionic strength in TMACl media by titration using a Na+ ion selective electrode. Attempts to measure this constant in CsCl media were unsuccessful probably because of competition for Ox2{ by Cs+. Aqueous solutions of sodium malonate (Na2Mal) and sodium succinate (Na2Suc) were studied up to high (saturation) concentrations at 25 oC by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) over the approximate frequency range 0.1 T £h/GHz T 89. To complement a previous study of Na2Ox, formation constants of the Na+-dicarboxylate ion pairs were determined and they were shown to be of the solvent-shared type. Both the Mal2{ and Suc2{ ions, in contrast to Ox2{, were also shown to possess large secondary hydration shells Apparent molal volumes (Vf) and heat capacities at constant pressure (Cpf) of aqueous solutions of Na2Ox, Na2Suc, Na2Mal and K2Ox were determined at 25 oC up to their saturation limits using vibrating tube densitometry and flow calorimetry. These data were fitted using a Pitzer model. The adherence of Vf and Cpf of various Na+ and K+ salts to Young¡¦s rule was examined up to high concentrations using the present and literature data. Young¡¦s rule was then used to estimate hypothetical values of Cpf and Vf for the sparingly soluble Na2Ox at high ionic strengths, which are required for the thermodynamic modelling of Bayer liquors. The solubility of Na2Ox in various concentrated electrolytes was measured, at temperatures from 25 oC to 70 oC in media both with (NaCl, NaClO4, NaOH) and without a common ion (KCl, CsCl, TMACl). The common ion effect was found to dominate the solubility of Na2Ox. The solubility of calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaOxªH2O) was also determined. The solubilities of both Na2Ox and CaOxªH2O in media without a common ion increased with increasing electrolyte concentration, except in TMACl media, where they decreased. The solubility of Na2Ox was modelled using a Pitzer model assuming the Pitzer parameters for Na2SO4 and minimising the free energy of the system. The data were modelled successfully over the full concentration and temperature range of all the electrolytes, including ternary (mixed electrolyte) solutions.

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Bücher zum Thema "Heat sales"

H, Levine Edward, Hrsg. Deep branding on the Internet: Applying heat and pressure online to ensure a lasting brand. Roseville, Calif: Prima venture, 2000.

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Closing sales and winning the customer's heart. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications, 2000.

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Corp, Daniel L. "Can't hear thunder". [S.l.]: D.L. Corp, 1986.

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Abruzzese, John A. The theology of hearts in the writings of St. Francis de Sales. Rome: Institute of Spirituality, Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1985.

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Fire in the heart: Healers, sages, and mystics. New York: Paragon House, 1990.

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Kirvan, John J. Set your heart free: The practical spirituality of Francis de Sales. Notre Dame, Ind: Ave Maria Press, 1997.

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Mitchell, Garry. The heart of the sale: Making the customer's need to buy the key to successful selling. New York, NY: AMACOM, 1991.

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Sales, Soupy. Soupy Sales, did you hear the one about--: The greatest jokes ever told. New York: Collier Books, 1987.

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Stopp, Elisabeth. A man to heal differences: Essays and talks on St. Francis de Sales. Philadelphia, Pa: Saint Joseph's University Press, 1997.

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Yaʻel, Liʼor, Hrsg. The wise heart: Tales and allegories of three contemporary sages. Toronto, ON, Canada: Laitman Kabbalah Publishers, 2010.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Heat sales"

Furnham, Adrian. „Targeting sales“. In Head & Heart Management, 189–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598317_72.

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Pufahl, Mario. „Interview mit Lars Trautmann, Head of Marketing & Sales Effectiveness bei Boehringer Ingelheim“. In Sales Performance Management, 309–15. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05653-7_11.

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Merk, Michaela. „Luxury Relationship Branding: Heart-Winning Strategies for Brand Managers and their Corporations“. In Luxury Sales Force Management, 34–139. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137347442_3.

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Guo, Xiaotong, Di Hu, Linpo Yu, Lan Xia und George Z. Chen. „Nanomaterials Enhanced Heat Storage in Molten Salts“. In Energy-Sustainable Advanced Materials, 153–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57492-5_6.

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Peng, Yuxiang, und Ramana G. Reddy. „Melting Point and Heat Capacity of MgCl2+ Mg Salts“. In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, 525–32. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch56.

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Peng, Yuxiang, und Ramana G. Reddy. „Melting Point and Heat Capacity of MgCl2 + Mg Salts“. In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016, 525–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48769-4_56.

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Yoon, Dae-Woo, Jung-Wook Cho und Seon-Hyo Kim. „Controlling Heat Transfer through Mold Flux Film by Scattering Effects“. In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, 485–91. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch51.

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Nakano, Jinichiro, Jinichiro Nakano, James Bennett und Anna Nakano. „Gaseous Fuel Production Using Waste Slags - Going Beyond Heat Recovery“. In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, 627–33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch67.

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Assis, Karina Lara Santos, und P. Chris Pistorius. „Cold-Finger Measurement of Heat Transfer Through Solidified Mold Flux Layers“. In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, 307–15. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch33.

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Jung, Seunghwan, und Debjyoti Banerjee. „Enhancement of Heat Capacity of Nitrate Salts using Mica Nanoparticles“. In Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 127–37. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118095393.ch12.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Heat sales"

Dubay, Babita Angeli, Michael Mottley, Ravi Ram und Kendall Mungal. „Utilization of Heat and Centrifuge Technology to Recover Crude for Sales from Slop Oil“. In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180906-ms.

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Ghaith, Fadi A., und Ahmed S. Izhar. „Thermal Performance Enhancement of an Industrial Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger“. In ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49543.

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This paper aims to enhance the thermal performance of an industrial shell-and-tube heat exchanger utilized for the purpose of cooling raw natural gas by means of mixture of Sales gas. The main objective of this work is to provide an optimum and reliable thermal design of a single-shelled finned tubes heat exchanger to replace the existing two- shell and tube heat exchanger due to the space limitations in the plant. A comprehensive thermal model was developed using the effectiveness-NTU method. The shell-side and tube-side overall heat transfer coefficient were determined using Bell-Delaware method and Dittus-Boelter correlation, respectively. The obtained results showed that the required area to provide a thermal duty of 1.4 MW is about 1132 m2 with tube-side and shell-side heat transfer coefficients of 950 W/m2K and 495 W/m2K, respectively. In order to verify the obtained results generated from the mathematical model, a numerical study was carried out using HTRI software which showed a good match in terms of the heat transfer area and the tube-side heat transfer coefficient.

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Colella, Whitney G., Stephen H. Schneider, Daniel M. Kammen, Aditya Jhunjhunwala und Nigel Teo. „Part II of II: Deployment of MERESS Model—Designing, Controlling, and Installing Stationary Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) to Reduce Costs and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions“. In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65113.

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The Maximizing Emission Reductions and Economic Savings Simulator (MERESS) is an optimization tool that allows users to evaluate avant-garde strategies for installing and operating combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems (FCSs) in buildings. This article discusses the deployment of MERESS to show illustrative results for a California campus town, and, based on these results, makes recommendations for further installations of FCSs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. MERESS is used to evaluate one of the most challenging FCS types to use for GHG reductions, the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) system. These PAFC FCSs are tested against a base case of a CHP combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT). Model results show that three competing goals (GHG emission reductions, cost savings to building owners, and FCS manufacturer sales revenue) are best achieved with different strategies, but that all three goals can be met reasonably with a single approach. According to MERESS, relative to a base case of only a CHP CCGT providing heat and electricity with no FCSs, the town achieves the highest 1) GHG emission reductions, 2) cost savings to building owners, and 3) FCS manufacturer sales revenue each with three different operating strategies, under a scenario of full incentives and a $100/tonne carbon dioxide (CO2) tax (Scenario D). The town achieves its maximum CO2 emission reduction, 37% relative to the base case, with operating Strategy V: stand alone operation (SA), no load following (NLF), and a fixed heat-to-power ratio (FHP) [SA, NLF, FHP] (Scenario E). The town’s building owners gain the highest cost savings, 25%, with Strategy I: electrically and thermally networked (NW), electricity power load following (ELF), and a variable heat-to-power ratio (VHP) [NW, ELF, VHP] (Scenario D). FCS manufacturers generally have the highest sales revenue with Strategy III: NW, NLF, with a fixed heat-to-power ratio (FHP) [NW, NLF, FHP] (Scenarios B, C, and D). Strategies III and V are partly consistent with the way that FCS manufacturers design their systems today, primarily as NLF with a FHP. By contrast, Strategy I is avant-garde for the fuel cell industry, in particular, in its use of a VHP and thermal networking. Model results further demonstrate that FCS installations can be economical for building owners without any carbon tax or government incentives. Without any carbon tax or state and federal incentives (Scenario A), Strategy I is marginally economical, with 3% energy cost savings, but with a 29% reduction in CO2 emissions. Strategy I is the most economical strategy for building owners in all scenarios (Scenarios A, B, C, and D) and, at the same time, reasonably achieves other goals of large GHG emission reductions and high FCS manufacturer sales revenue. Although no particular building type stands out as consistently achieving the highest emission reductions and cost savings (Scenarios B-2 and E-2), certain building load curves are clear winners. For example, buildings with load curves similar to Stanford’s Mudd Chemistry building (a wet laboratory) achieve maximal cost savings (1.5% with full federal and state incentives but no carbon tax) and maximal CO2 emission reductions (32%) (Scenarios B-2 and E-2). Finally, based on these results, this work makes recommendations for reducing GHG further through FCS deployment. (Part I of II articles discusses the motivation and key assumptions behind the MERESS model development (Colella 2008).)

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Cattolica, Robert, Richard Herz, James Giolitto und Matt Summers. „Economic Analysis of a 3 MW Biomass Gasification Power Plant“. In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90374.

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An economic and technical analysis of the use of separated wood biomass as a feedstock for gasification for a 3 MW power plant was conducted for the Miramar Landfill, located in San Diego County, CA. The method to generate combustible gas from the biomass is based on a dual-fluidized bed gasification process which operates at atmospheric pressure with air and produces a high quality producer gas with little nitrogen. The objective of the study was to determine the economic feasibility of the proposed biomass power system in terms of the potential revenue streams and costs. Major economic considerations in the analysis include feedstock, capital, and operating costs. Regulatory issues, inclusive of production credits, renewable energy incentives, and feed-in tariffs are addressed as significant economic inputs. The Miramar landfill, in San Diego County, CA is representative of a typical existing urban landfill, with corresponding feedstock and some market for separated wood biomass. The economic analysis of the proposed 3MW gasification power plant indicates that it would not have a net positive NPV under the current urban scenario. More likely successful candidates are landfill sites in more rural areas or urban sites, where new landfills are being developed or where the landfill is no longer operational but has become a transfer station. In all cases waste heat sales are a critical element in determining economic viability.

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Irrazabal Bohorquez, Washington Orlando, und Joa˜o Roberto Barbosa. „Functional Analysis and Exergoeconomic Evaluation for the Combined Production of Electromechanical Power and Useful Heat of a Cogeneration Power Plant“. In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45055.

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In the Ecuadorian electrical market, several sugar plants, which significantly participate in the local electricity market, are producing their own energy and commercializing the surplus to the electrical market. This study evaluates the integral use of the sugar cane bagasse for productive process on a Cogeneration Power Plant in an Ecuadorian Sugar Company [8]. The electrical generation based on biomass requires a great initial investment. The cost is around US$ 800/kW installed, twice the US$ 400/kW initial investment of conventional thermoelectric power plant and almost equal to the US$ 1,000/kW initial cost of hydroelectric power plant [5]. A thermoeconomic study was carried out on the production of electricity and the sales of the surplus of 27 MWe average produced by the power plant. An operational analysis was made using instantaneous values from the estimated curves of demand and generation of electricity. From the results, it was concluded that the generated electricity costs are 0.0443 US$/kWh, while the costs of the electricity from Fossil Power Plants (burning fuel oil, diesel fuel and natural gas) are in the range 0.03–0.15 US$/kWh and from Hydroelectric Plants are about 0.02 US$/kWh. Cogeneration power plants burning sugar cane bagasse could contribute to the mitigation of climatic change. This specific case study shows the reduction of the prospective emissions of greenhouse gases, around 55,188 ton of CO2 equivalent yearly for this cogeneration power plant.

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Colella, Whitney G., Stephen H. Schneider, Daniel M. Kammen, Aditya Jhunjhunwala und Nigel Teo. „Part I of II: Development of MERESS Model—Developing System Models of Stationary Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) for Reduced Costs and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions“. In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65112.

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Stationary combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems (FCSs) can provide electricity and heat for buildings, and can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions significantly if they are configured with an appropriate installation and operating strategy. The Maximizing Emission Reductions and Economic Savings Simulator (MERESS) is an optimization tool that was developed to allow users to evaluate avant-garde strategies for installing and operating CHP FCSs in buildings. These strategies include networking, load following, and the use of variable heat-to-power ratios, all of which commercial industry has typically overlooked. A primary goal of the MERESS model is to use relatively inexpensive simulation studies to identify more financially and environmentally effective ways to design and install FCSs. It incorporates the pivotal choices that FCS manufacturers, building owners, emission regulators, competing generators, and policy makers make, and empowers them to evaluate the effect of their choices directly. MERESS directly evaluates trade-offs among three key goals: GHG reductions, energy cost savings for building owners, and high sales revenue for FCS manufacturers. MERESS allows users to evaluate these design trade-offs and to identify the optimal control strategies and building load curves for installation based on either 1) maximum GHG emission reductions or 2) maximum cost savings to building owners. Part I of II articles discusses the motivation and key assumptions behind MERESS model development. Part II of II articles discusses run results from MERESS for a California town and makes recommendations for further FCS installments (Colella 2008 (a)).

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Little, Adrienne B., und Srinivas Garimella. „A New Energy Frugal Paradigm for Data Centers“. In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39442.

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Of the total electricity consumption by the United States in 2006, more than 1% was used on data centers alone; a value that continues to rise rapidly. Of the total amount of electricity a data center consumes, at least 30% is used to cool server equipment. The present study conceptualizes and analyzes a novel paradigm consisting of integrated power, cooling, and waste heat recovery and upgrade systems that considerably lowers the energy footprint of data centers. Thus, on-site power generation equipment is used to supply primary electricity needs of the data center. The microturbine-derived waste heat is recovered to run an absorption chiller that supplies the entire cooling load of the data center, essentially providing the requisite cooling without any additional expenditure of primary energy. Furthermore, the waste heat rejected by the data center itself is boosted to a higher temperature with a heat transformer, with the upgraded thermal stream serving as an additional output of the data center with no additional electrical power input. Such upgraded heat can be used for district heating applications in neighboring residential buildings, or as process heat for commercial end uses such as laundries, hospitals and restaurants. With such a system, the primary energy usage of the data center as a whole can be reduced by about 23 percent while still addressing the high-flux cooling loads, in addition to providing a new income stream through the sales of upgraded thermal energy. Given the large and fast-escalating energy consumption patterns of data centers, this novel, integrated approach to electricity and cooling supply, and waste heat recovery and upgrade will substantially reduce primary energy consumption for this important end use worldwide.

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Wu, Yu-ting, Nan Ren, Chong-fang Ma und Tao Wang. „Experimental Study on Thermal Performance of Mixed Nitrate and Carbonate Salts“. In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23081.

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Although molten salts have been used in large scale in the experimental or commercial solar thermal power plants, systematic studies on thermal performence of mixed-salts are lacking. Four eutectic nitrate salts with low melting point were choosed by the analysis of the TG curve and DSC curves with nine binary mixtures of salts with different mass ratio, the specific heat-temperature curve were obtained after further analysis of the DSC curve and experimental correlations were fitted. Potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate are mixed in accordance with the different proportions, 36 kinds of mixed molten salt are obtained. The data of melting point, decomposition temperature, specific heat, latent heat and use temperature range were obtained by the analysis of the TGA and DSC curves of 36 salts.

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Langhoff, Moritz, Robin Roj, Ralf Theiß und Peter Dültgen. „Process Optimization of Local Annealing of SMA Wires for Plagiarism Detection“. In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2257.

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Abstract The economic significance and damage caused by counterfeit products has been evident in industry and society for a long time. In addition to the loss in sales and image damage for the original manufacturers, plagiarism in security-relevant components can also have disastrous consequences for the customer. Manufacturers use technical features to identify their products. The aim of these features is to make them most difficult to copy or to find. None of these features are completely safe from being copied. SMA-components can be treated to be used as a new kind of identification elements for products. In this paper a new method for coding information based on annealing of SMA-wires is presented. The focus is the development of a heat treatment that provides different annealing temperatures in small adjacent areas along the wire. As the annealing temperature has effects on the thermal resistance behavior of the SMA, a combined behavior of different annealing temperatures leads from a curved to a stepped resistance behavior when heated from martensite to austenite.

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Gan, Yu, und Van P. Carey. „An Exploration of the Effects of Dissolved Ionic Solids on Bubble Merging in Water and Its Impact on the Leidenfrost Transition“. In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23330.

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Theoretical models and MD simulation studies suggest that dissolved salts tend to alter the surface tension at liquid vapor interfaces and affect the stability of the free liquid film between adjacent bubbles. Recent modeling of the Leidenfrost phenomenon also indicates that bubble merging is a key mechanism affecting the Leidenfrost transition conditions. This investigation summarizes the results of an investigation of the effects of dissolved salts on liquid film stability and bubble merging in the aqueous solution. The interaction of pairs of bubbles injected into solution with different dissolved salt concentrations was studied experimentally to determine the probability of merging from statistics for ensembles of bubble pairs. The results of these experiments indicate that very low dissolved salt concentrations can strongly reduce the tendency of adjacent bubbles to merge, implying that the presence of the dissolved salt in such cases strongly enhances the stability of the free liquid film between adjacent bubbles. The trends are compared to predictions of free liquid film stability by wave instability theory and MD simulations. These trends are also compared to experimental data indicating the effects of dissolved salt on the Leidenfrost transition. These comparisons indicate that the suppression of merging due to the effects of some dissolved salts can significantly alter the Leidenfrost transition conditions. The implications of this in quenching of cast aluminum or steel parts using water of variable hardness are also discussed.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Heat sales"

Mathur, Anoop. Heat Transfer and Latent Heat Storage in Inorganic Molten Salts for Concentrating Solar Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089923.

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Mostafa, A. T. M. G., J. M. Eakman und S. L. Yarbro. Prediction of heat capacities of solid inorganic salts from group contributions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/426978.

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Anderson, Mark, Kumar Sridharan, Dane Morgan, Per Peterson, Pattrick Calderoni, Randall Scheele, Andrew Casekka und Bruce McNamara. Heat Transfer Salts for Nuclear Reactor Systems - Chemistry Control, Corrosion Mitigation, and Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1169921.

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Sridharan, Kumar, Mark Anderson, Todd Allen und Michael Corradini. Liquid Salts as Media for Process Heat Transfer from VHTR's: Forced Convective Channel Flow Thermal Hydraulics, Materials, and Coating. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033952.

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Scheele, Randall D., und Andrew M. Casella. Assessment of the Use of Nitrogen Trifluoride for Purifying Coolant and Heat Transfer Salts in the Fluoride Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Reactor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1017120.

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Wallace, Sean, Scott Lux, Constandinos Mitsingas, Irene Andsager und Tapan Patel. Performance testing and modeling of a transpired ventilation preheat solar wall : performance evaluation of facilities at Fort Drum, NY, and Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42000.

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This work performed measurement and verification of installed, operational solar wall systems at Fort Drum, NY, and Forbes Field, Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Actual annual savings were compared estimated savings generated by a solar wall modeling tool (RETScreen). A comparison with the RETScreen modeling tool shows that the measured actively heated air provided by the solar wall provides 57% more heat than the RETScreen tool predicted, after accounting for boiler efficiency. The solar wall at Fort Drum yields a net savings of $851/yr, for a simple payback of 146 years and a SIR of 0.16. RETScreen models indicate that the solar wall system at Forbes Field, Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS saves $9,350/yr, for a simple payback of 58.8 years and a SIR of 0.34. Although results showed that, due to low natural gas prices, the Fort Drum system was not economically viable, it was recommended that the system still be used to meet renewable energy and fossil fuel reduction goals. The current system becomes economical (SIR 1.00) at a natural gas rate of $16.00/MMBTU or $1.60 /therm.

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Savings Bank of New South Wales - Sydney (Head Office) - Mortgage (Investment) Department - Foreclosed Mortgages - Mortgages Securities Sales Ledger (Indexed) - 1894-1913. Reserve Bank of Australia, März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/21160.

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