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Albertsen, Andreas, und Lasse Nielsen. „What Is the Point of the Harshness Objection?“ Utilitas 32, Nr. 4 (22.05.2020): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820820000059.
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AbstractAccording to luck egalitarianism, it is unjust if some are worse off than others through no fault or choice of their own. The most common criticism of luck egalitarianism is the ‘harshness objection’, which states that luck egalitarianism allows for too harsh consequences, as it fails to provide justification for why those responsible for their bad fate can be entitled to society's assistance. It has largely gone unnoticed that the harshness objection is open to a number of very different interpretations. We present four different interpretations of the harshness objection in which the problem pertains to counterintuitive implications, badness of outcome, disproportionality, or inconsistency, respectively. We analyse and discuss appropriate luck egalitarian replies. Disentangling these different versions clarifies what is at the heart of this dispute and reveals the point of the harshness objection. We conclude that only the inconsistency version involves a durable problem for luck egalitarianism.
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Livny, Adi. „Conscientious Objection and the State“. Armed Forces & Society 44, Nr. 4 (18.12.2017): 666–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17743988.
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The abundant writing on conscientious objection (CO) had kept one significant actor rather neglected—the state. Relatively unexplored is the question of how democracies shape their policies toward CO. This article wishes to address this gap, focusing in particular on states that maintain conscription, and examining what accounts for their different responses to CO. Based on the Israeli case study, while drawing on comparative insights from The Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland during the Cold War, I argue that states’ treatment of CO depends primarily on the military’s status and the type of roles assigned to conscription. States in which these roles are mainly functional, and the military does not enjoy, accordingly, a high symbolic status will be more inclined to formally recognize CO than states in which the military fulfills civilian–social roles and enjoys a high symbolic status. Lack of recognition, however, does not necessarily imply harshness; states of the latter sort might nonetheless accommodate CO through unofficial means. Thus, when discussing the policy towards CO a distinction is ought to be made between accommodation and recognition.
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Voigt, Kristin. „The Harshness Objection: Is Luck Egalitarianism Too Harsh on the Victims of Option Luck?“ Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 10, Nr. 4 (13.01.2007): 389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-006-9060-4.
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Fleurbaey, Marc. „EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, REWARD AND RESPECT FOR PREFERENCES: REPLY TO ROEMER“. Economics and Philosophy 28, Nr. 2 (Juli 2012): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267112000168.
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This rejoinder to Roemer (this issue) examines Roemer's amendment to his EOp criterion, explains the similarities and differences between Roemer's approach to equality of opportunity and the economic literature inspired by the fair allocation theory, and proposes some clarifications on the compensation principle and the role of the reward principle in the definition of a responsibility-sensitive social criterion. It highlights the power of the ideal of respect for individual preferences with respect to the reward issue and the concern for potential harshness of the social criterion toward the individuals who fail to make good use of their opportunities. It discusses Roemer's objection against holding individuals responsible for their preferences.
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Kaldas, Mina M. S., Kemal Çalışkan, Roman Henze und Ferit Küçükay. „Optimization of Damper Top Mount Characteristics to Improve Vehicle Ride Comfort and Harshness“. Shock and Vibration 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/248129.
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A novel optimization technique for optimizing the damper top mount characteristics to improve vehicle ride comfort and harshness is developed. The proposed optimization technique employs a new combined objective function based on ride comfort, harshness, and impact harshness evaluation. A detailed and accurate damper top mount mathematical model is implemented inside a validated quarter vehicle model to provide a realistic simulation environment for the optimization study. The ride comfort and harshness of the quarter vehicle are evaluated by analyzing the body acceleration in different frequency ranges. In addition, the top mount deformation is considered as a penalty factor for the system performance. The influence of the ride comfort and harshness weighting parameters of the proposed objective function on the optimal damper top mount characteristics is studied. The dynamic stiffness of the damper top mount is used to describe the optimum damper top mount characteristics for different optimization case studies. The proposed optimization routine is able to find the optimum characteristics of the damper top mount which improve the ride comfort and the harshness performances together.
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Lee, S. K., und P. R. White. „Application of wavelet analysis to the impact harshness of a vehicle“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 214, Nr. 11 (01.11.2000): 1331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406001523308.
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The impact harshness of cars is an important factor in ride comfort. Traditionally, impact harshness is evaluated via subjective measurements based on the experience of test drivers. Objective evaluations are more efficient and reproducible than subjective measurements. Thus, this paper develops an objective measure based on a few signal parameters, specifically the initial peak values and damping ratios of the major vibration modes. A method based on the continuous wavelet transform is presented for the measurement of damping ratios. The performance of the method for estimating damping ratios is illustrated by the use of synthetic data, while performance of the objective measure is assessed on the basis of a series of trials on real vehicles.
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Senthil Kumar, M., C. D. Naiju, S. J. Chethan Kumar und Joseph Kurian. „Vibration Analysis and Improvement of a Vehicle Chassis Structure“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.528.
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Product development cycle time is very important in automotive industry which is very competitive nowerdays. New products are introduced into the market with better designs in short period of time by carrying out different engineering analysis. This study is focused on analyzing the existing chassis design and the noise, vibration and harshness(NVH) characteristics are studied. Modeling of chassis structure is carried out using 3D modelling package CATIA V5 and finite element model is created by meshing using Hypermesh software. The main objective is to find the natural frequency and analyse the mode shape of the automotive chassis structure. Results of the analysis will help to study the dynamic behavior of the chassis structure with load application/real road condition and to improvise the car chassis structure assembly.
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Sick, David H. „Zacchaeus as the Rich Host of Classical Satire“. Biblical Interpretation 24, Nr. 2 (18.04.2016): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685152-00242p05.
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This piece builds upon the work of Dennis Hamm and Mikeal Parsons to compare the character Zacchaeus of Luke 19:1–10 to the rich host of a banquet from classical satire and related genres. In this category the diminutive tax collector joins a rogues’ gallery, including Nasidienus from Horace’s Satire 2.8 and Trimalchio from Petronius’ Satyricon. Those who grumble (γογγύζειν) about Jesus’ table fellowship should be understood as his fellow dining companions. The moralizing voice of the satirist is represented by these grumbling guests, whose harping is similar to that of the Pharisees. According to recent literary theory, the voice of the satirist, in this case a Pharisaic one, is undermined by its own harshness. By weakening the criticism of the satiric voice, Luke encourages identification with the sinner Zacchaeus and thus fosters the Gospel’s general objective of salvation of the lost.
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Liu, Jie, Ling Tong, Chao Feng Li und Bang Chun Wen. „Design Object Planning of Vehicle NVH Performance Improvement Based on HOQ“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 16-19 (Oktober 2009): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.16-19.229.
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Basing on the system engineering 7D design planning model included the seven aspects of contents: design ideas, design environment, design objective, design step, design content, design method and design quality assessment. Combined the 7D design planning with House of Quality (HOQ), the model of design objective planning model was presented. In the model the satisfied degree of customer was the optimization object. The customer needs were satisfied with the engineering characteristics. The customer needs were analyzed with the analytic hierarchy process. The correlation among engineering characteristics was considered through the improvement relation matrix. At the same time, each customer need was insured to improve with the limited resource. Contrasted with the general optimization model this design objective planning model took the correlation of engineering characteristics into account. This optimization model was applied successfully in the NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) improvement design of vehicle. The HOQ of NVH planning was established according to the four customer needs. The six engineering characteristics were confirmed corresponding to the customer needs. The results showed that the customer need degree achieved 75.53％. If the satisfied degree wanted to be improved the cost should be increased. In this design objective planning model the resource and technology were configured in reason. It could help the technician make the reasonable judgment.
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Suma, Salma Pervin, und Md Ziaul Haque. „Metaphysical Approach to Lalon’s Song“. Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 6, Nr. 1 (30.06.2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v6i1.350.
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The objective of this paper is to find out the trends and tendencies of metaphysical endeavor in Lalon’s song. Lalon shah popularly known as Lalon Fakir (1774-1890), was a Bengali mystic folk poet and singer as well as philosopher and humanist. Most of his songs were composed in orally and sung at the time of travelling. His songs dealt with the themes of love, religion, caste, faith, soul, god, death etc which can be viewed from the metaphysical point of view. The way he dealt his various issues in his songs demands our special concentration to investigate how ornamentally his songs were composed using metaphysical conceit, incongruous imagery, complexity and subtlety of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. So, this study will try to shed lights on the theme, philosophy and style of Lalon’s song through the metaphysical perspective.
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Zheng, Hao, Fuwu Yan, Chihua Lu, Fengxiang Xu, Qiuyue Li und Wei Tian. „Optimization design of the valve spring for abnormal noise control in a single-cylinder gasoline engine“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, Nr. 2 (05.08.2016): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016651180.
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To address the abnormal noise problem of single-cylinder gasoline engines in the idle condition, acoustic spectral and intensity analysis was carried out. Then the noises were identified as valve impact noises caused by the anomalous dynamic performance of the engine valve mechanism. To improve further the dynamic performance of the mechanism by optimization of the valve spring, a multi-body dynamic model of the valve mechanism was developed on the basis of the key performance and the structure parameters of the valve spring. By using the optimization strategy, the oscillation amplitude of the valve spring and the valve impact force can be reduced by about 62.5% and 27% respectively. Finally, optimized sample pieces were produced for acoustic verification tests. The obtained results showed that the engine’s overall working noise was reduced by about 2.0 dB(A), and the sound quality of the engine was determined using both objective measurements and subjective evaluation of the noise, vibration and harshness performance. It can be concluded that the valve impact noise can be reduced by optimization of the valve springs.
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Roth, Brad R. „The Trajectory of the Democratic Entitlement Thesis in International Legal Scholarship: A Reply to Akbar Rasulov“. European Journal of International Law 32, Nr. 1 (01.02.2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab031.
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Abstract Akbar Rasulov’s provocative discussion of the ‘The Curious Case of the International Law of Democracy and the Politics of International Legal Scholarship’ makes two remarkable assertions: i) that the critics of the democratic entitlement thesis won a decisive victory in the contest to influence ‘the conventional wisdom’ within international legal scholarship; and ii) that the critiques objectively served ‘a fundamentally reactionary political agenda’. Beyond overstating both the critiques’ harshness and their impact, Rasulov is too quick to associate their methodological orthodoxy with ‘right-wing’ outcomes, neglecting to appreciate that their authors’ primary objective was to resist neo-colonialist tendencies. Whereas departures from standard source doctrines may in an earlier era have been directed towards redress of power imbalances inherited from colonialism, the ‘pro-democratic’ departures of the post-Cold War era tended to license impositions on the self-government of the poorer and weaker states. The democratic entitlement’s critics sought precisely to conserve gains that had earlier been won by sectors of the international community resistant to neo-colonialism.
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Yu, Wentao. „Analysis and Optimization of Low-Speed Road Noise in Electric Vehicles“. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (08.05.2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537704.
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When a certain electric vehicle is driving at a constant speed of 40 km/h on the rough asphalt road, the rear passenger can obviously feel the ear pressure, which seriously affects the comfort. Through the analysis of objective data, it was found that the problem was caused by the road excitation, which leads to the coupling between the mode of the backup door and the mode of the acoustic cavity, and causes the resonance of the car cavity, thus causing the ear pressure sensation. To solve this problem, this paper optimizes the backup door by means of experiment and simulation, increases the dynamic vibration absorber, makes its modal frequency avoid the acoustic cavity modal frequency, and achieves the purpose of reducing the interior noise. After optimization, the vehicle noise is reduced by 8 dBA at 42 Hz under 40 km/h working condition of rough road surface, and the ear pressure sensation is reduced at the same time, thus improving the NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) performance of the vehicle.
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Xiong, Feng, Dengfeng Wang, Zhengdong Ma, Tiantong Lv und Longbo Ji. „Lightweight optimization of the front end structure of an automobile body using entropy-based grey relational analysis“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, Nr. 4 (27.02.2018): 917–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018755844.
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This study deals with the multi-objective lightweight optimization of the front end structure of an automobile body, as the main assembly to withstand impact force and protect occupants from injuries in frontal collision, based on entropy-based grey relational analysis (EGRA). First, basic noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) models of the automobile body and crashworthiness models of the vehicle are established and then validated by corresponding actual experiments; hence the lightweight controlling quotas are extracted. Next, the contribution analysis method determines the final parts for lightweight optimization, for which both continuous thickness variables and discrete material variables are simultaneously taken into account. Subsequently, design of experiment (DoE) using the optimal Latin hypercube sampling (OLHS) method is carried out, considering the total mass and the torsional stiffness of the automobile body, the maximum intrusion deformation on the firewall, the maximum impact acceleration at lower end of the B-pillar, and the total material cost of the selected optimization parts as five competing optimization objectives. After that, the optimal combination of thickness and material parameters of the optimization parts is determined using EGRA and confirmed by technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Finally, a comparison between the original design and the post-lightweight design, namely the optimized design, further confirms the effectiveness of the lightweight optimization. According to the outcomes, the automobile body is lightweight optimized with a mass decrease of 4.98 kg on the basis of well guaranteeing other relevant mechanical performance. Accordingly, the EGRA could be well employed to the multi-objective lightweight optimization of the automobile body.
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Tena, Alberto, Francec Claria, Francesc Solsona, Einar Meister und Monica Povedano. „Detection of Bulbar Involvement in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Machine Learning Voice Analysis: Diagnostic Decision Support Development Study“. JMIR Medical Informatics 9, Nr. 3 (10.03.2021): e21331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21331.
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Background Bulbar involvement is a term used in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that refers to motor neuron impairment in the corticobulbar area of the brainstem, which produces a dysfunction of speech and swallowing. One of the earliest symptoms of bulbar involvement is voice deterioration characterized by grossly defective articulation; extremely slow, laborious speech; marked hypernasality; and severe harshness. Bulbar involvement requires well-timed and carefully coordinated interventions. Therefore, early detection is crucial to improving the quality of life and lengthening the life expectancy of patients with ALS who present with this dysfunction. Recent research efforts have focused on voice analysis to capture bulbar involvement. Objective The main objective of this paper was (1) to design a methodology for diagnosing bulbar involvement efficiently through the acoustic parameters of uttered vowels in Spanish, and (2) to demonstrate that the performance of the automated diagnosis of bulbar involvement is superior to human diagnosis. Methods The study focused on the extraction of features from the phonatory subsystem—jitter, shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio, and pitch—from the utterance of the five Spanish vowels. Then, we used various supervised classification algorithms, preceded by principal component analysis of the features obtained. Results To date, support vector machines have performed better (accuracy 95.8%) than the models analyzed in the related work. We also show how the model can improve human diagnosis, which can often misdiagnose bulbar involvement. Conclusions The results obtained are very encouraging and demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the automated model presented in this paper. It may be an appropriate tool to help in the diagnosis of ALS by multidisciplinary clinical teams, in particular to improve the diagnosis of bulbar involvement.
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Siddiqi, Mohammad Nejatullah. „Violence and Muslims“. American Journal of Islam and Society 21, Nr. 2 (01.04.2004): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i2.1808.
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Under what circumstances does Islam tolerate violence or armed struggle?What are the Islamic ethics of war? When Does Islam allow what the westernmedia calls “terrorism,” especially when Muslims are the target of violenceand terrorism? Can Muslims use violence to counter violence?Given existing realities, we need to answer such questions. American andBritish aggression in various countries, the Hindutva aggression in India,and the general global anti-Muslim environment have disturbed Muslimseverywhere. What steps should be taken to counter such negative trends?Ethics and ViolenceIn essence, violence is an unethical act. In a civilized world that values ethicalprinciples, violence is used only to deter and punish criminals and todefend oneself. One may use dialogue, persuasion, communication, andinformation to achieve an objective, but not violence. Violence cannot beused to achieve religious objectives, because it is an instrument of coercion.Islam, which is based on compassion, love, tolerance, gentleness, and forgiveness,prohibits coercion (2:256). Violence, destruction, and cruelty violateIslam’s very nature (7:199).Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, commanded gentleness andforbade harshness and violence. Sahih Muslim records that Ayesha narratedthat the Prophet, peace be upon him, said: “God is kind, and likes kindness.For kindness, God rewards what He never gives due to violence or throughany other means” and that he said to Ayesha: “Be kind and avoid violenceand indecency. Kindness makes a situation best and unkindness makes itworst. This is why the Qur’an prohibits offensive violence and discouragesviolence even as a defensive means” (41:34-35) ...
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Bogdanov, Andrey Petrovich. „“Philhellenes” and “Latinists” in the XVII century: texts in the context“. Genesis: исторические исследования, Nr. 4 (April 2021): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.4.32317.
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This article is dedicated to the disputes on the enlightenment of Russia in the early 1680s. They emerged and continued due to the idea of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich to open an Academy in Moscow: an autonomous university from the state and church authorities for preparing secular and religious personnel, which would teach in Polish, Greek, Latin and Russian languages. The article examines the positions of Russian and Greek Philhellenes. Some of them insisted on studying solely Greek language for preventing the distribution of knowledge in Latin and other languages. Others proved the advantage of Greek language in the educational system in all languages of science of that time. The author notes that the initiator of the Academy Sylvester Medvedev, who was later declared a “Latinist heretic”, took the second approach as the basis. The article refutes the modern attempts to change the perspective on dating, content and meaning of the primary sources, beginning with the Privilege of the Academy. The author substantiates that the Privilege was not a figment of Medvedev's imagination, but a Charter approved by the Tsar, which established the basic principles of the new university, namely the functions of faith protection were delegated by the tsar to the academic council. The implementation of measures against heresies, sorcery, etc., which were sternly formulated in the legislation, since now on required the scholars’ examination. The objections of colleagues to the “harshness” of these measures, allegedly invented by Medvedev, were associated with legal ignorance. A substantial part of the article is aimed at familiarization of the colleagues with the legal, political, cultural and literary context, which contributes to the analysis of the sources.
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Aladdin, M. F., N. A. A. Jalil, N. Y. Guan, K. A. M. Rezali und S. A. Adam. „Evaluation of Human Discomfort from Combined Noise and Whole-Body Vibration in Passenger Vehicle“. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, Nr. 2 (05.07.2019): 6808–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.2.2019.25.0512.
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Exposure to noise and whole-body vibration (WBV) has been a key element in determining comfort levels in transportation systems. In the automotive industry, researchers and engineers continuously work on reducing noise and vibration levels to minimize discomfort. Noise annoyance in vehicles results from structure-borne as well as air-borne noise from vehicle powertrain, tires and aeroacoustics. Whole-body vibration affects vehicle passenger comfort at the seat pan, back rest and feet. The objective of this research is to evaluate the comfort level of seated passengers in a vehicle from noise and whole-body vibration by considering both separate and combined modality. The noise and vibration data were recorded and analysed in two vehicles on the same highway road with four different speeds. The vibration exposure in vehicle were evaluated based on ISO2631-1:1997. Noise exposure was based on A-weighted sound pressure level. The combined discomfort on noise and vibration were quantified. The vibration results identified clear dominant of z-axis vertical vibration on seat pan, backrest and feet in both vehicles. The discomfort of combined noise and vibration showed that vehicle B caused a higher discomfort level at the high vehicle speed of 90 km/h and 110 km/h. The Relative Discomfort Indicator (RDI) were introduced to compare levels of discomfort from noise and vibration in different vehicles with varying speeds. The result suggests that the RDI value for vehicle A relative to vehicle B is negative at higher vehicle speed which further indicates that at higher speed, vehicle B have a higher discomfort level compared to vehicle A. The RDI value is expected to be useful for automotive Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) improvement.
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Rivero, Piedad Peniche. „La comunidad doméstica de la hacienda henequenera de Yucatán, México, 1870-1915“. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 15, Nr. 1 (01.01.1999): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1051941.
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This essay analyzes the henequen hacienda of Yucatán during the years 1870 to 1915, by examining the nature of social relations and the mindset which those relations presupposed. It finds that, in order to adapt to the market and its population of servants, the hacienda functioned as a domestic community whose objective was the reproduction and multiplication of its population rather than the productivity of its labor force. The methods of reproduction in the hacienda included financing the social reproduction of its servants (nohoch cuenta), an approach which, while it obtained the laborers' consent to their domination and diminished the violence which resulted from the harshness of labor relations, did not eliminate it entirely. The financing of the dowry and the marrying of young people of marriageable age is key to understanding that the relations that governed the hacienda's mode of production were relations of reproduction. / Este ensayo analiza la hacienda henequenera entre 1870 - 1915 a partir de las relaciones sociales y del sistema de valores que presuponían, encontrándose que para adaptarse a su mercado y a su población de sirvientes, la hacienda funcionaba como una comunidad doméstica cuyo objetivo era la reproducción y multiplicación de su población, no la productividad del trabajo. El modo de reproducción de la hacienda incluía el financiamiento de la reproducción social de los sirvientes (nohoch cuenta), el que al mismo tiempo que hacía consentir a éstos en su dominación suprimía a la violencia que se desprendía de la dureza de las relaciones de trabajo, mas no la erradicaba. El financiamiento de la dote y el matrimonio de los jóvenes casaderos es clave para entender que las relaciones que permitían funcionar el modo de producción de la hacienda eran relaciones de reproducción.
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Chhin, Sophan, und Joseph O’Brien. „Dendroclimatic analysis of red pine affected by Diplodia shoot blight in different latitudinal regions in Michigan“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2015): 1757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0245.
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Drought and intraspecific competition in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stands in Michigan have been implicated as predisposing factors for increased shoot blight risk caused by Diplodia pinea Desm. The overall objective of this study is to examine the interactive effects of drought, other climatic factors, and biotic factors (intraspecific competition) on productivity and growth of red pine forests affected by Diplodia shoot blight. This study incorporates a dendroclimatic approach that allows the retrospective examination of past annual diameter growth in relation to historical climate and the assessment of the potential impacts of future climate change. A total of 20 red pine stands were sampled in two latitudinal regions (the Upper Peninsula (UP) and the Lower Peninsula (LP) regions) of Michigan across two levels of initial stand density (low vs. high) and two levels of forest health condition (healthy vs. D. pinea affected). The full dendroclimatic relationships revealed in this study indicated that other climatic factors, in addition to summer drought stress, impacted red pine radial growth. Overall, red pine radial growth was generally more affected by precipitation and moisture index than solely by temperature variables. The radial growth response to climate depended on latitudinal region: summer moisture stress was more influential in the LP; cold spring and early summer temperatures negatively impacted growth more in the UP; and the degree of winter harshness was more of a factor in the UP. Crown damage caused by winter damage may have predisposed red pine stands to D. pinea affection by providing an easier entry point for fungal infection. Negative relations with precipitation in D. pinea affected stands may be due to increased dispersal of spores in D. pinea affected stands with significant rain and any increased storm and wind activity. Projections of radial growth under future scenarios of climate change indicate that climate warming has the potential to increase growth mainly in red pine stands in the UP region where growth has historically been limited by cool temperatures early in the growing season. Under the moisture index model, growth of red pine under the drier (A2) climate change scenario, only the D. pinea impacted high-density stands in the LP region are projected to show a significant decrease in growth by the middle (2041–2070) and final (2071–2100) projection periods. Model-based projections of forest growth in Michigan generally do not account for forest health issues such as invasive pathogens. The current study therefore provides a new understanding of the role of forest pathogens under future climate change.
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Deng, Zhaoxue, Qinghua Yang, Shuen Zhao und Hanbing Wei. „Multi-objective optimization of magneto-rheological mount structure based on vehicle vibration control“. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 02.12.2020, 1045389X2097549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20975498.
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Considering the influence of mount structure parameters on the quality of vehicle noise, vibration and harshness (NVH), a multi-objective optimization method of the magneto-rheological (MR) mount based on vehicle vibration control was proposed. A lumped parameter model was used to establish the relationship between the structure parameters of the MR mount and the NVH performance of the vehicle. Considering the influence of current on the magneto-rheological fluid viscosity and flow rate in damping channel, the dynamic characteristics of MR mount was obtained by the lumped parameter model. Then, a 10 degrees of freedom (DOF) vehicle model with MR mounting system was established. Finally, a co-simulation optimal platform was developed by the ISIGHT, MATLAB, and ANSYS software, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II was used to optimize the design of the mount magnetic circuit with the goal of improving the quality of vehicle NVH. The results showed that under the start/stop and the constant speed conditions, the root mean square values of vibration acceleration of the driver’s seat rail of the vehicle with the optimal design magneto-rheological mount decreases by 31.6% and 7.8%, respectively compared with the initial design mount, improved the ride comfort of the vehicle.
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SANTHOSH, K. V., und S. P. MEHARUNISA. „LABVIEW IMPLEMENTATION OF CIGARETTE FILTER QUALITY CHECK USING FUZZY LOGIC“. International Journal of Electronics Signals and Systems, Januar 2013, 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijess.2013.1101.
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A cigarette filter has the purpose of reducing the amount of smoke, tar, and fine particles inhaled during the combustion of a cigarette. Filters also reduce the harshness of the smoke (Nicotine) and keep tobacco flakes out of the smoker's mouth. It’s very important to maintain the quality of the cigarette filter so as to reduce the hazardous effect posing on human body. This paper aims at implementation of a automated system used to check the quality of the cigarette filter using fuzzy logic algorithms. The results obtained by the proposed system indicate that the system has fulfilled its objective of checking the quality of cigarette filter. The proposed system plays a vital role in the social being of human since its impractical to make smokers quit smoking. At least this system reduces the ill effects of smoking.
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Broatch, A., R. Novella, J. García-Tíscar, J. Gomez-Soriano und P. Pal. „Investigation of the effects of turbulence modeling on the prediction of compression-ignition combustion unsteadiness“. International Journal of Engine Research, 30.01.2021, 146808742199047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087421990478.
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Adverse effects of global warming due to the greenhouse gas emissions is changing the actual paradigm for the use energy resources. In the absence of a mid-term solution for reducing these emissions in transportation, internal combustion (IC) engines are going to coexist in the social spheres in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the study of other IC engine-related problems remains relevant to ensuring the health of the society. In this investigation, a numerical methodology for comprehensive understanding of Noise, Vibration and Harshness in internal combustion engines is proposed. Due to its inherent complexity and lack of awareness, the main objective is to evaluate the impact of the turbulence modeling framework on the in-cylinder acoustic field recreation. Modal decomposition methods have been applied to isolate the coherent flow structures and to analyze how they change with the turbulence approach. Results demonstrate that the choice of the turbulence model is a critical aspect for noise modeling. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes schemes predict a raw estimation of the internal acoustic field with the added value of being computationally less expensive. However, the use of more complex turbulence approaches such us large eddy simulation offers an accurate prediction of the acoustic structures and their cyclic dispersion.
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Bork-Hueffer, Tabea, Belinda Mahlknecht und Katja Kaufmann. „BULLYING IN CON/FFLATING SPACES – WHY A ‘SPACE’ PERSPECTIVE MATTERS FOR UNDERSTANDING YOUNG PEOPLE’S EXPERIENCES AND PRACTICES OF BULLYING“. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research, 05.10.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2020i0.11176.
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There is an urgent need for the currently mostly disparate and quantitative research on traditional or cyberbullying, to not only take note of each other, but also to analyse the interdependences, intersections and conflation of bullying in digital and offline spaces in a more comprehensive manner. More recent conceptualisations of ‘space’ offer valuable contributions to a reflection upon the epistemological and related methodological considerations when seeking to understand the lifeworlds, practices and experiences of young people involved in bullying. In this sense, we have recently advanced the concept of “cON/FFlating situational spaces and places” (Bork-Hüffer and Yeoh 2017: 93) in an attempt to integrate existing algorithmic, (post-)feminist and relational perspectives to the analysis of bullying (cf. Bork-Hüffer et al. 2020). We ask: Whether and how does bullying in physical and digital spaces intersect in school contexts? We applied narratives produced by young people themselves in Austria with the objective to let them speak with their own voice when describing their experiences and involvement with (cyber)bullying. Even when bullying practices themselves seemed to be restricted to digital spaces, they are still entangled within the spatialities of participants’ relations, practices, identities and life-worlds that stretch across inseparable socio-material and technological spheres. The results reflect how the ontogenesis of socio-technological developments shapes the opportunities for, types of, frequencies and harshness of bullying attacks.
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Zhu, Hao, Yumei Hu, W. D. Zhu und Yangjun Pi. „Optimal Design of an Autotensioner in an Automotive Belt Drive System Via a Dynamic Adaptive PSO-GA“. Journal of Mechanical Design 139, Nr. 9 (27.07.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4036997.
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Noise, vibration, and harshness performances are always concerns in design of an automotive belt drive system. The design problem of the automotive belt drive system requires the minimum transverse vibration of each belt span and minimum rotational vibrations of each pulley and the tensioner arm at the same time, with constraints on tension fluctuations in each belt span. The autotensioner is a key component to maintain belt tensions, avoid belt slip, and absorb vibrations in the automotive belt drive system. In this work, a dynamic adaptive particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm (DAPSO-GA) is proposed to find an optimum design of an autotensioner to solve this design problem and achieve design targets. A dynamic adaptive inertia factor is introduced in the basic particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to balance the convergence rate and global optimum search ability by adaptively adjusting the search velocity during the search process. genetic algorithm (GA)-related operators including a selection operator with time-varying selection probability, crossover operator, and n-point random mutation operator are incorporated in the PSO algorithm to further exploit optimal solutions generated by the PSO algorithm. These operators are used to diversify the swarm and prevent premature convergence. The objective function is established using a weighted-sum method, and the penalty function method is used to deal with constraints. Optimization on an example automotive belt drive system shows that the system vibration is greatly improved after optimization compared with that of its original design.
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Danti, Marco, Davide Vigè und Guido Vincent Nierop. „Modal Methodology for the Simulation and Optimization of the Free-Layer Damping Treatment of a Car Body“. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 132, Nr. 2 (15.03.2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4000844.
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The cost and weight reduction requirements in automotive applications are very important targets in the design of a new car. For this reason, all the components of the vehicle have to be optimized and the design of the damping material layout has to be deeply analyzed in order to have a good noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance with minimum mass and cost. A tool for the optimization of the damping material layout has been implemented and tested; the need to explore the entire design space with a big number of variables suggested the use of a genetic multi-objective algorithm for the optimization. These algorithms require a large number of calculations and the solution of the complete NVH model would be too expensive in terms of computation time. For this reason, a new software tool has been developed based on the simulation of the damping material treatments by means of an auxiliary mass and stiffness matrix, which was added to the baseline modal base; using this procedure, the required time for the simulation of each damping material layout configuration is reduced to a few minutes, allowing to exploit the genetic algorithm capability to efficiently explore the design space. As a result, some configurations with an important mass reduction or a much better acoustic performance have been found. This method has been verified on a simple Aluminum box in order to verify all the assumptions and to test the effectiveness in predicting the vibration levels of plates with free layer damping added to it.
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„THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF DOCUMENTARY NOVEL GENRE IN THE MODERN AMERICAN LITERATURE“. Philology matters, 20.06.2020, 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36078/987654435.
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The article is devoted to the study of the specific features of documentary novel in Modern American literature. The characteristics and evolution of a documentary novel are emphasized through the initial works of American authors. A documentary novel differs from other genres because of the factual and appropriate information. Norman Mailer, Truman Capote are considered to be the pioneering documentary novel writers in the Modern American literature. The initial establishments of documentary genre novel are considered to be the notes, religious laws, chronicles, political pamphlets, diaries, letters and others. Mostly, in documentary novels, the harshness of reality and difficulties of life, which sometimes keep unanswered, may be illustrated with the vital essentialities. The documentary novel is inclusive and non-selective, for the novelist does not select the elements of his experience in order to project a total perspective on life. Main characteristics of a documentary novel and its target should be minimally structured and its language should be an objective and non-imaginative. Besides, a documentary novel is one of the essential literary genres in the Modern American literature, which unrevealed secrets or the reality of circumstances depicted in main descriptions. A non-fiction novel and a documentary novel are appropriate to describe works that are read like novels but are based on facts documented by the author. Both literary terms denote a novel version of nonfictional events in the different periods. The usage of various language, symbols, narrative, metaphor, personage, intertextuality and all other required literary tools, novelists let the readers access to meaning and truth in writing the documentary novel. Truman Capote’s aptitude to give real-life accounts the feel and weight of a fiction piece have flourished the genre in Modern American literature. Even, nowadays, a half-century after the first ever nonfiction novel, journalists, directors, writers, the people of arts, generally, all of them, understand and utilize ideas, themes, and techniques made popular by Truman Capote in our everyday media and literature.