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1
Magnaghi, Alberto, und Sara Giacomozzi, Hrsg. Un fiume per il territorio. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-033-8.
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This book illustrates the study carried out to define the project guidelines for the river park of the Arno and its tributaries the Pesa and the Elsa in the Empoli area, and has been produced by liaison between the territorial Planning Department and the Municipalities of the Empoli district. The integrated analysis of local resources scheduled, on the one hand the identification of the criticalities of the territorial system, and on the other the conscious and distinctly interpretational representation of the local cultural bedrock. The definition of scenarios for the entire territory has made it possible to demonstrate the outcomes of complex dynamics in a synthetic manner, moving on to the individual integrated projects and specific sectorial policies. It is precisely this recourse to scenarios, seen as the embodiment of a phase of project sharing and definition, that is the innovative feature of the «River Contract» proposed as a tool for the management and implementation of the plan.
2
Packevich, Alla. Architecture of Evolution. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079356.
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The monograph, on the one hand, examines the period of development of the descending cycle of evolution and the associated progressive changes that show the irreversibility of the processes of formation of the planetary system. The end of one cycle and the beginning of another leads to the transformation of the system of life and the expansion of consciousness at a new energy level. On the other hand, the questions of potential opportunities for the development of the ascending phase of evolution, which goes both along the path of complexity of the organization and along the path of diversity, are considered. In the ascending evolutionary stream, what has been differentiated into the corresponding levels in the descending cycle is brought together and thus prepared to enter into new, more perfect forms of unity. It is shown that the development of humanity along its entire path depends on the interaction of energies of various forms and potentials. Understanding the relationships between different types of energy and their use provides insight into many important issues in the evolution of society. The material introduces the modern features of the existence of the male and female sexes from the energy point of view. The idea of a way out of the current conflict situation that has arisen between the sexes at the present stage of evolution is proposed. It will be useful for those interested in the problems of scientific knowledge, architects, philosophers,historians, physicists and methodologists of science, students and students of secondary schools.
3
Helfont, Samuel. A Transformed Religious Landscape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843311.003.0009.
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This chapter begins by re-evaluating state–society relations in Iraq during the 1990s and early 2000s. It argues, along with other archival-based works, that the regime was much more robust than the literature on Iraq had suggested during this period. Then the chapter discusses a similar dynamic with regard to the relationship between religion and state. The regime had much more control over the religious landscape in the 1990s than has been stated in previous works on Iraq, but creating the regime’s system was a long, arduous process, carried out by countless officials, to co-opt, coerce, and create a religious landscape that would be capable of contributing to the Ba‘thists’ political goals. When it politically instrumentalized its view on Islam during a Faith Campaign that Saddam launched in 1993, it did so from a position of strength rather than weakness.
4
Wellman, Christopher Heath. State Punishment and International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274764.003.0003.
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Even if we agree that punishment is permissible just in case the person punished has forfeited her right against this hard treatment, it remains an open question as to who may mete out this punishment. If anyone has an exclusive right to punish the wrongdoer, it would presumably be the victim, so those of us who think that the state enjoys sole authority over the punitive process must explain how the state acquires its moral dominion over the criminal legal proceedings. This chapter provides this explanation by arguing that the state violates no rights in claiming a monopoly over the punitive process only because it is uniquely capable of adequately realizing the morally significant aims that a system of punishment can achieve.
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Zehfuss, Maja. Culture: Knowledge of the People as Technology of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807995.003.0004.
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This chapter explores how people came to be recognized as central to what the West calls counterinsurgency wars and how cultural knowledge came to be seen as central to war-fighting in line with the vision of ethical war. It examines the US Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual as setting out how, in practice, culture matters and how it can be made useful to operations. Cultural knowledge therefore had to be made available to the military, and the so-called Human Terrain System (HTS) became the mechanism for doing so. The chapter discusses the notion that ‘the people’ were being made central and addresses the question of why social science research came to be seen as the right resource for militaries on deployment. It sets out in particular how the social sciences are seen to be able to deliver answers to questions of ethics, providing a problematic technology of ethics.
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Thompson, William R., und Leila Zakhirova. The Leadership Long Cycle Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0002.
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In this chapter, we lay out the leadership long cycle theory as our framework for assessing systemic leadership and then modify it. This revised framework is then applied to the political–economic evolution of the past one thousand years to identify the factors underlying the rise and fall of a sequence of system leaders and to examine the fairly strong evidence for the linkage of energy transitions and technological leadership. We find that it is difficult to imagine the ascent of the last three system leaders (the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States) in a situation with significantly different energy foundations. In other words, had there been no peat, coal, or petroleum/electricity, respectively, these episodes of systemic leadership would have been far less likely to have occurred.
7
Baloh, Robert W. Bárány’s Formative Years and the Conflict in Politzer’s Clinic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0009.
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When Robert Bárány published his book on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular system in 1907, he did not mention his collaboration with Gustav Alexander or any of Alexander’s work. After writing the book in a few weeks apparently because of concerns that others might publish findings first, Bárány had Adam Politzer write the introduction but he did not show it to Alexander until after he had sent it to the publisher. Alexander reacted angrily, claiming that Bárány left out many important references in his book and had failed to give credit to Alexander for his contributions to the overall work. Gossip began to circulate within the Otology Clinic and the University Hospital suggesting that Bárány’s ideas were not original and that he had plagiarized others in his writings. Bárány’s aloof personality and his propensity for generating enemies with his caustic comments no doubt contributed to his problems.
8
Smiley, Will. Those Left Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0009.
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As the Ottoman law of captivity expanded to include other sovereign states at the close of the eighteenth century, the rules also left out many of the Porte’s enemies. This chapter argues that rebels, pirates, and certain types of slaves trafficked into the Ottoman Empire remained unprotected by either the prisoner-of-war system, the Law of Release, or both. Ottoman subjects, or those who could claim no major empire’s subjecthood, had far fewer protections than those who were Russian, Austrian, Iranian, British, or French subjects. This distinction became systematic as the Ottoman state dealt with corsairs, and then rebellious Serbian and Greek populations. Throughout, slaves sold into the empire (such as Circassians and Africans) and some of those forcibly abducted (such as Georgians) also remained outside the prisoner-of-war system and the Law of Release.
9
McSheffrey, Shannon. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798149.003.0008.
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Through the 1530s sanctuary remained an option for fleeing felons, but by about 1545 it had ceased. The conclusion to the book looks back on how various strands interwove to create conditions for sanctuary’s growth between 1400 and the late 1530s—mercy, mitigation, jurisdiction, aristocratic honour—and considers how that cloth rather suddenly unravelled between 1535 and 1545. A 1540 statute attempted to save the sanctuary system after the closure of the religious houses in whose precincts sanctuary seekers had sought refuge; although this legislation was not designed to fail, it was poorly thought-out and never became fully operational. An important means of mitigating harsh capital penalties died with it; for the elite, other paths around the hangman could be found, and for the poor, execution rates climbed.
10
Schrijver, Karel. Aged Stars and Disrupted Exosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0008.
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Several chapters in this book illustrate the long, complex paths that the scientific community takes to uncover the workings of the Universe. This chapter focuses on the chemical analysis of stars by spectrographically unravelling their light into its constituent colors that, in retrospect, revealed the first evidence of planetary systems, although that remained unrecognized for a long time. A century ago astronomers discovered that many burned-out stars, no longer working as fusion reactors, had unexpected chemicals in their atmospheres. Now these are recognized as evaporated fragments of planetary-system bodies that came too close to the dead star and were eventually pulled into it. With aged stars first clearing their neighborhood by swelling into giants, how can it be that fragments of planetary-system bodies end up in a continuing stream of material crashing into the resulting white dwarfs, ongoing even as they are observed many millions of years after that occurred?
11
Palmer, R. R. The French Revolution: The Aristocratic Resurgence. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0014.
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This chapter examines the conflict which developed in France between a reforming monarchy and a resurgent aristocracy, and traces the beginnings of the French Revolution. The French Revolution had points of resemblance to movements of the time in other countries is the central theme of this book. Like them, it arose out of circumstances characteristic of Western Civilization, and it was to merge with them, especially with the war that began in 1792, into a great struggle that no political borders could contain. From the beginning, however, there was much that was unique about the revolution in France. The French Revolution remained primarily political, but in its effects on society and social and moral attitudes it went far beyond the merely political. It changed the very nature and definition of property, and to some extent its distribution; it transformed, or attempted to transform, the church, the army, the educational system, institutions of public relief, the legal system, the market economy, and the relationship of employers and employees.
12
Roger, Mccormick, und Stears Chris. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter first sets out the book’s purpose, which is to describe and explain legal and conduct risk, and suggest possible approaches to the management of these risks. Legal risk is defined as risk arising in the operation and practices of the financial markets. They are a part of the spectrum of risks that are inherent in the operations of banks and other financial institutions, affecting the lives of the people who work there and the customers who put their trust in them as well as, in more extreme cases, the financial system itself. On the other hand, the European Banking Authority defines conduct risk as ‘the current or prospective risk of losses to an institution arising from an inappropriate supply of financial services including cases of wilful or negligent misconduct’.
13
Fox, Alistair. The Formation of a Budding Man Alone: The God Boy (Murray Reece, 1976). Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429443.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses the earliest of the New Zealand coming-of-age feature films, an adaptation of Ian Cross’s novel The God Boy, to demonstrate how it addresses the destructive impact on a child of the puritanical value-system that had dominated Pākehā (white) society through much of the twentieth century, being particularly strong during the interwar years, and the decade immediately following World War II. The discussion explores how dysfunction within the family and repressive religious beliefs eventuate in pressures that cause Jimmy, the protagonist, to act out transgressively, and then to turn inwards to seek refuge in the form of self-containment that makes him a prototype of the Man Alone figure that is ubiquitous in New Zealand fiction.
14
Colenutt, Bob. The Property Lobby. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447340492.001.0001.
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Book Abstract: Despite countless reports and Government policy announcements on the housing crisis over decades, the scale and depth of the crisis continues. Homelessness, shortages of social housing, rents and house prices continue rise year on year. The word affordability has become meaningless. Land landowners and housebuilders and property investors have made huge profits out of this crisis. This book focusing in examples from London and Northamptonshire examines the power of the ‘finance-housebuilding ’ complex arguing that this property lobby is the main blockage for change and reform. It explains why the housing and planning system has become increasingly dysfunctional over the last 40 years accelerating with the impact of the 2008 Crash. The book gives examples of how the property lobby has been highly effective in manipulating Government housing and planning policy for its own benefit, to the detriment of those in housing need. It shows how the housebuilders business model, backed by Government grants and subsidies, has played a central role in perpetuating the crisis. The property lobby has succeeded in diverting attention from themselves onto the town planning system which has been scapegoated for holding back new house building. The result is that the housing crisis and the power behind it is hard baked into the UK economy. It must be addressed by radical reform of the property, planning and finance system. Without these reforms homelessness, poor housing, and lack of affordability will continue indefinitely.
15
Richter, Daniel K., und Troy L. Thompson. Severed Connections. Herausgegeben von Nicholas Canny und Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0029.
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Scholars often portray indigenous peoples' interactions with the Atlantic world in linear terms: European expansion engulfed native communities and enslaves them to a global capitalist system. The mid-eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, however, tells a more complicated tale. By the 1750s, many native peoples had learnt from decades of experience how to engage the Atlantic world on their own varied terms, often to their own advantage. Those engagements were disrupted by the British, French, and Spanish imperial crises spawned by the Seven Years War and especially by the creole independence movements born during those crises. The process worked out differently north and south of the Rio Grande, but, throughout the Americas, the collapse of European empires severed connections that had once guaranteed indigenous autonomy. If balance was the principle of ‘modern Indian politics’, trade was its glue. Throughout the Americas, creoles who proclaimed themselves civilised arrogated to themselves the terms on which native peoples could, or could not, engage with the Atlantic world.
16
Gandrud, Christopher. The Reproducibility of Governance Indicators. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.003.0009.
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Reproducibility is a core tenant of scientific enquiry, including the study of governance and government outputs. Having full access to the data and procedures that researchers used to study a phenomenon is vital for being able to understand and trust their findings. This chapter sets out best practices for the reproducibility of governance indicators. For a governance indicator project to be ‘really reproducible’, the full data as well as data gathering and analysis procedures should be easily and persistently accessible. Indicator development should be fully documented, especially via a version control system. The chapter surveys the status quo level of reproducibility among prominent governance indicator projects. While most had some reproduction material available, none were really reproducible. The chapter concludes with recommendations, including calling for a shared governance indicator hosting service that focuses on encouraging reproducibility.
17
Garton, Stephen. Criminal Minds. Herausgegeben von Paul Knepper und Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.21.
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This article explores the impact of psychiatric theories and practices in the administration of criminal justice systems, largely in the Anglophone West. It focuses on the increasing use of psychiatric testimony in criminal trials, the struggle by doctors to expand the utility of this testimony beyond the strictures imposed by the M’Naghten Rules governing the insanity defense, and the increasing resort to psychiatric assessments at both the pretrial and posttrial stages to stream those deemed patients out of the prison system. By the interwar years psychiatric assessments and treatments were also being used extensively in prisons in some jurisdictions to govern decisions about parole and release. By the 1960s, however, a backlash against psychiatry and a loss of faith in rehabilitative strategies had curtailed its impact, although it remains an important element within most Western criminal justice systems.
18
Marzagalli, Silvia. Commerce. Herausgegeben von William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0015.
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Although in the course of the eighteenth century there emerged in several European countries a desire to set the economy and trade free, in the French case it took the Revolution to sweep away a whole range of restrictions which weighed upon the circulation of goods. Even so, the gradual ending of the commercial system which had underpinned the prosperity of European ports under the Ancien Régime was also, in fact primarily, the consequence of structural changes in the European economy and in the apparatus of colonial domination in America. This article does not offer a complete picture of trade under the Ancien Régime, but rather attempts to bring out the distinctive characteristics which would disappear between the end of the eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth with the arrival of more modern systems of exchange.
19
Martin, Lou. Movements for Equality in a Time of Industrial Restructuring. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039454.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the movements for equality during another round of industrial restructuring in the steel and pottery industries. At the same time foreign competition and shifting capital threatened local jobs, historic national movements for equality, coalescing around black freedom and women's rights, played out at the local level. Locally, African Americans and women demanded greater access to factory jobs in the wake of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination based on race and gender. In the local potteries that had survived the 1950s, the workforce changed little, but pay scales and the sex typing of jobs changed in subtle but important ways. In contrast, workers at Weirton Steel experienced a radical redrawing of gender and racial divisions even while class-action lawsuits for discrimination were still working their way through the court system.
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Barrera, Alvaro, Caroline Attard und Rob Chaplin, Hrsg. Oxford Textbook of Inpatient Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794257.001.0001.
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Acute inpatient mental health care remains an irreplaceable part of some people’s mental health recovery pathway, either through the severity of their difficulties or the associated risks. It can often be a traumatic experience associated with distress and vulnerability both for patients and their relatives. Modern acute inpatient psychiatric care must undoubtedly be truly multidisciplinary and part of a wider community-based system. It must emphasize dignity, compassion, and well-being as well as addressing challenges such as involuntary admissions, cultural diversity, physical comorbidities, and the needs of relatives, just to name a few. The present textbook focuses on these and related issues in a way that is relevant to frontline clinicians dealing with them daily, with medical, nursing, and legal aspects going hand in hand with topics such as team leadership or multidisciplinary work. The textbook describes inpatient services as provided in England, so it describes work that takes place within a national health service free at the point of delivery, carried out by universal primary care as well as secondary mental health care services, both operating within clinical governance structures that seek quality improvement and accountability. Crucially, both the Mental Health Act and the Mental Capacity Act provide unique legal frameworks for the care of mental ill health. The editors hope that for readers in the UK and beyond, the textbook will provide a real-life system which can be questioned and problematized and, in that way, may help to orient clinical work.
21
Langston, Joy K. Theorizing Authoritarian Party Survival. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0002.
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During democratization, all authoritarian parties confront major issues: the pressures to split and disintegrate, as the former autocrats are ousted and the party loses its internal enforcer; the restructuring of party resources and the identity of internal groups that can grab them; and the struggle to win elections without fraud or violence. Not every nation’s authoritarian parties are able to meet these challenges. In Mexico, the two-tiered electoral system delivered resources to the PRI governors and the central party headquarters. The party’s governors grew more powerful thanks to Mexico’s fiscal paradise: states are legally guaranteed taxes, while state executives could spend as they needed without being audited. The national office enjoyed the generous resources provided by the national electoral institute. Because these two groups had autonomous sources of money and candidacies, they were able to cooperate during the twelve years out of the presidency, while continuing to win legislative elections.
22
Haggenmacher, Peter. Sources in the Scholastic Legacy. Herausgegeben von Samantha Besson und Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0002.
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This chapter enquires into the sources of international law in the scholastics. In fact the concept of sources of law obtained general currency in legal discourse, and how international law took shape as a legal discipline only after the heyday of scholasticism. But the two main pillars of what was to become classical international law in the eighteenth century—natural law and the law of nations—were both part of the theologians’ teachings of moral philosophy, especially with the Dominicans and later the Jesuits. Examining the two concepts handed down from Antiquity, Thomas Aquinas had assigned them distinct places in his system of legal norms, while fathoming their respective grounds of validity. His endeavours were continued by his sixteenth-century Spanish followers, who set out to explore the ‘internationalist’ dimensions of the Protean concept of ius gentium as well as the ‘fundamentalist’ properties of ius naturae.
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Sica, Emanuele. Life Under the Occupation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039850.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the daily interaction between occupiers and the occupied as the Italians and French battled over the most precious resource in the French Riviera: food. When the Italian Army arrived in November 1942, the Côte d’Azur was already experiencing serious food shortages. Southeastern France’s agricultural production was severely underdeveloped, as all the prewar investment had been allotted to building tourism infrastructure. This chapter shows how the increasing food deficit of the region fueled an already thriving black market in the Côte d’Azur. Disregarding the strict prohibition on any kind of transaction between Italian soldiers and French civilians, a mutually beneficial barter system came into being as soon as the Italian units settled in the former free zone. Italian soldiers blended perfectly with the shady atmosphere of the Côte d’Azur by smuggling goods into and out of France and engaging in cheap scams and outrageous thefts.
24
Weber, William. The Problem of Eclectic Listening in French and German Concerts, 1860–1910. Herausgegeben von Christian Thorau und Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.4.
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Between 1820 and 1870, European musical culture changed. Previously, a certain type of program had dominated the musical sphere: contemporary works spanning various genres including opera. In the 1870s new actors emerged. A learned world of classical music came into being, focusing on orchestral and chamber pieces, with less of a connection to opera. New kinds of songs, increasingly termed “popular,” began to make their mark in roughly similar European venues. In these contexts, listening practices reflected radically different social values and expectations. But did mixed programming remain in some concert performances? Did listeners demonstrate eclectic musical tastes? Taking examples from Paris, Frankfurt, Leipzig, and Berlin, this chapter shows how links were made between contrasting repertoires by the importation or adaptation of works. A process that seems at first to have been an exception turns out to have been a conventional system of exchange.
25
Zbíral, Robert, Hrsg. The Cradle of Laws. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748905899.
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In almost all states, laws (statutes) serve as the most important instruments to prompt social, economic or institutional change. Parliaments traditionally used to be considered as the locus of law-making, yet observers of politics pointed out that it had rather been the government (executive) that affects the outputs of the legislative game more prominently. Statistical data reveal that in most cases the governmental bills submitted to parliaments are adopted unchanged. Despite that little attention has been aimed at the previous phase of the legislative process: drafting and negotiating of bills within the executives. This book narrows the knowledge gap and analyse in detail who and how prepare the bills in their “cradle”. Six countries of Central Europe were selected for the analysis to provide comparable knowledge. The chapters, written by experienced scholars with local knowledge, have both descriptive and analytical dimensions and evaluate also practical functioning of the system in each state.
26
Rothwell, John C. TMS measures and voluntary motor function. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0015.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to probe the excitability of central nervous system pathways before, during, and after a movement. In addition, it can be used to interfere with movement and give information about the role of different cortical areas in different aspects of a task. This article reviews the work that has been carried out using TMS measures to probe the excitability of central circuits before and after different types of contraction in healthy subjects. In some cases the results confirm previous work on animals, which means that the same measures can be used to investigate the pathophysiology in human neurological disease. However, many results reveal new information that had not previously been described in experiments on animals. Therefore, it is not wrong to say that TMS measures can be used to describe in humans what has already been described in animals; they can become drivers of new concepts as well.
27
Ganeri, Jonardon. Śrīharṣa’s Dissident Epistemology. Herausgegeben von Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.49.
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Śrīharṣa’s 12th-century Amassed Morsels of Refutation (Khandaṇa-khaṇḍa-khādya) is a brilliant take-down of the system-building philosophical activities of past thinkers, who had developed great philosophical edifices out of the various sūtra-compilations. Śrīharṣa demonstrates that a philosophical method based on the search for definitions is misguided, indeed incoherent. He develops a rival method, a method of refutation, to undercut the earlier approaches. His method requires him to reconstruct the best possible version of any definition, not merely the best one formulated, and his ability to articulate philosophical positions with greater insight, accuracy, and acuity than their own proponents is astonishing. This chapter examines his reconstruction of a theory of knowledge from his Nyāya predecessor, Udayana, and the counter-reaction of Gaṅgeśa, his Nyāya successor. I will also look at Bimal Matilal’s development of a theory of knowledge from post-Śrīharṣa early modern sources and comment on implications for the study of global epistemology.
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Jacquet, Jennifer. Guilt and Shame in U.S. Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.575.
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Some of the major misconceptions in the United States about climate change—such as the focus on scientific uncertainty, the “debate” over whether climate change is caused by humans, and pushback about how severe the consequences might be—can be seen as communications battles. An interesting area within communications is the contrasting use of guilt and shame for climate-related issues. Guilt and shame are social emotions (along with embarrassment, pride, and others), but guilt and shame are also distinct tools. On the one hand, guilt regulates personal behavior, and because it requires a conscience, guilt can be used only against individuals. Shame, on the other hand, can be used against both individuals and groups by calling their behavior out to an audience. Shaming allows citizens to express criticism and social sanctions, attempting to change behavior through social pressure, often because the formal legal system is not holding transgressors accountable. Through the use of guilt and shame we can see manifestations of how we perceive the problem of climate change and who is responsible for it. For instance, in October 2008, Chevron, one of the world’s largest fossil fuel companies, placed advertisements around Washington, DC, public transit stops featuring wholesome-looking, human faces with captions such as “I will unplug things more,” “I will use less energy,” and “I will take my golf clubs out of the trunk.” Six months later, DC activists reworked the slogans by adding to each the phrase “while Chevron pollutes.” This case of corporate advertising and subsequent “adbusting” illustrates the contrast between guilt and shame in climate change communication. Guilt has tended to align with the individualization of responsibility for climate change and has been primarily deployed over issues of climate-related consumption rather than other forms of behavior, such as failure to engage politically. Shame has been used, largely by civil society groups, as a primary tactic against fossil fuel producers, peddlers of climate denial, and industry-backed politicians.
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Godfrey, Barry, Pamela Cox, Heather Shore und Zoe Alker. Young Criminal Lives: Life Courses and Life Chances from 1850. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788492.001.0001.
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Young Criminal Lives is the first cradle-to-grave study of the experiences of some of the thousands of delinquent, ‘difficult’, and destitute children passing through the early English juvenile industrial school and reformatory system. Applying biographical research methodologies to digital data, we have reconstructed the lives, families, and neighbourhoods of 500 children who were sent to reformatory and industrial schools in the north-west of England from courts around the UK over a fifty-year period from the 1860s onwards. For the first time, we have been able to follow these children on their journey in and out of institutional care, and then though to their adulthood and old age. We centre on institutions celebrated in this period for their pioneering approaches to child welfare and others that were investigated for cruelty and scandal. Both were typical of the new kind of state-certified provision offered, from the 1850s onwards, to children who had committed criminal acts, or who were considered ‘vulnerable’ to predation, poverty, and the ‘inheritance’ of criminal dispositions.
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Schliesser, Eric. Adam Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.001.0001.
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This book treats Adam Smith as a systematic philosopher. Smith was a giant of the Scottish Enlightenment with polymath interests. The book explores Smith’s economics and ethics in light of his other commitments on the nature of knowledge, the theory of emotions, the theory of mind, his account of language, the nature of causation, and his views on methodology. It places Smith’s ideas in the context of a host of other philosophers, especially David Hume, Rousseau, and Isaac Newton; it draws on the reception of Smith’s ideas by Sophie de Grouchy, Mary Wollstonecraft, and other philosophers and economists to sketch the elements of and the detailed connections within Smith’s system. The book traces out Smith’s system and puts it in the context of his highly developed views on the norms that govern responsible speech. In particular, the book articulates Smith’s concerns with the impact of his public policy recommendations, especially on the least powerful in society. In so doing, the book offers new interpretations of Smith’s views on the invisible hand, Wealth of Nations, his treatment of virtue, the nature of freedom, the individual’s relationship to society, his account of the passions, the moral roles of religion, and his treatment of the role of mathematics in economics. While the book offers a single argument, it is organized in modular fashion and includes a helpful index; readers with a more focused interest in Smith’s achievements can skip ahead to the section of interest.
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Kiely, Ray. Dependency and World-Systems Perspectives on Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.142.
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This essay focuses on two related “radical theories” of development, dependency and world-systems theory, and shows how they emerged as a critique partly of modernization theory and of the development strategy of import substitution industrialization. The dependency and world-systems perspectives on development were very influential among radical development theorists from the late 1960s onwards, all of whom agreed that capitalism had to be theorized as a world-system. These include Andre Gunder Frank, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Theotonio Dos Santos, Walter Rodney, Samir Amin, Arghiri Emmanuel, and Immanuel Wallerstein. Some “stronger” versions of dependency, associated with underdevelopment and world-systems theory, have been introduced in recent years. In particular, A. G. Frank proposed the idea that development and underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin. A more nuanced approach to understanding dependency suggested that development and dependence were in some respects compatible. Wallerstein’s world-systems theory has spawned another approach called world-systems analysis. As theories, the ideas associated with both dependency and the world-systems are problematic, failing, for example, to adequately explain the origins of the capitalist world economy. However, both theories remain useful for understanding the current global order. In addition to recognizing that capitalism can in some respects be regarded as a world-system, the two approaches correctly assume that neoliberalism reinforces hierarchies by undermining the capacities of states to shift out of low value production into higher value sectors, as shown by historical patterns of manufacturing.
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Gautreau, Justin. The Last Word. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190944551.001.0001.
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The Last Word argues that the Hollywood novel opened up space for cultural critique of the film industry at a time when the industry lacked the capacity to critique itself. While the young studio system worked tirelessly to burnish its public image in the wake of celebrity scandal, several industry insiders wrote fiction to fill in what newspapers and fan magazines left out. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, these novels aimed to expose the invisible machinery of classical Hollywood cinema, including not only the evolving artifice of the screen but also the promotional discourse that complemented it. As likeminded filmmakers in the 1940s and 1950s gradually brought the dark side of the industry to the screen, however, the Hollywood novel found itself struggling to live up to its original promise of delivering the unfilmable. By the 1960s, desperate to remain relevant, the genre had devolved into little more than erotic fantasy of movie stars behind closed doors, perhaps the only thing the public couldn’t already find elsewhere. Still, given their unique ability to speak beyond the institutional restraints of their time, these earlier works offer a window into the industry’s dynamic creation and re-creation of itself in the public imagination.
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Fletcher, Roland, Brendan M. Buckley, Christophe Pottier und Shi-Yu Simon Wang. Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0010.
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Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia, was the most extensive low-density agrarian-based urban complex in the world. The demise of this great city between the late 13th and the start of the 17th centuries AD has been a topic of ongoing debate, with explanations that range from the burden of excessive construction work to disease, geo-political change, and the development of new trade routes. In the 1970s Bernard-Phillipe Groslier argued for the adverse effects of land clearance and deteriorating rice yields. What can now be added to this ensemble of explanations is the role of the massive inertia of Angkor’s immense water management system, political dependence on a meticulously organized risk management system for ensuring rice production, and the impact of extreme climate anomalies from the 14th to the 16th centuries that brought intense, high-magnitude monsoons interspersed with decades-long drought. Evidence of this severe climatic instability is found in a seven-and-a-half century tree-ring record from tropical southern Vietnam. The climatic instability at the time of Angkor’s demise coincides with the abrupt transition from wetter, La Niña-like conditions over Indochina during the Medieval Warm Period to the more drought-dominated climate of the Little Ice Age, when El Niño appears to have dominated and the ITCZ migrated nearly five degrees southward. As this transition neared, Angkor was hit by the double impact of high-magnitude rains and crippling droughts, the former causing damage to water management infrastructure and the latter decreasing agricultural productivity. The Khmer state at Angkor was built on a human-engineered, artificial wetland fed by small rivers. The management of water was a massive undertaking, and the state potentially possessed the capacity to ride out drought, as it had done for the first half of the 13th century. Indeed, Angkor demonstrated just how powerful a water management system would be required and, conversely, how formidable a threat drought can be. The irony, then, is that extreme flooding destroyed Angkor’s water management capacity and removed a system that was designed to protect its population from climate anomalies.
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Gomez Arana, Arantza. European Union policy-making towards Mercosur. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719096945.003.0003.
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The European Union (EU) is not a state and is not a traditional International Organization. It is common to characterize it as a hybrid system with a federal component. Since nothing comparable to this exists at this point, understanding the internal system of the EU is crucial. In addition to outlining the internal policy-making of the EU, it is also important to understand the internal system of the Mercosur, particularly given that the Mercosur has tried to replicate the institutional design of the EU. Since its creation in 1957 with the Treaty of Rome, the EU has changed dramatically in a variety of ways in a short period of time. The discussion will examine these changes in relation to the period between 1985 and 2007. In addition to analysing the changes in policy-making over this period of the time it is also important to note that the number of EU member states has quadruplicated since it was created in 1957. It could be argued that this has resulted in a decline in the amount of power held by each individual member state. In 1986 Spain and, to a lesser extent, Portugal brought a Mediterranean influence into EU politics. This was later balanced out by further enlargement in 1995 which saw Austria, Finland and Sweden joining the EU. However, the single largest enlargement in the history of the EU took place in 2004 when 10 Central and Eastern Europe countries became EU members. Prior to 2004, this issue was the main focus of the EU external relations since 1989 until it came into effect in 2004. The end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union into several independent republics absorbed EU external relations to the point that it had an effect on other external relations, including external relations with Latin America. The enlargement of the EU in 2007 is not discussed in any detail here because it did not have an impact on the EU policy towards Mercosur.
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Crowley, Kate, Jenny Stewart, Adrian Kay und Brian Head. Reconsidering Policy. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447333111.001.0001.
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For all nation-states, the context in which public policies must be developed and applied continues to become more complex and demanding. Yet policy studies has not fully responded to the challenges and opportunities represented by these developments. While governance has drawn attention to a globalising and network-based policy world, politics and the role of the state have been de-emphasised. The book addresses this imbalance through a process of reconsideration – re-visiting traditional policy-analytic concepts and re-developing and extending new ones. The objects of reconsideration are of two types: firstly, themes relating to ‘deep’ policy: policy systems; institutions, the state and borders; and secondly, policy-in-action: information, advice, implementation and policy change. Through these eight perspectives, each developed as a chapter of this book, the authors have produced a melded approach to policy, which they call systemic institutionalism. They define this approach as one that provides a broad analytic perspective that links policy with governance (implemented action) on the one hand, and the state (structured authority) on the other. By identifying research agendas based on these insights, the book suggests how real world issues might be substantively addressed, in particular more complex and challenging issues, through examples that bring out the ‘policy’ (the history and potential for collective public action) in the system.
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Osanloo, Arzoo. Forgiveness Work. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691172040.001.0001.
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Iran's criminal courts are notorious for meting out severe sentences—according to Amnesty International, the country has the world's highest rate of capital punishment per capita. Less known to outside observers, however, is the Iranian criminal code's recognition of forgiveness, where victims of violent crimes, or the families of murder victims, can request the state to forgo punishing the criminal. This book shows that in the Iranian justice system, forbearance is as much a right of victims as retribution. Drawing on extended interviews and first-hand observations of more than eighty murder trials, the book explores why some families of victims forgive perpetrators and how a wide array of individuals contribute to the fraught business of negotiating reconciliation. Based on Qur'anic principles, Iran's criminal codes encourage mercy and compel judicial officials to help parties reach a settlement. As no formal regulations exist to guide those involved, an informal cottage industry has grown around forgiveness advocacy. Interested parties—including attorneys, judges, social workers, the families of victims and perpetrators, and even performing artists—intervene in cases, drawing from such sources as scripture, ritual, and art to stir feelings of forgiveness. These actors forge new and sometimes conflicting strategies to secure forbearance, and some aim to reform social attitudes and laws on capital punishment. The book examines how an Islamic victim-centered approach to justice sheds light on the conditions of mercy.
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Concha Cantú, Hugo A., Miguel Ángel Lara Otaola und Jesús Orozco Henríquez. Towards a Global Index of Electoral Justice: International IDEA Discussion Paper 2/2020. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.29.
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Globally, a wide variety of indices and indicators evaluate and provide information on different aspects of democracy and electoral procedures. On the one hand, there are indices that measure the quality of democracy and its resilience over time, focusing on building blocks such as the existence of representative governments, civil and political rights and necessary power limits. Other indices evaluate the quality of elections and specific aspects, such as voter registration, campaign financing and the performance of electoral authorities. Finally, others evaluate rule of law and access to justice. However, none of these indices focuses on the dimension of electoral justice, understood as the means and procedural mechanisms that guarantee free and fair elections, carried out in accordance with the law, and that guarantee the exercise and fulfilment of political rights. This is about to change. International IDEA, with the support of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary of Mexico, makes an unprecedented proposal for the construction of a Global Index dedicated exclusively to electoral justice. This document includes a measurement proposal with normative design, process and result indicators, which will offer useful and comparative information on the electoral conflict resolution system of a given country or countries. It will provide comparative knowledge on electoral processes and institutions from around the world and assess the quality of their electoral justice.
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O’Leary, Brendan. A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume II. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830573.001.0001.
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O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
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O’Leary, Brendan. A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume III. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830580.001.0001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
40
O’Leary, Brendan. A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199243341.001.0001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
41
Maringe, Felix, Hrsg. Systematic Reviews of Research in Basic Education in South Africa. African Sun Media, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781991201157.
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Maringe ought to be commended for putting together an invaluable contribution to our understanding of research into a complex education system in South Africa. This volume provides a useful foundation to the current state of education quality in South Africa including the impact of interventions. It also brings to the fore challenges still facing education transformation. The evidence presented which, taken together, lays out a coherent view of how improvements could be made. Albert Chanee Head of Planning, Gauteng Department of Education For too long the weight of educational scholarship produced in South Africa has been limited to that simple and standard form called the literature review. Now, for the first time, education researchers are provided with an African-based text on the concepts and methods of conducting systematic reviews. In this exceptional work of editorship, Felix Maringe brings together some of the leading researchers on South African education to model and demonstrate how to review a significant body of research on a chosen topic which is adjudicated strictly on the basis of the quality and efficacy of the evidence in hand. I have no doubt that this remarkable book will become a standard reference for educational researchers in and beyond the African continent. It will also lift the quality of educational inquiry by equipping a new generation of scholars with the capacity for doing evidence-based research that compels the attention of policymakers, planners and practitioners alike. Prof Jonathan Jansen Stellenbosch University
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Allen, Pauline, Kath Checkland, Valerie Moran und Stephen Peckham, Hrsg. Commissioning Healthcare in England. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447346111.001.0001.
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This book brings together selected research on commissioning healthcare in the English NHS carried out by national policy research unit in commissioning and the healthcare system (PRUComm) between 2011 and 2018. PRUComm is funded by the English Department of Health’s Policy Research Programme. The bookexplores the changes to commissioning in the English NHS quasi market introduced by the Health and Social Care Act 2012 (HSCA 2012). It focuses on threemain areas: first, the development and operation of the newly formed commissioning bodies named Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) which were supposed to increase clinical engagement; secondly, technical aspects of commissioning being the use of competition and cooperation by CCGs to commission care in the HSCA 2012 regulatory context encouraging competition,and the allocation of financial risk through contracts between commissioners and providers of care (including new forms of contract such as alliances); and thirdly the reorganisation of the commissioning of public health services.The research demonstrates that the HSCA 2012 has had the effect of fragmenting commissioning responsibilities and in the process impaired good governance and strong accountability of commissioners. It shows how the use of market mechanisms has declined despite the pro competition regulatory regime of the HSCA 2012, and that more cooperative processes are used at local level to reconfigure health services. It concludes that strategic planning and monitoring of services will always be essential for the English NHS, whether the term ‘commissioning’ is used to describe these activities or not in the future.
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Maiden, Martin. The Romance Verb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.001.0001.
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This book is the first ever comprehensive comparative–historical survey of patterns of alternation in the Romance verb that appear to be autonomously morphological in the sense that, although they can be shown to be persistent through time, they have long ceased to be conditioned by any phonological or functional determinant. Some of these patterns are well known in Romance linguistics, while others have scarcely been noticed. The sheer range of phenomena that participate in them far surpasses what Romance linguists had previously realized. The patterns constitute a kind of abstract leitmotif, which runs through the history of the Romance languages and confers on them a distinctive morphological phsyiognomy. Although intended primarily as a novel contribution to comparative–historical Romance linguistics, the book considers in detail the status of patterns that appear to be, in the terminology of Mark Aronoff, ‘morphomic’: a matter of ‘morphology by itself’, unsupported by determining factors external to the morphological system. Particular attention is paid to the problem of their persistence, self-replication, and reinforcement over time. Why do abstract morphological patterns that quite literally do not make sense display such diachronic robustness? The evidence suggests that speakers, faced with different ways of expressing semantically identical material, seek out distributional templates into which those differences can be deployed. In Romance, the only available templates happen to be morphomic, morphologically accidental effects of old sound changes or defunct functional conditionings. Those patterns are accordingly exploited and reinforced by being made maximally predictable.
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Schiller, Wendy J., und Charles Stewart III. Electing the Senate. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163161.001.0001.
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From 1789 to 1913, U.S. senators were not directly elected by the people—instead the Constitution mandated that they be chosen by state legislators. This radically changed in 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, giving the public a direct vote. This book investigates the electoral connections among constituents, state legislators, political parties, and U.S. senators during the age of indirect elections. The book finds that even though parties controlled the partisan affiliation of the winning candidate for Senate, they had much less control over the universe of candidates who competed for votes in Senate elections and the parties did not always succeed in resolving internal conflict among their rank and file. Party politics, money, and personal ambition dominated the election process, in a system originally designed to insulate the Senate from public pressure. The book uses an original data set of all the roll call votes cast by state legislators for U.S. senators from 1871 to 1913 and all state legislators who served during this time. Newspaper and biographical accounts uncover vivid stories of the political maneuvering, corruption, and partisanship—played out by elite political actors, from elected officials, to party machine bosses, to wealthy business owners—that dominated the indirect Senate elections process. The book raises important questions about the effectiveness of Constitutional reforms, such as the Seventeenth Amendment, that promised to produce a more responsive and accountable government.
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Schabas, William A. The Trial of the Kaiser. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.001.0001.
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Today’s elaborate system of international criminal justice originates in proposals at the end of the First World War to try Kaiser Wilhelm II before an international criminal tribunal. In the weeks following 11 November 1918, the British, French, and Italian Governments agreed on a trial. Lloyd George campaigned for re-election on the slogan ‘Hang the Kaiser’. The Kaiser had fled to the Netherlands, possibly after receiving signals from the Dutch Queen that he would be welcome. Renegade US soldiers led by a former Senator failed in a bizarre attempt to take him prisoner and bring him to Paris. During the Peace Conference, the Commission on Responsibilities brought international lawyers together for the first time to debate international criminal justice. They recommended trial of the Kaiser by an international tribunal for war crimes, but not for starting the war or violating Belgian neutrality. The Americans were opposed to any prosecution. However, President Wilson changed his mind and agreed to trial for a ‘supreme offence against international morality’. This became a clause in the Treaty of Versailles, one of the few that the Germans tried to resist. Although the Allies threatened a range of measures if the former Emperor was not surrendered, the Dutch refused and the demands were dropped in March 1920. The Kaiser lived out his life in a castle near Utrecht, dying of natural causes in June 1941. Hitler sent a wreath to the funeral.
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Lee, Francis L. F., und Joseph M. Chan. Media and Protest Logics in the Digital Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856779.001.0001.
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Digital and social media are increasingly integrated into dynamics of protest movements. They strengthen the mobilization power of movements, extend movement networks, facilitate new modes of protest participation, and lead to the emergence of new protest formations. Meanwhile, conventional media remain an important arena where the contest for public support between protesters and their targets play out. This book examines the role of the media—understood as an integrated system composed of both conventional media institutions and digital media platforms—in the formation and dynamics of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong in 2014. It grounds the analysis into the broad background of the rise of protest politics in Hong Kong since the early 2000s. More important, this book connects the case of the Umbrella Movement to recent theorizations of new social movement formations. It treats the Umbrella Movement as a case where connective action intervenes into a collective action campaign, leading to an extended occupation mixing old and new protest logics. The analysis shows how the media had not only empowered the protest movements in certain ways, but also introduced forces not conducive to the sustainability and efficacy of the movement. Conventional and digital media could also be used by the state to undermine protests. Through a combination of protester surveys, population surveys, analyses of news contents, and social media activities, this book reconstructs a rich and nuanced account of the Umbrella Movement, which helps shed light on numerous issues about the media-movement nexus in the digital era.
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Lekan, Thomas M. Our Gigantic Zoo. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199843671.001.0001.
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This book examines the troubled relationship between Europe’s greatest wildlife conservationist, the former Frankfurt Zoo director and Oscar-winning documentarian Bernhard Grzimek, and the landscape he saw as a “gigantic zoo” for the earth’s last great mammals: the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. It analyzes the fissures that emerged between Grzimek and his son Michael’s self-appointed quest to save the Serengeti from modernization and “overpopulation” and the rights of rural Africans and their livestock to inhabit the landscape on their own terms during the era of decolonization around 1960. Grzimek is beloved in Germany as an animal whisperer. He rebuilt the Frankfurt Zoo from a bombed-out shell and sensitized a generation of young people to environmental issues on his long-running television program, A Place for Animals. Yet his advocacy abroad exposed the danger of thinking locally and acting globally. The Grzimeks projected European anxieties about war, Americanization, race, and environmental destruction onto Africa, sidestepping the uncomfortable imperialist legacies of exploitation that had endangered animals in the first place. After independence, Bernhard tried to make wildlife pay for Tanzania by promoting package tours from Europe and soliciting West German development aid for national parks. These efforts created an important alliance between Grzimek, West German diplomats, and Tanzanian leader Julius Nyerere. Grzimek’s conservation priorities soon clashed against Nyerere’s nationalist ones, as a more self-assertive Tanzania resented failed promises and incessant meddling. The Africanization of the national park system in the early 1970s ended the Grzimek quest: the fate of the Serengeti lay in Nyerere’s hands, not Grzimek’s.
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Webb, Andrew, Derek Angus, Simon Finfer, Luciano Gattinoni und Mervyn Singer, Hrsg. Oxford Textbook of Critical Care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.001.0001.
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Since the first edition of the Oxford Textbook of Critical Care was published there have been many advances in in our understanding and management of critical illness. The first edition was prefaced with a note on the exacting nature of critical care—the holistic complexity of the patient with multisystem dysfunction, the out-of-hours commitment, the often stressful and highly charged situations requiring considerable agility of brain and hand, and the continuing evolution (and occasional revolution) in perceived ‘best practice’. These challenging demands are precisely what attract the critical care practitioner to the specialty. The importance of strong support mechanisms—from colleagues, national and international societies, and robust educational and research outputs—is paramount to sustain and enhance the quality of care patients receive. The format used in the first edition with system-orientated sections continues. Each section has been subdivided into short topics grouped according to clinical problems, facilitating manageable and relevant searches in electronic media. It is a single-volume major reference book aiming to cover the breadth of clinical and organizational aspects of adult critical care medicine in readable chunks. The editors acknowledge that every single topic cannot possibly be covered in detail, but hope the book’s comprehensive nature will be found useful by all health care providers who look after critically-ill patients. There are often local, national, and international differences in philosophy and management strategy. Some of these differences are seemingly contradictory and it is often difficult for physicians in one country to assimilate information produced for another. This is an international text attempting to give a balanced view where international differences exist. The book informs, rather than dictates.
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Langston, Joy. Democratization and Authoritarian Party Survival. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.001.0001.
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Mexico’s Party of the Institutional Revolution (PRI) held executive power continuously from 1929 to 2000, when its candidate suffered a shocking defeat in the presidential elections. This study, which covers the years 1980–2012, uses an institutional focus to understand why the PRI survived its defeat and loss of the resources of the executive bureaucracy to return victoriously after two six-year terms out of office. The book offers a model of the difficulties authoritarian parties must face after they are ousted from the executive through fair and free elections: the danger of dramatic fractures that could destroy the party and the possibility of mass voter rejection. The institutional context of Mexico allowed the party’s factions to continue to cooperate and win elections. Mexico is a federal, presidential regime with a two-tiered electoral system, with no consecutive reelection and generous public party funding. The PRI changed dramatically in organizational terms as its directly elected state governors became power brokers within the party (though governors cannot be reelected). Yet, because of the nation’s electoral rules, the national party office remained a central player, both in party and national politics. The national party headquarters continued to mount an important response to the new government’s executive and coordinated the party’s legislators in Congress. The institutional context played a crucial role in creating spaces for both factions (the governors and the national party) and allowing them to cooperate. The former hegemonic party did not, however, develop a consistent ideology or try to purge itself of its clientelist or corrupt practices, because the governors had no authority strong enough to force them the change their conduct.
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Miles, Simon. Engaging the Evil Empire. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751691.001.0001.
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In a narrative-redefining approach, this book dramatically alters how we look at the beginning of the end of the Cold War. Tracking key events in US–Soviet relations across the years between 1980 and 1985, the book shows that covert engagement gave way to overt conversation as both superpowers determined that open diplomacy was the best means of furthering their own, primarily competitive, goals. The book details the history of these dramatic years, as President Ronald Reagan consistently applied a disciplined carrot-and-stick approach, reaching out to Moscow while at the same time excoriating the Soviet system and building up US military capabilities. The received wisdom in diplomatic circles is that the beginning of the end of the Cold War came from changing policy preferences and that President Reagan, in particular, opted for a more conciliatory and less bellicose diplomatic approach. In reality, the book demonstrates, Reagan and ranking officials in the National Security Council had determined that the United States enjoyed a strategic margin of error that permitted it to engage Moscow overtly. As US grand strategy developed, so did that of the Soviet Union. This book covers five critical years of Cold War history when Soviet leaders tried to reduce tensions between the two nations in order to gain economic breathing room and, to ensure domestic political stability, prioritize expenditures on butter over those on guns. The book shifts the focus of Cold War historians away from exclusive attention on Washington by focusing on the years of back-channel communiqués and internal strategy debates in Moscow as well as Prague and East Berlin.