Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Handmade components“

AbstractThe crystallinity indices (CrI) of Chinese handmade papers were investigated using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Four Chinese handmade papers, Yingchun, Zhuma, Yuanshu and Longxucao papers were used as model substrates of mulberry bark, ramie, bamboo and Eulaliopsis binata papers, respectively. Two forms of the paper samples, paper sheets and their comminuted powders, were used in this study. The results showed that their XRD patterns belong to the cellulose-I type and Iβ dominates the cellulose microstructure of these paper samples. Moreover, it was found that the microstructures and CrIs of cellulose of these papers were changed by the grinding treatment. This work suggested that the sheet form of the handmade papers is suitable to determine CrI by XRD, despite the contribution of non-cellulosic components in the papers. The order of CrIs for these paper sheet samples was Yingchun, Zhuma, Longxucao and Yuanshu papers. Besides CrIs, differences in cross-sectional areas of the crystalline zone of cellulose can be used for comparing different types of handmade papers. It was also found that the CrIs and crystallite size of paper cellulose varied between the sheet samples and the powder samples, illustrating that the pulverisation has a negative influence on the microstructure of the handmade papers.

Certain components of global food security continue to be threatened. Globalization has impacted food patterns, leading to greater homogenization of diets and the standardization of processes of food transformation, both in the countryside and in the cities. In Mexico, this has led to a drop in the use of native corn landraces and in the value associated with traditional practices around their growing and the processing and consumption of tortillas. The aim of this work was to analyze the main characteristics of the handmade comal tortilla system along the rural-urban gradient taking into account: (1) The type of seed and production, (2) manufacturing processes, (3) marketing channels and purpose of sales, and (4) perceptions regarding the quality of the product. Research was conducted on 41 handmade tortilla workshops located in rural areas in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin and in urban and peri-urban areas of a medium-sized city in Michoacán (Mexico). Results showed that the origin of the grain follows a gradient-like pattern: In rural areas, tortillas are made with local and native corn predominate, while in urban contexts most tortillas come from hybrid corn produced in Sinaloa or Jalisco. There is a generalized preference for white tortillas, but blue tortillas are used for personal consumption in rural areas and as a gourmet product in the city. 100% of the rural workshops make their own nixtamal, while almost 50% of the peri-urban and urban businesses buy pre-made nixtamal dough. Surprisingly, 50% of the rural handmade tortilla workshops admit that they add nixtamalized corn flour and/or wheat flour to their tortilla mix. We conclude that not all handmade comal tortillas are produced equally and, although in rural areas traditions are better preserved, these also have contradictions. We also conclude that it is important to promote the revaluation of agrobiodiversity, traditional gastronomy, and food security without sacrificing quality, nutrition, and flavor.

We report an 85-year-old woman with dementia and dependent for normal life activities who was admitted due to a left periprosthetic tibial fracture. The tibial component was replaced by one with a long stem and she was discharged. Four weeks after the intervention the patient was re-admitted due to an acute prosthetic joint infection. All the components were removed and a bone-cement spacer with a handmade stem with a metal core was implanted. Radiological signs of fracture consolidation were observed after 3 months of follow-up. Due to the previous health status of the patient, it was decided to keep the spacer as a definitive treatment. After 24 months, the patient was able to sit without pain and to stand up with help using a knee brace. There were no radiological or clinical signs of infection.

Previous work has shown that there is a significant correlation between the condition of several historic papers and their gelatin sizing content as determined by wet chemical methods. We have investigated the use of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with principal components regression (PCR) analysis as an improved method to estimate gelatin concentrations as well as other properties on historic papers. From a training set of 25 spectra obtained from handmade papers dated from 1400 to 1800, the results from the PCR analysis indicate that three factors correlate with gelatin concentration with a multiple correlation of 0.8057. Sulfur concentration and potassium concentration also correlate highly with the extracted factors with R values of 0.7937 and 0.8284, respectively. Other properties such as fluorescence, surface pH, date, L* value, and iron concentration significantly correlate with one or more factors as well. The results suggest that the method can facilitate further studies into the relationship between gelatin sizing and paper permanence as well as the relationship between gelatin and other paper components.

The demand for additive processes that provide components with high technological performance became overriding regardless of the application area. For medical applications, the orthopedics field—multimaterial orthoses and splints—can clearly benefit from direct additive manufacturing using a hybrid process instead of the traditional handmade manufacturing, which is slow, expensive, inaccurate, and difficult to reproduce. The ability to provide faster better orthoses, using innovative services and technologies, resulting in lower recovery times, reduced symptoms, and improved functional capacity, result in a significant impact on quality of life and the well-being of citizens. With these purposes, this work presents an integrate methodology, that includes the tridimensional (3D) scanning, 3D computer-aided design modeling, and the direct digital manufacturing of multimaterial orthoses and splints. Nevertheless, additive manufacturing of components with functional gradients, multimaterial components, e.g. metal/plastic is a great challenge since the processing factors for each one of them are very different. This paper proposes the addition of two advanced additive manufacturing technologies, the selective laser melting and the stereolithography, enabling the production of a photopolymerization of the polymer in the voids of a 3D metal mesh previously produced by selective laser melting. Based on biomimetic structures concept, this mesh is subject to a previous design optimization procedure in order to optimize its geometry, minimizing the mass involved and evidencing increased mechanical strength among other characteristics. A prototype of a hybrid additive manufacturing device was developed and its flexibility of construction, geometrical freedom, and different materials processability is demonstrated through the case study—arm orthosis—presented in this work.

The aim of the study is to detect experiences related to memory, identity and heritage in comments posted on the TripAdvisor website about Casa da Tapioca. It is a predominantly qualitative research, using the comments from 2013 to 2019, with data analysis performed using the Iramuteq software and the content analysis technique. Of the 117 comments obtained, 51% were potiguares. In the word cloud and similarity analysis, <tapioca> stands out, indicating that it permeates people's imagination and evokes what is most rooted in local cuisine. Memories surfaced in the categories: old, traditional and country; identity in: rustic, simplicity, indigenous, original/handmade, Brazilian and Northeastern; heritage in: protection and maintenance. It is concluded that the cultural components present in Casa da Tapioca produce an atmosphere perceived by residents and tourists. There is a real appreciation of culture, while adding importance to the development of tourism with a strong gastronomic identity.

The western region of Saudi Arabia has its own unique traditional bridal garments. Little is known about these bridal costumes because they are handmade by a few families in the region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the history, significance, and meaning of the Hijazi bridal costumes. Symbolic interactionism was the theoretical starting point of this study. Qualitative data were collected via in-depth interviews from 22 married Saudi women. A purposive, snowball sampling strategy was used. The data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman process. Four key themes emerged including (a) physical appearance and process of wearing the costumes, (b) meanings and beliefs related to the costumes’ components, (c) appropriate occasions during which the costumes could be worn, and (d) motivation negotiated within families. The Hijazi bridal costumes have deep historical roots in Saudi culture, which continues to play a significant role in today’s marriage rituals.

The article describes the design, production and usage of the ‘Rumentarium’, a computer-based sound generating system involving physical objects as sound sources. The Rumentarium is a set of handmade resonators, acoustically excited by DC motors, interfaced to the computer by means of various microcontrollers. Following an ecological/anthropological approach, in the Rumentarium discarded materials are used as sound sources. Every instrument is ‘produced while designed’ in an improvisation-like manner, starting from available materials. In this way, hardware is ‘softened’: that is, it can be continuously modified as in software development. Analogously, the onsite setup is very light, so that components can be added or removed on the fly, even while the Rumentarium is at work. Differently from typical computer music, the Rumentarium, while entirely computationally controlled, is an acoustic sound generator. On one hand, the Rumentarium can be played like an instrument in conjunction with a MIDI controller, for use in live musical performance. On the other side, it can be driven by algorithmic strategies. In this way, the Rumentarium can be configured also as a sound installation, in a standalone mode. Some artistic works are discussed while introducing the various control modalities that have been specifically developed for the Rumentarium.

The modern-day paper industry is highly capital-intensive industries in the core sector. Though there are several uses of paper for currency, packaging, education, information, communication, trade and hygiene, the flip side of this industry is the impact on the forest resources and other ecosystems which leads to increasing pollution in water and air, influencing several local communities. In the present paper, the authors have tried to explore potential and alternate source of industrial pulp through ruminant animal dung, which is widely available as a rural resource in India. Three types of undigested animal dung fibers from Indigenous cow (IDF), Jersey cow (JDF), and Buffalo (BDF) were taken. Wheat straw (WS) was the main diet of all animals. The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content for all animal dung samples were found in a range of (29–31.50%), (21–23.50%), and (11–13%), respectively. The abundant holocellulose and low lignin contents are suitable for handmade pulp and paper. Surface characteristics of fodder (WS) and all dung fibers have been investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and SEM-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). To increase paper production without damaging forest cover, it is essential to explore unconventional natural resources, such as dung fiber, which have the huge potential to produce pulp and paper, reinforcement components, etc.

Oropharyngeal dysphagia due to upper esophageal sphincter (UES) dysfunction is commonly encountered in the clinical setting. Selective experimental perturbation of various components of the deglutitive apparatus can provide an opportunity to improve our understanding of the swallowing physiology and pathophysiology. The aim is to characterize the pharyngeal and UES deglutitive pressure phenomena in an experimentally induced restriction of UES opening in humans. We studied 14 volunteers without any dysphagic symptoms (7 men, 66 ± 11 yr) but with various supraesophageal reflux symptoms. To induce UES restriction, we used a handmade device that with adjustment could selectively apply 0, 20, 30, or 40 mmHg pressure perpendicularly to the cricoid cartilage. Deglutitive pharyngeal and UES pressure phenomena were determined during dry and 5- and 10-ml water swallows × 3 for each of the UES perturbations. External cricoid pressure against the UES resulted in a significant increase in hypopharyngeal intrabolus pressure and UES nadir deglutitive relaxation pressure for all tested swallowed volumes ( P < 0.05). Application of external cricoid pressure increased the length of the UES high pressure zone from 2.5 ± 0.2 to 3.1 ± 0.2, 3.5 ± 0.1, and 3.7 ± 0.1 cm for 20, 30, and 40 mmHg cricoid pressure, respectively ( P < 0.05). External cricoid pressure had no significant effect on pharyngeal peristalsis. On the other hand, irrespective of external cricoid pressure deglutitive velopharyngeal contractile integral progressively increased with increased swallowed volumes ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, acute experimental restriction of UES opening by external cricoid pressure manifests the pressure characteristics of increased resistance to UES transsphincteric flow observed clinically without affecting the pharyngeal peristaltic contractile function.

The diploma thesis focuses on creating the business plan to establish a competetive small company dealing with scale of yarn, fabrics and handmade assortment. Thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is focused on basic theoretical concepts. The second part practically analyses the environment of the future company. In the last part, a business plan is compiled with business schedule.

Cette thèse a été conduite afin d’explorer le potentiel d’une nouvelle méthodologie utilisant la pyrolyse, la chromatographie gazeuse et la spectrométrie de masse pour la caractérisation et l’identification des fibres papetières utilisées dans la fabrication des papiers asiatiques traditionnels à partir de la caractérisation des métabolites de ces fibres. Cette méthodologie utilise un processus d’échantillonnage facilité nécessitant une très petite quantité d’échantillons (de l’ordre de quelques dizaines de µg). Après la pyrolyse des échantillons de papiers et la séparation chromatographique des composés formés, des distributions caractéristiques pour les métabolites des fibres papetières (considérant leur présence et leur intensité) ont été observées dans une région définie comme région d’intérêt dans les chromatogrammes: ces distributions se sont révélées spécifiques pour la caractérisation des papiers fabriqués à partir de différents types de fibres et ont été utilisées pour distinguer l’origine des différentes fibres papetières couramment utilisées dans la fabrication de papiers asiatiques traditionnels. Premièrement, les problèmes rencontrés dans l’étude des papiers faits à la main ont été présentés, comme l’origine de la fabrication du papier, l’incohérence de certains résultats dans l’identification des fibres (reportés dans différentes études scientifiques), les limites de la microscopie pour l’identification des fibres papetières d’origines botaniques similaires et les risques d’imprécision dans le référencement des échantillons. Tous ces problèmes montrent la nécessité d’explorer de nouvelles méthodes pour (1) améliorer la fiabilité de l’identification des fibres papetières des papiers asiatiques traditionnels, (2) valider et confirmer les résultats obtenus par l’analyse microscopique. À cette fin, dans un premier temps, des papiers asiatiques de référence ont été étudiés. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les différentes fibres papetières utilisées pour la fabrication des papiers étudiés montraient des différences dans les distributions de leurs marqueurs spécifiques : par exemple, les fibres d’origine de la famille Moraceae montrent une distribution caractéristiques de composés triterpèniques alors que les fibres d’origine de la famille Thymelaeaceae montrent une distribution caractéristiques de composés de type stigmastanes. De leur côté, les fibres des plantes appartenant au groupe Ma montrent peu de métabolites caractéristiques. Les différences observées dans la distribution de ces métabolites ont été attestées par la comparaison entre distributions obtenues à partir des fibres végétales et celles des papiers faits à la main attestant de l’origine commune de ces métabolites issus des tissus végétaux d’origine. Ainsi, la méthodologie étudiée se révèle prometteuse en tant que méthode de chimiotaxonomie pour l’identification des fibres inconnues de papiers faits à la main. Avec les exemples d'applications fournies au cours du travail expérimental, le couplage de la pyrolyse, de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse et de la spectrométrie de masse (avec l’utilisation de la Py-GC/MS et de la Py-GCxGC/MS) a montré sa capacité à distinguer les fibres d'une même famille (qui peuvent présenter des caractéristiques similaires en microscopie) et peut ainsi constituer une méthode efficace d'identification des fibres et de validation des résultats d'identification obtenus par l'observation microscopique. Dans la présente thèse, les caractéristiques de la chromatographie gazeuse intégralement bidimensionnelle GCxGC, ses avantages pour les applications dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel et son apport potentiel pour le traitement des données 1D ont été discutées (...)
This study was conducted to explore a new methodology for handmade fiber characterizationand identification using pyrolysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. It employseasy sampling process with minor quantity of samples required. After pyrolysis of handmadepapers, a featured metabolites distribution patterns (presence plus intensity) eluting in the defined region of interest (ROI) was observed to be characteristic for handmade papers of different material origins. The method utilizes these metabolites distribution patterns as markers to discriminate different fiber origins. Firstly, the problems encountered in the investigation of handmade papers were introduced such as the origin of papermaking, the inconsistency in the fiber identification results sometimes gained by different scholars, the limits of microscopy in identifying fibers from similar species and the likely imprecision of the reference sample labeling. All these problems showed the necessity to explore a new method in order to (i) make precise fiber identification of handmade papers and (ii) to validate or confirm the identification results obtained by microscopy. Then, modern reference handmade papers were firstly studied. The result revealed that different plant fibers used for papermaking have different marker distributions in the ROI, forinstance, the Moraceae family with a featured distribution of terpene compounds and theThymelaeaceae family with a featured distribution of stigmasta compounds. The fibers fromthe ma group usually revealed few compounds in the ROI. This metabolites difference in theROI was attested from the plant tissues with their similar distribution in handmade papers and plant raw fibers. Thus, the chosen methodology offers promise as a method of chemotaxonomy for unknown handmade paper fiber identification. With the examples ofapplications provided during the experimental work, the coupling of pyrolysis, gaschromatography and mass spectrometry (through the use of Py-GC/MS and Py-GCxGC/MS)showed its ability to distinguish fibers from the same plant family (that may present similar microscopic features) and thus, can constitutes an effective method for fiber identification as well as to validate the identification results of the microscopic observation. In the present thesis, the features of GCxGC and the benefits for cultural heritage applications and its help for the ID data treatment were discussed. The tested Py-GCxGC/MS methodology has been for the first time proposed in the cultural heritage field and it harbors the potential to promote the research in this domain, enhancing our capacity to handle small quantities of complex samples while providing an exhaustive response on its composition

Historians of the ancient states of the north coast of the Black Sea were often faced by the challenge on how to estimate the presence of barbarians in the populations of early communities. Although it is generally understood that there was indeed a presence of barbarians in the early Mediterranean communities, the problem is there is no systematic means to gain material remains that may shed light on the numbers and social-ethnic characteristics of such non-Greek components. Although attempts have been made to generalize the existence of barbarians through archaeological evidence, such methods have failed due to lack of firm methodology. This chapter examines cities wherein the barbarian cultural level cannot be clearly established. It focuses on the two aspects of the issue of barbarian presence in Olbia. It examines the artefacts and assemblages, and how much materials can attest the presence of such ethnicities in Olbia. This qualitative approach examines the presence of dug-out dwelling places, handmade potteries, burial practices, jewellery and prosopography. The second aspect uses a quantitative approach which examines the statistics and percentages of particular ethnicities in Olbia. In these considerations and examinations, no objective criteria that would establish the number of barbarians in Olbia have been established. Although specific cultural features may be connected with the barbarians, they are otherwise represented slightly and in a fragmented fashion which nullifies the argument that Olbia contained substantial barbarian social stratum.

The central aim of this chapter is to identify the best practices in hands-on activities to keep students with disabilities engaged in K-12 classrooms. With diversity being a key component in today's classroom, teachers struggle in devising strategies to keep students with disabilities stay engaged. Improving student's learning by keeping them engaged is vital for our nation's competitiveness. Studies have shown the role of hands-on activities in improving engagement of students with disabilities. This chapter will define student engagement and will highlight some of the causes of student disengagement in classroom, relationship between hands-on activities and student engagement, need of hands-on activities/project-based learning in 21st century classrooms, creative ways to implement hands-on activities, connecting hands-on activities with the real-world situations, creating hands-on activities for students with disabilities in self-contained and inclusion classrooms, and matching students' interest and learning styles when developing hands-on activities.