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1
Wang, Peng, Jacob A. Galan, Karine Normandin, Éric Bonneil, Gilles R. Hickson, Philippe P. Roux, Pierre Thibault und Vincent Archambault. „Cell cycle regulation of Greatwall kinase nuclear localization facilitates mitotic progression“. Journal of Cell Biology 202, Nr. 2 (15.07.2013): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201211141.
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Cell division requires the coordination of critical protein kinases and phosphatases. Greatwall (Gwl) kinase activity inactivates PP2A-B55 at mitotic entry to promote the phosphorylation of cyclin B–Cdk1 substrates, but how Gwl is regulated is poorly understood. We found that the subcellular localization of Gwl changed dramatically during the cell cycle in Drosophila. Gwl translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in prophase. We identified two critical nuclear localization signals in the central, poorly characterized region of Gwl, which are required for its function. The Polo kinase associated with and phosphorylated Gwl in this region, promoting its binding to 14-3-3ε and its localization to the cytoplasm in prophase. Our results suggest that cyclin B–Cdk1 phosphorylation of Gwl is also required for its nuclear exclusion by a distinct mechanism. We show that the nucleo-cytoplasmic regulation of Gwl is essential for its functions in vivo and propose that the spatial regulation of Gwl at mitotic entry contributes to the mitotic switch.
2
Wakhid, Nur, und Zainudin Zainudin. „PEMANTAUAN DINAMIKA TINGGI MUKA AIR SECARA OTOMATIS DI LAHAN GAMBUT“. EnviroScienteae 15, Nr. 3 (03.12.2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v15i3.7430.
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Ground Water level fluctuation data on tropical peatland is necessary to restore the degraded peatlands as well as for peatland sustainable management. Peatland restoration always begins with groundwater level restoration (GWL). Therefore, measurement of GWL is necessary for further management. GWL fluctuation on peat soil greatly varies even during a day, therefore automatic GWL measurements are inevitably needed. This study aim is to develop an automatic GWL measurement (TMA) by comparing 2 automatic water level loggers in tropical peatlands. This research was conducted in a rubber plantation on Peat Soil I in Jabiren, Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan, from February to December 2014. The measurement of GWL was conducted by manual measurement and using 2 automatic water level monitoring devices. Automatic GWL measurement showed a more detail variation than that of manual measurement. The different of GWL between manual, automatic 1 and 2 were on the range of 16-30 cm. Automatic measurement instruments that users were having their advantages or disadvantages, with the result of measurements were significantly different.
3
Prasetia, Denni, Wahyu Hidayat und Lailan Syaufina. „Effects of Groundwater Level on the Occurrence of Forest and Peatland Fires: A Case of Study in Musi Banyuasin Regency“. Jurnal Sylva Lestari 8, Nr. 2 (11.05.2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl28173-180.
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Ground water level (GWL) is one of the indicators to predict potential fires on peatlands. Other factors, such as rainfall and hotspots, could also trigger peatland and forest fires. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between rainfall GWL, rainfall, and hotspots as indicators of forest and land fires in Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province. The GWL data, hotspot distribution, rainfall data were processed using ArcGIS 10.6 software. Pearson bivariate correlation test was performed to determine the relationship between GWL, hotspot distribution, and rainfall. The results showed a decrease in rainfall, followed by an increase in hotspots, particularly during the dry season. The lowest rainfall and GWL occurred in July – August 2018. The increase in rainfall was not followed by the GWL increase that reflected a degraded and dry peatland condition, which could cause a decrease of peat ability to absorb and store water properly. The results also showed an inverse relationship between hotspots and GWL, which means that a decrease in the GWL will follow the increase in hotspots and vice versa. This explains that the increase of hotspots contributed to a drought on the GWL of the peatlands. Keywords: ground water level, forest fire, hotspot, Musi Banyuasin, peatland, rainfall
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Badua, Sylvester A., Ajay Sharda, Daniel Flippo und Igancio A. Ciampitti. „Real-Time Gauge Wheel Load Variability of a Row-Crop Planter During Field Operation“. Transactions of the ASABE 61, Nr. 5 (2018): 1517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12511.
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Abstract. Planter downforce control allows row units to maintain a target gauge wheel load (GWL) across a range of soil resistance within a field. Downforce control is typically set for a target seed depth and can be implemented either as fixed or by automatic or active control to attain the desired GWL. Recent advances allow for the control of individual row units into sections for improved GWL application. However, little knowledge exists on the spatial variability of GWL, row-to-row GWL variability, and on the recommended GWL control requirements on planters operating in actual field conditions. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) quantify real-time GWL variability across individual row units within a 12-row crop planter programmed to implement a constant downforce control during field operations; (2) evaluate gauge wheel load range (GWLR) across individual row units and within 2-row, 3-row, or 4-row control sections to determine the optimal downforce control section size; and (3) assess the impact of soil texture and soil compaction due to tire tracks on GWL variability. To address these objectives, a 12-row crop planter equipped with hydraulic downforce control was used to plant three fields. The planter was set to plant corn at 5.2 and 5.7 cm depths with fixed target GWL set at 334 ±223 N (111 to 557 N) and GWLR set at 0 to 883 N. A data acquisition system collected real-time GPS, planting speed, GWL, hydraulic pressure, and planter toolbar height data at 10 Hz. Real-time GWL data of individual row units were analyzed to determine the GWL distribution within or outside the set target GWL. Moreover, GWLR was measured in individual row units and across varying control section sizes. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) was measured using a Veris mobile sensor platform. Soil EC was used in defining zones of low, medium, and high textured soil. Results show that GWL was within the target range of 111 to 557 N at 33% of the total planting time across the three fields, and GWLR was within 0 to 441 N at 9% of the total planting time. Results also indicate that a 2-row, 3-row, and 4-row control section could provide GWLR within 0 to 441 N at 76%, 46%, and 28% of the total planting time, respectively. These findings suggest the need for automatic downforce systems with fewer row units per control section to maintain target GWL within an acceptable range for all row units. Regression analyses indicate that soil texture is a significant variable that can influence real-time GWL. Furthermore, compacted soil due to tractor tires contributed to significantly lower GWL. Our data suggest the need for active downforce control to achieve improved GWL uniformity under varying field-operating conditions. Keywords: Gauge wheel load, Planter downforce, Precision planters, Seeding depth, Variability.
5
Castilho, Priscila V., Byron C. Williams, Satoru Mochida, Yong Zhao und Michael L. Goldberg. „The M Phase Kinase Greatwall (Gwl) Promotes Inactivation of PP2A/B55δ, a Phosphatase Directed Against CDK Phosphosites“. Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, Nr. 22 (15.11.2009): 4777–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-07-0643.
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We have previously shown that Greatwall kinase (Gwl) is required for M phase entry and maintenance in Xenopus egg extracts. Here, we demonstrate that Gwl plays a crucial role in a novel biochemical pathway that inactivates, specifically during M phase, “antimitotic” phosphatases directed against phosphorylations catalyzed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). A major component of this phosphatase activity is heterotrimeric PP2A containing the B55δ regulatory subunit. Gwl is activated during M phase by Cdk1/cyclin B (MPF), but once activated, Gwl promotes PP2A/B55δ inhibition with no further requirement for MPF. In the absence of Gwl, PP2A/B55δ remains active even when MPF levels are high. The removal of PP2A/B55δ corrects the inability of Gwl-depleted extracts to enter M phase. These findings support the hypothesis that M phase requires not only high levels of MPF function, but also the suppression, through a Gwl-dependent mechanism, of phosphatase(s) that would otherwise remove MPF-driven phosphorylations.
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Irfan, Muhammad, Wijaya Mardiansyah, Heron Surbakti, Menik Ariani, Albert Sulaiman und Iskhaq Iskandar. „Spatio-Temporal Variability of Observed Ground Water Level at Peat Hydrology Unit in South Sumatera“. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, Nr. 2 (01.02.2020): 1414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8819.
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An integrated observation system, so-called SEnsory data transmission Service Assisted by Midori Engineering laboratory (SESAME) has been deployed to measure hydrological and climatological parameters at peatlands of South Sumatera since June 2017. One of the observed hydrological parameters is the Ground Water Level (GWL). This study evaluates the spatio-temporal variability of GWL observed at 4 locations, namely, Peat Hydrology Unit (PHU) Sungai Saleh 1 (SS1), Sungai Saleh 2 (SS2), Sungai Lumpur 1 (SL1), and Sungai Lumpur 2 (SL2). The data covered a period of July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018. This study focused on analyzing types of observed tides at each SESAME location. It was found that at the study location SL2, SS1, and SS2 the tidal type was a mixed tide prevailing diurnal. On the other hand, the observed GWL at the SL1 was dominated by a mixed tide prevailing semidiurnal. Further analysis on the observed GWL indicates that the lowest GWL was observed in period September-October, while the highest GWL occurs in period March-April. Statistical analysis shows that the observed GWL was significantly correlated with the observed soil moisture at the SL1 and the SL2. The coefficient correlation at those SL1 and SL2 were 0.85 and 0.95, respectively. It was also found that GWL had a significant correlation with Rainfall (RF).
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Naranjo-Fernández, Nuria, Carolina Guardiola-Albert, Héctor Aguilera, Carmen Serrano-Hidalgo und Esperanza Montero-González. „Clustering Groundwater Level Time Series of the Exploited Almonte-Marismas Aquifer in Southwest Spain“. Water 12, Nr. 4 (08.04.2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041063.
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Groundwater resources are regularly the principal water supply in semiarid and arid climate areas. However, groundwater levels (GWL) in semiarid aquifers are suffering a general decrease because of anthropic exploitation of aquifers and the repercussions of climate change. Effective groundwater management strategies require a deep characterization of GWL fluctuations, in order to identify individual behaviors and triggering factors. In September 2019, the Guadalquivir River Basin Authority (CHG) declared that there was over-exploitation in three of the five groundwater bodies of the Almonte-Marismas aquifer, Southwest Spain. For that reason, it is critical to understand GWL dynamics in this aquifer before the new Spanish Water Resources Management Plans (2021–2027) are developed. The application of GWL series clustering in hydrogeology has grown over the past few years, as it is an extraordinary tool that promptly provides a GWL classification; each group can be related to different responses of a complex aquifer under any external change. In this work, GWL time series from 160 piezometers were analyzed for the period 1975 to 2016 and, after data pre-processing, 24 piezometers were selected for clustering with k-means (static) and time series (dynamic) clustering techniques. Six and seven groups (k) were chosen to apply k-means. Six characterized types of hydrodynamic behaviors were obtained with time series clustering (TSC). Number of clusters were related to diverse affections of water exploitation depending on soil uses and hydrogeological spatial distribution parameters. TSC enabled us to distinguish local areas with high hydrodynamic disturbance and to highlight a quantitative drop of GWL during the studied period.
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Wakhid, Nur, und Siti Nur Zakiah. „Ground Water Table under Different Land Uses“. Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 6, Nr. 2 (13.02.2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v6i2.182.
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<p>Fires in Indonesia tropical peatlands are always associated with peatland conversion. Land use change usually occurs from secondary or primary forest to agricultural land or plantation. However, land use change in Indonesia is inevitable because high demand of land for food supply. Peatlands which are usually associated with wetlands, become dry due to drainage during land clearing and plant growth process. Therefore, the relationship between ground water level (GWL) and fires on tropical peatlands is close. The research objective is to analyze the level of fire vulnerability on peatlands based on the GWL fluctuation under different land uses. GWL measurement was conducted manually every week from February to December 2014 in the field and ditch on three different land uses. Automatic water level measurement tool also conducted from March to December 2014, but only on the field. GWL fluctuation both on ditch and field followed the variation of precipitation. GWL fluctuation under different land uses also significantly different, and automatically results different fire vulnerability.</p>
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Okumura, Eiichi, Atsushi Morita, Mizuho Wakai, Satoru Mochida, Masatoshi Hara und Takeo Kishimoto. „Cyclin B–Cdk1 inhibits protein phosphatase PP2A-B55 via a Greatwall kinase–independent mechanism“. Journal of Cell Biology 204, Nr. 6 (10.03.2014): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201307160.
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Entry into M phase is governed by cyclin B–Cdk1, which undergoes both an initial activation and subsequent autoregulatory activation. A key part of the autoregulatory activation is the cyclin B–Cdk1–dependent inhibition of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)–B55, which antagonizes cyclin B–Cdk1. Greatwall kinase (Gwl) is believed to be essential for the autoregulatory activation because Gwl is activated downstream of cyclin B–Cdk1 to phosphorylate and activate α-endosulfine (Ensa)/Arpp19, an inhibitor of PP2A-B55. However, cyclin B–Cdk1 becomes fully activated in some conditions lacking Gwl, yet how this is accomplished remains unclear. We show here that cyclin B–Cdk1 can directly phosphorylate Arpp19 on a different conserved site, resulting in inhibition of PP2A-B55. Importantly, this novel bypass is sufficient for cyclin B–Cdk1 autoregulatory activation. Gwl-dependent phosphorylation of Arpp19 is nonetheless necessary for downstream mitotic progression because chromosomes fail to segregate properly in the absence of Gwl. Such a biphasic regulation of Arpp19 results in different levels of PP2A-B55 inhibition and hence might govern its different cellular roles.
10
Karki, S., L. Elsgaard und P. E. Lærke. „Effect of reed canary grass cultivation on greenhouse gas emission from peat soil at controlled rewetting“. Biogeosciences Discussions 11, Nr. 9 (16.09.2014): 13309–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-13309-2014.
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Abstract. Cultivation of bioenergy crops in rewetted peatland (paludiculture) is considered as a possible land use option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, bioenergy crops like reed canary grass (RCG) can have a complex influence on GHG fluxes. Here we determined the effect of RCG cultivation on GHG emission from peatland rewetted to various extents. Mesocosms were manipulated to three different ground water levels (GWL), i.e., 0, −10 and −20 cm below the soil surface in a controlled semi-field facility. Emissions of CO2 (ecosystem respiration, ER), CH4 and N2O from mesocosms with RCG and bare soil were measured at weekly to fortnightly intervals with static chamber techniques for a period of one year. Cultivation of RCG increased both ER and CH4 emissions, but decreased the N2O emissions. The presence of RCG gave rise to 69, 75 and 85% of total ER at −20, −10 and 0 cm GWL, respectively However, this difference was due to decreased soil respiration at the rising GWL as the plant-derived CO2 flux was similar at all three GWL. For methane, 70–95% of the total emission was due to presence of RCG, with the highest contribution at −20 cm GWL. In contrast, cultivation of RCG decreased N2O emission by 33–86% with the major reductions at −10 and −20 cm GWL. In terms of global warming potential, the increase in CH4 emissions due to RCG cultivation was more than off-set by the decrease in N2O emissions at −10 and −20 cm GWL; at 0 cm GWL the CH4 emissions was offset only by 23%. CO2 emissions from ER obviously were the dominant RCG-derived GHG flux, but above-ground biomass yields, and preliminary measurements of gross photosynthetic production, show that ER could be more than balanced due to the uptake of CO2 by RCG. Our results support that RCG cultivation could be a good land use option in terms of mitigating GHG emission from rewetted peatlands, potentially turning these ecosystems into a sink of atmospheric CO2.
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Laksamana Firdaus, Herlambang, Sunarno, Memory Motivanisman Waruwu und Rony Wijaya. „Development of the Groundwater Level Changes Detector for Earthquake Prediction at Yogyakarta Region – Indonesia“. MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821802010.
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Groundwater level (GWL) change is one of the earthquake precursors that used for earthquake prediction. The groundwater level change system detector for earthquake prediction at Yogyakarta region - Indonesia contains the GWL detector, signal conditioner, controller, data storage and electrical power supply. The GWL changes detectors which are developed in this report are expected to be used for the earthquake precursors prediction in Yogyakarta region - Indonesia. The detector system shows the detection of groundwater level changes with a sensitivity of 0.01 centimeters. The data from the detector is stored on the storage media, then the data which are collected in weekly will be confirmed with the earthquake data from the BMKG (Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency). On June 11, 12, 15, and 21 the GWL have a change of 4 centimeters to 19 centimeters respectively, the earthquake occurs within the next 2 days. It shows that the system could be used as an earthquake precursors monitoring system based on GWL changes. This report in order to give the valuable information of the development system that can be used for earthquake prediction, even though it needs further study and development of the instrumentation system from other earthquake precursors anomaly.
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Rahmadhani, Dwi Yunita. „HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG HIV/AIDS, SIKAP DAN PERAN PETUGAS KESEHATAN DALAM PEMANFAATAN LAYANAN KONSELING DAN TEST HIV/AIDS PADA GWL (GAY, WARIA, LELAKI SUKA LELAKI) DI LSM MWGJ KOTA JAMBI“. Jurnal Akademika Baiturrahim Jambi 7, Nr. 1 (19.09.2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36565/jab.v7i1.65.
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Counselling service and HIV test is indespensable for a group of highly risky people to be willing to have a test. One of higly risky groups is gay, transexual and homosexual (GWL). Based on surveys in the beginning the members of GWL that benefitted couselling service and HIV test in Jambi city is still low with 46,80 percentage.The purpose of the research is to know factors related to behaviour of GWL in utilising couselling service and HIV test. This analytic research and descriptive analytic approach use crossectional design. The number of population in this research comprises 210 respondens, but the qualified of inclusion criteria is 89 respondens. The data was taken using questionnaire analyzed in univariat and bivariat using chi-square.Based on the result of analysis, gotten that most of respondens have low knowledge and education as many as 38,2%, possitive attitude in number of (41,6%) and the role of VCT officers comprises 56,2%, where there is a relation between knowledge with the the behaviour of GWL utilising counselling service and HIV test with p-value = 0,000, comprises relation between attitude and behaviour utilising counselling service and HIV test withp-value = 0,000, and there is relationship between VCT officers and the behaviour of GWL in utilising counselling service and HIV test with p-value0,000.Hopefully that the VCT officers and LSM MWGJ improve elucidation regularly, directly or indirectly through information media, persuading and supporting so that the members GWL (Gay, Transexual, Homosexual) to utilise counselling service and HIV test.
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Rishma, C., und Yashwant B. Katpatal. „ENSO modulated groundwater variations in a river basin of Central India“. Hydrology Research 50, Nr. 2 (04.10.2018): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.154.
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Abstract Several previous studies have examined the traceable regional impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on groundwater level (GWL) but it remains a question whether the ENSO impacts on groundwater can be established in smaller basins using statistical techniques. The present study attempts to record the ENSO impacts on the groundwater availability in Venna basin, Maharashtra by proposing a combination of statistical and spatial analysis. Utilizing the GWL, the study estimates the spatial variability of GWL, groundwater anomalies, groundwater recharge and discharge using geographic information system (GIS) and quantitative variations in groundwater using statistical techniques. The study also highlights the applicability of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test in hydrometeorological studies. Analyses reveal the association of deeper GWLs and higher discharge with the El Niño, as opposed to shallower GWLs and higher recharge with La Niña. The two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test confirms the discrepancy in the cumulative distribution of GWL between different ENSO phases. Mann–Kendall, Sen slope and Mann–Whitney tests ascertain the variation of GWL and recharge as well as ENSO impacts in the command area (area irrigated by reservoir using the canal networks) and non-command areas. A significant difference in recharge between El Niño and La Niña is observed in the command as well as in the non-command areas.
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Yasuda, H., R. Berndtsson, O. Hinokidani, J. Huang, T. Saito, J. Zheng und R. Kimura. „The impact of plant water uptake and recharge on groundwater level at a site in the Loess Plateau of China“. Hydrology Research 44, Nr. 1 (12.07.2012): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.241.
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Shallow groundwater in unconsolidated sediments represents a substantial water resource in the Chinese Loess Plateau. However, prior to development of the water supply for agriculture, annual and seasonal fluctuation of the recharge mechanism should be clarified. Since the region is arid, the effect of plant water uptake on groundwater fluctuation must also be assessed. A study was therefore undertaken to clarify groundwater recharge together with interaction between the plant ecosystem and shallow groundwater at a field site in the Loess Plateau of China. Observations showed that recharge response of the groundwater level (GWL) was limited except for intensive rainfall during the rainy season. The main recharge to the groundwater occurred from horizontal inflow from focused recharge at the upstream end of the site. Fluctuation of the GWL produced by plant water uptake was monitored during the growing season. For seasonal fluctuation of GWL, temperature was most important, while for diurnal fluctuation of GWL during the growing season, solar radiation was most important. During the growing season, the GWL declined during the daylight hours and recovered during the night. The diurnal fluctuation was well synchronized with the solar radiation, consistent with plant-water uptake by shrubs surrounding one of the observation wells.
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Nugraha, Muhammad Imam, Wahida Annisa, Lailan Syaufina und Syaiful Anwar. „CAPILLARY WATER RISE IN PEAT SOIL AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS GROUNDWATER LEVELS“. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 17, Nr. 2 (09.05.2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v17n2.2016.p75-83.
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<p class="abstrakInggris">Capillary water in peatlands has a very important role in supplying water to the root zone of plants. The current water content in the root zone depends mainly on groundwater levels in some areas with shallow water levels. The study aimed to measure the capillary water dynamics in peat soils at various soil densities and groundwater levels which were observed from the changes in peat color, moisture distribution, water content and hydrophobicity of peat soil. The study was conducted in the greenhouse of Indonesian Swampland Agricultural Research Institute, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the bulk density (BD) of peat, namely BD-1 (on actual condition, 0.1 g cm-3) and BD-2 (compressed into 0.2 g cm-3). The second factor was simulated groundwater levels (GWL) consisting of GWL-1 (-100 cm), GWL-2 (-70 cm) and GWL-3 (-40 cm) from soil surfaces. The results showed that the rise of capillary water in peat soil reached a maximum height of 50 cm which was characterized by the increase in water content at the top layer in the range of 105–127% for BD-1 and 141–181% for BD-2. The highest value of water content (308%) was achieved in the treatment of GWL-3 with BD-2 and the lowest (37%) was in the treatment of GWL-1 with BD-1. The rate of capillary water rose progressively corresponded to the increase in BD value because the number of micropores of BD-2 was greater.</p>
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Hayasaka, Hiroshi, Aswin Usup und Daisuke Naito. „New Approach Evaluating Peatland Fires in Indonesian Factors“. Remote Sensing 12, Nr. 12 (26.06.2020): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122055.
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Until 2018, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was used as an explanation for fires in Indonesia’s peatlands. However, when the 2019 fires occurred independently of El Niño, more suitable indicators and methods were required to (a) analyze, (b) evaluate and (c) forecast peatland fires. In this study, we introduced the OLR–MC index—one of the rain-related indices derived from OLR (outgoing longwave radiation) in MC (maritime continent) area in Indonesia. This index showed stronger correlation with active peatland fires than the conventional ENSO index, and is likely to be able to respond to heat and dry weather supposed to be under climate-change conditions. We then analyzed peatland fires in the top six fire years from 2002 to 2018 and showed that peatland fires occurred in three stages—surface fire, shallow peatland fire and deep peatland fire. To explain each stage, we proposed a one-dimensional groundwater level (GWL) prediction model (named as MODEL-0). MODEL-0 predicts GWL from daily rainfall. Analysis using MODEL-0 showed the GWL thresholds for the three fire stages were between -300 mm and -500 mm; peatland fire activities during the three fire stages were dependent on these GWL values. The validity of MODEL-0 was shown by comparison with the measured values of GWL in the top three fire years.
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Supreetha, B. S., Narayan Shenoy und Prabhakar Nayak. „Lion Algorithm-Optimized Long Short-Term Memory Network for Groundwater Level Forecasting in Udupi District, India“. Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2020 (13.03.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8685724.
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Groundwater is a precious natural resource. Groundwater level (GWL) forecasting is crucial in the field of water resource management. Measurement of GWL from observation-wells is the principle source of information about the aquifer and is critical to its evaluation. Most part of the Udupi district of Karnataka State in India consists of geological formations: lateritic terrain and gneissic complex. Due to the topographical ruggedness and inconsistency in rainfall, the GWL in Udupi region is declining continually and most of the open wells are drying-up during the summer. Hence, the current research aimed at developing a groundwater level forecasting model by using hybrid long short-term memory-lion algorithm (LSTM-LA). The historical GWL and rainfall data from an observation well from Udupi district, located in Karnataka state, India, were used to develop the model. The prediction accuracy of the hybrid LSTM-LA model was better than that of the feedforward neural network (FFNN) and the isolated LSTM models. The hybrid LSTM-LA-based forecasting model is promising for a larger dataset.
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Bangun, Rita Herawaty Br, und Aida Meimela. „Pemetaan Kemiskinan Melalui Pendekatan Geographically Weighted Lasso“. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia 9, Nr. 3 (17.11.2020): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52813/jei.v9i3.58.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kemiskinan menurut variasi wilayah dengan pendekatan spasial melalui penerapan metode Geographically Weighted Lasso (GWL). Studi kasus yang diambil adalah Sumatera Utara, salah satu provinsi dengan tingkat kemiskinan tertinggi di Indonesia. Data penelitian bersifat sekunder yang berasal dari publikasi dan laman BPS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan metode GWL mampu mengatasi multikolinieritas lokal dan heterogenitas data spasial. Sebesar 85,93 persen kemiskinan di Sumatera Utara dapat dijelaskan oleh seluruh variabel prediktor. Variabel yang signifikan adalah persentase rumah tangga dengan luas lantai kurang dari 8 m2, tingkat setengah pengangguran, dan persentase pekerja informal. Pemodelan kemiskinan dengan metode GWL mampu meningkatkan ketepatan estimasi parameter sehingga program pengentasan kemiskinan di Sumatera Utara akan lebih efektif jika disesuaikan dengan karateristikmasing-masing daerah.
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Liu, Wei, Haijiao Yu, Linshan Yang, Zhenliang Yin, Meng Zhu und Xiaohu Wen. „Deep Learning-Based Predictive Framework for Groundwater Level Forecast in Arid Irrigated Areas“. Water 13, Nr. 18 (17.09.2021): 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182558.
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An accurate groundwater level (GWL) forecast at multi timescales is vital for agricultural management and water resource scheduling in arid irrigated areas such as the Hexi Corridor, China. However, the forecast of GWL in these areas remains a challenging task owing to the deficient hydrogeological data and the highly nonlinear, non-stationary and complex groundwater system. The development of reliable groundwater level simulation models is necessary and profound. In this study, a novel ensemble deep learning GWL predictive framework integrating data pro-processing, feature selection, deep learning and uncertainty analysis was constructed. Under this framework, a hybrid model equipped with currently the most effective algorithms, including the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) for data decomposition, the genetic algorithm (GA) for feature selection, the deep belief network (DBN) model, and the quantile regression (QR) for uncertainty evaluation, denoted as CEEMDAN-GA-DBN, was proposed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-month ahead GWL forecast at three GWL observation wells in the Jiuquan basin, northwest China. The capability of the CEEMDAN-GA-DBN model was compared with the hybrid CEEMDAN-DBN and the standalone DBN model in terms of the performance metrics including R, MAE, RMSE, NSE, RSR, AIC and the Legates and McCabe’s Index as well as the uncertainty criterion including MPI and PICP. The results demonstrated the higher degree of accuracy and better performance of the objective CEEMDAN-GA-DBN model than the CEEMDAN-DBN and DBN models at all lead times and all the wells. Overall, the CEEMDAN-GA-DBN reduced the RMSE of the CEEMDAN-DBN and DBN models in the testing period by about 9.16 and 17.63%, while it improved their NSE by about 6.38 and 15.32%, respectively. The uncertainty analysis results also affirmed the slightly better reliability of the CEEMDAN-GA-DBN method than the CEEMDAN-DBN and DBN models at the 1-, 2- and 3-month forecast horizons. The derived results proved the ability of the proposed ensemble deep learning model in multi time steps ahead of GWL forecasting, and thus, can be used as an effective tool for GWL forecasting in arid irrigated areas.
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Umanska, O. V., H. O. Borovska und V. M. Khokhlov. „Impact of weather pattern on initiation of hot and cold weather conditions in Ukraine“. Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, Nr. 24 (09.12.2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.24.2019.03.
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The topicality of the study is stipulated by the need to diagnose, monitor and predict the weather conditions causing temperature anomalies in Ukraine in order to prevent their adverse impact on the country's economy. On the climate change background, extreme weather events become more frequent and intense. The forecast for anomalous events can be significantly improved if the main types of atmospheric circulation related to those events will be identified. This paper aims to identify the main circulation processes causing the initiation of hot and cold weather conditions in Ukraine. These conditions are the so-called indices of extremes: summer days (SU), tropical nights (TR), ice days (ID), and frosty days (FD), calculated using the daily minimum and maximum air temperature at the regular grid points covering the territory of Ukraine with a spatial resolution of 0.75×0.75 degrees. The GWL circulation types were obtained from the Hess-Brezovsky objective classification for the atmospheric processes, which is widely used for synoptic analysis in Europe. The GWL circulation types differ by the location of ridges (anticyclones) and troughs (cyclones) on the 500 hPa isobaric surface. The difference from most other atmospheric circulation classifications is that each GWL remains for at least 3 days. If the transition to another GWL lasts more than 1 day, such days are considered as the previous or next GWL, whichever is most similar.
The frequencies for ten types of weather patterns by the Hess-Brezovsky classification for the period from 1971 to 2001 were analyzed for Ukraine, and the circulation types, which are the most common for summer days, tropical nights, frosty days and frosty nights, were detected. It was shown that the extreme hot or frost weather conditions are in most cases initiated by the same circulation type. Also, the initiation of hot and frost weather is almost completely unaffected by the weather pattern caused by the third, fifth and ninth types of the GWL classification.
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Karki, S., L. Elsgaard und P. E. Lærke. „Effect of reed canary grass cultivation on greenhouse gas emission from peat soil at controlled rewetting“. Biogeosciences 12, Nr. 2 (29.01.2015): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-595-2015.
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Abstract. Cultivation of bioenergy crops in rewetted peatland (paludiculture) is considered as a possible land use option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, bioenergy crops like reed canary grass (RCG) can have a complex influence on GHG fluxes. Here we determined the effect of RCG cultivation on GHG emission from peatland rewetted to various extents. Mesocosms were manipulated to three different ground water levels (GWLs), i.e. 0, −10 and −20 cm below the soil surface in a controlled semi-field facility. Emissions of CO2 (ecosystem respiration, ER), CH4 and N2O from mesocosms with RCG and bare soil were measured at weekly to fortnightly intervals with static chamber techniques for a period of 1 year. Cultivation of RCG increased both ER and CH4 emissions, but decreased the N2O emissions. The presence of RCG gave rise to 69, 75 and 85% of total ER at −20, −10 and 0 cm GWL, respectively. However, this difference was due to decreased soil respiration at the rising GWL as the plant-derived CO2 flux was similar at all three GWLs. For methane, 70–95% of the total emission was due to presence of RCG, with the highest contribution at −20 cm GWL. In contrast, cultivation of RCG decreased N2O emission by 33–86% with the major reductions at −10 and −20 cm GWL. In terms of global warming potential, the increase in CH4 emissions due to RCG cultivation was more than offset by the decrease in N2O emissions at −10 and −20 cm GWL; at 0 cm GWL the CH4 emissions was offset only by 23%. CO2 emissions from ER were obviously the dominant RCG-derived GHG flux, but above-ground biomass yields, and preliminary measurements of gross photosynthetic production, showed that ER could be more than balanced due to the photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by RCG. Our results support that RCG cultivation could be a good land use option in terms of mitigating GHG emission from rewetted peatlands, potentially turning these ecosystems into a sink of atmospheric CO2.
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Pohl, M., M. Hoffmann, U. Hagemann, M. Giebels, E. Albiac Borraz, M. Sommer und J. Augustin. „Dynamic C and N stocks – key factors controlling the C gas exchange of maize in a heterogenous peatland“. Biogeosciences Discussions 11, Nr. 11 (26.11.2014): 16135–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-16135-2014.
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Abstract. Drainage and cultivation of fen peatlands creates complex small-scale mosaics of soils with extremely variable soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and groundwater-level (GWL). To date, it remains unclear if such sites are sources or sinks for greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4, especially if used for cropland. As individual control factors like GWL fail to account for this complexity, holistic approaches combining gas fluxes with the underlying processes are required to understand the carbon (C) gas exchange of drained fens. It can be assumed that the stocks of SOC and N located above the variable GWL – defined as dynamic C and N stocks – play a key role in the regulation of plant- and microbially mediated C gas fluxes of these soils. To test this assumption, the present study analysed the C gas exchange (gross primary production – GPP, ecosystem respiration – Reco, net ecosystem exchange – NEE, CH4) of maize using manual chambers for four years. The study sites were located near Paulinenaue, Germany. Here we selected three soils, which represent the full gradient in pedogenesis, GWL and SOC stocks (0–1 m) of the fen peatland: (a) Haplic Arenosol (AR; 8 kg C m−2); (b) Mollic Gleysol (GL; 38 kg C m−2); and (c) Hemic Histosol (HS; 87 kg C m−2). Daily GWL data was used to calculate dynamic SOC (SOCdyn) and N (Ndyn) stocks. Average annual NEE differed considerably among sites, ranging from 47 ± 30 g C m−2 a−1 at AR to −305 ± 123 g C m−2 a−1 at GL and −127 ± 212 g C m−2 a−1 at HS. While static SOC and N stocks showed no significant effect on C fluxes, SOCdyn and Ndyn and their interaction with GWL strongly influenced the C gas exchange, particularly NEE and the GPP:Reco ratio. Moreover, based on nonlinear regression analysis, 86% of NEE variability was explained by GWL and SOCdyn. The observed high relevance of dynamic SOC and N stocks in the aerobic zone for plant and soil gas exchange likely originates from the effects of GWL-dependent N availability on C formation and transformation processes in the plant-soil system, which promote CO2 input via GPP more than CO2 emission via Reco. The process-oriented approach of dynamic C and N stocks is a promising, potentially generalizable method for system-oriented investigations of the C gas exchange of groundwater-influenced soils and could be expanded to other nutrients and soil characteristics. However, in order to assess the climate impact of arable sites on drained peatlands, it is always necessary to consider the entire range of groundwater-influenced mineral and organic soils and their respective areal extent within the soil landscape.
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Li, Daiyuan, Yongxiang Wu, Erkun Gao, Gaoxu Wang, Yi Xu, Huaping Zhong und Wei Wu. „Simulation of Seawater Intrusion Area Using Feedforward Neural Network in Longkou, China“. Water 12, Nr. 8 (24.07.2020): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082107.
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Reliable simulation of seawater intrusion (SI) is necessary for sustainable groundwater utilization. As a powerful tool, feedforward neural network (FNN) was applied to study seawater intrusion area (SIA) fluctuations in Longkou, China. In the present study, changes of groundwater level (GWL) were modeled by FNN Model 1. Then, FNN Model 2 was developed for fitting the relationship between GWL and SIA. Finally, two models were integrated to simulate SIA changes in response to climatic and artificial factors. The sensitivity analysis of each impact factor was conducted by the “stepwise” method to quantify the relative importance for SIA and GWL. The results from the integrated model indicated that this method could accurately reproduce SIA fluctuations when the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient was 0.964, the root mean square error was 1.052 km2, the correlation coefficient was 0.983, and the mean absolute error was 0.782 km2. The results of sensitivity analysis prove that precipitation and groundwater pumping for agriculture mainly affect fluctuations of SIA in the study area. It can be concluded that FNN is effectively used for modeling SI fluctuations together with GWL, which can provide enough support for the sustainable management of groundwater resources with consideration of crucial impact factors of seawater intrusion (SI).
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Pacek, Lauren, Meredith Berry, Olga Rass, Melissa Mercincavage, F. McClernon und Matthew Johnson. „Graphic Warning Labels Affect Hypothetical Cigarette Purchasing Behavior among Smokers Living with HIV“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 18 (12.09.2019): 3380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183380.
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Cigarette pack graphic warning labels (GWLs) are associated with increased knowledge of tobacco-related harms; scant research has evaluated their effects on behavior among vulnerable populations. We used a behavioral economic approach to measure the effects of GWLs and price on hypothetical cigarette purchasing behavior among HIV-positive smokers. Participants (n = 222) completed a cigarette valuation task by making hypothetical choices between GWL cigarette packs at a fixed price ($7.00) and text-only warning label cigarette packs at increasing prices ($3.50 to $14.00; $0.25 increments). More than one-quarter (28.8%) of participants paid more to avoid GWLs. The remaining participants’ purchasing decisions appear to have been driven by price: 69.8% of participants chose the cheaper pack. Across all participants, overall monetary choice value observed for GWL cigarette packs (mean = $7.75) was greater than if choice was driven exclusively by price ($7.00). Most (87.4%) preferred the text-only warning label when GWL and text-only cigarette packs were equally priced. Correlation analysis indicated GWL pack preference was associated with agreement with statements that GWLs would stop individuals from having a cigarette or facilitate thoughts about quitting. These data suggest that GWLs may influence some HIV-positive smokers in such a way that they are willing to pay more to a void seeing GWLs.
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Jo, Sera, Kyo-Moon Shim, Jina Hur, Yong-Seok Kim und Joong-Bae Ahn. „Future Changes of Agro-Climate and Heat Extremes over S. Korea at 2 and 3 °C Global Warming Levels with CORDEX-EA Phase 2 Projection“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 12 (09.12.2020): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121336.
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The changes of agro-climate and heat extremes, and their impact on rice cultivation are assessed over South Korea in context of 2 and 3 °C global warming levels (GWL) compared to pre-industrial levels, with ensemble regional climate model projection produced under the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment–East Asia (CORDEX-EA) phase 2 protocols. It is found that the mean temperature increase under global warming has not only positive effects such as the extension of vegetable and crop periods and the widening of the cultivatable regions but also negative effects due to the shortening of the reproductive growth period. On the other hand, extreme heat changes in the future clearly show a negative effect on rice cultivation via the increase of hot days during heat-sensitive stages (27.16% under 2 °C GWL, 54.59% under 3 °C GWL) among rice phenology which determines the rice yield in tandem with rice flowering, ripening, and sterility problems. The major type of heat extreme is dominated by nationwide warm anomalies covering entire S. Korea, and the proportion of this type is projected to increase from 35.8% to 49.5% (57.4%) under 2 °C (3 °C) GWL in association with the thermal expansion of atmosphere which links to the favorable environment for occurring barotropic anti-cyclonic system.
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Jafari, Mohammad Mahdi, Hassan Ojaghlou, Mohammad Zare und Guy Jean-Pierre Schumann. „Application of a Novel Hybrid Wavelet-ANFIS/Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Model to Predict Groundwater Fluctuations“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 1 (23.12.2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010009.
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In order to optimize the management of groundwater resources, accurate estimates of groundwater level (GWL) fluctuations are required. In recent years, the use of artificial intelligence methods based on data mining theory has increasingly attracted attention. The goal of this research is to evaluate and compare the performance of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and Wavelet-ANFIS models based on FCM for simulation/prediction of monthly GWL in the Maragheh plain in northwestern Iran. A 22-year dataset (1996–2018) including hydrological parameters such as monthly precipitation (P) and GWL from 25 observation wells was used as models input data. To improve the prediction accuracy of hybrid Wavelet-ANFIS model, different mother wavelets and different numbers of clusters and decomposition levels were investigated. The new hybrid model with Sym4-mother wavelet, two clusters and a decomposition level equal to 3 showed the best performance. The maximum values of R2 in the training and testing phases were 0.997 and 0.994, respectively, and the best RMSE values were 0.05 and 0.08 m, respectively. By comparing the results of the ANFIS and hybrid Wavelet-ANFIS models, it can be deduced that a hybrid model is an acceptable method in modeling of GWL because it employs both the wavelet transform and FCM clustering technique.
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Ratnicava, Olga N., Irina P. Lisitsyna und Inna V. Аgeichik. „RATIONALE FOR MONITORING GROUNDWATER LEVELS IN THE REHABILITATED PEATLANDS OF PRIPYAT POLESIE“. Nature Management, Nr. 2 (28.12.2020): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2079-3928-2020-2-33-43.
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Based on studies of geomorphology, stratigraphy, hydrology, various maps of Polesie, zones of influence of amelioration canals, vegetation maps, modern satellite images, as well as field studies of peatlands of Pripyat Polesie, two independent drainage systems have been identified, with a network of amelioration canals that intensively discharge water into the rivers Stwiga and Ybort`.
Maps of key points were built In GIS-format, on which five sites were laid in the field within the Mezhch and Neresnya peat deposits for further long-term monitoring of GWL parameters. The locations of the sensors installation are based on the relationship of bog phytocenoses with the average annual GWL values and the amplitude of their fluctuations.
Analysis of the GWL parameters before and after environmental rehabilitation measures will allow assessing the effectiveness of planned measures in disturbed areas and obtaining new data on areas of peat deposits in their natural state.
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Pohl, M., M. Hoffmann, U. Hagemann, M. Giebels, E. Albiac Borraz, M. Sommer und J. Augustin. „Dynamic C and N stocks – key factors controlling the C gas exchange of maize in heterogenous peatland“. Biogeosciences 12, Nr. 9 (11.05.2015): 2737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2737-2015.
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Abstract. The drainage and cultivation of fen peatlands create complex small-scale mosaics of soils with extremely variable soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and groundwater levels (GWLs). To date, the significance of such sites as sources or sinks for greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 is still unclear, especially if the sites are used for cropland. As individual control factors such as GWL fail to account for this complexity, holistic approaches combining gas fluxes with the underlying processes are required to understand the carbon (C) gas exchange of drained fens. It can be assumed that the stocks of SOC and N located above the variable GWL – defined as dynamic C and N stocks – play a key role in the regulation of the plant- and microbially mediated CO2 fluxes in these soils and, inversely, for CH4. To test this assumption, the present study analysed the C gas exchange (gross primary production – GPP; ecosystem respiration – Reco; net ecosystem exchange – NEE; CH4) of maize using manual chambers for 4 years. The study sites were located near Paulinenaue, Germany, where we selected three soil types representing the full gradient of GWL and SOC stocks (0–1 m) of the landscape: (a) Haplic Arenosol (AR; 8 kg C m−2); (b) Mollic Gleysol (GL; 38 kg C m−2); and (c) Hemic Histosol (HS; 87 kg C m−2). Daily GWL data were used to calculate dynamic SOC (SOCdyn) and N (Ndyn) stocks. Average annual NEE differed considerably among sites, ranging from 47 ± 30 g C m−2 yr−1 in AR to −305 ± 123 g C m−2 yr−1 in GL and −127 ± 212 g C m−2 yr−1 in HS. While static SOC and N stocks showed no significant effect on C fluxes, SOCdyn and Ndyn and their interaction with GWL strongly influenced the C gas exchange, particularly NEE and the GPP : Reco ratio. Moreover, based on nonlinear regression analysis, 86% of NEE variability was explained by GWL and SOCdyn. The observed high relevance of dynamic SOC and N stocks in the aerobic zone for plant and soil gas exchange likely originates from the effects of GWL-dependent N availability on C formation and transformation processes in the plant–soil system, which promote CO2 input via GPP more than CO2 emission via Reco. The process-oriented approach of dynamic C and N stocks is a promising, potentially generalisable method for system-oriented investigations of the C gas exchange of groundwater-influenced soils and could be expanded to other nutrients and soil characteristics. However, in order to assess the climate impact of arable sites on drained peatlands, it is always necessary to consider the entire range of groundwater-influenced mineral and organic soils and their respective areal extent within the soil landscape.
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Aziz, Sherien Abdel, Martina Zeleňáková, Peter Mésároš, Pavol Purcz und Hany Abd-Elhamid. „Assessing the Potential Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Water Resources and Soil Salinity in the Nile Delta, Egypt“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 24 (10.12.2019): 7050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247050.
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Several studies have reported that the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) could have severe effects on the water resources in downstream countries, especially Egypt. These effects include changes in surface water level, groundwater levels in shallow and deep aquifers, saltwater intrusion, and increases in soil salinity, which could affect crop yields. This paper assesses the potential impacts of the GERD on the Nile Delta, Egypt. It includes the effects of reducing surface water levels (SWL) and changing the crop patterns at the groundwater levels (GWL), in addition to the effect of cultivating crops that consume less water on soil salinity. A pilot area is selected in the east of the Nile Delta for the assessment. The results of the study revealed that GWL is directly proportional to SWL. Comparing the case study of 2012, when SWL was reduced by 50%, the GWL decreased from 5.0 m to 2.0 m. After adjustment, the crop patterns from rice to other crops decreased the GWL to 1.30 m. Additionally, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between soil salinity and crop patterns. Soil salinity increased during the cultivation of the Delta with non-rice crops, such as grapes. Salinity increased from 0.45 S/m after 10 years of simulation to 0.48 S/m. This estimation highlights the undesirable effects of the GERD on Egypt’s water resources, soil salinity, crop yields, and national income.
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Glukhova, Tamara V., Danil V. Ilyasov, Stanislav E. Vompersky, Alla V. Golovchenko, Natalia A. Manucharova und Alexey L. Stepanov. „Soil Respiration in Alder Swamp (Alnus glutinosa) in Southern Taiga of European Russia Depending on Microrelief“. Forests 12, Nr. 4 (16.04.2021): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040496.
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Swamp forests have been insufficiently studied yet in comparison with thoroughly examined carbon pools and greenhouse gas fluxes of peat bogs. This is primarily since the GHGs in swamp forests have huge spatial (due to the developed microrelief) and temporal variations (due to strong fluctuations in the groundwater level (GWL)). This significantly complicates their study, producing ambiguous results, especially in short-term field research. From June to October 2013–2016, we measured soil respiration (Rsoil) in an alder swamp using the static chamber method at five microsites: depression (DEP), flat surface (FL), elevations (EL), tussocks (TUS), and near-stem tussocks (STUS). We carried out a computer simulation of the total Rsoil for the season based on Rsoil measurements, monitoring of GWL, and soil temperature. In 2013–2016, the average Rsoil values (mgC m−2 h−1 ± σ) on DEP, FL, EL, TUS and STUS comprised 54 ± 50, 94 ± 72, 146 ± 89, 193 ± 96, and 326 ± 183, respectively, whereas the total Rsoil values for the season (tC ha−1 season−1 ± σ) comprised 2.0 ± 0.5, 3.5 ± 0.5, 5.3 ± 1.6, 5.4 ± 2.7, and 12.6 ± 3.2. According to the results of observations, GWL was at the level of several cm below the soil surface for most of the season. In 2014 and 2015, there were extra dry periods that led to a drop in GWL to a mark of 30–40 cm below the soil surface. Despite their short duration (2–3 weeks), these dry periods can lead to an increase in the total Rsoil for the season from 9 to 45% in the TUS–EL–STUS–FL–DEP sequence.
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Zhang, Wenjia, Liqiang Zhao, Xinran Yu, Lyulyu Zhang und Nai’ang Wang. „Estimation of Groundwater Evapotranspiration Using Diurnal Groundwater Level Fluctuations under Three Vegetation Covers at the Hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert“. Advances in Meteorology 2020 (09.03.2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8478140.
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Accurate estimation of groundwater evapotranspiration (ETG) is the key for regional water budget balance and ecosystem restoration research in hyper-arid regions. Methods that use diurnal groundwater level (GWL) fluctuations have been applied to various ecosystems, especially in arid or semi-arid environments. In this study, groundwater monitoring devices were deployed in ten lake basins at the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert, and the White method was used to estimate the ETG of these sites under three main vegetation covers. The results showed that regular diurnal fluctuations in GWL occurred only at sites with vegetation coverage and that vegetation types and their growth status were the direct causes of this phenomenon. On a seasonal scale, the amplitudes of diurnal GWL fluctuations are related to vegetation phenology, and air temperature is an important factor controlling phenological amplitude differences. The estimation results using the White method revealed that the ETG rates varied among the observation sites with different vegetation types, and the months with the highest ETG rates were also different among the sites. Overall, ETG was 600∼900 mm at observation sites with Phragmites australis during a growing season (roughly early May to late October), 600∼650 mm in areas with Achnatherum splendens, and 500∼650 mm in areas with Nitraria tangutorum and Achnatherum splendens. Depth to water table and potential evapotranspiration jointly control the ETG rates, while the influence of these two factors varied, depending on the specific vegetation conditions of each site. This study elucidated the relationship between diurnal GWL fluctuations and vegetation in desert groundwater-recharged lake basins and expanded the application of the White method, providing a new basis for the calculation and simulation of regional water balance.
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Hached, Khaled, Perrine Goguet, Sophie Charrasse, Suzanne Vigneron, Maria P. Sacristan, Thierry Lorca und Anna Castro. „ENSA and ARPP19 differentially control cell cycle progression and development“. Journal of Cell Biology 218, Nr. 2 (09.01.2019): 541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201708105.
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Greatwall (GWL) is an essential kinase that indirectly controls PP2A-B55, the phosphatase counterbalancing cyclin B/CDK1 activity during mitosis. In Xenopus laevis egg extracts, GWL-mediated phosphorylation of overexpressed ARPP19 and ENSA turns them into potent PP2A-B55 inhibitors. It has been shown that the GWL/ENSA/PP2A-B55 axis contributes to the control of DNA replication, but little is known about the role of ARPP19 in cell division. By using conditional knockout mouse models, we investigated the specific roles of ARPP19 and ENSA in cell division. We found that Arpp19, but not Ensa, is essential for mouse embryogenesis. Moreover, Arpp19 ablation dramatically decreased mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) viability by perturbing the temporal pattern of protein dephosphorylation during mitotic progression, possibly by a drop of PP2A-B55 activity inhibition. We show that these alterations are not prevented by ENSA, which is still expressed in Arpp19Δ/Δ MEFs, suggesting that ARPP19 is essential for mitotic division. Strikingly, we demonstrate that unlike ARPP19, ENSA is not required for early embryonic development. Arpp19 knockout did not perturb the S phase, unlike Ensa gene ablation. We conclude that, during mouse embryogenesis, the Arpp19 and Ensa paralog genes display specific functions by differentially controlling cell cycle progression.
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Marthin, Pius, und Gadde Srinivasa Rao. „Generalized Weibull–Lindley (GWL) Distribution in Modeling Lifetime Data“. Journal of Mathematics 2020 (31.08.2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2049501.
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In this manuscript, we have derived a new lifetime distribution named generalized Weibull–Lindley (GWL) distribution based on the T-X family of distribution specifically the generalized Weibull-X family of distribution. We derived and investigated the shapes of its probability density function (pdf), hazard rate function, and survival function. Some statistical properties such as quantile function, mode, median, order statistics, Shannon entropy, Galton skewness, and Moors kurtosis have been derived. Parameter estimation was done through maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to check the performance of the parameter estimates. For the inference purpose, two real-life datasets were applied and generalized Weibull–Lindley (GWL) distribution appeared to be superior over its competitors including Lindley distribution, Akash distribution, new Weibull-F distribution, Weibull–Lindley (WL) distribution, and two-parameter Lindley (TPL) distribution.
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Mohanavelu, Aadhityaa, K. S. Kasiviswanathan, S. Mohanasundaram, Idhayachandhiran Ilampooranan, Jianxun He, Santosh M. Pingale, B. S. Soundharajan und M. M. Diwan Mohaideen. „Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities“. Water 12, Nr. 11 (16.11.2020): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113209.
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In most of the Indian cities, around half of the urban water requirement is fulfilled by groundwater. Recently, seasonal urban droughts have been frequently witnessed globally, which adds more stress to groundwater systems. Excessive pumping and increasing demands in several Indian cities impose a high risk of running out of groundwater storage, which could potentially affect millions of lives in the future. In this paper, groundwater level changes have been comprehensively assessed for seven densely populated and rapidly growing secondary cities across India. Several statistical analyses were performed to detect the trends and non-stationarity in the groundwater level (GWL). Also, the influence of rainfall and land use/land cover changes (LULC) on the GWL was explored. The results suggest that overall, the groundwater level was found to vary between ±10 cm/year in the majority of the wells. Further, the non-stationarity analysis revealed a high impact of rainfall and LULC due to climate variability and anthropogenic activities respectively on the GWL change dynamics. Statistical correlation analysis showed evidence supporting that climate variability could potentially be a major component affecting the rainfall and groundwater recharge relationship. Additionally, from the LULC analysis, a decrease in the green cover area (R = 0.93) was found to have a higher correlation with decreasing groundwater level than that of urban area growth across seven rapidly developing cities.
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Thurston, David E., Higia Vassoler, Paul J. M. Jackson, Colin H. James und Khondaker M. Rahman. „Effect of hairpin loop structure on reactivity, sequence preference and adduct orientation of a DNA-interactive pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) antitumour agent“. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 13, Nr. 13 (2015): 4031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob02405b.
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Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) monomer GWL-78 reacts faster with DNA hairpins containing a hexaethylene glycol (HEG) loop compared to hairpins containing a TTT loop due to the greater structural flexibility of the HEG.
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Seifi, Akram, Mohammad Ehteram, Vijay P. Singh und Amir Mosavi. „Modeling and Uncertainty Analysis of Groundwater Level Using Six Evolutionary Optimization Algorithms Hybridized with ANFIS, SVM, and ANN“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 10 (14.05.2020): 4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104023.
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In the present study, six meta-heuristic schemes are hybridized with artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS), and support vector machine (SVM), to predict monthly groundwater level (GWL), evaluate uncertainty analysis of predictions and spatial variation analysis. The six schemes, including grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA), cat swarm optimization (CSO), weed algorithm (WA), genetic algorithm (GA), krill algorithm (KA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were used to hybridize for improving the performance of ANN, SVM, and ANFIS models. Groundwater level (GWL) data of Ardebil plain (Iran) for a period of 144 months were selected to evaluate the hybrid models. The pre-processing technique of principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce input combinations from monthly time series up to 12-month prediction intervals. The results showed that the ANFIS-GOA was superior to the other hybrid models for predicting GWL in the first piezometer (RMSE:1.21, MAE:0.878, NSE:0.93, PBIAS:0.15, R2:0.93), second piezometer (RMSE:1.22, MAE:0.881, NSE:0.92, PBIAS:0.17, R2:0.94), and third piezometer (RMSE:1.23, MAE:0.911, NSE:0.91, PBIAS:0.19, R2:0.94) in the testing stage. The performance of hybrid models with optimization algorithms was far better than that of classical ANN, ANFIS, and SVM models without hybridization. The percent of improvements in the ANFIS-GOA versus standalone ANFIS in piezometer 10 were 14.4%, 3%, 17.8%, and 181% for RMSE, MAE, NSE, and PBIAS in training stage and 40.7%, 55%, 25%, and 132% in testing stage, respectively. The improvements for piezometer 6 in train step were 15%, 4%, 13%, and 208% and in test step were 33%, 44.6%, 16.3%, and 173%, respectively, that clearly confirm the superiority of developed hybridization schemes in GWL modelling. Uncertainty analysis showed that ANFIS-GOA and SVM had, respectively, the best and worst performances among other models. In general, GOA enhanced the accuracy of the ANFIS, ANN, and SVM models.
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Hoang, Nguyen Van, Nguyen Thanh Cong, Quach Quang Hai und Tran Van Quang. „Study on groundwater abstraction by horizontal drains for minimization of saltwater upconing from below“. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, Nr. 4 (18.09.2018): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13103.
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In many places in Vietnam central region, the fresh coastal sand dune aquifers have an interface with salty water below, so upon groundwater (GW) abstraction, there is a risk of salty water upconing to the abstraction facilities. With the same abstraction rate, the horizontal drains shall significantly reduce the groundwater level (GWL) drawdown, which significantly reduces the development of saltwater upconing. The results analysis for the design of groundwater abstraction facilities in Thach Tri commune, Thach Ha district, Ha Tinh province have shown the effectiveness of the solution. For infinite distributed aquifers, the GWL drawdown in the facility area with the abstraction rate of 100m3/day by eight 4m- and 8m-long horizontal drains is from 11.7% to 16.8% lower in comparison to a vertical well, respectively, (GWL drawdown in vertical well is 0.733m, GWL drawdown in center of 4m-long horizontal drains is 0.646m and in 8m-long horizontal drains is 0.603m). For 1km x 1km aquifer bounded by no-flow boundaries, GWL drawdown in the vertical well and in the center of eight 4m-and 8m-long horizontal drains are 2.313m, 1.293m and 1.255m, respectively. This is corresponding to GWL drawdown decrease of 44.1% and 45.7% in comparison to the vertical well. The significantly reduced GWL drawdown in abstraction facilities of horizontal drains will significantly reduce the level of salty water upconing and therefore increase the time of abstraction of fresh water.ReferencesCPEO, 2010. Updated 2010 tech tree list of summary cleanup technology descriptions: Horizontal Wells. http://www.cpeo.org/techtree/ttdescript/horzwel.htmDagan, G. and Bear, J., 1968. Solving the problem of local interface upconing in a coastal aquifer by the method of small perturbations. J. Hydr. Res., 6, 15-44.Diersch,H.-J. Prochnow D. and Thiele M., 1984. Finite-element analysis of dispersion-affected saltwater upconing below a pumping well. Appl. Math. Modelling, 8, 305-312.Falkovich G., 2011. Fluid Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, 167p.Fletcher G. Driscoll, 1987. Groundwater and Wells. Published by Johnson Division, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, USA, 1089p.Kushtanova G.G., 2015. Well test analysis. Kazan University, 31p. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/38/2/8603.Marta Faneca Sanchez, Khairul Bashar, Gijs Janssen, Gualbert Dude Essink, Marjolein Vogels, Jan Snel, Yangxiao Zhou and Roelof Stuurman, 2015. SWIBANGLA: Managing salt water intrusion impacts in coastal groundwater systems of Bangladesh. Deltares, The Netherlands UNESCO-IHE, The Netherlands Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh, 153p. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/39/1/9231.Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, 2012. Determination of required geometric sizes of sand dunes for their stability in the Central Plains from Quang Ngai province to Binh Thuan province. Journal of Water Resources Science and Technology, 9, 2-6.Nguyen Tien Hai, Tran Nghi, Nguyen Van Bach, 2004. Formation characteristics and evolution of coastal strips of sands in Quang Binh. Journal of Geology, ISSN 0866-7381. Series A, 281, 30-40.Nguyen Van Dan, Vo Cong Nghiep, Dang Huu On, 1996. Groundwater of the North Trung Bo coastal plains. Geological Survey of Vietnam, 86p.Nguyen Xuan Truong, Nguyen The Tiep, 1998. Sea terrace in Vietnam with corresponding geological formations. Journal of Science 1. Hanoi University, 69-76.Phan Van Truong, 2015. Hydrogeochemistry characteristics and salinity of groundwater in Quaternary sediments in the coastal zone of Ha Tinh province. J. Sci. of the Earth, 37(1), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/37/1/6557.Pieter S. Pauw Sjoerd E.A.T.M. van der Zee Anton Leijnse Gualbert H.P. Oude Essink, 2015. Saltwater Upconing Due to Cyclic Pumping by Horizontal Wells in Freshwater Lenses. J. Ground Water, 54(4), 521-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12382.Soylu M. E., Istanbulluoglu E., Lenters J. D. and T. Wang, 2011. Quantifying the impact of groundwater depth on evapotranspiration in a semi-arid grassland region. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 787-806,. www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/15/787/2011/doi:10.5194/hess-15-787-2011.Truong Minh Duc, 2015. Climate change and environment in the Central coastal plain. Journal Vietnam Social Sciences, 89, 34-45.
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Van de Ven, Johan. „Het GWL-terrein: een autoluwe woonbuurt midden in Amsterdam“. AGORA Magazine 9, Nr. 5 (07.10.2019): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/agora.v9i5.15039.
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Chaddy, Auldry, Lulie Melling, Kiwamu Ishikura und Ryusuke Hatano. „Soil N2O Emissions under Different N Rates in an Oil Palm Plantation on Tropical Peatland“. Agriculture 9, Nr. 10 (01.10.2019): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9100213.
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(1) Background: Nitrogen (N) fertilization on drained tropical peatland will likely stimulate peat decomposition and mineralization, enhancing N2O emission from the peat soil. (2) Methods: A field experiment was conducted to quantify the N2O emissions from soil in an oil palm plantation (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) located in a tropical peatland in Sarawak, Malaysia, under different rates of N fertilizers. The study was conducted from January 2010 to December 2013 and resumed from January 2016 to December 2017. Nitrous oxide (N2O) flux was measured every month using a closed chamber method for four different N rates; control—without N (T1), 31.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (T2), 62.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (T3), and 124.3 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (T4); (3) Results: Application of the N fertilizer significantly increased annual cumulative N2O emissions for T4 only in the years 2010 (p = 0.017), 2011 (p = 0.012), 2012 (p = 0.007), and 2016 (p = 0.048). The highest average annual cumulative N2O emissions were recorded for T4 (41.5 ± 28.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1), followed by T3 (35.1 ± 25.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1), T1 (25.2 ± 17.8 kg N ha−1 yr−1), and T2 (25.1 ± 15.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1), indicating that the N rates of 62.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 124.3 kg N ha−1 yr−1 increased the average annual cumulative N2O emissions by 39% and 65%, respectively, as compared to the control. The N fertilization had no significant effect on annual oil palm yield (p = 0.994). Alternating between low (deeper than −60 cm) and high groundwater level (GWL) (shallower than −60 cm) enhanced nitrification during low GWL, further supplying NO3− for denitrification in the high GWL, and contributing to higher N2O emissions in high GWL. The emissions of N2O ranged from 17 µg N m−2 hr−1 to 2447 µg N m−2 hr−1 and decreased when the water-filled pore space (WFPS) was between 70% and 96%, suggesting the occurrence of complete denitrification. A positive correlation between N2O emissions and NO3− at 70–96% WFPS indicated that denitrification increased with increased NO3− availability. Based on their standardized regression coefficients, the effect of GWL on N2O emissions increased with increased N rate (p < 0.001). Furthermore, it was found that annual oil palm yields negatively correlated with annual N2O emission and NO3− for all treatments. Both nitrification and denitrification increased with increased N availability, making both processes important sources of N2O in oil palm cultivation on tropical peatland.; and (4) Conclusions: To improve understanding of N2O mitigation strategies, further studies should consider plant N uptake on N2O emissions, at least until the completion of the planting.
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Trifonov, B. A., V. V. Sevostyanov, S. Yu Milanovskiy und V. V. Nesynov. „Evaluation of seismic properties of water-saturated soils for solving problems in seismic microzoning“. Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, Nr. 5 (20.09.2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019574-81.
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The experts involved in seismic microzoning (SMZ) have different opinions on whether to take into account the response of water-saturated fine soils upon the assessment of expected seismic effect. When using the method of seismic stiffness (MSS), a number of researchers consider inexpedient to apply the correction for the groundwater level (GWL). In the present paper, we analyze both the results of our own field studies and those of other researchers involved in the development of SMZ methodology. Particular attention is paid to the GWL influence on the increment of seismic intensity (ΔIGWL ) in the S.V. Medvedev’s equation upon MSS calculations by transverse s-waves. The research results provided in this paper prove that the correction for ΔIGWL should not be ignored in calculations of the seismic intensity increment. The authors appear it expedient to continue field tests in the registration of strong movements in water-saturated fine soils.
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Pagano, Anna, Noah Gubner, Barbara Tajima, Deborah Yip, Catherine Henderson und Joseph Guydish. „Addiction Treatment Clients’ Reactions to Graphic Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs“. Journal of Drug Issues 47, Nr. 3 (20.03.2017): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042617699196.
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Graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packs have been tested among diverse groups at high risk for tobacco use. However, little is known about the effectiveness of GWL interventions for persons with substance use disorders, whose smoking prevalence is 3 to 4 times that of the general population. After a experimental study which exposed clients in residential addiction treatment to GWLs for 30 days, we conducted five focus groups with trial participants ( N = 33) to explore how exposure to the labels may have impacted their readiness to quit smoking. Focus group interviews were analyzed thematically. Interviewees reported that GWLs were more effective than text-based warnings for increasing quit intentions due to greater cognitive and emotional impact. Male and female interviewees expressed gender-specific reactions to the labels. Addiction treatment programs are a strategic site for GWL and other tobacco interventions due to the tobacco-vulnerable populations they serve.
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Parding, Kajsa M., Beate G. Liepert, Laura M. Hinkelman, Thomas P. Ackerman, Knut-Frode Dagestad und Jan Asle Olseth. „Influence of Synoptic Weather Patterns on Solar Irradiance Variability in Northern Europe“. Journal of Climate 29, Nr. 11 (24.05.2016): 4229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0476.1.
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Abstract Observations have revealed strong variability of shortwave (SW) irradiance at Earth’s surface on decadal time scales, referred to as global dimming and brightening. Previous studies have attributed the dimming and brightening to changes in clouds and atmospheric aerosols. This study assesses the influence of atmospheric circulation on clouds and SW irradiance to separate the influence of “natural” SW variability from direct and, to some extent, indirect aerosol effects. The focus is on SW irradiance in northern Europe in summer and spring because there is little high-latitude SW irradiance during winter. As a measure of large-scale circulation the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) dataset, a daily classification of synoptic weather patterns, is used. Empirical models of normalized SW irradiance are constructed based on the GWL, relating the synoptic weather patterns to the local radiative climate. In summer, a temporary SW peak in the 1970s and subsequent dimming is linked to variations in the synoptic patterns over Scandinavia, possibly related to a northward shift in the North Atlantic storm track. In spring, a decrease of anticyclonic and increase of cyclonic weather patterns over northern Europe contributes to the dimming from the 1960s to 1990. At many sites, there is also a residual SW irradiance trend not explained by the GWL model: a weak nonsignificant residual dimming from the 1950s or 1960s to around 1990, followed by a statistically significant residual brightening. It is concluded that factors other than the large-scale circulation (e.g., decreasing aerosol emissions) also play an important role in northern Europe.
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Lestari, Siti Sarah Sobariah, Aida Meimela und Windy David Revildy. „ANALISIS FAKTOR TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN TERBUKA DENGAN METODE GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED LASSO“. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics 2020, Nr. 1 (05.01.2021): 1286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2020i1.693.
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Tingkat pengangguran terbuka di Jawa Barat Pada Tahun 2019 mencapai 7,99% menurut Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) angka ini merupakan angka tertinggi di Indonesia. Permasalahan tingginya tingkat pengangguran tentunya akan berdampak kepada aspek perekonomian yang mengakibatkan tidak maksimalnya tingkat kemakmuran (Amalia, 2019) sehingga, diperlukan penanganan yang tepat untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini. Akan tetapi penelitian yang sudah dilakukan masih mengarah pada hasil yang bersifat global tanpa mempertimbangkan keberagaman karakteristik di setiap daerah. Sebagaimana kita ketahui, bawasanya setiap daerah memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda sehingga analisis berdasarakn pada pemodelan regresi global kurang tepat. Adanya efek spasial pada Tingkat Pengangguran terbuka mengakibatkan kemungkinan terjadinya keragaman spasial. Analisis GWR yang merupakan perluasan dari regresi global mampu mengakomodir permasalahan tersebut. Namun, analisis ini masih memiliki kelemahan salah satunya apabila terjadi multikoliniritas, pemodelan yang dilakukan dengan GWR kurang optimal.Geographically Weighted Lasso (GWL) merupakn teknik yang menggunakan pendekatan Lasso dalam model GWR untuk mengatasi masalah multikolinieritas disamping itu, model GWL juga dapat sekaligus menyeleksi variabel yang tidak signifikan dengan cara menyusutkan nilai koefisien regresi sampai ke nol. Sehingga variabel-variabel dengan koefisien regesi nol tidak berpengaruh signifikan (Wheeler D 2009). Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa signifikansi variabel yang mempengaruhi tingkat pengangguran terbuka disetiap daerah berbeda-beda dimana variabel Angkatan kerja yang tidak berijazah, Angka Putus Sekolah, Lowongan Kerja, dan Kepadatan Penduduk memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan pada sebagian besar kota dan kabupaten di Jawa Barat. Sedangkan kabupaten Bandung hanya dipengaruhi signifikan oleh variabel IPM. Pemodelan dengan menggunakan GWL memberikan koefisien determinansi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan model regresi global dan GWR.
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Czarnota, Jenna, David C. Wheeler und Chris Gennings. „Evaluating Geographically Weighted Regression Models for Environmental Chemical Risk Analysis“. Cancer Informatics 14s2 (Januar 2015): CIN.S17296. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cin.s17296.
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In the evaluation of cancer risk related to environmental chemical exposures, the effect of many correlated chemicals on disease is often of interest. The relationship between correlated environmental chemicals and health effects is not always constant across a study area, as exposure levels may change spatially due to various environmental factors. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) has been proposed to model spatially varying effects. However, concerns about collinearity effects, including regression coefficient sign reversal (ie, reversal paradox), may limit the applicability of GWR for environmental chemical risk analysis. A penalized version of GWR, the geographically weighted lasso, has been proposed to remediate the collinearity effects in GWR models. Our focus in this study was on assessing through a simulation study the ability of GWR and GWL to correctly identify spatially varying chemical effects for a mixture of correlated chemicals within a study area. Our results showed that GWR suffered from the reversal paradox, while GWL overpenalized the effects for the chemical most strongly related to the outcome.
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Aleksandrov, Vadim, Marsel Kadyrov, Andrey Ponomarev, Denis Drugov und Vladimir Zapevalov. „Peculiarities of Productive Sediments Facies Analysis according to GWL Data“. Key Engineering Materials 785 (Oktober 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.785.11.
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The research objective is to determine the genesis of productive sediments in the AS8, BS1, and YUS2 reservoirs and reveal the peculiarities of their forming. The identification of facies complexes in productive sediments was carried out with the help of facial and electrometric methods of investigation.
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Shahzad, Huzaifa, Hafiz Umar Farid, Zahid Mahmood Khan, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Ijaz Ahmad, Xi Chen, Perviaz Sakindar, Muhammad Mubeen, Matlob Ahmad und Aminjon Gulakhmadov. „An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia“. Water 12, Nr. 12 (17.12.2020): 3555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123555.
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The rapidly changing climatic scenario is demanding periodic evaluation of groundwater quality at the temporal and spatial scale in any region for its effectual management. The statistical, geographic information system (GIS), geostatistical, and map overlay approaches were applied for investigating the spatio-temporal variation in groundwater quality and level data of 242 monitoring wells in Punjab, Pakistan during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2015 and 2016. The analysis indicated the higher variation in data for both the seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) as coefficient of variation (CV) values were found in the range of 84–175% for groundwater quality parameters. Based on the t-test values, the marginal improvement in groundwater electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and decrease in groundwater level (GWL) were observed in 2016 as compared to 2015 (p = 0.05). The spatial distribution analysis of groundwater EC, SAR and RSC indicated that the groundwater quality was unfit for irrigation in the lower south-east part of the study area. The groundwater level (GWL) was also higher in that part of the study area during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in 2015 and 2016. The overlay analysis also indicated that the groundwater EC, RSC and GWL values were higher in south-east parts of the study area during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2015 and 2016. Hence, there is an instant need to apply groundwater management practices in the rest of the region (especially in the lower south-east part) to overcome the future degradation of groundwater quality.
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Szyga-Pluta, Katarzyna, und Marek Półrolniczak. „Międzydobowe zmiany ciśnienia atmosferycznego w Poznaniu na tle typów cyrkulacji GWL (Grossweterlagen) = Interdiurnal air-pressure changes in Poznań as set against GWL (Grossweterlagen) circulation types“. Przegląd Geograficzny 84, Nr. 3 (2012): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2012.3.6.
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Putra, Erianto Indra, Hiroshi Hayasaka, Hidenori Takahashi und Aswin Usup. „Recent Peat Fire Activity in the Mega Rice Project Area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia“. Journal of Disaster Research 3, Nr. 5 (01.10.2008): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0334.
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The original objective of theMega Rice Project (MRP) in CentralKalimantan, Indonesia – to convert onemillion hectares of tropical swamp forest to paddy fields – instead produced large areas of abandoned farmland with bare peat subject to frequent fires. To understand how peat fire occurrence is related to drought, we analyzed 1997 to 2007 United States Department Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hotspot data, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, and weather data. We found that peat fire activity was proportional to drought severity as determined by SST anomalies, and that peat fires – the number of hotspots – correlated strongly with SST anomalies, implying that MRP area peat fires are related to peat dryness. Surface fires start when ground water levels (GWL) are about 20 cm below the ground surface, and hundreds of such fires can occur with deeper GWL. A detailed and precise hotspot distribution map showed that large MRP areas (Blocks A and C) located on deep peat layers have high fire density due to ongoing human disturbance, classifying MRP area peat fires as a man-made disaster.
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Alencar, Ana, Rubén Galindo und Svetlana Melentijevic. „Influence of the groundwater level on the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on the rock mass“. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 80, Nr. 9 (14.07.2021): 6769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02368-2.
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AbstractThe presence of the groundwater level (GWL) at the rock mass may significantly affect the mechanical behavior, and consequently the bearing capacity. The water particularly modifies two aspects that influence the bearing capacity: the submerged unit weight and the overall geotechnical quality of the rock mass, because water circulation tends to clean and open the joints. This paper is a study of the influence groundwater level has on the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on the rock mass. The calculations were developed using the finite difference method. The numerical results included three possible locations of groundwater level: at the foundation level, at a depth equal to a quarter of the footing width from the foundation level, and inexistent location. The analysis was based on a sensitivity study with four parameters: foundation width, rock mass type (mi), uniaxial compressive strength, and geological strength index. Included in the analysis was the influence of the self-weight of the material on the bearing capacity and the critical depth where the GWL no longer affected the bearing capacity. Finally, a simple approximation of the solution estimated in this study is suggested for practical purposes.
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Li, Tan, Lin Li und Zhicheng Liu. „Time Course Changes of the Mechanical Properties of the Iris Pigment Epithelium in a Rat Chronic Ocular Hypertension Model“. BioMed Research International 2018 (21.10.2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4862309.
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Background. The flow field of aqueous humor correlates to the stiffness of iris pigment epithelium (IPE) which acts as a wall of posterior chamber. We focus on the variations of IPE stiffness in a rat ocular hypertension (OHT) model, so as to prepare for exploring the mechanism of duration of OHT. Methods. Episcleral venous cauterization (EVC) was applied on one eye of male adult Sprague-Dawley rats to induce chronic high intraocular pressure. According to the duration of OHT (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks), rats were randomly divided into Gw0, Gw1, Gw2, Gw4, and Gw8. Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis was applied to test IPE stiffness in three regions: iris root, mid-periphery, and pupillary-margin in each group. Histological changes of IPE were also examined in Gw4 and Gw8. Results. There was an overall growing tendency of IPE stiffness in EVC eye. IPE in EVC eye was significantly stiffer than fellow eye in Gw2, Gw4, and Gw8 (in iris root, mid-periphery, and pupillary-margin, p<0.05). IPE in EVC eye in pupillary-margin was significantly stiffer than iris root in Gw4 and Gw8 (p<0.05). In EVC eye, IPE becomes thinner and IPE cell density decreases. Conclusion. IPE stiffness increases gradually with the duration of chronic high intraocular pressure.