Zeitschriftenartikel: „Guest inclusion complexes“

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Malinska, Maura. „Insights into molecular recognition from the crystal structures of p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene complexed with different solvents“. IUCrJ 9, Nr. 1 (16.11.2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252521010678.

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Calixarenes are host molecules that can form complexes with one or more guest molecules, and molecular recognition in calixarenes can be affected by many factors. With a view to establishing molecular recognition rules, the host p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene (TBC6) was crystallized with different guest molecules (cyclohexane, anisole, heptane, toluene, benzene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran and pyridine) and the obtained structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction. With most solvents, 1:1 and/or 1:3 host–guest complexes were formed, although other stoichiometries were also observed with small guest molecules, and crystallization from ethyl acetate produced the unsolvated form. The calculated fill percentage of the TBC6 cavity was ∼55% for apolar guests and significantly lower for polar solvents, indicating that polar molecules can bind to apolar cavities with significantly lower packing coefficients. The most stable crystals were formed by 1:1 host–guest inclusion complexes. The ratio between the apolar surface area and the volume was used to predict the formation of inclusion versus exclusion complexes, with inclusion complexes observed at ratios <40. These findings allow the binding of potential guest molecules to be predicted and a suitable crystal packing for the designed properties to be obtained.

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Giastas, Petros, Konstantina Yannakopoulou und Irene M. Mavridis. „Molecular structures of the inclusion complexes β-cyclodextrin–1,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane and β-cyclodextrin–4,4′-diaminobiphenyl; packing of dimeric β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes“. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 59, Nr. 2 (26.03.2003): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876810300257x.

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The present investigation is part of an ongoing study on the influence of the long end-functonalized guest molecules DBA and BNZ in the crystal packing of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) dimeric complexes. The title compounds are 2:2 host:guest complexes showing limited host–guest hydrogen bonding at the primary faces of the βCD dimers. Within the βCD cavity the guests exhibit mutual π...π interactions and between βCD dimers perpendicular NH...π interactions. The DBA guest molecule exhibits one extended and two bent conformations in the complex. The BNZ guest molecule is not planar inside βCD, in contrast to the structure of BNZ itself, which indicates that the cavity isolates the molecules and forbids the π...π stacking of the aromatic rings. NMR spectroscopy studies show that in aqueous solution both DBA and BNZ form strong complexes that have 1:1 stoichiometry and structures similar to the solid state ones. The relative packing of the dimers is the same in both complexes. The axes of two adjacent dimers form an angle close to 20° and have a lateral displacement ≃2.45 Å, both of which characterize the screw-channel mode of packing. Although the βCD/BNZ complex indeed crystallizes in a space group characterizing the latter mode, the βCD/DBA complex crystallizes in a space group with novel dimensions not resembling any of the packing modes reported so far. The new lattice is attributed to the three conformations exhibited by the guest in the crystals. However, this lattice can be transformed into another, which is isostructural to that of the βCD/BNZ inclusion complex, if the conformation of the guest is not taken into account.

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Kadu, Rahul, Vineeta Pillai, Amrit V. und Vinay K. Singh. „Synthesis and spectral characterization of bimetallic metallomacrocyclic structures [MII2-μ2-bis-{(κ2S,S-S2CN(R)C6H4)2O}] (M = Ni/Zn/Cd): density functional theory and host–guest reactivity studies“. RSC Advances 5, Nr. 129 (2015): 106688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22175g.

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Toda, Fumio. „Crystalline inclusion complexes as media of molecular recognitions and selective reactions“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, Nr. 7 (01.07.2001): 1137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173071137.

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Hexaol host compounds which include guest molecules maximum in 1:6 ratio were prepared. Aromatic hexaol host, hexahydroxytriphenylene, was found to form chiral inclusion crystal by complexation with achiral guest molecules. Some interesting and important optical resolutions of rac-guests by inclusion complexation with a chiral host were described. When chemical reaction and the inclusion complexation procedures in a water suspension medium are combined, new economical and ecological method of the preparation of optically active compound can be established. When photochemical reactions are carried out in an inclusion crystal with a chiral host, enantioselective reactions occur, and optically active product can be obtained. Several successful reactions are described.

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Mejuto, Juan C., und Jesus Simal-Gandara. „Host–Guest Complexes“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 24 (12.12.2022): 15730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415730.

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Gómez-González, Borja, Luis García-Río, Nuno Basílio, Juan C. Mejuto und Jesus Simal-Gandara. „Molecular Recognition by Pillar[5]arenes: Evidence for Simultaneous Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions“. Pharmaceutics 14, Nr. 1 (28.12.2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010060.

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The formation of inclusion complexes between alkylsulfonate guests and a cationic pillar[5]arene receptor in water was investigated by NMR and ITC techniques. The results show the formation of host-guest complexes stabilized by electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic effects with binding constants of up to 107 M−1 for the guest with higher hydrophobic character. Structurally, the alkyl chain of the guest is included in the hydrophobic aromatic cavity of the macrocycle while the sulfonate groups are held in the multicationic portal by ionic interactions.

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Suwinska, Kinga. „Intermolecular interactions in inclusion complexes“. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (05.08.2014): C673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093267.

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The whole range of interactions can be found between host and guest in supramolecular assemblies from ion-ion interactions, ion-dipole interactions, dipol-dipol interactions through hydrogen bonding, cation-π interactions, π-π stacking to van der Waals forces. Additionally, the same interactions exist between the supramolecular complex and its surrounding, i.e. solvent molecules, neighboring complexes, gases, etc. Recently the interest of scientists in the field of supramolecular chemistry is focused on design and synthesis of water-soluble synthetic macrocyclic ligands which are good receptors for biologically important guest molecules and can mimic the models of biological systems. Studying such complexes may provide new insight into the mechanisms of the formation of similar natural systems and as a consequence will help in better understanding the processes which occur in biological systems and in developing new materials with specific properties and functions. In this presentation the interactions which are stabilizing inclusion complexes of calix[n]arenes and cyclodextrins (host molecules) with guest molecules of biological interest, especially drug molecules will be discussed. This research was partly financed by the European Union within the European Regional Development Fund (POIG.01.01.02-14-102/09)

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Hettiarachchi, D. Saroja N., und Donal H. Macartney. „Cucurbit[7]uril host-guest complexes with cationic bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl) guests in aqueous solution“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, Nr. 6 (01.06.2006): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-099.

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The host–guest interactions between cucurbit[7]uril and a series of novel cationic bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)arene and 1-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)- and 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-adamantane guests have been investigated in aqueous solution using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray mass spectrometry. With the exception of the 1,3-bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)adamantane (which binds externally to the CB[7]), these guests form very stable inclusion complexes with slow exchange on the 1H NMR timescale. The direction and magnitude of the complexation-induced shifts (CIS) in the proton resonances of the guests are indicative of the residence of the hydrophobic core of the guest within the CB[7] cavity and the charged 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl units outside the cavity adjacent to the carbonyl-lined portals of the host. The CIS values and the inclusion stability constants have been correlated with the nature of the guest core and with the distance between the charges on the terminal 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl rings.Key words: cucurbit[7]uril, host–guest complex, dihydroimidazolyl, inclusion stability constants.

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Kadokawa, Jun-ichi. „Synthesis of Amylosic Supramolecular Materials by Glucan Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization According to the Vine-Twining Approach“. Synlett 31, Nr. 07 (30.01.2020): 648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690804.

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This article overviews the synthesis of amylosic supramolecular materials through inclusion complexation in glucan phosphorylase (GP)-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. Amylose is a polysaccharide that is known to form inclusion complexes with a number of hydrophobic small guest molecules. A pure amylose can be synthesized by the enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate monomer with a maltooligosaccharide primer catalyzed by GP. The author has reported that the propagating amylosic chain in the enzymatic polymerization twines around hydrophobic polymers present in aqueous reaction media to form supramolecular inclusion complexes. As it is similar to the way that vines of a plant grow around a rod, this polymerization is termed ‘vine-twining polymerization’. Amylosic supramolecular network materials have been obtained through the vine-twining polymerization by using copolymers, where hydrophobic guest polymers are covalently grafted on hydrophilic main-chain polymers. The enzymatically produced amylosic chains form complexes with the guest polymers among graft copolymers, which act as cross-linking points to form supramolecular networks, resulting in the formation of soft materials, such as gels and films. Vine-twining polymerization using appropriately designed guest polymers has also been performed, which leads to supramolecular products that exhibit new functionality.1 Introduction2 Vine-Twining Polymerization to Form Supramolecular Inclusion Complexes3 Selective Complexation of Amylose toward Guest Polymers in Vine-Twining Polymerization4 Hierarchical Architecture of Amylosic Supramolecular Network Materials by Vine-Twining Polymerization Approach5 Hierarchical Fabrication of Amylosic Supramolecular Materials by Vine-Twining Polymerization Using Designed Guest Polymers6 Conclusions

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Dutta, Ashutosh, Niloy Roy, Koyeli Das, Debadrita Roy, Raja Ghosh und Mahendra Nath Roy. „Synthesis and Characterization of Host Guest Inclusion Complexes of Cyclodextrin Molecules with Theophylline by Diverse Methodologies“. Emerging Science Journal 4, Nr. 1 (01.02.2020): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2020-01210.

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Steady host–guest inclusion complexes have been produced with medicinally important guest molecule theophylline within aqueous α-Cyclodextrin and HP-β-Cyclodextrin. α-and HP-β-Cyclodextrins have been established with favorable structural features for inclusion with Theophylline which include diversified applications in modern science such as controlled delivery in the field of pharmaceuticals, food processing, pesticides, foodstuffs etc. Theophylline is one of the most widely accepted drugs for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide, even if it has been used clinically for many years. With both α and HP-β-Cyclodextrins it is found that 1:1 hosts-guest inclusion complexes are formed with the guest molecule theophylline. The construction and quality of the inclusion complexes have been characterized by using conductivity measurement, surface tension study, and Job’s method. The inclusion phenomenon has been confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, proton NMR study. Association constants and thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated for the created inclusion complexes by ultraviolet spectroscopy.

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Zhang, Meng, Nicolas Levaray, Josée R. Daniel, Karen C. Waldron und X. X. Zhu. „Cholic acid dimers as invertible amphiphilic pockets: synthesis, molecular modeling, and inclusion studies“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 95, Nr. 7 (Juli 2017): 792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0621.

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Two dimers of cholic acid were synthesized through simple covalent linkers. The dimers form invertible molecular pockets in media of different polarity; hydrophobic pockets are formed in water and hydrophilic pockets are formed in organic media. Fluorescence studies show that pockets formed by these dimers can serve as invertible hosts for the hydrophobic guest pyrene and the hydrophilic guest coumarin 343. The molecular pocket also enhances dissolution of the weakly soluble cresol red sodium salt in organic media. Molecular modeling was performed to better understand the host–guest complexation process of the invertible amphiphilic pockets. The calculated free energy changes indicate that the two dimers form the most stable complexes with coumarin 343 at a host to guest ratio of 2:2, whereas the host to guest ratio differs in the formation of complexes with pyrene for the two dimers. The dimer with the shorter, less flexible linker seems to form host–guest complexes that are more stable in both water and organic solvents.

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Warttmann, Inge, und Günter Häfelinger. „Ab initio MO Optimizations of Osmiumtetracarbonyldihydride and Metallacyclophanes with two Osmium Atoms and their Molecular Complexes with Different Guests“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 53, Nr. 10 (01.10.1998): 1223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1998-1020.

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AbstractAb initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional (DFT) optimizations on the test m olecule osmiumtetracarbonyldihydride (13) with various basis sets show that the lanl2mb pseudopotential basis set for osmium leads in the HF approximation to more reliable molecular geometries than the DFT calculations. This HF procedure was used for the optimizations of molecular geometries of three isomeric 4,4,4,4,17,17,17,17-octacarbonyl-4,17-diosma[7.7]ortho-, meta- and paracyclophanes 1 to 3, of which 3 was found to be predestined for formation of various host-guest complexes with possible guests benzene (4), fluorobenzene (5), 1,3,5- trifluorobenzene (6), 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene (7), hexafluorobenzene (8), fluoroanil (9), tetrafluoroethene (10), tetracyanoethene (11) and aniline (12). Results of optimized hostguest geometries are presented graphically for inclusions and associations of guest 4 to 12 with 3. Calculated lanl2mb interaction energies, after correction for basis set superposition error (BSSE), remain favourable only for inclusion of 5 and associations of 5, 10, 11 and 12. Additionally lanl2dz single point calculations for inclusion, which may not need BSSE correction because of the improved basis set, are favourable for 6 and 12. According to lanl2mb HOMO and LUMO energies, 3 may as well easily donate or accept electrons. This may be an interpretation to the surprising effect, that Mulliken total charges are positive on the electron accepting guest molecules 4 to 11. There are geometrical peculiarities in the optimized host-guest complexes for inclusion and association. Fluorine atoms of 5 to 10 and nitrogen atoms of a cyano group of 11 and the amino group of 12 like to come close to one or two carbonyl groups. Similar distances of 2.70 Å to 3.57 Å between the O atom of the carbonyl group and the F atom or N atom appear in all optimizations of inclusion and association of 5 to 12 except in the case of association of tetrafluoroethene (10).

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Fu, T. Y., J. R. Scheffer und J. Trotter. „Structures and Photochemistry of Inclusion Compounds of 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracene-11,12-bis(diphenylmethanol)“. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 53, Nr. 2 (01.04.1997): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768196013614.

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Crystal structures have been determined for inclusion complexes of the host molecule 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracene-11,12-bis(diphenylmethanol), with acetone, ethanol and toluene as guest solvent molecules. The host molecule exhibits an intramolecular O--H...O hydrogen bond in each of the complexes, with intermolecular hydrogen bonds to the acetone and ethanol guests. Different photoproducts are obtained from solution and solid-state photolyses; the solid-state reaction involves a relatively small amount of molecular rearrangement, for which a mechanism is proposed.

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Liu, Yu, Chang-Cheng You, Takehiko Wada und Yoshihisa Inoue. „Effect of Host Substituent upon Inclusion Complexation of Aliphatic Alcohols with Organoseleno β-Cyclodextrins“. Journal of Chemical Research 2000, Nr. 2 (Februar 2000): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823400103166490.

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The effect of self-including host substituent upon the inclusion complexation of arylseleno β-cyclodextrins with alkanol guests has been investigated in aqueous buffer solution at 25°C, by using spectropolarimetric titrations, and the results show that the stability constants of the host–guest complexes formed are correlated with the Hammett's σ value of the host's substituent.

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Barman, Biraj Kumar, Kanak Roy und Mahendra Nath Roy. „Probing Inclusion Complexes of Pentoxifylline and Pralidoxim inside Cyclic Oligosaccharides by Physicochemical Methodologies“. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 233, Nr. 8 (27.08.2019): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2017-1020.

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Abstract Structurally different Molecules namely Pentoxifylline and Pralidoxim were chosen along with α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin to study host-guest inclusion phenomena. The formations of host guest inclusion complexes were confirmed by studying 1H-NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra, apparent molar volume and viscosity co-efficient. The stabilities of inclusion complexes were compared calculating the binding constant from UV-VIS spectroscopic study. The 1:1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complexes were also determined by analysing the Jobs plot and surface tension data. The values for Gibbs’ free energy were found negative for both the processes. Based on all the above experiments the inclusion processes were found feasible for both the compounds. These types of inclusion complexes are of high interest in the field of research and industry as these are used as drug delivery systems.

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Russo, Marco, und Paolo Lo Meo. „Binding abilities of a chiral calix[4]resorcinarene: a polarimetric investigation on a complex case of study“. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (15.12.2017): 2698–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.268.

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Polarimetry was used to investigate the binding abilities of a chiral calix[4]resorcinarene derivative, bearing L-proline subunits, towards a set of suitably selected organic guests. The simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 2:1 host–guest inclusion complexes was observed in several cases, depending on both the charge status of the host and the structure of the guest. Thus, the use of the polarimetric method was thoroughly revisited, in order to keep into account the occurrence of multiple equilibria. Our data indicate that the stability of the host–guest complexes is affected by an interplay between Coulomb interactions, π–π interactions, desolvation effects and entropy-unfavorable conformational dynamic restraints. Polarimetry is confirmed as a very useful and versatile tool for the investigation of supramolecular interactions with chiral hosts, even in complex systems involving multiple equilibria.

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Lavorgna, Margherita, Martina Dragone, Chiara Russo, Gianluca D’Abrosca, Roberta Nugnes, Elena Orlo, Maria della Valle et al. „Characterization of Complexes between Imidacloprid and β-Cyclodextrin: Evaluation of the Toxic Activity in Algae and Rotifers“. Molecules 28, Nr. 7 (29.03.2023): 3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073049.

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The development of new formulations can be driven by the knowledge of host–guest complexes using cyclodextrins which have the ability to include guest molecules within their hydrophobic cavities, improving the physicochemical properties of the guest. To rationally explore new pesticide formulations, the effects of cyclodextrins on the properties of such guest molecules need to be explored. Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid systemic insecticide used worldwide. In this study, the inclusion complexes of Imidacloprid (IMI) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were prepared in the solid state by co-precipitation and the physical mixing method, with a stoichiometry of 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios. The obtained products, Imidacloprid:β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (IMI:β-CD), were characterized in the solid state by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). In solution, the 1:1 stoichiometry for the inclusion complexes was established by the Job plot method, and the binding constant of IMI:β-CD was determined by UV–vis titration. The toxicity was determined in producers and primary consumers of the freshwater trophic chain, the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, respectively. The results indicated that Imidacloprid forms inclusion complexes with CDs showing improved physicochemical properties compared to free Imidacloprid. The formation of the inclusion complex reduced the chronic toxicity in rotifers when IMI concentrations were close to those of environmental concern (tenths/hundredths of micromoles/L). Therefore, CD inclusion complexes could provide important advantages to be considered for the future industrial production of new formulations.

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Kadokawa, Jun-ichi. „Fabrication of Nanostructured Supramolecules through Helical Inclusion of Amylose toward Hydrophobic Polyester Guests, Biomimetically through Vine-Twining Polymerization Process“. Biomimetics 8, Nr. 7 (01.11.2023): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070516.

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This review article presents the biomimetic helical inclusion of amylose toward hydrophobic polyesters as guests through a vine-twining polymerization process, which has been performed in the glucan phosphorylase (GP)-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization field to fabricate supramolecules and other nanostructured materials. Amylose, which is a representative abundant glucose polymer (polysaccharide) with left-handed helical conformation, is well known to include a number of hydrophobic guest molecules with suitable geometry and size in its cavity to construct helical inclusion complexes. Pure amylose is prepared through enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate as a monomer using a maltooligosaccharide as a primer, catalyzed by GP. It is reported that the elongated amylosic chain at the nonreducing end in enzymatic polymerization twines around guest polymers with suitable structures and moderate hydrophobicity, which is dispersed in aqueous polymerization media, to form amylosic nanostructured inclusion complexes. As the image of this system is similar to how vines of a plant grow around a support rod, this polymerization has been named ‘vine-twining polymerization’. In particular, the helical inclusion behavior of the enzymatically produced amylose toward hydrophobic polyesters depending on their structures, e.g., chain lengths and substituents, has been systematically investigated in the vine-twining polymerization field. Furthermore, amylosic supramolecular network materials, such as hydrogels, are fabricated through vine-twining polymerization by using copolymers, where hydrophobic polyester guests or maltooligosaccharide primers are covalently modified on hydrophilic main-chain polymers. The vine-twining polymerization using such copolymers in the appropriate systems induces the formation of amylosic nanostructured inclusion complexes among them, which act as cross-linking points, giving rise to supramolecular networks at the nanoscale. The resulting materials form supramolecular hydrogels, films, and microparticles.

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Roy, Mahendra Nath, Deepak Ekka, Subhadeep Saha und Milan Chandra Roy. „Host–guest inclusion complexes of α and β-cyclodextrins with α-amino acids“. RSC Adv. 4, Nr. 80 (2014): 42383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07877b.

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The innovative study reveals the formation of 1:1 hosts–guest inclusion complexes for all the titled α-amino acids in the hydrophobic cavity of both α and β-cyclodextrin. The thermodynamic parameters for inclusion were studied depending on size and state of the guest molecules to draw inferences about contributions to the overall binding.

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Nutho, Bodee, Nadtanet Nunthaboot, Peter Wolschann, Nawee Kungwan und Thanyada Rungrotmongkol. „Metadynamics supports molecular dynamics simulation-based binding affinities of eucalyptol and beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes“. RSC Advances 7, Nr. 80 (2017): 50899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09387j.

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The development of various molecular dynamics methods enables the detailed investigation of association processes, like host–guest complexes, including their dynamics and, additionally, the release of the guest compound.

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Boland, Patricia G., Sara J. Accardi, Carrie A. Snow und Brian D. Wagner. „Investigations of the supramolecular host properties of a fluorescent bistren cage compound“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 87, Nr. 2 (Februar 2009): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-179.

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The host properties of a bistren cage compound, previously reported to be an efficient anion sensor, are shown to include encapsulation of small aromatic guest molecules. It is also shown that the intrinsic fluorescence of this cage compound, arising from the anthracenyl moiety in its structure, is sensitive to the encapsulation of aromatic guests in aqueous solution and can be used to measure the binding constants for any such guest. This makes this bistren cage a rare example of a fluorescent host for aromatic guests, and suggests potential applications of this compound as a versatile fluorescent sensor for a variety of guests of interest. The binding of a number of benzene derivatives was studied; these were all found to form 1:2 host–guest inclusion complexes with a wide range in total binding constants (K1K2), from 6.4 × 103 to 3.5 × 107 (mol/L)–2, indicating a significant degree of selectivity for different benzene derivatives. The binding strength was found to depend on both the guest polarity and aqueous solubility.

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Sardaru, Monica-Cornelia, Oana Carp, Elena-Laura Ursu, Anda-Mihaela Craciun, Corneliu Cojocaru, Mihaela Silion, Vladyslava Kovalska, Ionel Mangalagiu, Ramona Danac und Alexandru Rotaru. „Cyclodextrin Encapsulated pH Sensitive Dyes as Fluorescent Cellular Probes: Self-Aggregation and In Vitro Assessments“. Molecules 25, Nr. 19 (24.09.2020): 4397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194397.

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We have designed and synthesized a series of novel, supramolecular, long-lived fluorescent probes based on the host-guest inclusion complexes formation between fluorescent indolizinyl-pyridinium salts and β-cyclodextrin. Fluorescence and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry experiments, supported by theoretical molecular docking studies, were utilized in the monitoring of the inclusion complexes formation, evidencing the appearance of corresponding 1:1 and 1:2 species. Additionally, the influence of the guest molecule over the aggregation processes of the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The absence of cytotoxicity, cellular permeability, long-lived intracellular fluorescence, and in time specific accumulation within acidic organelles identified the investigated supramolecular entities as remarkable candidates for intracellular fluorescence probes. Co-staining experiments using specific organelle markers revealed the fact that, after a 24-h incubation period, the inclusion complexes accumulate predominantly in lysosomes rather than in mitochondria. This study opens new possibilities for a broad range of fluorescent dyes with solubility and high toxicity issues, able to form inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin, to be tested as intracellular fluorescence probes.

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Wilson, Lee D., und Ronald E. Verrall. „A 1H NMR study of cyclodextrin - hydrocarbon surfactant inclusion complexes in aqueous solutions“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, Nr. 1 (01.01.1998): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-208.

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A 1H NMR chemical shift ( delta ) study of a homologous series of hydrocarbon (hc) (CxH2x + 1CO2Na, x = 5, 7, 9, 11, 13) surfactants (S) has been carried out in water and in binary solvent (D2O + cyclodextrin (CD)) systems at 22°C. Complementary 1H NMR chemical shift ( delta ) data of the cyclodextrins in binary (D2O + S) systems containing hc surfactants have also been obtained. Complex induced shift (CIS) values for selected host or guest protons were found to increase as the alkyl chain (Cx) length of the surfactant increased. The CIS values are found to depend on the following factors: (i) the magnitude of the binding constant (Ki, i = 1:1, 2:1), (ii) the chain length of the surfactant, (iii) the mole ratio of the host to guest species, (iv) the host-guest stoichiometry, and (v) the host-guest inclusion geometry. The CIS values of the CD-S systems have been analyzed using equilibrium models in which 1:1 complexes, 1:1 plus 2:1 complexes, and uncomplexed species are present. Differences in the binding affinity, stoichiometry, and inclusion geometry of the complexes formed between a given hc surfactant and the various cyclodextrins were observed.Key words: cyclodextrin, surfactant, NMR, chemical shift, complex, binding constant.

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Saha, Subhadeep, Tanusree Ray, Saptarshi Basak und Mahendra Nath Roy. „NMR, surface tension and conductivity studies to determine the inclusion mechanism: thermodynamics of host–guest inclusion complexes of natural amino acids in aqueous cyclodextrins“. New Journal of Chemistry 40, Nr. 1 (2016): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02179k.

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Hunt, Lee E., Susan A. Bourne und Mino R. Caira. „Inclusion of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Methylated Cyclodextrins: Host-Guest Interactions and Effects on Guest Thermal Stability“. Biomolecules 11, Nr. 1 (31.12.2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11010045.

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There is ongoing interest in exploiting the antioxidant activity and other medicinal properties of natural monophenolic/polyphenolic compounds, but their generally low aqueous solubility limits their applications. Numerous studies have been undertaken to solubilize such compounds via supramolecular derivatization with co-crystal formation with biocompatible coformer molecules and cyclodextrin (CD) complexation being two successful approaches. In this study, eight new crystalline products obtained by complexation between methylated cyclodextrins and the bioactive phenolic acids (ferulic, hydroferulic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids) were investigated using thermal analysis (hot stage microscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry) and X-ray diffraction. All of the complexes crystallized as ternary systems containing the host CD, a phenolic acid guest, and water. On heating each complex, the primary thermal events were dehydration and liberation of the respective phenolic acid component, the mass loss for the latter step enabling determination of the host-guest stoichiometry. Systematic examination of the X-ray crystal structures of the eight complexes enabled their classification according to the extent of inclusion of each guest molecule within the cavity of its respective CD molecule. This revealed three CD inclusion compounds with full guest encapsulation, three with partial guest inclusion, and two that belong to the rare class of ‘non-inclusion’ compounds.

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Rizzi, Vito, Sergio Matera, Paola Semeraro, Paola Fini und Pinalysa Cosma. „Interactions between 4-thiothymidine and water-soluble cyclodextrins: Evidence for supramolecular structures in aqueous solutions“. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (21.03.2016): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.54.

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Since several years the inclusion of organic compounds (guests) within the hydrophobic cavity (host) of cyclodextrins (CDs) has been the subject of many investigations. Interestingly, the formation of inclusion complexes could affect the properties of the guest molecules and, for example, the influence of the delivery system can be a method to improve/change the photochemical behavior of the guest. In particular, very recent studies have shown the protective role of CDs preventing the degradation of the encapsulated guest. Starting from this consideration, in this work, only the structure and complexation mode of the inclusion complexes involving 4-thiothymidine (S4TdR, a known photosensitizer) and five CDs, namely 2-hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (2-HP-α-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (2-HP-γ-CD), heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB CD) and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB CD) were investigated by different spectroscopic techniques (UV–vis, FTIR–ATR, 1H NMR) and cyclic voltammetry analysis (CV). This work is necessary for a prospective research on the photoreactivity of S4TdR in aqueous environment and in the presence of CDs to prevent its degradation under irradiation. UV–vis, FTIR–ATR and CV measurements suggested the formation of supramolecular structures involving the employed CDs and mainly the pyrimidine ring of S4TdR. 1H NMR analyses confirmed such indication, unveiling the presence of inclusion complexes. The strongest and deepest interactions were suggested when TRIMEB and DIMEB CDs were studied. The S4TdR affinity towards CDs was also evaluated by using the Benesi–Hildebrand (B–H) equation at 25 °C employing CV and 1H NMR methods. The stoichiometry of the interaction was also inferred and it appears to be 1:1 for all examined CDs.

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Chen, Ning, und Ya Bin Li. „Study on the Inclusion Behavior of Cucurbit [n] uril with Phenylalanine“. Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (Februar 2011): 1153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1153.

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The characteristics of host-guest complexes between cucurbit[n]uril (CB [n]) and phenylalanine were investigated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy in acetate buffer solution at room temperature. It was found that the UV-visible absorption increased steadily with constantly dropping the high concentration of cucurbit[6]uril (CB [6]) and cucurbit[8]uril (CB [8]) in the phenylalanine solution which indicates that there are some interaction betweenCB [n] and phenylalanine.Then CB [6] and phenylalanine at molar ratio of 1:1 to weigh while CB [8] and phenylalanine at molar ratio of 1:2, respectively, are both demonstrated by 1H NMR spectra. 1H NMR spectrum of complexes was obtained, indicating an enthalpic driving force for host-guest complexes. The possible interaction mechanism and inclusion mode were also discussed. This work may extend the application range of CB [n] in supramolecular and pharmaceutical analysis.

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Aramoto, Hikaru, Motofumi Osaki, Subaru Konishi, Chiharu Ueda, Yuichiro Kobayashi, Yoshinori Takashima, Akira Harada und Hiroyasu Yamaguchi. „Redox-responsive supramolecular polymeric networks having double-threaded inclusion complexes“. Chemical Science 11, Nr. 17 (2020): 4322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc05589d.

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Pan, Fangfang, Mohadeseh Dashti, Michael R. Reynolds, Kari Rissanen, John F. Trant und Ngong Kodiah Beyeh. „Halogen bonding and host–guest chemistry between N-alkylammonium resorcinarene halides, diiodoperfluorobutane and neutral guests“. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (18.04.2019): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.91.

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Single crystal X-ray structures of halogen-bonded assemblies formed between host N-hexylammonium resorcinarene bromide (1) or N-cyclohexylammonium resorcinarene chloride (2), and 1,4-diiodooctafluorobutane and accompanying small solvent guests (methanol, acetonitrile and water) are presented. The guests’ inclusion affects the geometry of the cavity of the receptors 1 and 2, while the divalent halogen bond donor 1,4-diiodooctafluorobutane determines the overall nature of the halogen bond assembly. The crystal lattice of 1 contains two structurally different dimeric assemblies A and B, formally resulting in the mixture of a capsular dimer and a dimeric pseudo-capsule. 1H and 19F NMR analyses supports the existence of these halogen-bonded complexes and enhanced guest inclusion in solution.

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Mohamed, Mohamed H., Lee D. Wilson, John V. Headley und Kerry M. Peru. „A spectral displacement study of cyclodextrin/naphthenic acids inclusion complexes“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 87, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2009): 1747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v09-140.

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The spectral displacement technique has been used to obtain 1:1 β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/carboxylate anion equilibrium binding constants (K2) for some complex mixtures of naphthenic acids (NAs) and some examples of single-component NAs in aqueous solution. Three specific examples of single-component NAs were chosen with variable Z values as follows: 2-hexyldecanoic acid (Z = 0; S1), trans-4-pentylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (Z = –2; S2), and dicyclohexylacetic acid (Z = –4; S3). The estimated K2 values for S1, S2, and S3 are as follows: 1.42 × 103 M–1, 52.2 × 104 M–1, and 13.1 × 104 M–1, respectively. The corresponding K2 values are 2.34 × 104 M–1 and 1.27 × 104 M–1 for commercial (Fluka) and industrial (Syncrude) sourced NAs, respectively. The magnitude of K2 for 1:1 complexes formed between β-CD and S1, S2, or S3 did not correlate with the degree of hydrogen deficiency (Z-series) but there was a correlation with the size of the guest molecules (n) examined in this study. The correlation between complex stability and the relative size of the lipophilic fragments of the guest molecule are related to the importance of the hydrophobic effect for inclusion of such carboxylic acid guest molecules within β-CD.

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Chai, Xiang Hua, Ruo Hui Lin, Ke Gang Wu und Shu Ri Li. „Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin-Thymol Inclusion Complexes“. Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (Mai 2011): 1766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1766.

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Thymol had been confirmed to be applied to prevent the growth of bacteria and function as an antioxidant to maintain the quality of food products. It is known that a number of components of essential oils including thymol are suitable to form inclusion complexes with β-Cyclodextrin, since they fit the hydrophobic cavity tightly. The β-cyclodextrin-thymol(β-CD-thymol) inclusion complexes were prepared by the saturated water solution method. SEM results showed that the lattice of β-CD-thymol inclusions was different from hydrogen-bond-type crystal lattice of β-CD and β-CD-water inclusions; the disappearance of high-energy water molecules in the β-CD cavity was observed from SAT data; the aromatic ring of the thymol was included in the β-CD cavity, according to the FTIR data. Besides, according to the calculation of chemical structure, molecular size of thymol was estimated. These results supported a successful formation of the inclusion and the preliminary structure of host-guest inclusions was constructed, indicating the -CH3 is close to the β-CD narrower rim, while the -CH2 and OH group is close to the wide one.

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Assaf, Khaleel I., Husam Abed alfattah, Ala'a F. Eftaiha, Sanaa K. Bardaweel, Mohammad A. Alnajjar, Fatima A. Alsoubani, Abdussalam K. Qaroush, Musa I. El-Barghouthi und Werner M. Nau. „Encapsulation of ionic liquids inside cucurbiturils“. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, Nr. 11 (2020): 2120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00001a.

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Rodríguez, Silvio D., und Delia L. Bernik. „Host–Guest Molecular Interactions in Vanillin/Amylose Inclusion Complexes“. Applied Spectroscopy 67, Nr. 8 (August 2013): 884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/12-06981.

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Iyengar, Suman, und Michael C. Biewer. „Observation of photochromic γ-cyclodextrin host–guest inclusion complexes“. Chemical Communications, Nr. 13 (31.05.2002): 1398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b204322j.

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Tan, Libo, und Lingyan Kong. „Starch-guest inclusion complexes: Formation, structure, and enzymatic digestion“. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60, Nr. 5 (07.01.2019): 780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1550739.

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Iyengar, Suman, und Michael C. Biewer. „Solid-State Interactions in Photochromic Host−Guest Inclusion Complexes†“. Crystal Growth & Design 5, Nr. 6 (November 2005): 2043–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg050313b.

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Wang, Hai Ming, und Gerhard Wenz. „Topochemical control of the photodimerization of aromatic compounds by γ-cyclodextrin thioethers in aqueous solution“. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (12.09.2013): 1858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.217.

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The formation of soluble 1:2 complexes within hydrophilic γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) thioethers allows to perform photodimerizations of aromatic guests under controlled, homogenous reaction conditions. The quantum yields for unsubstituted anthracene, acenaphthylene, and coumarin complexed in these γ-CD thioethers were found to be up to 10 times higher than in the non-complexed state. The configuration of the photoproduct reflected the configuration of the dimeric inclusion complex of the guest. Anti-parallel orientation of acenaphthylene within the CD cavity led to the exclusive formation of the anti photo-dimer in quantitative yield. Parallel orientation of coumarin within the complex of a CD thioether led to the formation of the syn head-to-head dimer. The degree of complexation of coumarin could be increased by employing the salting out effect.

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Kawase, Takeshi, und Masaji Oda. „Complexation of carbon nanorings with fullerenes“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, Nr. 4 (01.01.2006): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678040831.

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To explore the supramolecular properties of the hollow space of carbon nanotubes, the belt-shaped conjugated systems with sizable and deep cavities are intriguing molecules. Recently, we found that the "carbon nanorings", cyclic [6]paraphenyleneacetylene ([6]CPPA), and the related compounds involving two naphthylene rings, form stable inclusion complexes with fullerenes in solution as well as in the solid state. The stability of these complexes correlates well with the van der Waals (VDW) contact between the host and guest. Thus, carbon nanorings having a deep cavity should form considerably stable complexes with fullerenes. In this context, we have designed a new carbon nanoring, cyclic [6](1,4)naphthyleneacetylene. The host forms considerably stable inclusion complexes with fullerenes and can act as the best fluorescence sensor for fullerenes among all the known hosts. The NMR spectra reveal the formation of two major conformational isomers, in which five or six naphthylene rings surround a guest molecule to gain wide contact area. The high affinity between C60 and naphthylene rings similar to an ion-dipolar interaction plays an important role in the novel guest-induced conformation fixation.

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Lee, Jae-ung, Sung-Sik Lee, Sungyul Lee und Han Bin Oh. „Noncovalent Complexes of Cyclodextrin with Small Organic Molecules: Applications and Insights into Host–Guest Interactions in the Gas Phase and Condensed Phase“. Molecules 25, Nr. 18 (04.09.2020): 4048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184048.

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Cyclodextrins (CDs) have drawn a lot of attention from the scientific communities as a model system for host–guest chemistry and also due to its variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, textile, separation science, and essential oil industries. The formation of the inclusion complexes enables these applications in the condensed phases, which have been confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and other methodologies. The advent of soft ionization techniques that can transfer the solution-phase noncovalent complexes to the gas phase has allowed for extensive examination of these complexes and provides valuable insight into the principles governing the formation of gaseous noncovalent complexes. As for the CDs’ host–guest chemistry in the gas phase, there has been a controversial issue as to whether noncovalent complexes are inclusion conformers reflecting the solution-phase structure of the complex or not. In this review, the basic principles governing CD’s host–guest complex formation will be described. Applications and structures of CDs in the condensed phases will also be presented. More importantly, the experimental and theoretical evidence supporting the two opposing views for the CD–guest structures in the gas phase will be intensively reviewed. These include data obtained via mass spectrometry, ion mobility measurements, infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

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Stasyuk, Anton J., Olga A. Stasyuk, Miquel Solà und Alexander A. Voityuk. „Photoinduced electron transfer in nanotube⊃C70 inclusion complexes: phenine vs. nanographene nanotubes“. Chemical Communications 56, Nr. 83 (2020): 12624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc04261g.

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The six-atom vacancy defects regularly located throughout the nanotubes change the electronic properties of their inclusion complexes with fullerene and prevent the photoinduced electron transfer between host and guest molecules.

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Chen, Shunwei, Zhe Han, Dongju Zhang und Jinhua Zhan. „Theoretical study of the inclusion complexation of TCDD with cucurbit[n]urils“. RSC Adv. 4, Nr. 94 (2014): 52415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06011c.

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Prabodh, Amrutha, Stephan Sinn, Laura Grimm, Zsombor Miskolczy, Mónika Megyesi, László Biczók, Stefan Bräse und Frank Biedermann. „Teaching indicators to unravel the kinetic features of host–guest inclusion complexes“. Chemical Communications 56, Nr. 82 (2020): 12327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03715j.

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Three new, practically convenient methods are introduced for measuring kinetic parameters of supramolecular host–guest and protein–ligand complexes. Combined with thermodynamic data, this allows for an in-depth of the binding mechanism.

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Litim, Abdelkarim, Youghourta Belhocine, Tahar Benlecheb, Monira Galal Ghoniem, Zoubir Kabouche, Fatima Adam Mohamed Ali, Babiker Yagoub Abdulkhair, Mahamadou Seydou und Seyfeddine Rahali. „DFT-D4 Insight into the Inclusion of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine in Cucurbit[7]uril: Energetic, Structural and Biosensing Properties“. Molecules 26, Nr. 24 (10.12.2021): 7479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247479.

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The host–guest interactions of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as host and amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MET) and their enantiomeric forms (S-form and R-form) as guests were computationally investigated using density functional theory calculations with the recent D4 atomic-charge dependent dispersion corrections. The analysis of energetic, structural and electronic properties with the aid of frontier molecular orbital analysis, charge decomposition analysis (CDA), extended charge decomposition analysis (ECDA) and independent gradient model (IGM) approach allowed to characterize the host–guest interactions in the studied systems. Energetic results indicate the formation of stable non-covalent complexes where R-AMP@CB[7] and S-AMP@CB[7] are more stable thermodynamically than R-MET@CB[7] and S-MET@CB[7] in gas phase while the reverse is true in water solvent. Based on structural analysis, a recognition mechanism is proposed, which suggests that the synergistic effect of van der Waals forces, ion–dipole interactions, intermolecular charge transfer interactions and intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the stabilization of the complexes. The geometries of the complexes obtained theoretically are in good agreement with the X-ray experimental structures and indicate that the phenyl ring of amphetamine and methamphetamine is deeply buried into the cavity of CB[7] through hydrophobic interactions while the ammonium group remains outside the cavity to establish hydrogen bonds with the portal oxygen atoms of CB[7].

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Roy, Mahendra Nath, Subhadeep Saha, Siti Barman und Deepak Ekka. „Host–guest inclusion complexes of RNA nucleosides inside aqueous cyclodextrins explored by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods“. RSC Advances 6, Nr. 11 (2016): 8881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24102b.

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Ferino-Pérez, Anthuan, Juan José Gamboa-Carballo, Ronald Ranguin, Joëlle Levalois-Grützmacher, Yves Bercion, Sarra Gaspard, Ramón Alain Miranda-Quintana, Melvin Arias und Ulises J. Jáuregui-Haza. „Evaluation of the molecular inclusion process of β-hexachlorocyclohexane in cyclodextrins“. RSC Advances 9, Nr. 47 (2019): 27484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04431k.

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The present work aimed to study the guest–host complexes of β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), a pesticide with high environmental stability that can cause severe health problems, with the most common cyclodextrins (α-, β-, and γ-CDs).

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Rahaman, Habibur, Niloy Roy, Aditi Roy, Samapika Ray und Mahendra Nath Roy. „Exploring Existence of Host-Guest Inclusion Complex of β-Cyclodextrin of a Biologically Active Compound with the Manifestation of Diverse Interactions“. Emerging Science Journal 2, Nr. 5 (04.11.2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2018-01149.

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The host–guest interaction of p-nitro benzaldehyde as guest β-Cyclodextrins have been investigated which have significant applications in the field of medicine such as controlled drug delivery. The 1H NMR study confirms the formation of inclusion complex while surface tension and conductivity studies support the formation inclusion complex with 1:1 stoichiometry. The stoichiometry of the inclusion complex was also supported with Job’s plot method by UV-Visible spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra and SEM study also support the inclusion process. Association constants of the inclusion complexes have been calculated using the Benesi–Hildebrand method, while the thermodynamic parameters have been estimated with the help of van’t Hoff equation.

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Chen, Lu, und Yanbin Huang. „The guest polymer effect on the dissolution of drug–polymer crystalline inclusion complexes“. RSC Advances 11, Nr. 22 (2021): 13091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01926k.

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48

Kühne, Irina A., Kane Esien, Laurence C. Gavin, Helge Müller-Bunz, Solveig Felton und Grace G. Morgan. „Modulation of Mn3+ Spin State by Guest Molecule Inclusion“. Molecules 25, Nr. 23 (28.11.2020): 5603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235603.

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Spin state preferences for a cationic Mn3+ chelate complex in four different crystal lattices are investigated by crystallography and SQUID magnetometry. The [MnL1]+ complex cation was prepared by complexation of Mn3+ to the Schiff base chelate formed from condensation of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde and 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane. The cation was crystallized separately with three polyatomic counterions and in one case was found to cocrystallize with a percentage of unreacted 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde starting material. The spin state preferences of the four resultant complexes [MnL1]CF3SO3·xH2O, (1), [MnL1]PF6·xH2O, (2), [MnL1]PF6·xsal·xH2O, (2b), and [MnL1]BPh4, (3), were dependent on their ability to form strong intermolecular interactions. Complexes (1) and (2), which formed hydrogen bonds between [MnL1]+, lattice water and in one case also with counterion, showed an incomplete thermal spin crossover over the temperature range 5–300 K. In contrast, complex (3) with the BPh4−, counterion and no lattice water, was locked into the high spin state over the same temperature range, as was complex (2b), where inclusion of the 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde guest blocked the H-bonding interaction.

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Ono, Toshikazu, und Yoshio Hisaeda. „Vapochromism of Organic Crystals Based on Macrocyclic Compounds and Inclusion Complexes“. Symmetry 12, Nr. 11 (19.11.2020): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111903.

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Vapochromic materials, which change color and luminescence when exposed to specific vapors and gases, have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their potential applications in a wide range of fields such as chemical sensors and environmental monitors. Although the mechanism of vapochromism is still unclear, several studies have elucidated it from the viewpoint of crystal engineering. In this mini-review, we investigate recent advances in the vapochromism of organic crystals. Among them, macrocyclic molecules and inclusion complexes, which have apparent host–guest interactions with analyte molecules (specific vapors and gases), are described. When the host compound is properly designed, its cavity size and symmetry change in response to guest molecules, influencing the optical properties by changing the molecular inclusion and recognition abilities. This information highlights the importance of structure–property relationships resulting from the molecular recognition at the solid–vapor interface.

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Bacchi, A., G. Cantoni, D. Crocco, M. Granelli, P. Pagano und P. Pelagatti. „Hydrogen-bond networks in polymorphs and solvates of metallorganic complexes containing ruthenium and aminoamide ligands“. CrystEngComm 16, Nr. 6 (2014): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ce41920g.

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