Zeitschriftenartikel: „Gshare“

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Tarjan, David, und Kevin Skadron. „Merging path and gshare indexing in perceptron branch prediction“. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 2, Nr. 3 (September 2005): 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1089008.1089011.

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Ma, Wenheng, Qiao Cheng, Yudi Gao, Lan Xu und Ningmei Yu. „An Ultra-Low-Power Embedded Processor with Variable Micro-Architecture“. Micromachines 12, Nr. 3 (10.03.2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030292.

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Embedded processors are widely used in various systems working on different tasks with different workloads. A more complex micro-architecture leads to better peak performance and worse power consumption. Shutting down the units designed for performance enhancement could improve energy efficiency in low-workload scenarios. In this paper, we evaluated the energy distribution in various embedded processors. According to the analysis, pipeline registers and the dynamic branch predictor, which are employed for better peak performance, have great impacts on energy efficiency. Thus, we proposed an ultra-low-power processor with variable micro-architecture. The processor is based on a 4-stage pipeline core with a Gshare branch predictor, and all units work in high-performance mode. In normal mode, the Gshare predictor is shut down and Always-Not-Taken prediction is used. In low-power mode, some of the pipeline registers are bypassed to avoid unnecessary energy dissipation and improve executing efficiency. A mode register (MR) is designed to indicate current working mode. Switching between different modes is controlled by the software. The proposed core is implemented in 40 nm technology and simulated with the traces of 17 benchmarks in Embench. The average amounts of power consumed by the respective modes are 41.7 μW, 59.7 μW and 71.1 μW. The results show that normal mode (N-mode) and low-power mode (L-mode) consume 16.08% and 41.37% less power than high-performance mode (H-mode) on average. In best case scenarios, they could save 25.36% and 49.30% more power than H-mode. Considering the execution efficiency evaluated by instructions per cycle (IPC), the proposed processor consumes 7.78% or 51.57% less energy for each instruction than the baseline core. The area of the proposed processor is only 7.19% larger than the baseline core, and only 3.08% more power is consumed in H-mode.

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Rhodes, Christophe, und Robert Strandh. „Gsharp, un éditeur de partitions de musique interactif et personnalisable“. Document numérique 11, Nr. 3-4 (30.12.2008): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/dn.11.3-4.9-28.

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Balestri, Francesco, Vito Barracco, Giovanni Renzone, Tiziano Tuccinardi, Christian Silvio Pomelli, Mario Cappiello, Marco Lessi et al. „Stereoselectivity of Aldose Reductase in the Reduction of Glutathionyl-Hydroxynonanal Adduct“. Antioxidants 8, Nr. 10 (22.10.2019): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100502.

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The formation of the adduct between the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and glutathione, which leads to the generation of 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonane (GSHNE), is one of the main routes of HNE detoxification. The aldo-keto reductase AKR1B1 is involved in the reduction of the aldehydic group of both HNE and GSHNE. In the present study, the effect of chirality on the recognition by aldose reductase of HNE and GSHNE was evaluated. AKR1B1 discriminates very modestly between the two possible enantiomers of HNE as substrates. Conversely, a combined kinetic analysis of the glutathionyl adducts obtained starting from either 4R- or 4S-HNE and mass spectrometry analysis of GSHNE products obtained from racemic HNE revealed that AKR1B1 possesses a marked preference toward the 3S,4R-GSHNE diastereoisomer. Density functional theory and molecular modeling studies revealed that this diastereoisomer, besides having a higher tendency to be in an open aldehydic form (the one recognized by AKR1B1) in solution than other GSHNE diastereoisomers, is further stabilized in its open form by a specific interaction with the enzyme active site. The relevance of this stereospecificity to the final metabolic fate of GSHNE is discussed.

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Ruan, Wenly, Melinda Engevik, Alexandra Chang-Graham, Joseph Hyser und James Versalovic. „7 LACTOBACILLUS REUTERI SUPPRESSES PRO-INFLAMMATORY DRIVEN REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN VITRO IN HUMAN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND IN VIVO IN A TNBS COLITIS MOUSE MODEL“. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, Supplement_1 (Januar 2020): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/zaa010.106.

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Abstract Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis and are normally kept at low levels via antioxidant compounds. Dysregulation of ROS can lead to intestinal inflammation and contribute to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Select gut microbes possess the enzymatic machinery to produce antioxidants whereas others can dysregulate levels of ROS. Our model microbe, Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC PTA 6475), has been demonstrated to reduce intestinal inflammation in mice models. It contains the genes encoding two distinct GshA-like glutamylcysteine ligases. We hypothesize that L. reuteri can secrete γ-glutamylcysteine to suppress ROS, minimize NFκB activation and regulate secretion of e pithelial cytokines. Methods & Results Conditioned media from L. reuteri was analyzed via mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of γ-glutamylcysteine. All cysteine containing products including γ-glutamylcysteine were fluorescently tagged in the conditioned media and then incubated with HT29 cell monolayers as well as human jejunal enteroid (HJE) monolayers. γ-glutamylcysteine was demonstrated to enter intestinal epithelial cells based on microscopy. Next, a Thioltracker assay was used to show increased intracellular glutathione levels by L. reuteri secreted γ-glutamylcysteine. HT29 cells and HJEs were then treated with IL-1β or hydrogen peroxide, and L. reuteri metabolites as well as γ-glutamylcysteine significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine driven ROS and IL-8 production. L. reuteri secreted products also reduced activity of NFκB as determined by a luciferase reporter assay. γ-glutamylcysteine deficient mutants were generated by targeted mutagenesis of GshA genes, and these mutant L. reuteri strains had a diminished ability to suppress IL-8 production and ROS. To further test the role of L. reuteri secreted γ-glutamylcysteine in vivo, a 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)- induced mouse colitis model was used. Adolescent mice were orogavaged with PBS, L. reuteri, L. reuteri GshA2 mutant, or γ-glutamylcysteine for a week after which TNBS was rectally administered to induce colitis. We demonstrate that L. reuteri and γ-glutamylcysteine can suppress histologic inflammation compared to PBS control and L. reuteri GshA2 mutant groups. Conclusions Together these data indicate that L. reuteri secretes γ-glutamylcysteine which can enter the intestinal epithelial cells and modulate epithelial cytokine production. It acts via suppression of ROS and NFκB which then decreases IL-8 production. We are able to demonstrate this in vitro in both HT 29 cells and HJEs. We now also demonstrate this in vivo in a mouse colitis model. These experiments highlight a prominent role for ROS intermediates in microbiome-mammalian cell signaling processes involved in immune responses and intestinal inflammation.

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Shedlock, K. M., D. Giardini, G. Grunthal und P. Zhang. „The GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Map“. Seismological Research Letters 71, Nr. 6 (01.11.2000): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.6.679.

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Martinez-cengotitabengoa, M., C. Bermudez-ampudia, M. P. Lopez, A. Garcia-alocen, I. Gonzalez-ortega, I. Zorrilla und A. Gonzalez-pinto. „First bipolar episode and functionality: Relation with depressive symptoms and inflammation levels“. European Psychiatry 33, S1 (März 2016): S122—S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.154.

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IntroductionIt is important to make an early and effective intervention from the first bipolar episode. The presence of depressive symptoms in the course of a manic episode could influence negatively the evolution and the prognosis of the patient. Inflammation and oxidative stress are also related with functionality.ObjectivesTo explore the relationship between depressive symptoms during a first episode of mania, inflammatory parameters and patient functionality during the follow-up.MethodWe included in the study 92 are patients with a first manic episode and 92 matched healthy controls. We compared 13 inflammatory/oxidative stress parameters measured at baseline (TFNα, IL6, PGE2, MCP1, TBARS, NO2, SOD, CAT, GSHTOT, GSSG, GSHfree, GPx, TAS) between both groups. Between patients, 46 presented pure mania (PM) (no depressive symptoms) and 46 mixed mania (MM) (with depressive symptoms). We explored the influence of inflammatory factors in functionality, exploring differences between PM and MM. To measure patients’ general functioning one year after illness onset, we used the Functional Assessment Short Test (FAST).ResultsWe found significant differences in TFNα, MCP1 and TBARS (higher in patients) and in SOD, GSHtot, GSSG, GSHfree, GPx and TAS levels (lower in patients). Only In MM group, there was a significant influence of SOD and GSHfree in FAST scores suggesting that a higher antioxidant levels at baseline the patient functionality improves one year after.ConclusionsSome parameters of oxidative stress at baseline are related with patient's functionality one year after the first episode of mania, but only when mania debuts with depressive symptons simultaneously.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Giardini, D., P. Basham und M. Bery. „THE GLOBAL SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (GSHAP)“. Terra Nova 4, Nr. 6 (November 1992): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1992.tb00609.x.

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Jänsch, André, Maher Korakli, Rudi F. Vogel und Michael G. Gänzle. „Glutathione Reductase from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis DSM20451T: Contribution to Oxygen Tolerance and Thiol Exchange Reactions in Wheat Sourdoughs“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, Nr. 14 (11.05.2007): 4469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02322-06.

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ABSTRACT The effect of the glutathione reductase (GshR) activity of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis DSM20451T on the thiol levels in fermented sourdoughs was determined, and the oxygen tolerance of the strain was also determined. The gshR gene coding for a putative GshR was sequenced and inactivated by single-crossover integration to yield strain L. sanfranciscensis DSM20451TΔgshR. The gene disruption was verified by sequencing the truncated gshR and surrounding regions on the chromosome. The gshR activity of L. sanfranciscensis DSM20451TΔgshR was strongly reduced compared to that of the wild-type strain, demonstrating that gshR indeed encodes an active GshR enzyme. The thiol levels in wheat doughs fermented with L. sanfranciscensis DSM20451 increased from 9 μM to 10.5 μM sulfhydryl/g of dough during a 24-h sourdough fermentation, but in sourdoughs fermented with L. sanfranciscensis DSM20451TΔgshR and in chemically acidified doughs, the thiol levels decreased to 6.5 to 6.8 μM sulfhydryl/g of dough. Remarkably, the GshR-negative strains Lactobacillus pontis LTH2587 and Lactobacillus reuteri BR11 exerted effects on thiol levels in dough comparable to those of L. sanfranciscensis. In addition to the effect on thiol levels in sourdough, the loss of GshR activity in L. sanfranciscensis DSM20451TΔgshR resulted in a loss of oxygen tolerance. The gshR mutant strain exhibited a strongly decreased aerobic growth rate on modified MRS medium compared to either the growth rate under anaerobic conditions or that of the wild-type strain, and aerobic growth was restored by the addition of cysteine. Moreover, the gshR mutant strain was more sensitive to the superoxide-generating agent paraquat.

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Clay, Sharon A., und William C. Koskinen. „Adsorption and Desorption of Atrazine, Hydroxyatrazine, andS-Glutathione Atrazine on Two Soils“. Weed Science 38, Nr. 3 (Mai 1990): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056502.

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Adsorption and desorption isotherms for atrazine and two metabolites, hydroxyatrazine (HA) andS-glutathione atrazine (GSHA), were determined by batch equilibration on Plano and Waukegan silt loam soils at two soil pH levels (Plano, 6.1 and 4.5; Waukegan, 6.1 and 4.0). Freundlich adsorption isotherms were not affected by soil type except for GSHA at pH 4.0 to 4.5. When averaged over both soils, the order of adsorption at pH 6.1 was atrazine (Kf= 3.7) < GSHA (Kf= 7.3) << HA (Kf= 25) and at pH 4.0–4.5 was atrazine (Kf= 6.1) << HA (Kf= 58) ≤ GSHA (Kf: Plano = 35; Waukegan = 78). The average slope of the adsorption isotherms (1/nads) was 0.81. The slopes of all desorption isotherms (1/ndes) were less than their respective 1/nads, indicating hysteresis. Atrazine desorbed into soil solution (1/ndes> 0.0). With the exception of GSHA which desorbed from the pH 6.1 Plano silt loam (1/ndes= 0.15), desorption of HA and GSHA from other treatments was negligible (1/ndes= 0.0). Consequently, leaching of HA and GSHA in these and similar soils is not likely, due to high adsorption and low desorption.

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Malki, Liron, Michaela Yanku, Ilya Borovok, Gerald Cohen, Moshe Mevarech und Yair Aharonowitz. „Identification and Characterization of gshA, a Gene Encoding the Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase in the Halophilic Archaeon Haloferax volcanii“. Journal of Bacteriology 191, Nr. 16 (12.06.2009): 5196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00297-09.

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ABSTRACT Halophilic archaea were found to contain in their cytoplasm millimolar concentrations of γ-glutamylcysteine (γGC) instead of glutathione. Previous analysis of the genome sequence of the archaeon Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1 has indicated the presence of a sequence homologous to sequences known to encode the glutamate-cysteine ligase GshA. We report here the identification of the gshA gene in the extremely halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii and show that H. volcanii gshA directs in vivo the synthesis and accumulation of γGC. We also show that the H. volcanii gene when expressed in an Escherichia coli strain lacking functional GshA is able to restore synthesis of glutathione.

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Balestri, Francesco, Giulio Poli, Carlotta Pineschi, Roberta Moschini, Mario Cappiello, Umberto Mura, Tiziano Tuccinardi und Antonella Del Corso. „Aldose Reductase Differential Inhibitors in Green Tea“. Biomolecules 10, Nr. 7 (06.07.2020): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10071003.

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Aldose reductase (AKR1B1), the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, is likely involved in the onset of diabetic complications. Differential inhibition of AKR1B1 has been proposed to counteract the damaging effects linked to the activity of the enzyme while preserving its detoxifying ability. Here, we show that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the most representative catechins present in green tea, acts as a differential inhibitor of human recombinant AKR1B1. A kinetic analysis of EGCG, and of its components, gallic acid (GA) and epigallocatechin (EGC) as inhibitors of the reduction of L-idose, 4-hydroxy2,3-nonenal (HNE), and 3-glutathionyl l-4-dihydroxynonanal (GSHNE) revealed for the compounds a different model of inhibition toward the different substrates. While EGCG preferentially inhibited L-idose and GSHNE reduction with respect to HNE, gallic acid, which was still active in inhibiting the reduction of the sugar, was less active in inhibiting HNE and GSHNE reduction. EGC was found to be less efficient as an inhibitor of AKR1B1 and devoid of any differential inhibitory action. A computational study defined different interactive modes for the three substrates on the AKR1B1 active site and suggested a rationale for the observed differential inhibition. A chromatographic fractionation of an alcoholic green tea extract revealed that, besides EGCG and GA, other components may exhibit the differential inhibition of AKR1B1.

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Silvério-Lopes, Sandra, und Maria Paula Gonçalves Da Mota. „IMMEDIATE RESPONSE GAIN IN HANDGRIP STRENGTH WITH ACUPUNCTURE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY“. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines 15, Nr. 2 (23.02.2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajtcamv15i2.7.

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Background: Muscle strength is an important component for performing different daily tasks and has significant effect on health. Grip strength can be considered as one of the parameters of the overall strength state of the individuals. This study aimed to evaluate immediate response of the capacity to gain handgrip strength after the application of acupuncture. Materials and Methods: The study was experimental, quantitative, and partially blind clinical trial with a control group. Sample consisted in 73 healthy volunteers of both sexes, not athletes, with average age 35 ± 10.01 years, which were divided by deterministic allocation with sequential alternation in three groups: acupuncture (GACP n=24), sham acupuncture (Gsham n=25) and control (GCRT n=24). Calibrated mechanical manual dynamometer and needles 0.25 x 40mm were used. The handgrip test was performed in all groups, in both hands. Average measures were used for statistical analysis, a procedure done before and after the intervention. GACP received needles in TE5 (Waiguan), ST36 (Zusanli) and GB34 (Yanglingquan). The Gsham received superficial needles placed out of the acupoints. Results: GACP showed a significant strength gain of 4.78 Kgf (p = 0.005), Gsham showed a non-significant gain of 1.13 Kgf (p = 0.370) and GCRT that did not receive acupuncture intervention showed a non-significant reduction of handgrip strength average of about 1.97 Kgf (p = 0.210). Conclusion: Acupuncture in a single intervention was able to promote an immediate significant average gain strength response in handgrip of 4.78 Kgf

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Jeetendra, E., Clinton S. Robison, Lorraine M. Albritton und Michael A. Whitt. „The Membrane-Proximal Domain of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein Functions as a Membrane Fusion Potentiator and Can Induce Hemifusion“. Journal of Virology 76, Nr. 23 (01.12.2002): 12300–12311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.23.12300-12311.2002.

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ABSTRACT Recently we showed that the membrane-proximal stem region of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein ectodomain (G stem [GS]), together with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, was sufficient to mediate efficient VSV budding (C. S. Robison and M. A. Whitt, J. Virol. 74:2239-2246, 2000). Here, we show that GS can also potentiate the membrane fusion activity of heterologous viral fusion proteins when GS is coexpressed with those proteins. For some fusion proteins, there was as much as a 40-fold increase in syncytium formation when GS was coexpressed compared to that seen when the fusion protein was expressed alone. Fusion potentiation by GS was not protein specific, since it occurred with both pH-dependent as well as pH-independent fusion proteins. Using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding GS that contained an N-terminal hemagglutinin (HA) tag (GSHA virus), we found that the GSHA virus bound to cells as well as the wild-type virus did at pH 7.0; however, the GSHA virus was noninfectious. Analysis of cells expressing GSHA in a three-color membrane fusion assay revealed that GSHA could induce lipid mixing but not cytoplasmic mixing, indicating that GS can induce hemifusion. Treatment of GSHA virus-bound cells with the membrane-destabilizing drug chlorpromazine rescued the hemifusion block and allowed entry and subsequent replication of GSHA virus, demonstrating that GS-mediated hemifusion was a functional intermediate in the membrane fusion pathway. Using a series of truncation mutants, we also determined that only 14 residues of GS, together with the VSV G transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail, were sufficient for fusion potentiation. To our knowledge, this is the first report which shows that a small domain of one viral glycoprotein can promote the fusion activity of other, unrelated viral glycoproteins.

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Tran, Hai Nguyen, Huan-Ping Chao und Sheng-Jie You. „Activated carbons from golden shower upon different chemical activation methods: Synthesis and characterizations“. Adsorption Science & Technology 36, Nr. 1-2 (27.01.2017): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617416684837.

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Activated carbons (ACs) were synthesized from golden shower (GS) through chemical activation. Two synthesis processes were used: one-stage and two-stage processes. In the one-stage process, GS that was impregnated with K2CO3 was directly pyrolyzed (GSAC), and the two-stage process consisted of (1) pyrolytic or hydrolytic carbonization to produce biochar or hydrochar and (2) subsequent chemical activation was defined as GSBAC and GSHAC, respectively. The activated carbon’s characteristics—thermal stability and textural, physicochemical, structural, and crystal properties—were thoroughly investigated. Results demonstrated that the characteristics of activated carbons strongly depend on the method used for their synthesis. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area followed the order GSAC (1413 m2/g) > GSHAC (1238 m2/g) > GSBAC (812 m2/g). The existence of acidic groups was determined through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Boehm titration. The excellent adsorptive capacities of the activated carbons were confirmed from the iodine number (1568–2695 mg/g) and methylene number (143–233 mg/g).

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Gohel, Vipul, und Gang Duan. „No-Cook Process for Ethanol Production Using Indian Broken Rice and Pearl Millet“. International Journal of Microbiology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/680232.

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No-cook process using granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE) was evaluated for Indian broken rice and pearl millet. One-factor-at-a-time optimization method was used in ethanol production to identify optimum concentration of GSHE, under yeast fermentation conditions using broken rice and pearl millet as fermentation feedstocks. An acid fungal protease at a concentration of 0.2 kg per metric ton of grain was used along with various dosages of GSHE under yeast fermentation conditions to degrade the grain proteins into free amino nitrogen for yeast growth. To measure the efficacy of GSHE to hydrolyze no-cook broken rice and pearl millet, the chemical composition, fermentation efficiency, and ethanol recovery were determined. In both feedstocks, fermentation efficiency and ethanol recovery obtained through single-step no-cook process were higher than conventional multistep high-temperature process, currently considered the ideal industrial process. Furthermore, the no-cook process can directly impact energy consumption through steam saving and reducing the water cooling capacity needs, compared to conventional high-temperature process.

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Kuo, Eva YuHua, Yi-Lin Chien, Wen-Chyi Dai, Michael Jian-Hao Huang und Tse-Min Lee. „The Acclimation Mechanisms of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii against Nitrosative Stress: A Role of NADPH Oxidase (RBOL2) in the Regulation of Nitric Oxide-Mediated ER Stress and Glutathione Redox State“. Biology and Life Sciences Forum 4, Nr. 1 (30.11.2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2020-08609.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a signal in the modulation of acclamatory responses to stress in plants. Here, the metabolic shift of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to sub-lethal NO stress was approached by exposure to 0.1 mM S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor, in the presence or the absence of the NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO). NO did not cause growth impairment but induced a decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels and redox state. NO upregulated the expression of glutathione-associated genes, glutathione synthetase (GSH1), and glutathione reductase (GSHR1) genes while it decreased that of the proteins associated with ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, the expression of NADPH oxidase isoform, respiratory burst oxygenase-like 2 (RBOL2), instead of RBOL1 increased under NO stress. NO-induced upregulation of GSH1 and GSHR1 upregulation and the downregulation of most UPR genes were not found in rbol2 mutant. The presence of cPTIO suppressed the NO-induced changes in GSH availability, UPR, and RBOL expression. Overall, NADPH oxidase (RBOL2)-dependent and -independent signaling pathways involve in the inhibition of UPR and the enhancement of GSH availability by NO.

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Chang, S., und H. Shu. „The construction of an engineered bacterium to remove cadmium from wastewater“. Water Science and Technology 70, Nr. 12 (10.11.2014): 2015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.448.

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The removal of cadmium (Cd) from wastewater before it is released from factories is important for protecting human health. Although some researchers have developed engineered bacteria, the resistance of these engineered bacteria to Cd have not been improved. In this study, two key genes involved in glutathione synthesis (gshA and gshB), a serine acetyltransferase gene (cysE), a Thlaspi caerulescens phytochelatin synthase gene (TcPCS1), and a heavy metal ATPase gene (TcHMA3) were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21. The resistance of the engineered bacterium to Cd was significantly greater than that of the initial bacterium and the Cd accumulation in the engineered bacterium was much higher than in the initial bacterium. In addition, the Cd resistance of the bacteria harboring gshB, gshA, cysE, and TcPCS1 was higher than that of the bacteria harboring gshA, cysE, and TcPCS1. This finding demonstrated that gshB played an important role in glutathione synthesis and that the reaction catalyzed by glutathione synthase was the limiting step for producing phytochelatins. Furthermore, TcPCS1 had a greater specificity and a higher capacity for removing Cd than SpPCS1, and TcHMA3 not only played a role in T. caerulescens but also functioned in E. coli.

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Carlson, Robert H. „Cachexia in NSCLC Patients Reversed With GSHR Agonist“. Oncology Times 38, Nr. 8 (April 2016): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000482921.53432.aa.

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Silvério-Lopes, Sandra, und Maria Paula Gonçalves da Mota. „EFEITO DA ACUPUNTURA NA RESISTÊNCIA FÍSICA APÓS EXERCÍCIOS REPETITIVOS DE TORNOZELO - ESTUDO EXPERIMENTAL“. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento 26, Nr. 1 (20.06.2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/rbcm.v26i1.7148.

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O movimento de plantiflexão e dorsiflexão do tornozelo tem uma importância funcional na sustentação da postura bípede e no caminhar, assumindo relevância em atividades diárias e no contexto desportivo. A ACP tem sido estudada como possível recurso coadjuvante às técnicas convencionais de recuperação a cargas de treinamento. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da intervenção aguda por ACP na resistência física em sujeitos submetidos a exercício repetitivo de plantiflexão e dorsiflexão de tornozelo. O estudo foi do tipo ensaio clínico-experimental cego por parte do voluntário e avaliador com avaliação quantitativa e grupo controle. A amostra foi composta por 47 voluntários do sexo feminino, com idades de 18 a 55 anos (média 36,3 ± 10,6). Os voluntários foram separados por alocação determinística em alternância sequencial em três grupos: acupuntura (GACP n=16), acupuntura sham (Gsham n=16) e controle (GCRT=15). Todos os grupos realizaram o exercício de planti e dorsiflexão no equipamento reformer do método Pilates, antes e após a intervenção. Utilizou-se no GACP o acuponto E36 (Zusanli). O Gsham recebeu agulhamento superficial, fora do ponto de ACP, e o GCRT não recebeu intervenção. Todos os três grupos permaneceram em repouso por 20 minutos, durante a aplicação. Foram utilizadas agulhas filiformes descartáveis 0,25x40mm. Após 24 horas todos os voluntários foram reavaliados no número de repetições. Houve diferenças significativas na variação no número máximo de repetições no pré-tratamento para o pós-imediato (p= 0,004), porém não entre os momentos pré tratamento comparado ao pós 24 horas. Concluiu-se que houve aumento no número máximo de repetições em todos os grupos, sendo no GACP o responsável pelo maior aumento (31,5%).

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Galgaro, Antonio, Matteo Cultrera, Giorgia Dalla Santa und Fabio Peron. „Laboratory thermal conductivity measurements on gravel sample“. Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater 7, Nr. 3 (25.09.2018): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7343/as-2018-344.

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Modern Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) systems must be designed by taking into account the ground thermal properties, in order to properly plan the capability of the heat pumps to transfer calories through the Ground Source Heat Exchangers (GSHE) to the subsoil (and vice versa). [...]

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Pothon, Adrien, Philippe Gueguen, Sylvain Buisine und Pierre-Yves Bard. „Comparing Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps with ShakeMap Footprints for Indonesia“. Seismological Research Letters 91, Nr. 2A (02.01.2020): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190171.

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Abstract A number of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) maps have been released for Indonesia over the past few decades. This study proposes a method for testing PSHA maps using U.S. Geological Survey ShakeMap catalog considered as historical seismicity for Indonesia. It consists in counting the number of sites on rock soil for which the independent maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the ShakeMap footprints between May 1968 and May 2018 exceeds the thresholds from the PSHA map studied and in comparing this number with the probability of exceedance given in the PSHA map. Although ShakeMap footprints are not as accurate and complete as continuous recorded ground motion, the spatially distributed ShakeMap covers 7,642,261 grid points, with a resolution of 1 km2, compensating the lack of instrumental data over this period. This data set is large enough for the statistical analysis of independent PGA values on rock sites only. To obtain the subdata set, we develop a new selection process and a new comparison method, considering the uncertainty of ShakeMap estimates. The method is applied to three PSHA maps (Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program [GSHAP], Global Assessment Report [GAR], and Standar Nasional Indonesia [SNI2017]) for a selection of sites first located in Indonesia and next only in the western part of the country. The results show that SNI2017 provides the best fit with seismicity over the past 50 yr for both sets of rock sites (whole country and western part only). At the opposite, the GAR and GSHAP seismic hazard maps only fit the seismicity observed for the set of rock sites in western Indonesia. This result indicates that this method can only conclude on the spatial scale of the analysis and cannot be extrapolated to any other spatial resolution.

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Baah Appiah-Nkansah, Nana, Jun Li, Ke Zhang, Meng Zhang und Donghai Wang. „Study on Mass Transfer Kinetics of Sugar Extraction from Sweet Sorghum Biomass via Diffusion Process and Ethanol Yield Using SSF“. Processes 7, Nr. 3 (05.03.2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7030137.

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Sweet sorghum juice, a potential bioethanol feedstock, can be incorporated into the dry-grind ethanol process to improve sugar utilization efficiency, thereby enhancing ethanol yields. The juice is normally obtained by pressing the stalk through roller mills in tandem. Juice extraction by this process is known to be labor intensive, less efficient, and susceptible to considerable fermentable sugar loss due to microbial activities when stored at room temperature. Sweet sorghum juice extraction via diffusion has recently been proposed to improve sugar recovery efficiency. In this study, extraction kinetics based on the optimized diffusion parameters (8% grain loading, 85 °C, and 120 min) were determined to describe the mass transfer of sugars in sweet sorghum biomass during the diffusion process. Diffusion parameters obtained from previous studies were used to extract free sugars and convert them into ethanol using granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE) and traditional enzymes. Ethanol yields at 72 h of fermentation mashes treated with GSHE and those with traditional enzymes were comparable (14.49–14.56%, v/v). Ethanol fermentation efficiencies also ranged from 88.92–92.02%.

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Gopal, Shubha, Ilya Borovok, Amos Ofer, Michaela Yanku, Gerald Cohen, Werner Goebel, Jürgen Kreft und Yair Aharonowitz. „A Multidomain Fusion Protein in Listeria monocytogenes Catalyzes the Two Primary Activities for Glutathione Biosynthesis“. Journal of Bacteriology 187, Nr. 11 (01.06.2005): 3839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.11.3839-3847.2005.

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ABSTRACT Glutathione is the predominant low-molecular-weight peptide thiol present in living organisms and plays a key role in protecting cells against oxygen toxicity. Until now, glutathione synthesis was thought to occur solely through the consecutive action of two physically separate enzymes, γ-glutamylcysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase. In this report we demonstrate that Listeria monocytogenes contains a novel multidomain protein (termed GshF) that carries out complete synthesis of glutathione. Evidence for this comes from experiments which showed that in vitro recombinant GshF directs the formation of glutathione from its constituent amino acids and the in vivo effect of a mutation in GshF that abolishes glutathione synthesis, results in accumulation of the intermediate γ-glutamylcysteine, and causes hypersensitivity to oxidative agents. We identified GshF orthologs, consisting of a γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GshA) domain fused to an ATP-grasp domain, in 20 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Remarkably, 95% of these bacteria are mammalian pathogens. A plausible origin for GshF-dependent glutathione biosynthesis in these bacteria was the recruitment by a GshA ancestor gene of an ATP-grasp gene and the subsequent spread of the fusion gene between mammalian hosts, most likely by horizontal gene transfer.

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Sobrevals, Luciano, Peter Müller, Adriana Fabra und Stella Castro. „Role of glutathione in the growth of Bradyrhizobium sp. (peanut microsymbiont) under different environmental stresses and in symbiosis with the host plant“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, Nr. 7 (01.07.2006): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-007.

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Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the defence of microorganisms and plants against different environmental stresses. To determine the role of GSH under different stresses, such as acid pH, saline shock, and oxidative shock, a GSH-deficient mutant (Bradyrhizobium sp. 6144-S7Z) was obtained by disruption of the gshA gene, which encodes the enzyme γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Growth of the mutant strain was significantly reduced in liquid minimal saline medium, and the GSH content was very low, about 4% of the wild-type level. The defect, caused by disruption of the gshA gene in the growth of mutant strain, cannot be reversed by the addition of GSH (up to 100 µmol/L) to the liquid minimal saline medium, and the endogenous GSH level was approximately the same as that observed without the addition of GSH. In contrast, the wild-type strain increased the GSH content under these conditions. However, the growth of the mutant strain in a rich medium (yeast extract – mannitol) increased, suggesting that at least some but not all of the functions of GSH could be provided by peptides and (or) amino acids. The symbiotic properties of the mutant were similar to those found in the wild-type strain, indicating that the mutation does not affect the ability of the mutant to form effective nodules.Key words: glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, Bradyrhizobium sp., peanut.

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Frendo, Pierre, Judith Harrison, Christel Norman, María Jesús Hernández Jiménez, Ghislaine Van de Sype, Alain Gilabert und Alain Puppo. „Glutathione and Homoglutathione Play a Critical Role in the Nodulation Process of Medicago truncatula“. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, Nr. 3 (März 2005): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0254.

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Legumes form a symbiotic interaction with bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family toproduce nitrogen-fixing root nodules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. This process involves the recognition of the bacterial Nod factors by the plant which mediates the entry of the bacteria into the root and nodule organogenesis. We have examined the importance of the low molecular weight thiols, glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH), during the nodulation process in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Using both buthionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH and hGSH synthesis, and transgenic roots expressing GSH synthetase and hGSH synthetase in an antisense orientation, we showed that deficiency in GSH and hGSH synthesis inhibited the formation of the root nodules. This inhibition was not correlated to a modification in the number of infection events or to a change in the expression of the Rhizobium sp.-induced peroxidase rip1, indicating that the low level of GSH or hGSH did not alter the first steps of the infection process. In contrast, a strong diminution in the number of nascent nodules and in the expression of the early nodulin genes, Mtenod12 and Mtenod40, were observed in GSHand hGSH-depleted plants. In conclusion, GSH and hGSH appear to be essential for proper development of the root nodules during the symbiotic interaction.

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Bjur, Eva, Sofia Eriksson-Ygberg, Fredrik Åslund und Mikael Rhen. „Thioredoxin 1 Promotes Intracellular Replication and Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium“. Infection and Immunity 74, Nr. 9 (September 2006): 5140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00449-06.

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ABSTRACT The effect of the cytoplasmic reductase and protein chaperone thioredoxin 1 on the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was evaluated by deleting the trxA, trxB, or trxC gene of the cellular thioredoxin system, the grxA or gshA gene of the glutathione/glutaredoxin system, or the dsbC gene coding for a thioredoxin-dependent periplasmic disulfide bond isomerase. Mutants were tested for tolerance to oxidative and nitric oxide donor substances in vitro, for invasion and intracellular replication in cultured epithelial and macrophage-like cells, and for virulence in BALB/c mice. In these experiments only the gshA mutant, which was defective in glutathione synthesis, exhibited sensitization to oxidative stress in vitro and a small decrease in virulence. In contrast, the trxA mutant did not exhibit any growth defects or decreased tolerance to oxidative or nitric oxide stress in vitro, yet there were pronounced decreases in intracellular replication and mouse virulence. Complementation analyses using defined catalytic variants of thioredoxin 1 showed that there is a direct correlation between the redox potential of thioredoxin 1 and restoration of intracellular replication of the trxA mutant. Attenuation of mouse virulence that was caused by a deficiency in thioredoxin 1 was restored by expression of wild-type thioredoxin 1 in trans but not by expression of a catalytically inactive variant. These results clearly imply that in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, the redox-active protein thioredoxin 1 promotes virulence, whereas in vitro tolerance to oxidative stress depends on production of glutathione.

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Glotov, Andrey S., Elena S. Vashukova, Oleg S. Glotov, Roman V. Kurilov, Irina V. Tarkovskaia, Ekaterina Y. Ditkina, Irina V. Pugacheva et al. „A study of genetic markers of human height“. Ecological genetics 10, Nr. 4 (15.12.2012): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen10477-84.

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A population study of polymorphisms of EFEMP1, ZBTB38, HHIP, LCORL, ADAMTSL3, CDH13, JAZF1, IGF1R, GHSR, CABLES1, IFNG, VDR3, and IGFBP3 genes, which possibly influence human height, was carried out using PCR-RFLP. Population frequencies of alleles and genotypes for these genes were established. A correlation between the rs572169 variant of GSHR gene and male height was found . We suggest a model for prediction of human height on the basis of logistic regression method. The obtained data indicate a possibility to assess human height on the basis of genetic markers.

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Zaher, Dana M., Wafaa S. Ramadan, Raafat El-Awady, Hany A. Omar, Fatema Hersi, Vunnam Srinivasulu, Ibrahim Y. Hachim et al. „A Novel Benzopyrane Derivative Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolic and Survival Pathways“. Cancers 13, Nr. 11 (07.06.2021): 2840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112840.

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(1) Background: Today, the discovery of novel anticancer agents with multitarget effects and high safety margins represents a high challenge. Drug discovery efforts indicated that benzopyrane scaffolds possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. This spurs on building a skeletally diverse library of benzopyranes to identify an anticancer lead drug candidate. Here, we aim to characterize the anticancer effect of a novel benzopyrane derivative, aiming to develop a promising clinical anticancer candidate. (2) Methods: The anticancer effect of SIMR1281 against a panel of cancer cell lines was tested. In vitro assays were performed to determine the effect of SIMR1281 on GSHR, TrxR, mitochondrial metabolism, DNA damage, cell cycle progression, and the induction of apoptosis. Additionally, SIMR1281 was evaluated in vivo for its safety and in a xenograft mice model. (3) Results: SIMR1281 strongly inhibits GSHR while it moderately inhibits TrxR and modulates the mitochondrial metabolism. SIMR1281 inhibits the cell proliferation of various cancers. The antiproliferative activity of SIMR1281 was mediated through the induction of DNA damage, perturbations in the cell cycle, and the inactivation of Ras/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Furthermore, SIMR1281 induced apoptosis and attenuated cell survival machinery. In addition, SIMR1281 reduced the tumor volume in a xenograft model while maintaining a high in vivo safety profile at a high dose. (4) Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the anticancer multitarget effect of SIMR1281, including the dual inhibition of glutathione and thioredoxin reductases. These findings support the development of SIMR1281 in preclinical and clinical settings, as it represents a potential lead compound for the treatment of cancer.

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Wang, Kunjie, Yanping Wu, Hongxia Li, Mingliang Li, Deyi Zhang, Huixia Feng und Haiyan Fan. „Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles: Agn(NALC)m and Agn(GSHR)m“. RSC Advances 4, Nr. 10 (2014): 5130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra46568c.

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Alaie, Omid, Reza Maddahian und Ghassem Heidarinejad. „Investigation of thermal interaction between shallow boreholes in a GSHE using the FLS-STRCM model“. Renewable Energy 175 (September 2021): 1137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.073.

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Bobryashov, Victor, und Nikolay Bushuev. „Stochastic correlation, regression probabilistic-statistical models of laminated composite structures with material-energy-saving polyurethane thermal insulation“. E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 09067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125809067.

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After testing according to the developed state methods and procedures for polyurethane foam thermal insulation of laminated composite structures with metal facings, the issues of correlation, probabilistic-statistical regression models between the signs of elasticity in tension Eshear and signs of elasticity in shear Gshear were investigated. It is shown that the test results are random stochastic values. Their variability, depending on the type of tests and the parameter under study, is in the acceptable average values. The presence of a significant number of each of the characteristics, for example, Eshear - Gshift, predetermined the use of correlation tables to establish the fact of a relationship. Modules of elasticity under tension and shear were determined. The correlation coefficient between Eshear and Gshift is 0.659. With the help of a computer program, correlation tables were built and the calculation of the probabilistic-statistical interaction of characteristics with different reference points was made. When considering one-dimensional aggregates, the laws of distribution of positive values of the characteristics of foams can be adopted of various types. The connection between phenomena can be not only linear, but also non-linear. In this case, nonlinear correlation can be realized in the form of parabolic and other equations of a certain degree. The calculation of the interaction is carried out on the basis of second-order parabolic equations. Approximation in the form of second-order equations does not greatly improve the convergence, but the possibilities for extrapolating statistical models are reduced.

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Thorgersen, Michael P., und Diana M. Downs. „Analysis of yggX and gshA Mutants Provides Insights into the Labile Iron Pool in Salmonella enterica“. Journal of Bacteriology 190, Nr. 23 (03.10.2008): 7608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00639-08.

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ABSTRACT Strains of Salmonella enterica lacking YggX and the cellular reductant glutathione exhibit defects similar to those resulting from iron deficiency and oxidative stress. Mutant strains are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, deregulate the expression of the Fur-regulated gene entB, and fail to grow on succinate medium. Suppression of some yggX gshA mutant phenotypes by the cell-permeable iron chelator deferoxamine allowed the conclusion that increased levels of cellular Fenton chemistry played a role in the growth defects. The data presented are consistent with a scenario in which glutathione acts as a physiological chelator of the labile iron pool and in which YggX acts upstream of the labile iron pool by preventing superoxide toxicity.

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Khurana, Harleen, Virendra Kumar Meena, Surbhi Prakash, Krishna Chuttani, Nidhi Chadha, Ambika Jaswal, Devinder Kumar Dhawan, Anil Kumar Mishra und Puja Panwar Hazari. „Preclinical Evaluation of a Potential GSH Ester Based PET/SPECT Imaging Probe DT(GSHMe)2 to Detect Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Over Expressing Tumors“. PLOS ONE 10, Nr. 7 (29.07.2015): e0134281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134281.

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Guo, Zi-Zheng, und Z. N. Guo. „The inverse spin Hall effect in the lateral spin valve structure with dual injectors“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, Nr. 28 (09.11.2017): 1750203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217502034.

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The inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) of a graphene-like material (GLM) in the lateral spin valve (LSV) structure with dual injectors is studied by the well-known spin-circuit method. We focus on the interactions among the ferromagnets, especially the effects of the relative orientations of these magnets on the ISHE. In addition, we discuss the possibility of graphene as the giant spin Hall effect (GSHE) material. In order to compare the results with more convenience, we calculate the ISHE signals of CuBi, CuIr and the GLM at the same time as the functions of the orientation angles of the magnets. Our calculations show that the structures with dual injectors help to improve the signal strength of the ISHE. However, the SHE of the GLM is not stronger than that of CuBi or CuIr.

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Yin, Qi, Siwen Wu, Lei Wu, Zhenling Wang, Yandong Mu, Rui Zhang, Chunyan Dong et al. „A novel in silico antimicrobial peptide DP7 combats MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related biofilm infections“. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, Nr. 11 (31.07.2020): 3248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa308.

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Abstract Background Antimicrobial peptides are promising alternative antimicrobial agents to combat MDR. DP7, an antimicrobial peptide designed in silico, possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and immunomodulatory effects. However, the effects of DP7 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biofilm infection remain largely unexplored. Objectives To assess (i) the antimicrobial activity of DP7 against MDR P. aeruginosa; and (ii) the antibiofilm activity against biofilm infection. Also, to preliminarily investigate the possible antimicrobial mode of action. Methods The MICs of DP7 for 104 clinical P. aeruginosa strains (including 57 MDR strains) and the antibiofilm activity were determined. RNA-Seq, genome sequencing and cell morphology were conducted. Both acute and chronic biofilm infection mouse models were established. Two mutants, resulting from point mutations associated with LPS and biofilms, were constructed to investigate the potential mode of action. Results DP7, at 8–32 mg/L, inhibited the growth of clinical P. aeruginosa strains and, at 64 mg/L, reduced biofilm formation by 43% to 68% in vitro. In acute lung infection, 0.5 mg/kg DP7 exhibited a 70% protection rate and reduced bacterial colonization by 50% in chronic infection. DP7 mainly suppressed gene expression involving LPS and outer membrane proteins and disrupted cell wall structure. Genome sequencing of the DP7-resistant strain DP7R revealed four SNPs controlling LPS and biofilm production. gshA44 and wbpJ139 mutants displayed LPS reduction and motility deficiency, conferring the reduction of LPS and biofilm biomass of strain DP7R and indicating that LPS was a potential target of DP7. Conclusions These results demonstrate that DP7 may hold potential as an effective antimicrobial agent against MDR P. aeruginosa and related infections.

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Thorgersen, Michael P., und Diana M. Downs. „Oxidative stress and disruption of labile iron generate specific auxotrophic requirements in Salmonella enterica“. Microbiology 155, Nr. 1 (01.01.2009): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.020727-0.

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The response of a cell to integrated stresses was investigated using environmental and/or genetic perturbations that disrupted labile iron homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. The effects of the perturbations were monitored as nutritional requirements, and were traced to specific enzymic targets. A yggX gshA cyaY mutant strain required exogenous thiamine and methionine for growth. The thiamine requirement, which had previously been linked to the Fe–S cluster proteins ThiH and ThiC, was responsive to oxidative stress and was not directly affected by manipulation of the iron pool. The methionine requirement was associated with the activity of sulfite reductase, an enzyme that appeared responsive to disruption of labile iron homeostasis. The results are incorporated in a model to suggest how the activity of iron-containing enzymes not directly sensitive to oxygen can be decreased by oxidation of the labile iron pool.

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Hargono, Hargono, Andri Cahyo Kumoro und Bakti Jos. „Enzymatic hydrolysis of bitter cassava and Gadung starches with different compositions at low temperature“. MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815601009.

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The effect of compositions of bitter cassava (Manihot glaziovii) and gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) starches on reducing sugar during hydrolysis using granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE) was studied. All hydrolyses were conducted at concentration of substrate was 200 g.L-1, while concentration of enzyme was 1.5 % (w/w), during of hydrolysis time 24 h, at 30°C. Mass compositition of bitter cassava and gadung starches were 9:1 to 1:9 The increase gadung starch compositions will decrease the reducing sugar. The optimum condition of the process using concentration of substrate 200 g.L-1 with compositions of bitter cassava and gadung starches was 9:1 at 18 h. It was found that reducing sugar was 50.20 g.L-1. The concentration of reducing sugar mainly depend on starch content on bitter cassava, it is much bigger than the gadung starch.

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Li, Jun, Shen Xu, Jin-Bo Zhu, Jin Song, Biao Luo, Ya-Ping Song, Zhi-Hui Zhang et al. „Pretreatment with Cholecalciferol Alleviates Renal Cellular Stress Response during Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury“. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (25.03.2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1897316.

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Background. Cellular stress is involved in ischemia/reperfusion- (I/R-) induced acute kidney injury (AKI). This study is aimed at investigating the effects of pretreatment with cholecalciferol on renal oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during I/R-induced AKI. Methods. I/R-induced AKI was established by cross-clamping renal pedicles for 90 minutes and then reperfusion. In the Chol+I/R group, mice were orally administered with three doses of cholecalciferol (25 μg/kg) at 1, 24, and 48 h before ischemia. Renal cellular stress and kidney injury were measured at different time points after reperfusion. Results. I/R-induced AKI was alleviated in mice pretreated with cholecalciferol. In addition, I/R-induced renal cell apoptosis, as determined by TUNEL, was suppressed by cholecalciferol. Additional experiment showed that I/R-induced upregulation of renal GRP78 and CHOP was inhibited by cholecalciferol. I/R-induced renal IRE1α and eIF2α phosphorylation was attenuated by cholecalciferol. Moreover, I/R-induced renal GSH depletion, lipid peroxidation, and protein nitration were blocked in mice pretreated with cholecalciferol. I/R-induced upregulation of renal NADPH oxidases, such as p47phox, gp91phox, and nox4, was inhibited by cholecalciferol. I/R-induced upregulation of heme oxygenase- (HO-) 1, gshpx and gshrd, was attenuated in mice pretreated with cholecalciferol. Conclusions. Pretreatment with cholecalciferol protects against I/R-induced AKI partially through suppressing renal cellular stress response.

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Kunak, Celalettin Semih, Osman Kukula, Emre Mutlu, Fatma Genç, Gülçer Güleç Peker, Ufuk Kuyrukluyıldız, Orhan Binici, Durdu Altuner und Hamit Hakan Alp. „The Effect of Etoricoxib on Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats“. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/598162.

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Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage is known to be a pathological process which continues with the increase of oxidants and expands with the inflammatory response. There is not any study about protective effect of etoricoxib on the liver I/R damage in literature.Objective. This study investigates the effect of etoricoxib on oxidative stress induced by I/R of the rat liver.Material and Methods. Experimental animals were divided into four groups as liver I/R control (LIRC), 50 mg/kg etoricoxib + liver I/R (ETO-50), 100 mg/kg etoricoxib + liver I/R (ETO-100), and healthy group (HG). ETO-50 and ETO-100 groups were administered etoricoxib, while LIRC and HG groups were orally given distilled water by gavage. Hepatic artery was clamped for one hour to provide ischemia, and then reperfusion was provided for 6 hours. Oxidant, antioxidant, and COX-2 gene expressions were studied in the liver tissues. ALT and AST were measured.Results. Etoricoxib in 50 and 100 mg/kg doses changed the levels of oxidant/antioxidant parameters such as MDA, MPO, tGSH, GSHRd, GST, SOD, NO, and 8-OH/Gua in favour of antioxidants. Furthermore, etoricoxib prevented increase of COX-2 gene expression and ALT and AST levels. This important protective effect of etoricoxib on the rat liver I/R can be tested in the clinical setting.

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HATTORI, Ryota, Sawaki TADA, Mayumi MATSUSHITA-MORITA, Satoshi SUZUKI und Ken-Ichi KUSUMOTO. „Gamma-glutamylcysteine Synthetase Gene Homolog (gshA) is Important in Glutathione Homeostasis in Aspergillus oryzae“. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 52, Nr. 4 (01.10.2018): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.52.301.

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Czeczot, H., M. Skrzycki, M. Majewska, M. Podsiad, R. Salamatin, J. Twarowska und B. Grytner-Zięcina. „Changes of enzymatic antioxidant system in the small intestine of rats after the chronic invasion by Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda, Hymenolepididae)“. Helminthologia 49, Nr. 4 (01.12.2012): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-012-0044-8.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the enzymatic antioxidant system in rat small intestine caused by invasion of tapeworms Hymenolepis diminuta. The study material consisted of samples of the rats small intestine after short- (1.5-months) and long-term (1.5-years) larvae invasion of tapeworm H. diminuta. In tissue extracts the concentration of oxidative stress markers (GSH and TBARS) and activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, total GSHPx, SeGSHPx, GST and GSHR) were determined. Changes demonstrated for GSH and TBARS level and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the small intestine in rats indicate the induction of oxidative stress and weakening of antioxidant defense mechanisms, after both short- and long-term invasion of H. diminuta tapeworms. Observed profile of antioxidant enzymes activity in the small intestine of rats after prolonged exposure to direct or indirect contact with H. diminuta tapeworms points to the adaptation of the definitive host to oxidative stress and defense against parasitic invasions.

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Hargono, Hargono, Andri Cahyo Kumoro und Bakti Jos. „Inhibitory Effects of Cyanide on the Activity of Granular Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme (GSHE) during Hydrolysis of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Starch“. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 63, Nr. 1 (16.05.2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.12006.

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The kinetics and inhibitory effects of cyanide on the granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE) activity during hydrolysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starch at low temperature were studied. The substrates included native cassava starch at various concentrations (100-400 g/L) and native cassava starches with added cyanide at various concentrations (50-150 mg/kg), while the concentration of enzyme was 1.5% (w/w). A decrease in reducing sugar concentration during hydrolysis of cassava starch indicated that the cyanide reduced the enzyme activity. Lineweaver-Burk plot of Michaelis-Menten equation was used to study the inhibition kinetics. The maximum velocity (Vmax) value was higher for native cassava starch than that of native cassava starch with added cyanides. The presence of cyanide was found to reduce the Vmax values. No significant different of the saturation constant (Km) value between native cassava starch and native cassava starch with added cyanides was observed. Based on the inhibition type analysis, the effect of cyanide in the cassava starch can be classified as a noncompetitive inhibition, with the Ki value of 0.33 mg/L.

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Warnke, Molly M., Eranda Wanigasekara, Sharad S. Singhal, Jyotsana Singhal, Sanjay Awasthi und Daniel W. Armstrong. „The determination of glutathione-4-hydroxynonenal (GSHNE), E-4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and E-1-hydroxynon-2-en-4-one (HNO) in mouse liver tissue by LC-ESI-MS“. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 392, Nr. 7-8 (25.09.2008): 1325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2383-3.

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Eliana, dos Santos Leandro, Kunrath Lima Graciela, Fernandes de Carvalho Antnio, Alfenas Zerbini Poliane, Gomes Pereira Odilon und Alencar de Moraes Clia. „Effect of growth conditions on glutathione accumulation, gshR gene expression and resistance to the lyophilization process in Lactococcus lactis LVA. 2“. African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, Nr. 30 (23.07.2014): 2874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.6627.

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Gralnick, Jeffrey, Eric Webb, Brian Beck und Diana Downs. „Lesions in gshA (Encoding γ-l-Glutamyl-l-Cysteine Synthetase) Prevent Aerobic Synthesis of Thiamine in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2“. Journal of Bacteriology 182, Nr. 18 (15.09.2000): 5180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.18.5180-5187.2000.

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ABSTRACT Thiamine pyrophosphate is an essential cofactor that is synthesized de novo in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and other bacteria. In addition to genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, mutations in other metabolic loci have been shown to prevent thiamine synthesis. The latter loci identify the integration of the thiamine biosynthetic pathway with other metabolic processes and can be uncovered when thiamine biosynthesis is challenged. Mutations ingshA, encoding γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteine synthetase, prevent the synthesis of glutathione, the major free thiol in the cell, and are shown here to result in a thiamine auxotrophy in some of the strains tested, including S. enterica LT2. Phenotypic characterization of the gshA mutants indicated they were similar enough to apbC and apbE mutants to warrant the definition of a class of mutants unified by (i) a requirement for both the hydroxymethyl pyrimidine (HMP) and thiazole (THZ) moiety of thiamine, (ii) the ability of l-tryosine to satisfy the THZ requirement, (iii) suppression of the thiamine requirement by anaerobic growth, and (iv) suppression by a second-site mutation at a single locus. Genetic data indicated that a defective ThiH generates the THZ requirement in these strains, and we suggest this defect is due to a reduced ability to repair a critical [Fe-S] cluster.

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Sakamoto, Akihiko, Yusuke Terui, Taketo Yoshida, Taku Yamamoto, Hideyuki Suzuki, Kaneyoshi Yamamoto, Akira Ishihama, Kazuei Igarashi und Keiko Kashiwagi. „Three Members of Polyamine Modulon under Oxidative Stress Conditions: Two Transcription Factors (SoxR and EmrR) and a Glutathione Synthetic Enzyme (GshA)“. PLOS ONE 10, Nr. 4 (21.04.2015): e0124883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124883.

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Skovran, Elizabeth, C. T. Lauhon und D. M. Downs. „Lack of YggX Results in Chronic Oxidative Stress and Uncovers Subtle Defects in Fe-S Cluster Metabolism in Salmonella enterica“. Journal of Bacteriology 186, Nr. 22 (15.11.2004): 7626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.22.7626-7634.2004.

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ABSTRACT As components involved in Fe-S cluster metabolism are described, the challenge becomes defining the integrated process that occurs in vivo based on the individual functions characterized in vitro. Strains lacking yggX have been used here to mimic chronic oxidative stress and uncover subtle defects in Fe-S cluster metabolism. We describe the in vivo similarities and differences between isc mutants, which have a known function in cluster assembly, and mutants disrupted in four additional loci, gshA, apbC, apbE, and rseC. The latter mutants share similarities with isc mutants: (i) a sensitivity to oxidative stress, (ii) a thiamine auxotrophy in the absence of the YggX protein, and (iii) decreased activities of Fe-S proteins, including aconitase, succinate dehydrogenase, and MiaB. However, they differ from isc mutants by displaying a phenotypic dependence on metals and a distinct defect in the SoxRS response to superoxides. Results presented herein support the proposed role of YggX in iron trafficking and protection against oxidative stress, describe additional phenotypes of isc mutants, and suggest a working model in which the ApbC, ApbE, and RseC proteins and glutathione participate in Fe-S cluster repair.

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Harrison, Judith, Alexandre Jamet, Cecilia I. Muglia, Ghislaine Van de Sype, O. Mario Aguilar, Alain Puppo und Pierre Frendo. „Glutathione Plays a Fundamental Role in Growth and Symbiotic Capacity of Sinorhizobium meliloti“. Journal of Bacteriology 187, Nr. 1 (01.01.2005): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.1.168-174.2005.

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ABSTRACT Rhizobia form a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family to produce nitrogen-fixing root nodules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. We have examined the importance of glutathione (GSH) during free-living growth and symbiosis of Sinorhizobium meliloti. An S. meliloti mutant strain (SmgshA) which is unable to synthesize GSH due to a gene disruption in gshA, encoding the enzyme for the first step in the biosynthesis of GSH, was unable to grow under nonstress conditions, precluding any nodulation. In contrast, an S. meliloti strain (SmgshB) with gshB, encoding the enzyme involved in the second step in GSH synthesis, deleted was able to grow, indicating that γ-glutamylcysteine, the dipeptide intermediate, can partially substitute for GSH. However, the SmgshB strain showed a delayed-nodulation phenotype coupled to a 75% reduction in the nitrogen fixation capacity. This phenotype was linked to abnormal nodule development. Both the SmgshA and SmgshB mutant strains exhibited higher catalase activity than the wild-type S. meliloti strain, suggesting that both mutant strains are under oxidative stress. Taken together, these results show that GSH plays a critical role in the growth of S. meliloti and during its interaction with the plant partner.

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Rodríguez, Joaquín V., María E. Mamprin, Edgardo E. Guibert und Guillermo Labadié. „Protective Effect of Glutathione (GSH) over Glutathione Monoethyl-Ester (GSH-E) on Cold Preservation of Isolated Rat Liver Cells“. Cell Transplantation 4, Nr. 2 (März 1995): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979500400208.

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Hepatocyte suspensions provide a rapid method to determine how hypothermic storage affects liver cell metabolism and viability. We investigated whether reduced Glutathione (GSH) inclusion into a modified University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, has a protective effect over Glutathione derivatives, such as Glutathione-monoethylester (GSH-E), when suspensions of hepatocytes are cold stored for several days. Isolated rat liver cells were cold preserved 96 h in UW, UW plus 3 mM GSH and UW plus 3 mM GSHE. During the cold storage, not significant changes in cell viability were observed, but the total Glutathione content was higher in systems with extracellular GSH over those with GSH-E or without. After cold storage, the liver cells were gently resuspended in Krebs-Henseleit — 1% Albumin and used for 120 min of normothermic (37°C) incubation. We evaluate the functional response of the cells measuring the exclusion of Trypan Blue (TBE). This response was clearly different in preserved cells in presence of GSH. These results indicate a protective role of extracellular Glutathione, due to an accumulation of it, rather than the derivative, for hepatic cell during the cold storage in UW solutions. And also, it is possible to extend experiments with hepatocytes from a single cell isolation over 4 or more consecutive days

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