Dissertationen zum Thema „Grid layout“

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1987.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Title as it appeared in Massachusetts Institute of Technology Graduate List February 1987: Rule based graphic system.
Bibliography: leaves 82-88.
Alka Gupta Badshah.
M.S.

In this thesis, several Reliability-based Design Optimization (RBDO) methods and algorithms for airplane floor grid layout optimization are proposed. A general RBDO process is proposed and validated by an example. Copula as a mathematical method to model random variable correlations is introduced to discover the correlations between random variables and to be applied in producing correlated data samples for Monte Carlo simulations. Based on Hasofer-Lind (HL) method, a correlated HL method is proposed to evaluate a reliability index under correlation. As an alternative method for computing a reliability index, the reliability index is interpreted as an optimization problem and two nonlinear programming algorithms are introduced to evaluate reliability index. To evaluate the reliability index by Monte Carlo simulation in a time efficient way, a kriging-based surrogate model is proposed and compared to the original model in terms of computing time. Since in RBDO optimization models the reliability constraint obtained by MCS does not have an analytical form, a kriging-based response surface is built. Kriging-based response surface models are usually segment functions that do not have a uniform expression over the design space; however, most optimization algorithms require a uniform expression for constraints. To solve this problem, a heuristic gradient-based direct searching algorithm is proposed. These methods and algorithms, together with the RBDO general process, are applied to the layout optimization of aircraft floor grid structural design.

The goal of this thesis is to explore the CSSBox experimental rendering engine, to study new ways of layout the content of web pages, which are Grid layout and Flexbox layout, using CSS language and to design appropriate modifications for their integration into CSSBox library. At first, the CSS language is described, including detailed descriptions of the new layouts, followed by a proposal for the solution itself. The thesis also deals with a detailed description of the implementation part, which is then tested on a test set. The conclusion of the thesis evaluates the results, including the reported shortcomings and other possibilities for development.

Målet har varit att undersöka hur grafiska formgivare kan använda sig av matematisk kod i form av fraktala system för att skapa inspirerande grid. Genom att titta på befintliga fraktala mönster och sedan anpassa vissa av dem till gridsystem skapades under designprocessen ett antal olika fraktala grid. Hur väl dessa gridsystem fungerade testades i en skisskalender - en fickkalender för formgivare med plats att skissa. För att kontrollera och verifiera de resultat som kom fram under designprocesssen jämfördes de med åsikter från en fokusgrupp bestående av grafiska formgivare. Slutsatsen blev att fraktala gridsystem inspirerar grafiska formgivare att skapa dynamiska och harmoniska layouter. Och att de fraktala gridsystemen kan läggas till under kategorin konstruerade grid.

Міжнародний типографський стиль, також відомий як швейцарський стиль, розроблений у Швейцарії в 1950-х роках, який підкреслює чистоту, читабельність та об’єктивність. Відмітними ознаками стилю є асиметричні макети, використання сітки, шрифтів без засічок та вирівнювання тексту по лівому краю. Стиль також пов'язаний з перевагою фотографії замість ілюстрацій або малюнків. Цей стиль у мистецтві, архітектурі та культурі став «міжнародним» стилем після 1950-х років, і його використовували художники з усього світу. Доповідь присвячено розкриттю основних аспектів швейцарського стилю.
The international typographic style, also known as the Swiss style, was developed in Switzerland in the 1950s, emphasizing purity, readability and objectivity. Distinctive features of the style are asymmetrical layouts, the use of a grid, serif fonts and text alignment on the left edge. Style is also associated with the preference of photography over illustrations or drawings. This style became an "international" style in art, architecture and culture after the 1950s, and was used by artists from all over the world. The report reveals the main aspects of the Swiss style.

Responsive design is a common expression at the web today. This thesis was about learning about responsive web design in order to apply it to Windows 8 applications created in C# and XAML. The purpose of this thesis was to learn if responsive design can be used in such applications. This was done by first learning about responsive design through a literature study about responsive web design and then specifying responsive application design. How responsive design can be used in applications was found through research and creation of an example application. No literature was found about responsive design for Windows 8 applications in C# and XAML and therefore most of the results came from own ideas and partly solutions found on different forums. The thesis was performed at Infor in Kista. The example application was a social application which was connected to a social web service developed by Infor. Responsive web design is a technique used for making webpages adapt to the size and resolution of the viewport. This is done by creating a structured, fluid layout by using a flexible grid and flexible images. Media queries are used to set up different states for presenting the page in different ways for different sizes and resolutions of the viewport. In the different states parts of the content can for example be hidden or styled. The number of columns of information can also be set to adapt to make the page easier to view. Responsive design for applications should make the layout of the application adapt to fit the application window of the device used depending on its resolution. One way to specify a responsive design for Windows 8 applications could be to create only one application which could be used on all different Windows 8 platforms, such as phones, tablets and computers. It is probably not possible today to create this one application for different Windows 8 platforms. Another way of specifying responsive design for application is to create a responsive user interface which could be shared and used in the different Windows 8 applications. The latter was the chosen definition for this thesis. The scope of this thesis was limited to only research for responsive design in Windows Store apps and Windows Phone 8 applications. Windows Phone 8 applications are applications used on smartphones with Windows Phone 8 as operating system while Windows Store applications are used on computers with Windows 8 as operating system. Other Windows 8 devices were not included in this thesis. The final conclusion of this thesis was that although it is complicated to use responsive application design it can be used for most of the user interface. A responsive user interface for the applications can be created separately, but some parts of the application pages cannot be shared between the different platforms. This results in a mostly responsive sharable user interface.

碩士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
104
With the process development, transistors become smaller and more complicated.In 16/14 nm process, FinFETs make a huge progress in electronics industry. Layout migration is an important task in design reuse. In order to migrate the process from 28/20 nm to sub-16 nm, we need to use FinFETs, which make DRC rules change a lot. One of the DRC rules added in FinFETs is that all gates must be positioned on the grid lines. So far, there are no tools reported for migration to the sub-16 nm process automatically. If we want to achieve this goal, one issue we need to tackle will be how to eciently align gates to grid lines. Therefore, we propose in this thesis an approach to address this issue so as to facilitate the migration of a layout to the FinFET technology.

Scattered mining was practised on Kusasalethu Mine (previously Elandsrand Gold Mine) prior to 1998, but as mining proceeded deeper, it was no longer a feasible option. The scattered mining method would have resulted in unacceptably high stress levels and energy release rates on the active mining faces. Longwall mining was considered as it was practiced on neighbouring mines. This would have ensured that energy and stress levels remained within acceptable limits and avoided the formation of remnants at depth. Kusasalethu Mine required a more flexible mining method owing to the highly variable grade, the presence of multiple faults and dykes and the high production rate required. A mining method was therefore developed that consisted of dip stabilizing pillars for regional support as well as bracket pillars to support geological structures. This was called the Sequential Grid mining method. Sequential Grid mining addressed two main problems, namely, negotiating the adverse geology and the erratic grade of the VCR orebody. However, a recent drop in production resulted in the need for alternatives and improvements to the original mining layout. This involved modifications to the design in order to increase production rates without any compromise to safety. An investigation to modify for the Sequential Grid mining method was therefore conducted by the author in order to determine the consequences for layout stability. A few alternatives were investigated to determine the best possible solution for the Sequential Grid design. As a result, the modified Multi-raise mining method was introduced to address the problems that were experienced with the original design. This study compared the original mining method and the Multi-raise mining with regards to layout stability. Investigation of the seismic data showed no significant differences between the original Sequential Grid mining and the proposed Multi-raise mining. The numerical modelling of the mining layouts showed slightly higher interim Energy Release Rates (ERR) and Average Pillar Stress (APS) levels during the extraction process. The final values for these parameters are nevertheless similar to the original Sequential Grid mining method. It is therefore concluded that the Multi-raise mining method will not have adverse effects on the mine stability. It is concluded that changes to the original Sequential Grid mine design are possible without influencing the seismic hazard. In addition the anticipated interim increases in ERR and APS levels could be kept within acceptable levels through slight decreases to the extraction ratio. The concept of an average value for the stress distribution in a remaining portion of solid rock (pillars) surrounded by underground mining excavations is used as the rock engineering design parameter called average pillar stress (APS). Although averages are generally simple to calculate given the availability of appropriate data, average values for the stress distributed with pillars is somewhat more complex especially when working in MINSIM 2000 is proposed to ensure that the calculation of APS is done appropriately. The study also investigated the use of the Modelled magnitude method to analyse future seismic trends. The study illustrated that the expected seismic trends will be very similar for the Multi-raise method compared to the original Sequential Grid mining method.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Mining Engineering
unrestricted

碩士
東吳大學
心理學系
102
The waterfall webpage layout is visually uneven while information unfolds continuously as the page scrolls down. The recent success of the Pinterest website increases the adoption of waterfall layouts. Many shopping websites replaced their grid layout design to waterfall design. Consumer behavior can be divided into goal-directed and experiential shopping. The goal-directed consumer has a clear and definite target and will select the information when they are browsing the website. The experiential consumer doesn’t have any clear and definite target, they will not select the information but will enjoy when they are browsing the website.This study wants to use eye-tracking technology to investigated waterfall design and grid layout design to show the products how to influence consumers and is browse goals and web design commonly affects consumers' purchase intention. This study is browse goals (2) X web type of version (2) X whether the target product (2) mixed design. The results showed that in grid layout design web manipulation the shopping target caused more impact than waterfall design web: When browsed the grid layout design web, goal-directed participant’s average fixation duration longer than experiential participant’s, and the fixation count less than experiential participant’s. When browsed the waterfall design web, the average fixation duration did not differ between goal-directed participants and experiential participants, but experiential participant’s fixation count more than goal-directed participant’s. Means that when there is a clear target product to consumers need to searching, use the grid layout design web will easier to find the product and can efficiently complete the task than use waterfall design web. In contrast, when consumers do not have explicitly target product and experiential used website, grid layout design web is less suitable, but waterfall design web will make experiential participants immersive in web browsing activities.

碩士
國立高雄大學
電機工程學系--先進電子構裝技術產業研發碩士專班
103
BGA substrate design routing was diversity, currently does not have a layout guidelines. The substrate routing area will differences due to different routing techniques, this paper will explore the optimization of substrate layout, through the substrate layer converted from 4 layers to 3 layers layout analysis. In this paper, will directed to BGA 4 layers substrate, and re-layout to 3 layers substrate, without affecting it’s original electrical impedance, I / O arrangement and significant power (PWR) / ground (GND) signals connection. After analysis, when ground signal’s area less than 30%, restricted to the minimum line width, the ground signal can’t be connect in the substrate, the current density and thermal effects will increase in the meantime, so the area of the reduction ratio has its limitations.

abstract: This dissertation addresses challenges pertaining to multi-junction (MJ) solar cells from material development to device design and characterization. Firstly, among the various methods to improve the energy conversion efficiency of MJ solar cells using, a novel approach proposed recently is to use II-VI (MgZnCd)(SeTe) and III-V (AlGaIn)(AsSb) semiconductors lattice-matched on GaSb or InAs substrates for current-matched subcells with minimal defect densities. CdSe/CdTe superlattices are proposed as a potential candidate for a subcell in the MJ solar cell designs using this material system, and therefore the material properties of the superlattices are studied. The high structural qualities of the superlattices are obtained from high resolution X-ray diffraction measurements and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images. The effective bandgap energies of the superlattices obtained from the photoluminescence (PL) measurements vary with the layer thicknesses, and are smaller than the bandgap energies of either the constituent material. Furthermore, The PL peak position measured at the steady state exhibits a blue shift that increases with the excess carrier concentration. These results confirm a strong type-II band edge alignment between CdSe and CdTe. The valence band offset between unstrained CdSe and CdTe is determined as 0.63 eV±0.06 eV by fitting the measured PL peak positions using the Kronig-Penney model. The blue shift in PL peak position is found to be primarily caused by the band bending effect based on self-consistent solutions of the Schrödinger and Poisson equations. Secondly, the design of the contact grid layout is studied to maximize the power output and energy conversion efficiency for concentrator solar cells. Because the conventional minimum power loss method used for the contact design is not accurate in determining the series resistance loss, a method of using a distributed series resistance model to maximize the power output is proposed for the contact design. It is found that the junction recombination loss in addition to the series resistance loss and shadowing loss can significantly affect the contact layout. The optimal finger spacing and maximum efficiency calculated by the two methods are close, and the differences are dependent on the series resistance and saturation currents of solar cells. Lastly, the accurate measurements of external quantum efficiency (EQE) are important for the design and development of MJ solar cells. However, the electrical and optical couplings between the subcells have caused EQE measurement artifacts. In order to interpret the measurement artifacts, DC and small signal models are built for the bias condition and the scan of chopped monochromatic light in the EQE measurements. Characterization methods are developed for the device parameters used in the models. The EQE measurement artifacts are found to be caused by the shunt and luminescence coupling effects, and can be minimized using proper voltage and light biases. Novel measurement methods using a pulse voltage bias or a pulse light bias are invented to eliminate the EQE measurement artifacts. These measurement methods are nondestructive and easy to implement. The pulse voltage bias or pulse light bias is superimposed on the conventional DC voltage and light biases, in order to control the operating points of the subcells and counterbalance the effects of shunt and luminescence coupling. The methods are demonstrated for the first time to effectively eliminate the measurement artifacts.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2012

碩士
銘傳大學
設計創作研究所碩士班
94
As the magazine market of women’s expanding, this research based on the references and the interviews analysis the Grid Systems for the layout of women’s fashion magazine, and take issues of 2004 July and August for example. The method of content analysis was adopted by this research, and software SPSS was used for supporting the analysis. In this research we can conclude: 1. The existing frequencies of all kind of reports are almost equal. 2. The way of editing the layout is similar to catalog. 3. On layout design, most of the samples use combined columns, and integrate style by discretional design. And further more, Modular Grid is the main rules. 4. Most samples arrange the sorts with small changeable units. 5.There are no connections between center spread and women’s need, elements size changing and layout setting rule, elements size changing and layout style.

Constraining graph layouts - that is, restricting the placement of vertices and the routing of edges to obey certain constraints - is common practice in graph drawing. In this book, we discuss algorithmic results on two different restriction types: placing vertices on the outer face and on the integer grid. For the first type, we look into the outer k-planar and outer k-quasi-planar graphs, as well as giving a linear-time algorithm to recognize full and closed outer k-planar graphs Monadic Second-order Logic. For the second type, we consider the problem of transferring a given planar drawing onto the integer grid while perserving the original drawings topology; we also generalize a variant of Cauchy's rigidity theorem for orthogonal polyhedra of genus 0 to those of arbitrary genus
Das Einschränken von Zeichnungen von Graphen, sodass diese bestimmte Nebenbedingungen erfüllen - etwa solche, die das Platzieren von Knoten oder den Verlauf von Kanten beeinflussen - sind im Graphzeichnen allgegenwärtig. In dieser Arbeit befassen wir uns mit algorithmischen Resultaten zu zwei speziellen Einschränkungen, nämlich dem Platzieren von Knoten entweder auf der Außenfacette oder auf ganzzahligen Koordinaten. Für die erste Einschränkung untersuchen wir die außen k-planaren und außen k-quasi-planaren Graphen und geben einen auf monadische Prädikatenlogik zweiter Stufe basierenden Algorithmus an, der überprüft, ob ein Graph voll außen k-planar ist. Für die zweite Einschränkung untersuchen wir das Problem, eine gegebene planare Zeichnung eines Graphen auf das ganzzahlige Koordinatengitter zu transportieren, ohne dabei die Topologie der Zeichnung zu verändern; außerdem generalisieren wir eine Variante von Cauchys Starrheitssatz für orthogonale Polyeder von Geschlecht 0 auf solche von beliebigem Geschlecht