Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Greta Gerwig“

Relasi kekuasaan dan pengetahuan telah tersebar luas di setiap bidang, baik pada bidang sosial, bidang ekonomi, bidang hukum, dan bidang-bidang lainnya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menjabarkan ciri <em>episteme </em>terhadap praktik relasi kekuasaan dan pengetahuan yang terdapat dalam film <em>Little Women </em>karya Greta Gerwig berdasarkan perspektif Michel Foucault; dan (2) menginterpretasikan bentuk-bentuk dan dampak-dampak dari relasi kekuasaan dan pengetahuan yang terdapat dalam film <em>Little Women </em>karya Greta Gerwig berdasarkan perspektif Michel Foucault. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai memandang tokoh dalam film <em>Little Women </em>karya Greta Gerwig dari sisi sosial pada beberapa tokoh, yang mana peneliti menggunakan perspektif Michel Foucault. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan metode penelitian deskriptif. Peneliti mengumpulkan data dengan menggunakan teknik tonton, teknik simak, dan teknik catat. Analisis data dengan model dari Miles dan Huberman dengan mereduksi data, menyajikan data, dan menarik kesimpulan. Penelitian ini diuji keabsahannya dengan peningkatan ketekunan, triangulasi, dan diskusi. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) ciri <em>episteme </em>terhadap praktik relasi kekuasaan dan pengetahuan dengan ciri wanita yang kaya dengan berbagai cara; dan (2) bentuk relasi kekuasaan dan pengetahuan berupa: (a) pikiran dan perasaaan dengan tiga dampak pada tokoh; (b) perkataan dengan dua dampak pada tokoh; serta (c) perbuatan dengan tiga dampak pada tokoh. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian ini dapat: (1) menambah wawasan mengenai teori atau perspektif Michel Foucault; (2) menciptakan semangat juang dalam bidang feminisme di Indonesia.

This research was useful for knowing the personality of the main character in the film. The researchers used the film Lady Bird as the object of research because this film was very interesting and told the story of a teenager who had very strong ambitions. This film was written by Greta Gerwig in 2017. The researcher used the psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud. The study aimed to analyze the psychological conflict between ego, id and super ego trough the attitude and utterances of the main character. The method was qualitative descriptive. In result, researchers found 6 aspects of the id that are directly related to the main character, 2 aspects of the ego and 2 aspects of the superego. Therefore, the researcher concludes that in the main character in this film, she was more controlled by his id, where she was a form of personality that a person carried when she was born. The Id on Ladybird showed how she fulfilled a wish she deserved and felt that she enjoyed it more without realizing it.

Uppsatsen önskade undersöka karaktärerna Jo och Amy samt deras relation i Greta Gerwigs film Little Women (2019) ur ett feministiskt perspektiv. Detta gjordes genom att jämföra gestaltningen av dem i Gillian Armstrongs filmadaption av Little Women från 1994 och genom att utgå från Jens Eders karaktärsklocka och feministisk filmteori. Analysen visade distinkta skillnader i gestaltningarna av och relationen mellan karaktärerna samt att dessa innebär ett starkare feministiskt budskap i Gerwigs film. Resultatet visade att Jo hade en än mer feministisk betydelse än i Armstrongs film eftersom hon tydligare motsätter sig hur ett lyckligt slut för en kvinna måste innebära äktenskap med en man. Hon hade också mer tydligt feministiska åsikter och tankar som presenterades i Gerwigs tillagda repliker. Amy fick mer moderna och feministiska värderingar än samma karaktär i Armstrongs film. Amys ambition att bli en duktig konstnär visade enligt denna analys på motivationer utöver de att gifta sig och gjorde att hon indirekt motsäger att hon som kvinna endast är lämpad som fru och i relation till en man. Med hjälp av Eders karaktärsklocka och feministisk filmteori kunde analysen också visa att en karaktärs feministiska budskap kan fokuseras till deras inre aspekter, deras sociala roller, deras symbol och deras symptom. Den yttre aspekten och därmed den visuella njutningen är inte av betydelse för filmens feministiska budskap utan detta kan fokuseras på karaktärernas andra, ovan nämnda, aspekter. Avslutningsvis redovisades hur åskådarens subjektiva upplevelse inte var av väsentlighet eftersom identifiering med karaktärernas känslor och värderingar tillräckligt tydligt förmedlade filmens feministiska budskap.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sustentabilidade Sócio-econômica e Ambiental. PROÁGUA, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós Graduação, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.
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No Brasil, embora as cavidades naturais sejam consideradas patrimônios ambientais resguardados por lei, muitas sofrem pressões que acarretam riscos a sua conservação. O problema deve-se, em parte, à ineficiência da fiscalização do Estado, e ao equívoco de muitas pessoas que se sentem no direito de usufruir indiscriminadamente dos serviços ambientais prestados pelas cavidades considerando-as como bens públicos, e por isto, subjugando-as. Os serviços ambientais podem ser as condições que garantem a sobrevivência das espécies da fauna e flora exclusivas do ambiente cavernícola e muitos outros benefícios sociais, culturais, espirituais, estéticos, recreativos e educativos que satisfazem, direta ou indiretamente, as necessidades humanas. Como são oferecidos de forma livre e gratuita pela natureza, também podem ser utilizados até a exaustão. Diante disso, a valoração econômica tem sido considerada uma importante ferramenta para preservar a manutenção dos serviços ambientais na natureza. Isso não significa taxá-los e colocá-los à venda, mas estabelecer um valor que funcione como um indicador representativo de sua importância econômica e bemestar social. Essa estratégia foi aplicada à Gruta do Salitre, situada no maciço quartzítico da Reserva da Biosfera da Serra do Espinhaço. A proximidade de Diamantina (Minas Gerais), cidade histórica e Patrimônio da Humanidade, eleva o potencial turístico da gruta. A gestão do uso público, realizada por uma ONG (Instituto Biotrópicos), ainda é incipiente e, por isso, carece de apoio para conseguir manter o monitoramento local. Portanto, há uma grande necessidade de se conciliar as inúmeras atividades que ocorrem na área do afloramento rochoso da gruta (práticas esportivas e concertos musicais) com a conservação ambiental do ecossistema de caverna. Visando contribuir para o alcance da sustentabilidade da gestão do uso público da gruta, este estudo buscou identificar e valorar monetariamente os serviços ambientais prestados pela Gruta do Salitre utilizando o Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC). Para tanto, no período de agosto a outubro de 2013, entrevistou-se os visitantes da gruta e os moradores de Curralinho utilizando-se questionários semiestruturados com o intuito de identificar os objetivos da visita e avaliar a sua disposição a pagar (DAP) pela conservação do atrativo natural em questão. O valor anual estimado referente aos benefícios gerados pela Gruta do Salitre foi superior a 4 milhões/ano de reais a partir dos dados obtidas dos visitantes, e próximo a 2 milhões/ano a partir dos dados dos moradores de Curralinho. Demais informações contidas nos questionários geraram um banco de dados, cujos parâmetros estudados subsidiarão a adoção de políticas públicas voltadas para conservação ambiental e para a avaliação da viabilidade de projetos empresariais destinados à utilização das potencialidades turísticas desse patrimônio natural. __________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: In Brazil, although the natural cavities are considered environmental heritage safeguarded by law, many suffer pressures that give rise to their conservation. The problem is due in part to poor enforcement of the state, and the misconception of many people who feel entitled to use indiscriminately the environmental services provided by the cavities considering them as public goods, and therefore, subduing them . Environmental services may be the conditions that ensure the survival of species of fauna and flora unique cave environment and many other social, cultural, spiritual, aesthetic, recreational and educational benefits that satisfy, directly or indirectly, human needs. How are offered free by nature and free form, can also be used to exhaustion. Therefore, economic valuation has been considered an important tool to preserve environmental services in nature. This is not to tax them and put them on sale, but set a value that will work as a representative indicator of its economic importance and social welfare. This strategy was applied to the Salitre Cave, located in the massive quartzite of the Espinhaço Biosphere Reserve. The proximity of Diamantina (Minas Gerais), and historic World Heritage city, raises the tourism potential of the cave. The management of public use, conducted by an NGO (Biotrópicos Institute), is still in its infancy and therefore needs support in order to sustain the local monitoring. So there is a great need to reconcile the numerous activities that occur on the rocky outcrop of the cave (sports and concerts) with the conservation of the ecosystem of the cave area. To contribute to the achievement of sustainable management of public use of the cave, this study sought to identify and monetarily value the environmental services provided by the Saltpeter Cave using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). For this, in the period august to October 2013 were collected from visitors to the cave and the residents of Curralinho using semistructured questionnaires in order to identify the objectives of the visit and assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation the natural attraction in question. The estimated annual value related to the benefits generated by the Saltpeter Cave was more than 4 million/year of actual data obtained from the visitors and close to 2 million/year from the data of residents of Curralinho. Other information contained in the questionnaires generated a database, whose parameters studied subsidize the adoption of related to environmental conservation and to evaluate the feasibility of business projects for use of the tourist potential of this natural heritage policies.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal estudar as relações sociais e simbólicas de gênero na pré-história brasileira, com base no estudo dos rituais funerários e remanescentes ósseos humanos de populações horticultoras do noroeste de Minas Gerais, que de 1540 anos a.C. a 1540 d.C. ocuparam de forma sazonal e constante a Gruta do Gentio II para a realização de seus rituais funerários. Nosso estudo foi dividido em duas partes, com base na análise de variáveis relacionadas ao ritual funerário (tratamento dado ao corpo, posição, orientação, direção da face, características da cova, distribuição temporal e espacial, acompanhamentos funerários) e aos remanescentes ósseos e dentários propriamente ditos (sexo, idade, fraturas, doenças, linhas de Harris, facetas suplementárias da tíbia, degeneração das superfícies articulares do esqueleto axial e apendicular, além de cáries, abrasão dentária, hipoplasia, doença periodontal, cálculos, abcessos dentários e perda ante-mortem). Dentro de uma perspectiva teórico-interpretativa simbólica, com base na arqueologia de gênero, pós-processualismo e arqueologia cognitiva, e nos métodos analíticos bioarqueológicos, acreditamos que foi possível compreender parte dos papéis sociais, desempenhados principalmente por homens e mulheres, além de adolescentes e crianças, no contexto arqueológico da Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais.
The aim of this work is to investigate the social and symbolic relations of gender in Brazilian prehistory, based on the study of human funerary rituals and bone remains of horticulturist populations in the northeast of Minas Gerais state who in a seasonal and constant form, in the period 1540 BC to 1540 AC, used the caverns at Gruta do Gentio II to perform their funerary rituals. Our study is divided in two parts based on the variables related to the funerary ritual (handling, position and orientation of the corpse, direction of the face, grave characteristics, distribution in space and time, grave goods) and to the bone and teeth remains respectively (sex, age, fractures, illnesses, Harris lines, supplementary tibia facets, joint surfaces degeneration of the axial and appendicular skeleton, and also caries, dental abrasion, hypoplasia, periodontal illness, calculus, dental abscesses and ante-mortem tooth loss). In a symbolic theoretical-interpretative perspective based on the gender archaeology, postprocessualism and cognitive archaeology, as well as the bioarchaeological analytic methods, we believe that it is possible to understand part of the social roles performed mainly by men and women but also by children and teenagers in the archaeological context of Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais.

Orientador: Samira Peduti Kahil
Banca: Darlene Aparecida de Oliveira Ferreira (substituta)
Banca: Ricardo Abid Castillo
Banca: Maria Mónica Arroyo
Resumo: O trabalho tem por objetivo elucidar como o território brasileiro, no atual período técnico-científico-informacional vai sendo cada vez mais dinamizado segundo um ritmo imposto pelo sistema de ações hegemônicas da economia e da política. A difusão dessas ações e a respectiva materialidade são seletivamente dispostos e organizados nos lugares para servir aos interesses dos agentes econômicos. Esse uso seletivo e privilegiado do meio geográfico impõe uma dinâmica desigual e uma vida de relações de intensidades distintas entre os lugares determinando as mais profundas desigualdades sociais e territoriais. Uma tal dinâmica econômica, ritmada pelo novo modo de desenvolvimento do capitalismo hoje, impõe a formação de verdadeiros circuitos espaciais de produção. O Circuito Espacial de Produção do Café no Brasil é exemplar dessa nova dinâmica que se impõe ao território brasileiro. Os sistemas de objetos e sistemas de ações que a Cooxupé (Cooperativa Regional dos Cafeicultores em Guaxupé Ltda) comanda no Circuito Espacial de Produção do Café mostram-nos como são impostas verticalidades na área de atuação da Cooperativa, criando nos lugares onde atua, relações de solidariedade organizacional, muito ritmada e organizada segundo uma racionalidade econômica, razão pragmática e capitalista, no mais das vezes cega para tudo o mais que não seja o cálculo, o uso eficiente dos meios para atingir uma única finalidade: a riqueza de alguns.
Abstract: The work is aimed to elucidate as the Brazilian territory, in the current scientific-technician-informative period is, according to a rhythm imposed by the system of hegemonic economy and politics actions. The diffusion of these actions and the respective materiality are selectively arranged and organized in places to serve to the interests of the economic agents. This selective and privileged use of the geographic environment imposes a different dynamic and a life of relations from distinct intensities between the places determining the deepest social and territorial dissemblances. Such economic dynamics, measurable by the new way of capitalism today's development, imposes the formation of true production space circuits. The Production Space Circuit of Coffee in Brazil is exemplary in this new dynamics imposed to Brazilian territory. The object systems and action systems that Cooxupé (Cooperative Regional of the Cafeicultores in Guaxupé Ltda) commands in the Production Space Circuit of Coffee shows us the uprights in the performance area of the Cooperative, creating in the places where it acts, relations of organizational solidarity, really measurable and organized according to an economic rationality, pragmatic and capitalist reason, sometimes blind for everything else that is not the measurement and the efficient use of tatics to reach an only purpose: the wealth of some.
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O trabalho tem por objetivo elucidar como o território brasileiro, no atual período técnico-científico-informacional vai sendo cada vez mais dinamizado segundo um ritmo imposto pelo sistema de ações hegemônicas da economia e da política. A difusão dessas ações e a respectiva materialidade são seletivamente dispostos e organizados nos lugares para servir aos interesses dos agentes econômicos. Esse uso seletivo e privilegiado do meio geográfico impõe uma dinâmica desigual e uma vida de relações de intensidades distintas entre os lugares determinando as mais profundas desigualdades sociais e territoriais. Uma tal dinâmica econômica, ritmada pelo novo modo de desenvolvimento do capitalismo hoje, impõe a formação de verdadeiros circuitos espaciais de produção. O Circuito Espacial de Produção do Café no Brasil é exemplar dessa nova dinâmica que se impõe ao território brasileiro. Os sistemas de objetos e sistemas de ações que a Cooxupé (Cooperativa Regional dos Cafeicultores em Guaxupé Ltda) comanda no Circuito Espacial de Produção do Café mostram-nos como são impostas verticalidades na área de atuação da Cooperativa, criando nos lugares onde atua, relações de solidariedade organizacional, muito ritmada e organizada segundo uma racionalidade econômica, razão pragmática e capitalista, no mais das vezes cega para tudo o mais que não seja o cálculo, o uso eficiente dos meios para atingir uma única finalidade: a riqueza de alguns.
The work is aimed to elucidate as the Brazilian territory, in the current scientific-technician-informative period is, according to a rhythm imposed by the system of hegemonic economy and politics actions. The diffusion of these actions and the respective materiality are selectively arranged and organized in places to serve to the interests of the economic agents. This selective and privileged use of the geographic environment imposes a different dynamic and a life of relations from distinct intensities between the places determining the deepest social and territorial dissemblances. Such economic dynamics, measurable by the new way of capitalism today’s development, imposes the formation of true production space circuits. The Production Space Circuit of Coffee in Brazil is exemplary in this new dynamics imposed to Brazilian territory. The object systems and action systems that Cooxupé (Cooperative Regional of the Cafeicultores in Guaxupé Ltda) commands in the Production Space Circuit of Coffee shows us the uprights in the performance area of the Cooperative, creating in the places where it acts, relations of organizational solidarity, really measurable and organized according to an economic rationality, pragmatic and capitalist reason, sometimes blind for everything else that is not the measurement and the efficient use of tatics to reach an only purpose: the wealth of some.

Digital technologies are exerting a growing influence on the lives of children and teenagers: from video monitoring of babies and educational robots in nursery school to AI-powered learning assistants used to guarantee individual success in education. However, issues relating to privacy, surveillance and data protection are seldom reflected on with regard to this sensitive and important social sphere. The majority of these applications generate data which reveal a great deal about the adolescents who use them. This study addresses this subject area. Together with practitioners from the field of education and with the goal of laying the foundations for addressing this issue in both academic and (socio-) political discourse, it depicts interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary exchange that extends beyond disciplines and academic borders. The authors Regina Ammicht Quinn, Jutta Croll, Sephan Dreyer, Michael Freidewald, Elena Frense, Marit Hansen, Asmae Harrach-Lasfaghi, Jessica Heesen, Gerrit Hornung, Andreas Janson, Nicole Krämer-Mertens, Leonie Kreidel, Marco Leimeister, Yannic Meier, Judith Meinert, Maxi Nebel, Carsten Ochs, Dr. Senta Pfaff-Rüdiger, Alexander Roßnagel, Sofia Schöbel, Reinhold Schulze-Tammena, Matthias Söllner, Ingrid Stapf and Prof. Dr. Isabel Zorn.

HORIZONTES is a tribute to the city Belo Horizonte. The drawings and paintings that make up this tribute were presented in individual and collective exhibitions in art galleries and cultural spaces in the capital of Minas Gerais. The peaces bring scenes from the daily life of the city, its mountains seen in the distance, as well as representing some of its buildings. The creative process begins with drawings and sketches developed on the spot, using graphite pencils, colored pencils, ballpoint pens, a pad of paper and a good shade to protect from the sun. The buildings are drafted on the spot on small sheets of paper, allowing you to choose the best viewing angles and seeking to experience the space, smell the scents, hear the sounds, perceive the warmth and life of each place. The drawings made in the place offer important and necessary information to help organize the perception and better understanding of the object in space. The observation drawing activity involved in this creative process is of great importance, as it is a conventional, personal and individual activity, involving the discovery of forms and their communication. The observation drawings developed at the site are more than just a passive container of the author's eye. They are a powerful medium that influence thinking just as they are influenced by the thinking of the designer. The result seems to represent, more and more, the will and the attempt to paint not only the visible world, but the memory, the history, the winds, the sounds, the smells, the city and the life, with all the symbolic aspect.

Most scientists now agree that some sixty-five million years ago, an immense comet slammed into the Yucatan, detonating a blast twenty million times more powerful than the largest hydrogen bomb, punching a hole ten miles deep in the earth. Trillions of tons of rock were vaporized and launched into the atmosphere. For a thousand miles in all directions, vegetation burst into flames. There were tremendous blast waves, searing winds, showers of molten matter from the sky, earthquakes, and a terrible darkness that cut out sunlight for a year, enveloping the planet in freezing cold. Thousands of species of plants and animals were obliterated, including the dinosaurs, some of which may have become extinct in a matter of hours. In Impact, Gerrit L. Verschuur offers an eye-opening look at such catastrophic collisions with our planet. Perhaps more important, he paints an unsettling portrait of the possibility of new collisions with earth, exploring potential threats to our planet and describing what scientists are doing right now to prepare for this awful possibility. Every day something from space hits our planet, Verschuur reveals. In fact, about 10,000 tons of space debris fall to earth every year, mostly in meteoric form. The author recounts spectacular recent sightings, such as over Allende, Mexico, in 1969, when a fireball showered the region with four tons of fragments, and the twenty-six pound meteor that went through the trunk of a red Chevy Malibu in Peekskill, New York, in 1992 (the meteor was subsequently sold for $69,000 and the car itself fetched $10,000). But meteors are not the greatest threat to life on earth, the author points out. The major threats are asteroids and comets. The reader discovers that astronomers have located some 350 NEAs ("Near Earth Asteroids"), objects whose orbits cross the orbit of the earth, the largest of which are 1627 Ivar (6 kilometers wide) and 1580 Betula (8 kilometers). Indeed, we learn that in 1989, a bus-sized asteroid called Asclepius missed our planet by 650,000 kilometers (a mere six hours), and that in 1994 a sixty-foot object passed within 180,000 kilometers, half the distance to the moon. Comets, of course, are even more deadly. Verschuur provides a gripping description of the small comet that exploded in the atmosphere above the Tunguska River valley in Siberia, in 1908, in a blinding flash visible for several thousand miles (every tree within sixty miles of ground zero was flattened). He discusses Comet Swift-Tuttle--"the most dangerous object in the solar system"--a comet far larger than the one that killed off the dinosaurs, due to pass through earth's orbit in the year 2126. And he recounts the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994, as some twenty cometary fragments struck the giant planet over the course of several days, casting titanic plumes out into space (when Fragment G hit, it outshone the planet on the infrared band, and left a dark area at the impact site larger than the Great Red Spot). In addition, the author describes the efforts of Spacewatch and other groups to locate NEAs, and evaluates the idea that comet and asteroid impacts have been an underrated factor in the evolution of life on earth. Astronomer Herbert Howe observed in 1897: "While there are not definite data to reason from, it is believed that an encounter with the nucleus of one of the largest comets is not to be desired." As Verschuur shows in Impact, we now have substantial data with which to support Howe's tongue-in-cheek remark. Whether discussing monumental tsunamis or the innumerable comets in the Solar System, this book will enthrall anyone curious about outer space, remarkable natural phenomenon, or the future of the planet earth.

This chapter considers the relationship between embodiment and dialogue in American independent cinema, arguing that such filmmakers and performers can aim to create the impression of character interiority and performer improvisation. For example, speech can be scripted to changes direction, while actors are called upon to deliver dialogue as though thinking ‘out loud’. In addition to exploring distinctive verbal and/or vocal styles (including a notably fast-paced delivery), the chapter pays particular attention to the expressiveness of hands and mouths. It is argued that gesticulation – or talking with one’s hands – can contribute a sense of live thought to rehearsed dialogue. The analysis includes case studies of the performance styles of Chris Eigeman and Greta Gerwig, whose distinctive voices and delivery are tied to their success as independent film actors. Through consultation with screenplays and interviews, the chapters reveals how independent writer-directors increase their influence on dialogue embodiment by scheduling long rehearsal periods and through written script directions.

The years immediately following the signature of the Locarno treaties in October 1925 are usually seen as an era of détente in European, particularly Franco-German, politics. There seemed to be a lull in the Ligue’s fixation on the problem of war origins, but it was only an appearance. Other issues briefly took centre stage, but even they were discussed in terms redolent of concerns from the Great War. Some members of the minority began to publish in a new journal, Evolution. An event of signal importance was the publication of a book by René Gerin and Raymond Poincaré on war responsibilities. There was huge debate over the Pierre Renouvin/Camille Bloch thesis which sought to limit the importance of Article 231. On the eve of the Nazi seizure of power, the Ligue devoted its 1932 Congress to the controversy over the peace treaties of 1919. It was too little, too late.

In this study deformation and breakup of a falling drop which is surrounded by another liquid are modeled numerically. The drop is influenced by an external electric field which is applied uniformly on the side walls of the domain. An open-source volume-of-fluid solver, Gerris with dynamic adaptive grid refinement has been used for numerically modeling the three-dimensional deformation of a falling droplet. The numerical results are presented for various values of density ratios and electrical conductivity and permittivity. The current numerical results are compared with previous experimental and analytical works which shows a great agreement between them.

No estudo da arte antiga, uma das questões metodológicas mais importantes se refere à importância da análise contextual para que se possa compreender adequadamente o significado, a função e o valor próprio do documento do passado. Tal questão se torna especialmente relevante quando da necessidade de analisar documentos que, como no caso do mundo antigo, são forjados dentro de contextos dificilmente discerníveis em termos de unidades completamente autônomas entre si, pois o que se tem notado com cada vez mais freqüência nos estudos mais recentes é a existência de tantas e diversificadas “redes de significados” (C. Geertz) que permeiam ou não outras tantas redes de contatos na Antigüidade, que fica muitas vezes praticamente impossível, do ponto de vista metodológico dos significados dos artefatos, de se individuar de forma “clara e distinta” o que seja exatamente um produto de uma cultura em contraposição ao de uma outra cultura, sem que com isso se incorra mais uma vez no preconceito, historicamente formulado, da existência de uma cultura superior e, portanto, central, junto de outras mais periféricas. Pois como distinguir, do ponto de vista do significado, um artefato como sendo superior a outro? Assim, partindo do caso específico da recepção da arte grega pelos Etruscos ao longo do primeiro milênio antes de Cristo, gostaríamos de apresentar, na presente comunicação, algumas considerações gerais de ordem teórico-metodológica sobre a importância da análise contextual e de como podem ser evitados alguns equívocos de cunho eminentemente etnocêntrico na consideração da arte antiga.

Microturbines have showed good perspectives for the distributed generation of the electricity in low capacity range, because they have high reliability and simple design (high potential for a cheap manufacture and in large scale). Besides, this technology must have a great application in systems of cogeneration of the public service (malls, hotel, hospital, etc.) and in the distributed generation of the electricity in the developing countries in order to get a reliable operation system, in a range of power compatible with the isolated communities. In Brazil, The Thermal Systems Study Group (NEST) of Federal University of Itajuba´ (UNIFEI) sponsored by The Energy Company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG), are developing a project of experimental valuation of the system with microturbines for electricity generation fueled with natural gas and diesel. The objective of this paper is to show an economic evaluation which presents the generation costs and the payback period with the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business in three cases: microturbines operating on base load in gas station, microturbines operating on peak shave in the industry and a microturbine cogeneration system operating in the residential segment. It was considered the cost of microturbines at this moment and the projection for the future, as well as the cost of electricity and natural gas in Brazil. An economical analysis was carried out for different variables involved and the results show the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business are feasible firstly in cogeneration cases which is possible to get until 3 years of payback period. Besides, the return on the investment have shown improvements with the incentive of the natural gas distributing companies and with the rises in the electricity price of Brazilian utilities.

An accurate prediction of the ‘source strength’ of CO2 released from high-pressure pipelines is of great importance for risk assessment, because this parameter determines the subsequent dispersion in the atmosphere. The widely used method is to employ a one-dimensional discharge model describing the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The fluid is usually considered to remain at thermal and mechanical equilibrium during the depressurisation process, while the non-equilibrium liquid/vapour transition phenomena are ignored. Although efforts have been made to model non-equilibrium, two-phase CO2 depressurisation in recent years, possible improvement can be made by using a more precise Equation of State (EOS) and more detailed models. In this paper, a multi-phase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is presented to simulate CO2 releases from high-pressure pipelines. A real gas EOS (GERG-2008) was incorporated into the CFD code. This enabled accurate modelling of the thermodynamic properties to achieve a more precise source strength estimate. The non-equilibrium liquid/vapour transition was modelled by introducing source terms for mass and latent heat. A ‘time relaxation factor’ was used to control the inter-phase mass transfer rate. The CFD model was validated against experimental results from the British Petroleum (BP) CO2 release trials. The optimum relaxation time (for the CO2 depressurisation cases tested) was obtained through simulations by varying the time relaxation factors and comparison with experimental data. In addition, the effect of the relaxation time on the source strength prediction is discussed.