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Yakovleva, N. M. „Argentina vs Great Britain: the trajectory of one conflict“. Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 10, Nr. 3 (19.01.2023): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2022-10-3-123-135.
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40 years ago, on April 2, 1982, Argentina made a failed attempt by military means to establish sovereignty over the archipelago in the South Atlantic, which was under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The war was the result of a two-century dispute over the ownership of the islands. Upon joining the UN in 1945, Buenos Aires loudly announced its claims to the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) and began to seek from the international community to recognize its claims as legitimate. Since then, the problem has been a red thread through the history of the country. The policy of the Argentine authorities on the issue of disputed territories developed with a pendulum dynamic. Periods of de-escalation of the conflict and the development of cooperation with Great Britain, coupled with a friendly attitude towards the islanders, were replaced by phases of the dominance of irreconcilable discourse with a strong demand for the “termination of the colonization policy” by the British authorities. Relations between Argentina and Great Britain after the end of hostilities can be divided into several stages. Regardless of the direction of the course of the next government, the issue of sovereignty over disputed territories has never been removed from the agenda. The Argentine side certainly used the “Malvinas question” as an instrument of domestic policy. Currently, the conflict is in a latent phase with no prospect of an early resolution.
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Sklizkova, Ekaterina V. „Axiological Aspect of Sovereign States Armorial: Russia vs. Great Britain“. Genealogy 7, Nr. 3 (21.08.2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7030060.
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The semiosphere reflects universal and culturally determined characteristics. Heraldry is one of the most complex sign systems. Alive and flexible semiotics is urgent for studies. The aim of this paper is to mark the axiological character of Russian and British sovereign state armorials with an accent on animals. Based on both Russian and British research, this paper focuses on syntactics and pragmatics of arms analyzed in a synchronic and diachronic manner. A cross-cultural comparative approach to Russian and British armorial bearings can be viewed as a novel contribution. The paper embraces structural and semantic aspects, the temporal and pragmatics sphere and Jargon du blazon. English heraldry is relevant to the European tradition, and the Russian one has political value. For both countries, it is associated with foreign influence. The system of European coats of arms is coherent with the institution of property and war, and the Russian one with inheritance. For Britain, heraldry was one of the culture-forming components, and for Russia, it was just one of the elements of culture.
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Jebb, Susan A., Kirsten L. Rennie und Tim J. Cole. „Prevalence of overweight and obesity among young people in Great Britain“. Public Health Nutrition 7, Nr. 3 (Mai 2004): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003539.
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AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in British young people (4–18 years) in 1997.Design:Cross-sectional analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people.Setting:Great Britain.Subjects:Nationally representative sample of 1836 young people (age 4–18 years).Results:The prevalence of obesity based on body mass index (weight/height2) and the International Obesity Task Force cut–offs was 4.0%, with a further 15.4% identified as overweight. Asians were almost four times as likely to be obese as white subjects (13.6 vs. 3.5%, P < 0.001). Among white subjects there was no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity between girls and boys, or with age. The risk of obesity was significantly higher in subjects from social classes IV and V than from social classes I–III (6.5 vs. 2.7%, P = 0.003). Subjects living in Scotland and Wales were significantly more likely to be obese than those in England (7.6 and 6.5 vs. 2.9%, respectively, P < 0.01). Multiple logistic regression showed that, among white subjects, those in social classes IV and V living in Wales and Scotland were three times more likely to be obese than the other children in the survey (odds ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1–9.8).Conclusion:These data provide information on the national prevalence of overweight and obesity in Great Britain and baseline data from which to monitor future trends. This analysis provides important demographic information on those most at risk of obesity, which may be used to inform public health strategies to prevent obesity in young people.
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Gudaj, R. T., E. Brydl, J. Lehoczky und I. Komlósi. „Dairy welfare in Hungary and in the United Kingdom vs. National and European Union legislation“. Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, Nr. 1 (2012): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1201011g.
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Dairy industries in Eastern and Western Europe have different history, heritage, but the same aim to produce cheap, high quantity of good quality milk with the care of dairy welfare. Member countries of European Union had choice to either implement minimum standards provided by the European Commission, like in Hungary, or to create their own legislation also covering minimum standards, like in the Great Britain. British, Hungarian and European Union legislation was compared with dairy welfare measures taken on 53 farms in the UK and on 27 farms in Hungary. Among 13 welfare measures observed 8 were found to be statistically different (p<0.05. p<0.01 or p<0.001) between countries. Fewer cows were reported with dirty hind limbs, hock hair losses, non hock injuries, being dull or with greater flight distance on Hungarian farms than in the UK. There were fewer cows with dirty udders, being fat or lame in the UK in comparison to Hungarian farms. Cheaper bedding materials in Hungary are thought to be the major factors cows are found cleaner. More farm workers per one animal make more attention is paid for providing cattle with suitable conditions for resting what also might impact shorter flight distance. In the Great Britain cleaner udders might be related to modern husbandry systems providing cleaner conditions. Education is also thought to be playing a great role in lower proportion of cows being lame, with digestion problems and mastitis in the UK in comparison to Hungary.
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Henderson, James P. „Equal Pay vs. Equal Job Opportunity for Women: The Debate in Great Britain from 1891 to 1923“. International Journal of Social Economics 19, Nr. 10/11/12 (Oktober 1992): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000000519.
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Omelan, Grzegorz. „The Idea of Welfare State vs the Idea of Sustainable Development. The Case for United Kingdom“. Studia Krytyczne/Critical Studies, Nr. 3 (03.11.2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/sk.1418.
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Within the last decades Great Britain has developed a specific model of welfare state. The “from-cradle-to-grave” model is close to the hearts of Labour Party’s politicians and supporters, on the other hand Conservative Party’s governments have been trying to limit welfare state’s reach since 1979. Cameron’s cabinet introduced a significant reform of the system, depriving many Brits of their benefits and lowering the number of people eligible to claim one. It is advisable to consider if these policies go hand in hand with the idea of sustainable development in the socio-economic context.
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Shkvorchenko, N. „SEMIOTIZATION OF POLITICAL TOXICITY IN THE MEDIA SPACES OF THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN AND UKRAINE: A MULTIMODAL ASPECT“. MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 25, Nr. 1 (26.08.2022): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.1.2022.263132.
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The article attempts to build a multimodal model of toxic political communication and determine common and distinctive features of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine. Toxic political communication is interpreted as a type of interaction characterized by a high degree of aggressive (verbal and/or paraverbal) behavior of various participants in the political discourse, which causes moral harm or discriminates against the opponent based on race, nationality or gender resulting in such politician(s) being perceived and then defined as toxic. The constructed model of toxic political communication takes into account multimodal mechanisms of the discursive expression of toxicity (verbal, paraverbal, extralingual), modes of expanding the toxic effect (direct, indirect, and mediated), mechanisms of perception and image formation of politicians (toxic vs. positive) in the media environment of the respective countries.We determined that toxicity is manifested in derogatory statements by politicians, which contain insults, name-calling, ridiculing, emotional and inclusive utterances aimed at polarization and causing psychological and/or image damage to participants in the political debate (opponents). Toxic paraverbal co-speech means are divided into prosodic and gestural-mimic forms, which include aggressive, caustic, derogatory, paternalistic, pompous tone of speech, gestures that violate the personal boundaries of the interlocutor, exaggerated facial expressions. Extralingual forms of toxic communication include poster colors, electoral campaign symbols, clothing, rally sites, music, etc., which intensify the damaging effect of actions/utterances of a politician who is defined as toxic in the media. We found that contrasting forms of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine are determined by the relevant information agendas for each of the countries, for example, racism and intolerance towards migrants (USA), Partygate (Great Britain), zrada (betrayal) vs. peremoha (victory) (Ukraine) and others. Common to the three linguistic cultures is the aggressive type of politician-speaker, whose utterances/behavior are prone to dramatizing and aimed at causing psychological damage to the opponent’s personality through direct or indirect derogatory images accompanied by prosodic, gestural and facial emphases.
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Tomlinson, Samuel J., Ulrike Dragosits, Peter E. Levy, Amanda M. Thomson und Janet Moxley. „Quantifying gross vs. net agricultural land use change in Great Britain using the Integrated Administration and Control System“. Science of The Total Environment 628-629 (Juli 2018): 1234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.067.
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Dassonneville, Ruth, und Michael S. Lewis-Beck. „A changing economic vote in Western Europe? Long-term vs. short-term forces“. European Political Science Review 11, Nr. 1 (21.11.2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773918000231.
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AbstractConsiderable research shows the presence of an economic vote, with governments rewarded or punished by voters, depending on the state of the economy. But how stable is this economic vote? A current argument holds its effect has increased over time, because of weakening long-term social and political forces. Under these conditions, short-term forces, foremostly the economic issue, can come to the fore. A counter-argument, however, sees the economic vote effect in decline, due to globalization. Against these rival hypotheses rests the status-quo argument: the economic vote effect remains unchanged. To test these claims, we estimate carefully specified models of the incumbent vote, at both the individual and aggregate levels. Western European elections provide the data, with particular attention to Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Perhaps surprisingly, we find the economic vote to be stable over time, a ‘standing decision’ rule that voters follow in national elections.
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Cheregi, Bianca Florentina. „The discursive construction of Romanian immigration in the British media: Digitized press vs. Television documentaries“. Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 17, Nr. 2 (01.07.2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2015.2.34.
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<p>This paper looks at how the media – particularly the British press and television – frames the issue of Romanian immigrants in Great Britain, in the context of the freedom of movement for workers in the European Union. The study focuses on the frames employed by the British journalists in constructing anti-immigration discourses in the digital and the TV sphere, comparatively. This study analyzes the stereotypes about Romanian people used in two British media formats and the way in which they affect Romania’s country image overseas. Using a mixed research approach, combining framing analysis (Entman, 1993) with critical discourse analysis (Van Dijk, 1993), and dispositif analysis (Charaudeau, 2005) this article investigates 271 news items from three of the most read newspapers in the UK (The Guardian, Daily Mail and The Independent), published online during January 2013 – March 2014. Also, the paper analyzes three film documentaries from BBC (Panorama – The Romanians are Coming? – BBC1, The Truth About Immigration – BBC2 and The Great Big Romanian invasion – BBC World News). The analysis shows that the British press and television use both similar and different frames to coverage Romanian migrants. The media also infer the polarization between “Us” (the British media) and “Them” (the Romanian citizens).</p>
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Gadzhimuradova, Gyulnara, und Nemanja Vukcevic. „EU migration policy: policy of humanism vs threat to national security“. Science. Culture. Society 29, Nr. 4 (15.12.2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2023.29.4.5.
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Uncontrolled migration sweeping Europe is a priority of the political leadership led by a number of European states such as France, Italy, as well as their allies in the United States. The climate crisis in Europe also plays an important role here, which can be resolved, according to Germany, with the help of future “new citizens” who arrived from countries in Africa and the Middle East, exclusively with a Muslim population. What are the migration and immigrant policies in EU countries? How is the immigration policy of European countries being transformed? A detailed analysis of the current state of affairs in Europe is based on official data from the national statistical services of Germany, France, Great Britain, the Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Serbia, the Department of Civil Liberty and Immigration of the Italian Republic, as well as international organizations - the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Eurostat, World Bank. The article examines the security problem in connection with the penetration of radical Islam along with refugees. The authors reveal the consequences of the migration crisis in Europe and make an attempt to answer the question: is the reception and integration of refugees an act of humanity or a problem of national security for EU countries.
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Kwiatkowska-Ciotucha, Dorota, Urszula Załuska, Cyprian Kozyra, Alicja Grześkowiak, Marzena Żurawicka und Krzysztof Polak. „Diversity of Perceptions of Disability in the Workplace vs. Cultural Determinants in Selected European Countries“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 4 (12.02.2022): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042058.
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The perception of people with disability (PwD) is of key importance for the full inclusion of this group in the labour market. The article presents selected results of research on the perception of PwD in the workplace. The analyses are based on the results of semiotics research conducted in Poland and of quantitative study in the form of computer-assisted Internet interviews (CAWI) carried out on representative samples from eight European countries. Opinions of Internet users were collected in Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Germany, Poland, Sweden and Great Britain. The results of semiotic analyses on texts mainly from Polish culture made it possible to identify the prevailing images of disability in Polish popular culture and inspired the authors to seek diversity in perceptions of disability depending on social and cultural patterns in a given country. The results of the international survey were used to compare all eight countries with regard to the relationship between the dimensions of culture according to G. Hofstede, and openness to people with disability in the workplace. The conducted research indicates that the perception of the issue of disability is significantly related to the selected dimensions of culture according to G. Hofstede.
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Rydzewski, Paweł. „Between Economy and Security. Dilemmas of Sustainable Development in the Covid-19 Era – an Example of Great Britain“. Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, Nr. 2 (01.07.2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.02.
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The coronavirus Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted social stability in many countries around the world. This has consequences for sustainable development. In a situation of stability, two competing pillars of sustainable development: the economic and the environmental one, are in the lead – as long as the basic needs of most people are satisfied. In the conditions of instability, the social pillar begins to dominate, pushing the economic and environmental pillars to the background. The fight against the pandemic is or has been carried out in different countries in different ways. We can talk about the Chinese, Taiwanese, or European models, among others. In the United Kingdom, the laissez-faire model was used for a short time. This was an interesting strategy (though a very risky one) that attempted to reconcile different pillars of sustainable development in the face of crisis, seeking a compromise between health considerations, social situation, and the requirements of the economy. However, this approach was quickly rejected under the influence of public opinion, the media and scientific authorities. In the situation of impending crisis, the social pillar began to dominate. The dilemma economy vs. security was resolved according to the hierarchy of needs (with security being a more basic need). This is a tip for the future – for social policy and planning in times of stability. In a situation of deep biological crisis (as opposed to economic crises), the social factor comes to the fore in the end, at the expense of all others. Within the social factor, the hierarchy of goals will be established according to the hierarchy of needs.
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Ichim-Radu, Mihaela Nicoleta. „Vasile Alecsandri: Unique Aspects of the Biographical Itinerary vs. Recovery of the Writer's Memory“. Intertext, Nr. 1/2 (57/58) (Oktober 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/intertext.2021.1.08.
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Among the writers of his generation, Alecsandri is the most comprehensive one, expressing not only the patriotic aspirations and desires, but also the discoveries from the universe of the private life and trying to make himself noticed in almost all the main literary genres and species. By different circumstances, Alecsandri gets to travel through Moldavia, Wallachia, Bucovina and Transylvania, to the European part of Turkey, to Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Spain, Great Britain, North of Africa, either for personal pleasure, to accompany Elena Negri, who was trying to find a more favourable climate for her fragile health, or for official business. All these travels and each of them separately are part of the development of his creation, leaving marks in his fiction and poetry and “it is printed on the screen of the human experience which defines his public and private personality”. In one of these travels, Alecsandri will discover the folk poetry, discovery which will profoundly mark his destiny as a writer and it will also have immeasurable consequences on the entire development of the Romanian literature from the last century, but also from the years to follow. As a result of the translations into French, German and English of the folk poems or of some of his original poems, Alecsandri becomes one of our first modern writers who became famous also abroad, being accessible to the foreign world.
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Bobak, Alex, Saul Shiffman, Joseph G. Gitchell, John Bery und Stuart G. Ferguson. „Perceived Safety of Nicotine and the Use of Nicotine Replacement Products Among Current Smokers in Great Britain: Results From Two National Surveys“. Journal of Smoking Cessation 5, Nr. 2 (01.12.2010): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.5.2.115.
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AbstractThe hypotheses that smokers hold misconceptions around nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) safety, and that these concerns limit the use of NRT, was tested with two large face-to-face surveys of current smokers in Great Britain in 2004 (N= 605) and 2006 (N= 1,434). In both studies, participants were questioned regarding the safety of nicotine and NRT products, their past experience with NRT and anticipated future use. Across both surveys, approximately two thirds of smokers believed that, or were unsure whether, NRT was as harmful as cigarette smoking. Combining information across surveys, smokers with safety misconceptions reported being less likely to want to quit in the future (63% vs. 73%;p< .001), and, among those who were interested in quitting, were less likely to report an intention to use NRT during their next quit attempt. The majority of smokers were misinformed about the safety of NRT products, and smokers with safety misconceptions were less likely to report that they plan to use NRT during future quit attempts, suggesting that safety concerns are a barrier to NRT utilisation.
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Kleshchuk, А. А., und Т. R. Kolotylo. „MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF ROTAVIRUS-POSITIVE GASTROENTERITIS AND ROTAVIRUS-NEGATIVE GASTROENTERITIS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN“. Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 19, Nr. 1 (30.03.2023): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.1.2023.09.
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Background. The cumulative annual statistics of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis are about 25 million outpatient visits, 2 million hospitalizations, and 180,000–450,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age.
Aim: To analyze the manifestations and complications of rotavirus compared with non-rotavirus gastroenteritis in UK children.
Materials and methods. A retrospective hospital-based case-control study was conducted at three sites in East London, Great Britain. Cases were children aged 1 month to 16 years who were diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis between June 1, 2011, and December 31, 2013, and who were positive for rotavirus by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) on stool virology. They were compared by age, gender and month of referral to a control group with rotavirus-negative gastroenteritis.
Results. Data were collected from 116 children (50 cases and 66 controls). Children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were more likely to have metabolic acidosis (pH 7.30 vs. 7.37) and fever (74% vs. 46%) and were more likely to require hospitalization compared with children with non-rotavirus gastroenteritis. (93% vs. 73%). Neurological complications were the most common extraintestinal manifestations, but did not differ significantly between children with rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis (RPG) and rotavirus-negative gastroenteritis (RNG) (24% vs. 15%, respectively). Encephalopathy occurred only in children with rotavirus infection.
Conclusion. Therefore, rotavirus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in preschool children. Seizures and milder neurologic signs were common and associated with multiple pathogens, but encephalopathy occurred only in children with rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis (RPG). Timely vaccination against rotavirus can prevent serious consequences.
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Davies, Madeleine, Kate A. Jackson, Anna Louise Mackinnon, Alison Turner, Kerry Kuznik, Jerry Hill, Julia L. Newton und Maria Sanchez Santos. „Epidemiology of race day injury in young professional jockeys in Great Britain from 2007 to 2018: a retrospective cohort study“. BMJ Open 11, Nr. 8 (August 2021): e044075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044075.
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IntroductionThere are limited injury data in professional horse racing, particularly by sex.ObjectivesTo describe injury incidence, characteristics and falls in male and female, flat and jump jockeys in Great Britain.Design and settingRetrospective cohort study of professional jockeys in Britain.Participants245 jockeys licensed between 2007 and 2017.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was injury on a race day. Injury incidence (per 1000 rides; per 1000 falls) was derived. Incidence-rate ratios (IRR) were calculated to compare incidence between flat and jump racing, male and female jockeys, and male flat and male jump jockeys for: (i) injury incidence, (ii) fall incidence and (iii) injuries per fall.Results234 British professional jockeys were included. Jockeys were on average 19.5±2.0 years old at licence date, 79.9% male and 58.1% flat. The time of follow-up (racing in the study) was 3.7 (SD=2.3) years. There were 278 injuries, occurring in-race (81.7%), in the stalls (10.8%) or parade ring (6.1%). After one injury was removed to preserve anonymity, 57.2% were soft tissue injuries, 25.3% fractures and 10.5% concussion. There were 1634 falls, with 92% in male jump racing. The injury incidence was higher in jump racing (5.1 vs 1.0/1000 jockey rides). The falls incidence was 1.8/1000 rides in flat and 46.2/1000 rides in jump racing (IRR 0.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.04). There were over five times higher injuries/1000 falls in flat than jump racing (IRR 5.56, 95% CI 4.05 to 7.53). Male flat jockeys fell less than female flat (IRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.97).ConclusionMost injuries occurred in-race and were soft tissue injuries. Jump jockeys fell more often than flat, and female flat jockeys fell more often than male flat. Flat jockeys injured more frequently when falling. No sex differences were seen for injuries per fall.
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Sygit-Kowalkowska, Ewa, Andrzej Piotrowski, Ole Boe, Samir Rawat, Jelena Minic, Alexandra Predoiu, Radu Predoiu et al. „Evaluation of Work Mode and Its Importance for Home–Work and Work–Home Relationships: The Role of Resilience, Coping with Stress, and Passion for Work“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 21 (04.11.2022): 14491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114491.
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The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated and facilitated the introduction of telework in organizations. This has also impacted the workers’ relationship between work and private life. The aim of the current study was to examine the links between resilience and mode of work (stationary vs. remote) and the work–home and home–work relationships, and whether they are mediated by passion for work and strategies of coping with stress. The study was carried out on a sample of 1251 participants from Great Britain, India, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Vietnam. The following measures were used: The Survey Work–Home Interaction, The Brief Resilience Coping Scale, The Passion Scale, and the Brief COPE. Results showed that the more stationary the mode of work, the lower the intensity of the negative influence of personal life on work. Resilience was revealed to have a positive effect on worker functioning. The study also showed a relationship between education and gender and passion for work. Finally, the importance of furthering the knowledge on the home–work and work–home relationships among teleworkers is discussed.
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Naruka, Vinci, Mikel Alexander McKie, Navid Ahmadi, E. A. Claudia Pama, Aman S. Coonar und MERITS Collaborators. „Multicentre evaluation of renal impairment in thoracic surgery (MERITS): a retrospective cohort study“. BMJ Open 12, Nr. 9 (September 2022): e058542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058542.
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ObjectivesTo measure the unit-level variation in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) incidence post-thoracic surgery over a contemporary 1-year period. Secondary aims include examining the associations with sex, age group, operation type, length of stay and mortality.DesignA multicentre, observational, retrospective study in thoracic surgery.Setting17 of 35 Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery of Great Britain and Ireland (SCTS) units participated. The student wing, known as SCTS STUDENTS, supported data collection.ParticipantsOverall, 15 229 patients were collected of which 15 154 were included for analysis after exclusions. All patients (age≥18 years) undergoing any thoracic surgery from 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017 were included. For analysis, we excluded patients with preoperative end-stage renal failure and those with incomplete data.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome is the incidence of AKI within 7 days of the procedure or discharge date if earlier. Secondary outcomes include assessing associations with patient demographics (age, sex), type of procedure (open and minimally invasive), length of stay and mortality.ResultsOut of 15 154 patients AKI was diagnosed in 1090 patients (7.2%) within 7 days of surgery with AKI stage 1 (4.8%), stage 2 (1.7%) and stage 3 (0.7%). There was a statistically significant variation in AKI incidence between units from 3.1 to 16.1% (p<0.05). Significant differences between AKI and non-AKI were found in post-operative length of stay (7 vs 3 days, p<0.001), 30-day mortality (9 vs 1.6%, p<0.001), 90-day mortality (14.7 vs 4.4%, p<0.001) and 1-year mortality (23.1 vs 12.2 %, p<0.001).ConclusionsFollowing thoracic surgery, AKI incidence ranged from 3.1% to 16.1% between units (p<0.05) with associations between AKI and both length of stay and mortality. We propose AKI as a suitable comparative and absolute quality measure in thoracic surgery. Reducing rates of AKI may improve patient outcomes, length of stay and reduce costs.
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Ryan, Mairead, Jo Waller und Laura AV Marlow. „Could changing invitation and booking processes help women translate their cervical screening intentions into action? A population-based survey of women’s preferences in Great Britain“. BMJ Open 9, Nr. 7 (Juli 2019): e028134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028134.
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ObjectivesMany women who do not attend screening intend to go, but do not get around to booking an appointment. Qualitative work suggests that these ‘intenders’ face more practical barriers to screening than women who are up-to-date (‘maintainers’). This study explored practical barriers to booking a screening appointment and preferences for alternative invitation and booking methods that might overcome these barriers.DesignA cross-sectional survey was employed.SettingGreat Britain.ParticipantsWomen aged 25–64, living in Great Britain who intended to be screened but were overdue (‘intenders’, n=255) and women who were up-to-date with screening (‘maintainers’, n=359).Results‘Intenders’ reported slightly more barriers than ‘maintainers’ overall (mean=1.36 vs 1.06, t=3.03, p<0.01) and were more likely to think they might forget to book an appointment (OR=2.87, 95% CI: 2.01 to 4.09). Over half of women said they would book on a website using a smartphone (62%), a computer (58%) or via an app (52%). Older women and women from lower social grades were less likely to say they would use online booking methods (all ps <0.05). Women who reported two or more barriers were more likely to say they would use online booking than women who reported none (ps <0.01).ConclusionsWomen who are overdue for screening face practical barriers to booking appointments. Future interventions may assess the efficacy of changing the architecture of the invitation and booking system. This may help women overcome logistical barriers to participation and increase coverage for cervical screening.
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Hill, Anita, Philip J. Platts, Alex Smith, Stephen J. Richards, Matthew J. Cullen, Quentin A. Hill, Eve Roman und Peter Hillmen. „The Incidence and Prevalence of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) and Survival of Patients in Yorkshire.“ Blood 108, Nr. 11 (16.11.2006): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.985.985.
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Abstract Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal stem cell disorder characterized by the expansion of a population of blood cells deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked proteins. This results in the classical clinical features of intravascular hemolysis and thrombosis. PNH is known to be a rare disorder, but its incidence and prevalence have so far been poorly defined with very few studies. In order to better define the incidence and prevalence of PNH, survival data was collected on all patients diagnosed with PNH in the strategic health authorities of North and East Yorkshire, Northern Lincolnshire and West Yorkshire between January 1991 and July 2006. All patients were diagnosed by flow cytometry for GPI-linked antigens on red cells and neutrophils at a single reference laboratory (HMDS). The population of the study region is 3,742,835 (based on the 2001 census of Britain). 76 PNH patients were diagnosed during this time period giving an incidence of 0.13/100,000/year. Based on incidence and survival rates, the estimated 15 year prevalence of PNH is 1.59 per 100,000 resulting in a predicted prevalence of 59 patients in the study region. We have previously demonstrated that a neutrophil clone size >50% is a predictor of increased thrombotic risk; the current study predicts that 25% of patients will have >50% PNH neutrophil clone size, 43% with >10%, and 82% with >1%. Platelet count >100 x 109/L has been used as a criteria to consider primary prophylactic anticoagulation in PNH patients with substantial hemolysis if the neutrophil clone size is >50%. In the current study, the platelet count is >100 x 109/L in 32% of patients and <30 x 109/L in 27%. The primary clinical manifestation of PNH is intravascular hemolysis and although levels of hemolysis vary considerably between patients even those with relatively small PNH clones will have some degree of hemolysis. Levels of LDH (a sensitive marker of hemolysis) were elevated above the upper limit of the normal range in 82.5% of patients. Of the 59 patients in the study region, 33% reported hemoglobinuria. Overall survival was 78% with a median follow-up of 6.25 years (range 0 to 15 years). Survival was compared between patients with a) hemoglobinuria (89%) vs. those without (76%); b) neutrophil clone size ≥50% (81%) vs. <50% (80%) and c) Platelet counts <30 x 109/L (61%) vs. ≥30 x 109/L (86%) by univariate analysis. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox’s proportional hazards model adjusted for age and sex. Worse survival was only significantly predicted by a platelet count <30 x 109/L (log rank test, p=0.008). With a population of 57,105,375 (2001 census of Britain), Great Britain should have an estimated 75 new cases of PNH per year and a predicted prevalence of 908 patients. The U.S.A. will therefore have 4713 cases of PNH based on its July 1, 2005 census bureau population estimate of 296,410,404. This study is the first to accurately report the incidence and prevalence of PNH in a given population in a well-defined geographical area.
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Kok, Almar A. L., Mai Stafford, Theodore D. Cosco, Martijn Huisman, Dorly Deeg, Diana Kuh und Rachel Cooper. „Factors across life associated with remaining free from functional limitations despite lifelong exposure to socioeconomic adversity“. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, Nr. 6 (19.03.2019): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211736.
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BackgroundThere are substantial socioeconomic inequalities in functional limitations in old age. Resilience may offer new insights into these inequalities by identifying constellations of factors that protect some individuals from developing functional limitations despite socioeconomic adversity.MethodsData from 1973 participants in the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (Great Britain), followed from birth until age 60–64, were used. Functional limitations were defined as reporting difficulty with at least 1 of 16 activities at age 60–64. Lifetime socioeconomic adversity was based on socioeconomic trajectories, categorised into three adversity levels. Analysis of covariance and regression models were used to compare psychosocial factors and health-related behaviours between a ‘Resilient’ group (high adversity but no functional limitations) and five groups with other combinations of adversity and limitations.ResultsPrevalence of functional limitations in high, intermediate and low adversity groups was 44%, 30% and 23% in men, and 61%, 55% and 49% in women, respectively. Compared with the other high adversity group, the resilient group had a lower prevalence of childhood illness (12% vs 19%) and obesity throughout ages 43–64 (70% vs 55%). Partially adjusted models also showed higher adolescent self-management, lower neuroticism, higher prevalence of volunteer work and physical activity (age 60–64) and lower prevalence of smoking (age 43) in the resilient. Marital status and contact frequency were not associated with resilience.ConclusionResults suggest protection against childhood illness, health-behavioural factors and self-regulation as targets for interventions across life that may particularly benefit those with long-term exposure to socioeconomic adversity.
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Santana, V. M., J. G. Alday, H. Lee, K. A. Allen und R. H. Marrs. „Prescribed-burning vs. wildfire: management implications for annual carbon emissions along a latitudinal gradient of <i>Calluna vulgaris</i>-dominated vegetation“. Biogeosciences Discussions 12, Nr. 21 (09.11.2015): 17817–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-17817-2015.
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Abstract. A~present challenge in fire ecology is to optimize management techniques so that ecological services are maximized and C emissions minimized. Here, we model the effects of different prescribed-burning rotation intervals and wildfires on carbon emissions (present and future) in British moorlands. Biomass-accumulation curves from four Calluna-dominated ecosystems along a north–south, climatic gradient in Great Britain were calculated and used within a matrix-model based on Markov Chains to calculate above-ground biomass-loads, and annual C losses under different prescribed-burning rotation intervals. Additionally, we assessed the interaction of these parameters with an increasing wildfire return interval. We observed that litter accumulation patterns varied along the latitudinal gradient, with differences between northern (colder and wetter) and southern sites (hotter and drier). The accumulation patterns of the living vegetation dominated by Calluna were determined by site-specific conditions. The optimal prescribed-burning rotation interval for minimizing annual carbon losses also differed between sites: the rotation interval for northern sites was between 30 and 50 years, whereas for southern sites a hump-backed relationship was found with the optimal interval either between 8 to 10 years or between 30 to 50 years. Increasing wildfire frequency interacted with prescribed-burning rotation intervals by both increasing C emissions and modifying the optimum prescribed-burning interval for C minimum emission. This highlights the importance of studying site-specific biomass accumulation patterns with respect to environmental conditions for identifying suitable fire-rotation intervals to minimize C losses.
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Savchenko, Valeri, Elena Parovitchnikova, Irina Demidova, Elena Shuravina, Valentin Isaev, Andrey Miyurin und Sergei Kulikov. „Frequency and Dynamics of Bcr1/Bcr3 Isoforms of PML/RARA Fusion Gene - Results of Russian APL Multicenter Trial.“ Blood 104, Nr. 11 (16.11.2004): 4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.4388.4388.
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Abstract Detection and monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) in APL patients has become a routine practice and is essentially important for tailoring the therapeutical intervention. Two major isoforms of PML-RARa fusion gene (bcr1/2 and bcr3) are considered to determine diverse outcome with bcr3 to be less favorable. It was also shown by different study groups that among different ethnic populations the ratio of bcr1/2 and bcr3 varies. The prevalence of bcr1/2 isoform over bcr3 was reported in Latinos and Chinese population: 84% vs 16% and 73% vs 27%, respectively. Less evident but nevertheless convincing tendency was registered in USA (US Intergroup – 63% vs 37%; Memorial Sloan Kettering CRC – 66% vs 34%), Great Britain (MRC – 61% vs 39%), Italy (GIMEMA – 60% vs 40%), Spain (PETHEMA – 56% vs 44%) (Santillana S. et al Joint International Congress on APL, Rome, 2001, abstr P2.14; Dan Douer et al BJH, 2003, p.563–570). The analysis of PML-RARa transcript in 66 APL patients included in the Russian Multicenter trial revealed the inverse (statistically significant from mentioned above) ratio with 37 patients (56%) bearing bcr3 isoform and 29 (44%) – bcr1/2. There is no exact explanation for these findings but it may be due to low numbers of cases and perhaps to certain environmental and/or ethnic reasons. The treatment results in these 66 APL patients are very similar to usually reported with 7+3+ATRA protocols – 91% CR rate with 75% molecular CR after the first and 96% - after the second course. The OS and DFS do not differ according to the isoform and constitute 77% and 80% at 3 years, respectively. It is worth to stress that close monitoring of MRD (3–15 probes per patient) revealed different time adjusted dynamics in the molecular relapse incidence for bcr1/2 and bcr3 isoform. It was equal at each month during the whole period of follow-up (36 mo from treatment start) for bcr1/2 patients, and clustered in two periods (3–12 mo) and (20–36 mo) for bcr3 patients with 8 months of absence of positive signal. So we may suppose that each isoform of PML-RARa fusion gene determines its distinctive course of MRD while standard APL treatment. This data once again shows discrepancies in the biological features of APL with bcr1/2 and bcr3 isoforms.
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Harding, Kim, und Abby Day. „Vegan YouTubers Performing Ethical Beliefs“. Religions 12, Nr. 1 (23.12.2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12010007.
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In Great Britain, “religion or belief” is one of nine “protected characteristics” under the Equality Act 2010, which protects citizens from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society. This paper begins with a discussion about a 2020 ruling, “Jordi Casamitjana vs. LACS”, which concluded that ethical vegans are entitled to similar legal protections in British workplaces as those who hold philosophical religious beliefs. While not all vegans hold a philosophical belief to the same extent as Casamitjana, the ruling is significant and will be of interest to scholars investigating non-religious ethical beliefs. To explore this, we have analysed a sample of YouTube videos on the theme of “my vegan story”, showing how vloggers circulate narratives about ethical veganism and the process of their conversion to vegan beliefs and practices. The story format can be understood as what Abby Day has described as a performative “belief narrative”, offering a greater opportunity to understand research participants’ beliefs and related identities than, for example, findings from a closed-question survey. We suggest that through performative acts, YouTubers create “ethical beliefs” through the social, mediatised, transformative, performative and relational practice of their digital content. In doing so, we incorporate a digital perspective to enrich academic discussions of non-religious beliefs.
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Perry, Daniel C., Barbara Arch, Duncan Appelbe, Priya Francis, Joanna Craven, Fergal P. Monsell, Paula Williamson und Marian Knight. „The British Orthopaedic Surgery Surveillance study: slipped capital femoral epiphysis“. Bone & Joint Journal 104-B, Nr. 4 (01.04.2022): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.104b4.bjj-2021-1709.r1.
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Aims The aim of this study was to inform the epidemiology and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). Methods This was an anonymized comprehensive cohort study, with a nested consented cohort, following the the Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term study (IDEAL) framework. A total of 143 of 144 hospitals treating SCFE in Great Britain participated over an 18-month period. Patients were cross-checked against national administrative data and potential missing patients were identified. Clinician-reported outcomes were collected until two years. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected for a subset of participants. Results A total of 486 children (513 hips) were newly affected, with a median of two patients (interquartile range 0 to 4) per hospital. The annual incidence was 3.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.01 to 3.67) per 100,000 six- to 18-year-olds. Time to diagnosis in stable disease was increased in severe deformity. There was considerable variation in surgical strategy among those unable to walk at diagnosis (66 urgent surgery vs 43 surgery after interval delay), those with severe radiological deformity (34 fixation with deformity correction vs 36 without correction) and those with unaffected opposite hips (120 prophylactic fixation vs 286 no fixation). Independent risk factors for avascular necrosis (AVN) were the inability of the child to walk at presentation to hospital (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.4 (95% CI 1.7 to 11.4)) and surgical technique of open reduction and internal fixation (aOR 7.5 (95% CI 2.4 to 23.2)). Overall, 33 unaffected untreated opposite hips (11.5%) were treated for SCFE by two-year follow-up. Age was the only independent risk factor for contralateral SCFE, with age under 12.5 years the optimal cut-off to define ‘at risk’. Of hips treated with prophylactic fixation, none had SCFE, though complications included femoral fracture, AVN, and revision surgery. PROMs demonstrated the marked impact on quality of life on the child because of SCFE. Conclusion The experience of individual hospitals is limited and mechanisms to consolidate learning may enhance care. Diagnostic delays were common and radiological severity worsened with increasing time to diagnosis. There was unexplained variation in treatment, some of which exposes children to significant risks that should be evaluated through randomized controlled trials. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(4):519–528.
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KIERBIĆ, ALEKSANDRA, MARIA WIECZORKIEWICZ, ELŻBIETA ŻBIKOWSKA* und JĘDRZEJ M. JAŚKOWSKI. „Neospora caninum infection in cattle: Not only an economic problem“. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, Nr. 02 (2019): 6232–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6232.
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Neosporosis is an infectious disease of cattle and other species with a worldwide distribution. In Poland, the seropositivity rate for N. caninum among dairy cattle varies between 6% and 80%, with the highest number of seropositive cows in central and north-eastern voivodeships. In the United States, in 2003 the total annual cost of N. caninum infections was 657 million dollars, and in Great Britain in 2014 it was nearly 14 million pounds. N. caninum results in severe economic losses caused by a decreased milk yield, an increased number of culled cows, a higher newborn calf mortality rate and occasional birth defects. However, the most common result of this disease is abortion, which usually occurs between the 5th and 7th month of gestation. The risk of aborting is 3 times as high for seropositive cows as it is for seronegative cows; up to 21.6% vs. 7.3%, respectively. Cattle can become infected by consuming food and water contaminated with N. caninum oocysts, but the principal route is transplacental transmission usually between the 70th and 210th day of gestation. The ELISA test is most often used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in blood serum. PAG-2 level in the bloodstream can be a good marker for predicting Neospora-induced abortions – in seropositive cows, a level of more than 4.5 ng/ml on the 120th day of gestation means a 7-fold higher risk of pregnancy loss. According to research, live attenuated vaccines are highly efficacious in preventing neosporosis. Unfortunately, the currently available methods of prevention are based on the elimination of seropositive cows from the herd and the limitation of contact with the final hosts of N. caninum.
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Gee, Thomas I., Paul Campbell, Melissa J. Bargh und Daniel Martin. „Rapid Weight Loss Practices Within Olympic Weightlifters“. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 37, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2023): 2046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004507.
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Abstract Gee, TI, Campbell, P, Bargh, MJ, and Martin, D. Rapid weight loss practices within Olympic weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2046–2051, 2023—Rapid weight loss (RWL) practices are common among athletes to “make weight” for a chosen bodyweight class. This study's purpose was to investigate RWL prevalence, magnitude, and methods within Olympic weightlifters from Great Britain. Subjects (n = 39, male = 22, female = 17) were recruited from International Weightlifting Federation lifting populations (mandatory two-hour competition weigh-in). Subjects were categorized into competitive groups based on Sinclair coefficient total (high, mid, low) and also gender (male, female). The validated Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire was used to establish RWL magnitude and practices. Of respondents, 33 of 39 (84.6%) had purposely acutely reduced body mass to compete, a higher proportion present within females (94.1%) than males (77.3%). The cohort's mean habitual precompetition acute body mass loss was 3.8 ± 1.7% and the “rapid weight loss score” (RWLS) was 23.6 ± 9.5. Across competitive groups there were no significant differences in habitual or highest precompetition body mass loss, postcompetition body mass gain or RWLS (p > 0.05). However, females attributed a significantly greater “highest” relative precompetition body mass loss compared with males (7.4 vs 4.9%, p = 0.045). For RWL methods used, frequencies of “always” and “sometimes” were reported highest for “restricting fluid ingestion” (81.8%), “gradual dieting” (81.8%), and “water loading” (54.5%). The prevalence of RWL is high among competitive Olympic weightlifters, and especially within the sampled female athletes. Magnitude of RWL was similar across different standards of athlete; however, female lifters demonstrated a higher maximum precompetition RWL.
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Meier, Johanna, Thomas Becker, Anita Patel, Debbie Robson, Aart Schene, Martijn Kikkert, Corrado Barbui, Lorenzo Burti und Bernd Puschner. „Effect of medication-related factors on adherence in people with schizophrenia: A European multi-centre study“. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, Nr. 3 (September 2010): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001184.
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SUMMARYAim– To investigate the relation between medication-related factors and adherence in people with schizophrenia in outpatient treatment.Methods– The sample comprised 409 outpatients (ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia) with clinician-rated instability in four European cities (Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Verona, Italy; Leipzig, Germany; London, Great Britain). Adherence was assessed using theMedication Adherence Questionnaire(patient perspective), and theClinician Rating Scale(clinician perspective). Examined medication-related factors were type (atypical vs. typical), application (oral vs. depot), daily dose frequency of antipsychotic medication (Medication History Scale), number of side effects (Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale), and patient attitudes toward medication (Drug Attitude Inventory). Multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of adherence by medication-related factors.Results– Adherence, as rated by patient and clinician, was predicted by patient attitude towards medication, but was unrelated to type of drug, formulation or side effects of antipsychotic medication. A high daily dose frequency was associated with better adherence, but only when rated by the patient.Conclusions– In order to improve adherence there is a need to seriously consider and attempt to improve patient attitude toward medication. However, type of antipsychotic and other medication-related factors may not be as closely related to adherence as it has often been suggested.Declaration of Interest:The study was funded by a grant from the Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Program of the European Union (QLG4-CT-2001–01734). JM, AS, CB, MK, CB, LB, and BP declare that they have not received any form of financing including pharmaceutical company support or any honoraria for consultancies or interventions during the last two years. DR has received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag and Astra Zeneca for consultancy work, and Anita Patel has received research consultancy funding from Servier. TB reports research funding to the department from Astra Zeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Affectis for clinical trials and investigator-initiated trials; the department has also received funds to a minor extent for symposia and in-house training from Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Janssen Cilag, Lilly Germany, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Servier, and Wyeth. All authors declare that they have no other involvements that might be considered a conflict of interest in connection with this article.
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Marushchak, Anatolii, und Rostyslav Khaba. „The Russian Federation Information Influence (the Czech Republic case study)“. Information Security of the Person, Society and State, Nr. 26 (2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51369/2707-7276-2019-2-1.
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Nowadays the hybrid attacks that use propaganda and fake news and are actively inculcated by the information centers under the control of Russian Federation on the territories of EU countries present serious threat not only to Ukraine in the view of disseminating false information about the events in our country but to the population of EU countries who are the final users of such information as well. On the basis of examples fixed by the European representatives concerning a great number of facts when Russia interfered into the process of elections in France and Germany, hackers attacks on social networks of Great Britain during public discussions and referendum on Brexit, we ascertained that the informational presence of the RF propaganda schemes played the decisive role in choosing the European policy, presaged Brexit and ensured the growth of European populists rating on the eve of the important political processes in a number of countries. The aim of the article is to show the means and methods of Russian information propaganda in EU countries on the example of the Chech Republic. Such methods of Russian information propaganda as strict following the multilingual principle while disseminating the same information to different resources in different countries; active usage of English as a mediator; usage of local internet resources; broadcasting the reiterative stories about the migrants from Arab states, the threat of Islamism for Europe, criticism of Western political elite, military crises in Ukraine; forming the image of Russia as the main opponent of aggressive US policy, the symbol of stability; focusing on the negative news, i.e. on protests, political rows, notorious retirements in EU and Western countries; ignoring the success and achievements etc. have been defined. We came to the conclusion that hybrid war in Ukraine drew attention of not only the European population but of the whole world to political, media and social phenomena that is the information war of Russia vs. Ukraine and in broad aspect – to a modern propaganda of Russia which has already challenged the whole democratic world, with an impact on public opinion formation and views of young people. Key words: hybrid war, misinformation, information influence, information propaganda.
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Weight, Christopher J., Brett Watson, Lucas Labine, Jacob Albersheim-Carter und Badrinath R. Konety. „Factors affecting the risk of erroneous interpretation of online surgeon rating websites among the general population.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, Nr. 6_suppl (20.02.2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.121.
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121 Background: Several websites present estimated individual surgeon complication rates for surgeons in both the United States and Great Britain. Though some researchers have raised questions as to the validity and appropriateness of these publicly displayed outcome measures, there remains very little research into how the general public may interpret these data to make health care decisions. Methods: We invited attendees of the 2016 Minnesota State Fair who met entry criteria, (adults > 18 years old, English speakers who were able to use a tablet computer) to complete our survey. Demographic data was presented along with various screen shots from online surgeon rating websites. Patients were then asked to interpret these graphics and report complication rates. Some graphics displayed complications rates for one surgeon alone, while others compared multiple surgeons side-by-side. Results: 392 participants completed the survey from a broad geographic distribution from the upper Midwest (179 unique zip codes). Median age was 49 (Interquartile range 28-61), the female:male ratio was 3:2, 57% had completed a college or graduate degree and 85% were Caucasian vs. 15% ethnic minorities. The majority of participants (76%) were able to correctly estimate complication rates when a single surgeon and his or her complication rates were shown, but when respondents were asked to compare/rank multiple surgeons, respondents overestimated complication rates by 5-7 fold, on average, for the lower ranking surgeons and only 15% of respondents could correctly identify the complication rate of the lowest performing surgeon. College graduates and those with a graduate degree were more likely to correctly estimate complication rates compared to participants with less education (odds ratio 1.98 95% CI 1.04-3.75, p = 0.035). Conclusions: Online surgeon rating websites that compare and rank surgeons may lead the general public to drastically overestimate the risk of postoperative complications. These errors in estimating complication rates appear to be reduced amongst those who are college educated and when viewing single surgeon outcomes in the absence of a comparison.
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Bautin, Andrei E., V. D. Selemir, A. I. Nurgalieva, K. A. Morozov, V. G. Nikiforov, L. Z. Biktasheva, K. Yu Afanasyeva et al. „Inhalation therapy with nitric oxide synthesized from atmospheric air in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery in children: single-center retrospective cohort study“. Annals of critical care, Nr. 3 (2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21320/1818-474x-2021-3-98-107.
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Objectives. To study clinical effectiveness and safety of the method of nitric oxide (NO) synthesized from atmospheric air in the postoperative period for children with precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Materials and methods. There were 90 patients included into a single-center retrospective cohort study. 28 were newborns and 62 older than 28 days, 30 male and 50 female with a median age of 0.25 (0.28; 1.17) years. Inclusion criteria: informed consent, signed by the official representative, cardiac surgery, mechanical controlled/support ventilation, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPsys) > 35 mm Hg. Exclusion criteria: methemoglobinemia, heart failure III-IV NYHA, bleeding diathesis. 45 children in the study group were inhaled NO synthesized by АИТ-NO-01 device and the other 45 (retrospective control group) were inhaled NO from the cylinder via NOXBOX device (Bedfond, Great Britain). There were no significant difference between the groups in terms of anthropometric measures and initial precapillary PH. Results. After 1 hour of inhalation of NO by АИТ-NO-01 there PAPsys decreased by 33.3 % (p < 0.001). In the retrospective control group after 1 hour of NO inhalation PAPsys decreased by 26.7 % (p < 0.001). PAPsys decreased by more than 10 % in 89 % patients from the study group and 84 % of patients from the retrospective control group (p = 0.4). There were no significant influence of NO inhalation on the systemic hemodymanic (BP, HR, CVP) either with the use of АИТ-NO-01 or with the use of NO from the cylinder. The inhalation of NO synthesized by АИТ-NO-01 from the atmospheric air was associated with less invasive mechanical ventilation duration than when in the control group: 12 (2; 28) vs. 14 (12.2; 70.5) h; p = 0.01. Length of ICU stay and postoperative complications risks were comparable in both groups. There were no difference in NO therapy complications (methemoglobin and carbon dioxide production) either with delivery of synthesized NO or with cylinder NO use. Conclusions. Inhalation of NO after cardiac surgery in children with АИТ-NO-01 in as efficient and as safe as cylinder NO use.
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Suray, Natalya, Alexander Tatochenko, Elena Krasil'nikova, Naila Teplaia, Alexey Mikhalev und Galina Zhdanova. „Dairy Production in the Chuvash Republic: Success Factor Analysis“. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 53, Nr. 4 (30.12.2023): 718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2023-4-2473.
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The article discusses the dairy industry in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. The Russian Federation is experiencing a shortage of milk. Currently, the per capita milk consumption in the country is by more than a quarter behind the rational intake recommended by the Ministry of Health, which is 325 kg. However, the Chuvash Republic boasts 373 kg of per capita milk production, which is by 71% higher than the average data for the rest of the country, and the high quality of Chuvash milk is unanimously confirmed by leading domestic experts. The authors analyzed the success factors of milk production in the Chuvash Republic to be extrapolated on the entire domestic industry.
The research relied on such demographic data as the ratio of urban vs. rural population; dairy herd data, e.g., livestock population, farm types, dairy productivity, etc.; dairy production and processing business data. The methods included systematization, generalization, grouping, statistical data processing, and analysis of temporal dynamics indicators.
The Chuvash Republic has a large percentage of rural population and a lot of subsidiary dairy farms: 22 000 farms own more than 60% of dairy cows in the region and provide 55% of milk processing volumes. Subsidies allocated by the local government allow farm owners to ensure the high dairy productivity of cows. Most of the milk in the Chuvash Republic can be classified as near-organic. Leading regional milk producers have their own agricultural lands to provide environmentally friendly feed, as well as specialized premises for herd keeping and milking, retail outlets to sell their products, etc. A third of enterprises maintain the milk productivity at 7800–9200 kg, which is as high as in Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Germany. Most Chuvash dairy farmers owe their high results to the state support funds allocated for the purchase of breeding cattle. The twelve largest milk producers in the region provide 100% of the output of drinking milk, so private farms mainly focus on meeting the needs of dairy processing enterprises. The latter also receive seasonal subsidies.
The Chuvash milk miracle can be explained by the following factors: big rural population; private subsidiary farms; high-quality breeding dairy livestock; high-quality feed; good milk production and processing equipment. However, the comprehensive system of state support measures remains the most important success factor.
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Gnatush, V. „THE WORLD MARKET OF METAL CASTINGS 2019―2021: COUNTRIES, ALLOYS, TECHNOLOGIES“. Casting processes 152, Nr. 2 (01.06.2023): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.02.056.
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The analysis of the world market of metal castings in 2019–2021 is presented. Due to the fact that as of January 2022 the publication of the world statistics of the production of metal castings did not take place, an analysis of information was carried out regarding the results in the countries that are part of the global Top-10. Among them are China, India, USA, Germany, Japan, Turkey and Brazil. It is noted that in 2021 in China, 54.05 million tons of castings were produced, which is 4.0% more than in 2020. In terms of cast alloys: gray cast iron (share 41.7%), cast iron with nodular graphite (29.5%), aluminum and magnesium alloys (13.3%) and steel (12.2%). In India, the export of metal castings in terms of value for the period from 2016/2017 financial year (FY) to 2020/2021 F. increased from 2.366 to 2.865 billion USD, i.e. with a CAGR of 3.9%. In the USA for the period from 2013 to 2019 the income of the foundry industry increased from 38.7 to 44.3 billion USD, that is, with an average annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.9%. Under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the slowdown of the economy in 2020. industry revenue decreased to USD 36.7 billion (-17.1% vs. 2019). However, in 2021 the situation improved somewhat ― 43.4 billion USD (18.3% against 2020). In Germany, the production of castings from ferrous metal alloys (gray cast iron, with nodular graphite, malleable and steel) in 2021. amounted to 3.2 million tons, which is 16.4% more than in 2020. At the same time, for the period 2019-2021 production of the specified castings decreased at an average annual rate (CAGR) of -6.0%, and their export ― by -7.0%. In Japan, as a result of the changing economic situation in the world, which was formed after 2019, the production of castings during 2019-2021. is characterized by a downward trend. The production of castings from copper alloys decreased with an average annual rate (CAGR) of -5.6%, castings from aluminum alloys ― -5.1% and castings from iron alloys ― -1.5%. In Turkey in 2021 1.108 million tons of nodular cast iron castings (by 29.6% vs. 2020), 0.921 million tons of gray iron castings (by 49.1%) and 0.279 million tons of steel castings (by 45, 4%). In general, during 2019–2021 the production of castings from ferrous metal alloys in the country increased at an average annual rate (CAGR) of 9.9%. In Brazil, in 2021, foundry enterprises produced 2.5 million tons of castings, which is 21.1% higher than in 2020. At the same time, the production of castings from cast iron increased by 25.5%, from non-ferrous metal alloys ― by 7.0%, and steel ― by 3.9%. In general, during 2019–2021 the production of castings in the country increased at an average annual rate (CAGR) of 3.1%. The presented data indicate that in 2021 the global foundry industry developed in a positive trend. Estimated global production of castings from ferrous and non-ferrous metals by the end of 2021. may amount to 109.2...118.5 million tons against 105.5 million tons in 2020. However, as a result of the war between Russia and Ukraine, a number of negative factors have arisen that will cause a slowdown in foundry production in 2022–2023. The review also presents information about the world’s leading foundry companies, as well as examples of the use of 3-D printing in foundry production in the United States and Great Britain.
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McKoy, June M., Eniola Obadina, Paul R. Yarnold, Victoria Kut, Dennis W. Raisch und Charles L. Bennett. „Zoledronic Acid (ZA)- Associated Nephrotoxicity: An Analysis of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reports by the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project.“ Blood 104, Nr. 11 (16.11.2004): 3139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3139.3139.
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Abstract Background-The FDA originally approved zoledronic acid (ZA) in August 2001 for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy and subsequently for prevention of skeletal related events among patients with multiple myeloma (MM), breast, and prostate cancer. Since its approval, the FDA has received several reports of nephrotoxicity. Many of these individuals have myeloma, a malignancy associated with renal damage. Herein, RADAR investigators reviewed the clinical characteristics of ZA-induced nephrotoxicity among cancer patients with multiple myeloma versus other malignancies. We investigated the clinical characteristics and reporting quality of all adverse event (AE) reports describing ZA-associated neprotoxicity. Methods- We analyzed reports of ZA-associated nephrotoxicity from the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System, which included a total of 141 AE reports, with exclusion of cases/trials reported in duplicate. Results- Overall, 141 cases of ZA-associated renal failure (RF) were identified: 92 case reports were from the United States and 44 were from non-United States countries. Reporting completeness was generally poor, with respect to serum creatinine levels and frequency of ZA administration, especially in reports from Canada and Great Britain respectively. Two thirds of the patients with scheduling information had received ZA every 4 weeks. Infusion rate was reported for 21%, and was usually 15 minutes or longer. NSAIDS and Cox-II inhibitor exposures were reported in 25%, and 20% of the patients who had prior diagnoses of renal insufficiency. Patients with MM (n=82) had similar mean age as patients with other cancers (n= 54) (72.05 versus 72.9 years). For patients for whom data was available (n=62), pamidronate was used by 97.8% in the MM group versus 86.9% in the non-myeloma group. The onset of RF occurred after a mean of 67.9 days in the MM group (range, 3–366) versus 73.7 days in the non-myeloma group (range, 0–546 days) post initiation of ZA; after a mean number of ZA doses (2.5 vs. 1.8 doses). Only one dose of ZA was received by 24.4% and 25.4% of MM versus non-myeloma patients respectively, which occurred after an average of 14.7 days and 30 days. RF manifestations included serum Cr > 2 for 59.7% of the MM and 83.1% of the other cancer patients. Outcomes of RF in MM and non-myeloma patients, respectively, included hospitalization (61% and 71%) and dialysis, (38% and 22%). Conclusions- Close monitoring of serum creatinine prior to ZA, is important for both MM and other cancer patients; completeness of current case reporting efforts of ZA-associated renal insufficiency is poor in both US and non-US countries; and information about the potential occurrence of renal toxicity should be prominently described in the packet insert for ZA.
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Schonland, Stefan O., Ute Hegenbart, Simona Iacobelli, Jennifer Hoek, M. Rovira, Guustaaf van Imhoff, G. Bandini et al. „Center Experience and Calendar Year Of Transplantation Strongly Influence Short Term Survival After Autologous Peripheral Blood Transplantation In 1315 Patients With Light Chain Amyloidosis: An EBMT Analysis“. Blood 122, Nr. 21 (15.11.2013): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.417.417.
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Abstract Introduction High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a treatment option for eligible patients with systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis. Compared to patients with multiple myeloma (MM), the risk for complications and transplant-related mortality is increased. However, in this fragile patient group it is often not possible to distinguish between treatment- and amyloidosis-related deaths in the post-transplant period. The CIBMTR reported a one year survival (1-yr OS) of 66% of patients transplanted between 1995 and 2001. Another multicenter analysis from Great Britain reported a one year survival of 75% (Goodman et al., BJH, 2006); interestingly, they could show a significant reduction of day 100 all-cause mortality from 32% to 13% after 1998. In recent single center studies 1-yr OS was better ranging from 80% to 90% (reviewed by Schönland et al., BMT, 2011). The amyloidosis groups of Mayo Clinic and Boston Medical School could also show a survival improvement over time (Tsai et al., Blood, 2012 and Gertz et al., BMT, 2010). Specific Aim The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the 1-yr OS after ASCT for patients with AL amyloidosis in Europe. Of special interest were calendar year of transplants and center experience. Methodology Patient-, disease-, and transplant-related variables were collected according to the data entries in the EBMT database. Inclusion criteria were as follows: first autologous transplant with peripheral blood stem cells performed between 1997 and 2010. Center experience was measured for each patient by the number of previous MM ASCT done in the center until the year of AL transplant. Results 1315 patients from 259 centers fulfilled the entry criteria and were included in the analysis (for patient characteristics see table). The conditioning regimen was high-dose melphalan in most cases. Median follow up was 47 months. 1-yr OS after ASCT was 80.7% (CI 78.5 – 82.9). In univariate analysis age, gender, time from diagnosis to ASCT had no influence on 1-yr OS. Bad performance status (57% (50-65) vs. 90% (87-92); p<0.001) and progression/relapse as status at conditioning (61% (53-69) vs. 85% (83-87); p<0.001) significantly reduced 1-yr OS. A strong and significant influence of the transplant period (see figure 1, log-rank test, p<0.001) and higher center experience (see figure 2; log-rank test, p<0.001) could also be demonstrated. Interestingly, the proportion of patients with bad performance status decreased from 28% to 13% in most recent years (p=0.001). These results hold in multivariate analysis. Bad performance status (HR 4.3; p<0.001), progression/relapse as status at conditioning (HR 1.96; p<0.001) and earlier transplant period (HR 1.1; p<0.001) retained their highly significant negative influence on 1-yr OS. In an alternative multivariate model replacing transplant period with center experience, the latter has also a beneficial effect (HR 0.99 for 10 additional previous MM transplants; p=0.015) and all other prognostic factors retained the estimated effects. Conclusion This is the first report from the EBMT about the results of ASCT in AL amyloidosis from 259 European centers and the largest retrospective analysis for this rare entity. It clearly shows that short term survival has been improved over time probably due to better patient selection and increase of center experience. Of note, in the most recent cohort (2009 to 2010) the 1-yr OS was 91% (CI 87-96) supporting the further use of ASCT in eligible AL amyloidosis patients. Disclosures: Leblond: Roche : Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Mundipharma: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.
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Jayne, David G., John Scholefield, Damian Tolan, Richard Gray, Richard Edlin, Claire T. Hulme, Andrew J. Sutton et al. „Anal fistula plug versus surgeon’s preference for surgery for trans-sphincteric anal fistula: the FIAT RCT“. Health Technology Assessment 23, Nr. 21 (Mai 2019): 1–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta23210.
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Background The aim of fistula surgery is to eradicate the disease while preserving anal sphincter function. The efficacy of the Surgisis® anal fistula plug (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) in the treatment of trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano has been variably reported. Objectives To undertake a randomised comparison of the safety and efficacy of the Surgisis anal fistula plug in comparison with surgeon’s preference for the treatment of trans-sphincteric anal fistulas. Design A randomised, unblinded, parallel-arm, prospective, multicentre clinical trial. Setting Hospitals in the UK NHS involving colorectal surgeons accredited by the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. Participants Adult patients suffering from trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano of cryptoglandular origin. Interventions Patients were randomised on a 1 : 1 basis to either the fistula plug or the surgeon’s preference [e.g. fistulotomy, cutting seton, advancement flap or ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure]. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure was quality of life as measured by the Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQoL) questionnaire at 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures included clinical and radiological fistula healing rates, faecal incontinence rates, complications rates, reintervention rates and cost-effectiveness. Results Between May 2011 and March 2016, 304 participants were recruited (152 fistula plug vs. 152 surgeon’s preference). No difference in FIQoL score between the two trial groups was seen at the 6-week, 6-month or 12-month follow-up. Clinical evidence of fistula healing was reported in 66 of 122 (54%) participants in the fistula plug group and in 66 of 119 (55%) participants in the surgeon’s preference group at 12 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed fistula healing in 54 of 110 (49%) participants in the fistula plug group and in 63 of 112 (56%) participants in the surgeon’s preference group. Variation in 12-month clinical healing rates was observed: 55%, 64%, 75%, 53% and 42% for fistula plug, cutting seton, fistulotomy, advancement flap and LIFT procedure, respectively. Faecal incontinence rates were low at baseline, with small improvement in both groups post treatment. Complications and reinterventions were frequent. The mean total costs were £2738 [standard deviation (SD) £1151] in the fistula plug group and £2308 (SD £1228) in the surgeon’s preference group. The average total quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gain was much smaller in the fistula plug group (0.829, SD 0.174) than in the surgeon’s preference group (0.790, SD 0.212). Using multiple imputation and probabilistic sensitivity analysis, and adjusting for differences in baseline EuroQol-5 Dimensions, three-level version utility, there was a 35–45% chance that the fistula plug was as cost-effective as surgeon’s preference over a range of thresholds of willingness to pay for a single QALY of £20,000–30,000. Limitations Limitations include a smaller sample size than originally calculated, a lack of blinding that perhaps biased patient-reported outcomes and a lower compliance rate with MRI at 12-month follow-up. Conclusions The Surgisis anal fistula plug is associated with similar FIQoL score to surgeon’s preference at 12-month follow-up. The higher costs and highly uncertain and small gains in QALYs associated with the fistula plug mean that this technology is unlikely to be considered a cost-effective use of resources in the UK NHS. Future work Further in-depth analysis should consider the clinical and MRI characteristics of fistula-in-ano in an attempt to identify predictors of fistula response to treatment. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN78352529. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 21. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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He, Zhizhou. „The Integration of Indian Christians into India Leading up to the Partition of 1947“. Communications in Humanities Research 2, Nr. 1 (28.02.2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/2022391.
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As one of Great Britains main oversea assets going into the 1900s and with its rich traditions and diversity, India and its road to independence have drawn much scholarly interest. Studies of pre-independence modern India have always centered around the development of Indian nationalism that became the backbone of the Quit India movement, eventually leading to the establishment of a new nation and exit of its colonizer. Almost inseparable from Indias independence is the Partition of 1947 that witnessed the formation of two sovereigns which, in existing works and research, features the culmination of religious conflicts between the two largest religious groups in the peninsula. This hyper-focus on the main players has led to gaps in comprehending the roles of other minority groups that shared the stage alongside Hindus and Muslims. While these groups did not and could not become as politically influential as the political triangle among Hindus, Muslims, and the British, their struggles and mere existence helped shape the political landscape within the region and paved the foundation to Indias path in becoming a secular state. This paper explores the discourse of Indian Christians, the nations third largest religious community, leading up to the fateful summer day in 1947. Using primary sources as evidence and secondary sources as guidance, it examines the majority vs. minority dichotomy within pre-independence India under a hypersensitive religious context and how Indian Christians maneuvered the political waters to achieve social integration. In doing so, it attempts to explore the prospect and methodology of achieving religious coexistence between a religious majority and religious minorities in the nation-building process.
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He, Zhizhou. „The Integration of Indian Christians into India Leading up to the Partition of 1947“. Communications in Humanities Research 2, Nr. 1 (28.02.2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/20220391.
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As one of Great Britains main oversea assets going into the 1900s and with its rich traditions and diversity, India and its road to independence have drawn much scholarly interest. Studies of pre-independence modern India have always centered around the development of Indian nationalism that became the backbone of the Quit India movement, eventually leading to the establishment of a new nation and exit of its colonizer. Almost inseparable from Indias independence is the Partition of 1947 that witnessed the formation of two sovereigns which, in existing works and research, features the culmination of religious conflicts between the two largest religious groups in the peninsula. This hyper-focus on the main players has led to gaps in comprehending the roles of other minority groups that shared the stage alongside Hindus and Muslims. While these groups did not and could not become as politically influential as the political triangle among Hindus, Muslims, and the British, their struggles and mere existence helped shape the political landscape within the region and paved the foundation to Indias path in becoming a secular state. This paper explores the discourse of Indian Christians, the nations third largest religious community, leading up to the fateful summer day in 1947. Using primary sources as evidence and secondary sources as guidance, it examines the majority vs. minority dichotomy within pre-independence India under a hypersensitive religious context and how Indian Christians maneuvered the political waters to achieve social integration. In doing so, it attempts to explore the prospect and methodology of achieving religious coexistence between a religious majority and religious minorities in the nation-building process.
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Trystanto, Trystanto. „Small Governing Coalition in Hong Kong and its Impact on Political Freedom“. Jurnal Sentris 4, Nr. 1 (16.06.2023): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v4i1.6346.46-60.
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Hong Kong has seen an upheaval in recent years. From the protests over the extradition law to the protests over the National Security Law, these protests are a response to the ever-encroaching hand of Beijing on political rights in Hong Kong. After the National Security Law was implemented, Hong Kong’s freedom was almost gone. One by one, pro-democracy protesters, opposition parliament members, and opposition media are being targeted and repressed. Despite the numerous protests and riots, the Hong Kong SAR government perseveres with little concession to the protesters. Why does the government of Hong Kong decided not to respect Hong Kong’s unique democratic system in China, arguably the system that has brought Hong Kong to one of the most prominent cities in the world for global interactions, and instead wish to turn it into another normal Chinese city? Why does the Hong Kong SAR government almost completely ignore the voice of the Hong Kong people? Using the framework developed by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith in The Dictator’s Handbook, I argue that the small size of Hong Kong’s governing coalition (i.e., the minimum amount of support required for the leader to stay in power) and the ease in which the Chief Executive of Hong Kong rewards her allies play a significant role in this democratic backsliding. Furthermore, while the Western World reacted in outrage over this undemocratic encroachment of Beijing on Hong Kong, I argue that their sanctions on Hong Kong leaders will not play a significant role as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong does not need their support. Keywords: Hong Kong; democracy; protests; governing coalition;sanctions REFERENCES Allison, Graham. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape the Thucydides’s Trap? New York: Houghton Miflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2017. Associated Press. “Only Hand-Picked Pro-Beijing ‘Patriots’ Get to Vote for Committee That Will Choose Hong Kong’s next Government.” The Globe and Mail, September 19, 2021. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-hong-kong-voters-to-choose-new-election committee-under-pro-beijing/. BBC News. “North Koreans Vote in ‘No-Choice’ Parliamentary Elections.” BBC News, March 10, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47492747. Bloomberg News. “Xi Finalizes Hong Kong Election Changes, Cementing China Control.” Bloomberg, March 30, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03- 30/china-to-form-small-group-to-vet-hong-kong-elections-scmp-says. Candice Chau. “Hong Kong Democratic Party May Breach Security Law If It Tells Members Not to Run in Election, Warns Pro-Beijing Figure.” Hong Kong Free Press, September 6, 2021. https://hongkongfp.com/2021/09/06/hong-kong-democratic-party-may-breach-security-law if-it-tells-members-not-to-run-in-election-warns-pro-beijing-figure/. CBS News. “Hong Kong Protesters Arrested as Trump Vows to Act ‘Powerfully’ against China.” www.cbsnews.com, May 27, 2020. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hong-kong-protesters arrested-riot-police-china-2020-05-27/. Chen, Jiawen. “Why Economic Sanctions on North Korea Fail to Work?” China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 04 (January 2017): 513–34. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500300. Cox, Gary. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Drezner, Daniel W. “The United States of Sanctions: The Use and Abuse of Economic Coercion.” Foreign Affairs 100, no. 5 (2021): 142–54. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-08-24/united-states-sanctions. Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office, and Export Control Joint Unit. “UK Arms Embargo on Mainland China and Hong Kong.” GOV.UK, December 31, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/uk-arms-embargo-on-mainland-china-and-hong kong. Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. “Government Structure.” GovHK, September 2021. https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/govstructure.htm. Grant, Charles. “Russia, China, and Global Governance.” London: Centre for European Reform, 2012. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Grant_CER_Eng.pdf. Grundy, Tom. “‘Highly Necessary’: Beijing to Discuss Enacting National Security Law in Hong Kong Following Months of Protest.” Hong Kong Free Press, May 21, 2020. https://hongkongfp.com/2020/05/21/breaking-beijing-to-discuss-enacting-national-security law-in-hong-kong-following-months-of-protest/. Hathaway, Oona A, and Scott J Shapiro. The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2017. Kirby, Jen. “Pro-Democracy Candidates Dominate Hong Kong’s Local Elections in a Rebuke to China.” Vox, November 25, 2019. https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981691/hong-kong district-council-elections-pro-democracy. Kuo, Lily, and Verna Yu. “Hong Kong Protests: Carrie Lam Denies Offering to Resign.” The Guardian, September 3, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/hong-kong protests-carrie-lam-denies-she-considered-resigning. Leung, Christy. “Extradition Bill Not Made to Measure for Mainland China and Won’t Be Abandoned, Hong Kong Leader Carrie Lam Says.” South China Morning Post, April 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3004067/extradition-bill-not-made measure-mainland-china-and-wont. Lo, Chloe. “Hong Kong Leader’s Approval Rating Falls to Lowest since Sept.” Bloomberg, February 17, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-17/hong-kong-leader-s approval-rating-falls-to-lowest-since-sept. Low, Zoe. “What Sparked Hong Kong’s Biggest Mass Arrests under National Security Law?” South China Morning Post, January 6, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong kong/politics/article/3116586/hong-kong-national-security-law-35-plus-ambition-colour. Mahbubani, Kishore, and Jeffery Sng. The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2017. Mahbubani, Kishore. Has China Won? The Chinese Challenge to American Primacy. New York: PublicAffairs, 2020. Mahtani, Shibani, Tiffany Liang, Anna Kam, and Simon Denyer. “Hong Kong’s Pro-Democracy Parties Sweeping Pro-Beijing Establishment aside in Local Elections.” The Washington Post, March 30,2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200330160031/https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Record-turnout-in-Hong-Kong-election-seen-as-a-14858897.php. Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de, and Alastair Smith. The Dictator’s Handbook : Why Bad Behavior Is Almost Always Good Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2012. Olorunnipa, Toluse. “As Trump Puts Partisan Spin on Federal Aid for States, Republicans and Democrats Warn of Coming Financial Calamity.” Washington Post, April 27, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-trump-puts-partisan-spin-on-federal-aid-for states-republicans-and-democrats-warn-of-coming-financial-calamity/2020/04/27/a542f19e 889a-11ea-8ac1-bfb250876b7a_story.html. Registration and Electoral Office of the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. “REO : Who May Register / How to Register - Functional Constituencies.” Reo.gov.hk. Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.reo.gov.hk/en/voter/FC.htm. Reuters. “U.S. Condemns ‘Unjustified Use of Force’ in Hong Kong: Senior Official.” Reuters, November 18, 2019, sec. Emerging Markets. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong protests-usa-idUSKBN1XS06A. ———. “U.S. Condemns China’s New Security Law for Hong Kong, Threatens Further Actions.” Reuters, June 30, 2020, sec. APAC. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china hongkong-security-usa-idUSKBN2412N9. Roantree, Anne Marie, Greg Torode, and James Pomfret. “Special Report: Hong Kong Leader Says She Would ‘Quit’ If She Could, Fears Her Ability to Resolve Crisis Now ‘Very Limited.’” Reuters, September 3, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong protests-carrielam-specialre-idUSKCN1VN1DU. Sanjaya, Trystanto. “Analyzing the ‘Democracy vs. Autocracy’ Advocacy of the Biden Administration in the Upcoming US-China Great Power Competition from the Perspective of National Interest .” Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 26, no. 4 (2023): 47–98. Subcommittee on Decision of the National People's Congress on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Amended Annex I and Annex II to Basic Law, LC Paper No. CB(4)703/20-21(01) § (2021). https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr20- 21/english/hc/sub_com/hs102/papers/hs10220210331cb4-703-1-e.pdf. Tong, Kurt. “Hong Kong and the Limits of Decoupling.” Foreign Affairs, July 26, 2021. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2021-07-14/hong-kong-and-limits-decoupling. United Nations Treaty Collection, Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, Vol. 1399, (New York, 1994), 62 United States Department of the Treasury. “Treasury Sanctions Individuals for Undermining Hong Kong’s Autonomy | U.S. Department of the Treasury.” home.treasury.gov, August 7, 2020. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1088. Weeks, Jessica L.P. Dictators at War and Peace. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014. Xinhua. “Hong Kong Must Be Governed by Patriots.” Global TImes, November 12, 2020. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1206580.shtml. 香港中联办. “中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法附件二香港特别行政区立法会的产生办法和表 决程序.” Hong Kong Liaison Office, March 30, 2021. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/h6q6yzNwNXuJZ55bx98lFQ.
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„PRRS diagnoses in Great Britain 2016/17“. Veterinary Record 182, Nr. 5 (01.02.2018): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.k539.
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Smeaton, Craig, Cai J. T. Ladd, Lucy C. Miller, Lucy McMahon, Ed Garrett, Natasha L. M. Barlow, W. Roland Gehrels, Martin W. Skov und William E. N. Austin. „Organic carbon stocks of Great British saltmarshes“. Frontiers in Marine Science 10 (04.12.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1229486.
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Coastal wetlands, such as saltmarshes, are globally widespread and highly effective at capturing and storing ‘blue carbon’ and have the potential to regulate climate over varying timescales. Yet only Australia and the United States of America have national inventories of organic carbon held within saltmarsh habitats, hindering the development of policies and management strategies to protect and preserve these organic carbon stores. Here we couple a new observational dataset with 4,797 samples from 26 saltmarshes across Great Britain to spatially model organic carbon stored in the soil and the above and belowground biomass of Great British saltmarshes. Using average values derived from the 26 marshes, we deliver first-order estimates of organic carbon stocks across Great Britain’s 448 saltmarshes (451.66 km2). The saltmarshes of Great Britain contain 5.20 ± 0.65 Mt of organic carbon, 93% of which is in the soil. On average, the saltmarshes store 11.55 ± 1.56 kg C m-2 with values ranging between 2.24 kg C m-2 and 40.51 kg C m-2 depending on interlinked factors such as geomorphology, organic carbon source, sediment type (mud vs sand), sediment supply, and relative sea level history. These findings affirm that saltmarshes represent the largest intertidal blue carbon store in Great Britain, yet remain an unaccounted for component of the United Kingdom’s natural carbon stores.
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„Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Scotland“. Veterinary Record 181, Nr. 15 (13.10.2017): 362.2–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.j4584.
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A cattle dashboard has recently been developed to share surveillance information gathered from submissions to the Great Britain veterinary diagnostic network. Data relating to Scotland come from the SAC C VS. This article, by Tim Geraghty, relates to cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Scotland, as summarised on the APHA Cattle Dashboard
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Aiken, Abigail R. A., Jennifer E. Starling, Rebecca Gomperts, James G. Scott und Catherine E. Aiken. „Demand for self-managed online telemedicine abortion in eight European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: a regression discontinuity analysis“. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, 11.01.2021, bmjsrh—2020–200880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200880.
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ObjectivesIn most European countries, patients seeking medication abortion during the COVID-19 pandemic are still required to attend healthcare settings in person. We assessed whether demand for self-managed medication abortion provided by online telemedicine increased following the emergence of COVID-19.MethodsWe examined 3915 requests for self-managed abortion to online telemedicine service Women on Web (WoW) between 1 January 2019 and 1 June 2020. We used regression discontinuity to compare request rates in eight European countries before and after they implemented lockdown measures to slow COVID-19 transmission. We examined the prevalence of COVID-19 infection, the degree of government-provided economic support, the severity of lockdown travel restrictions and the medication abortion service provision model in countries with and without significant changes in requests.ResultsFive countries showed significant increases in requests to WoW, ranging from 28% in Northern Ireland (97 requests vs 75.8 expected requests, p=0.001) to 139% in Portugal (34 requests vs 14.2 expected requests, p<0.001). Two countries showed no significant change in requests, and one country, Great Britain, showed an 88% decrease in requests (1 request vs 8.1 expected requests, p<0.001). Among countries with significant increases in requests, abortion services are provided mainly in person in hospitals or abortion is unavailable and international travel was prohibited during lockdown. By contrast, Great Britain implemented a fully remote no-test telemedicine service.ConclusionThese marked changes in requests for self-managed medication abortion during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate demand for remote models of care, which could be fulfilled by expanding access to medication abortion by telemedicine.
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Taylor, Eve, Leonie S. Brose, Ann McNeill, Jamie Brown, Loren Kock und Debbie Robson. „Associations between smoking and vaping prevalence, product use characteristics, and mental health diagnoses in Great Britain: a population survey“. BMC Medicine 21, Nr. 1 (14.06.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02890-y.
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Abstract Background Rates of diseases and death from tobacco smoking are substantially higher among those with a mental health condition (MHC). Vaping can help some people quit smoking, but little is known about vaping among people with MHCs or psychological distress. We assessed the prevalence and characteristics (heaviness, product type) of smoking and/or vaping among those with and without a history of single or multiple MHC diagnoses and with no, moderate or serious psychological distress. Methods Data from 27,437 adults in Great Britain surveyed between 2020 and 2022. Multinomial regressions analysed associations between smoking, vaping and dual use prevalence, smoking/vaping characteristics and (a) history of a single or multiple MHC and (b) moderate or serious psychological distress, adjusted for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Results Compared with people who had never smoked, those who currently smoked were more likely to report a history of a single (12.5% vs 15.0%, AOR=1.62, 95% CI=1.46–1.81, p<.001) or multiple MHCs (12.8% vs 29.3%, AOR=2.51, 95% CI=2.28–2.75, p<.001). Compared with non-vapers, current vapers were more likely to report a history of a single (13.5% vs 15.5%, AOR=1.28, 95% CI=1.11–1.48, p<.001) or multiple MHCs (15.5% vs 33.4%, AOR=1.66, 95% CI=1.47–1.87, p<.001). Dual users were more likely to report a history of multiple MHCs (36.8%), but not a single MHC than exclusive smokers (27.2%) and exclusive vapers (30.4%) (all p<.05). Similar associations were reported for those with moderate or serious psychological distress. Smoking roll-your-own cigarettes and smoking more heavily, were associated with a history of single or multiple MHCs. There were no associations between vaping characteristics and a history of MHCs. Frequency of vaping, device type and nicotine concentration differed by psychological distress. Conclusions Smoking, vaping and dual use were substantially higher among those with a history of MHC, especially multiple MHC, and experiencing past month distress than those not having a history of MHC or experiencing past month distress respectively. Analysis used descriptive epidemiology and causation cannot be determined.
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Frackowiak, Waldemar, Sebastian Gryglewicz, Piotr Stobiecki, Maciej Stradomski und Adam Szyszka. „Determinants of Corporate Long-Term Capital Policy. Poland vs. France, Germany, and Great Britain: Comparative Approach and Panel Analysis“. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.675722.
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Ball, Christopher Stephen, Kristina Govorukha, Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs, Philip Mayer, Dirk Rübbelke und Stefan Vögele. „Electricity market relationship between Great Britain and its neighbors: distributional effects of Brexit“. Energy, Sustainability and Society 12, Nr. 1 (26.07.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13705-022-00358-0.
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Abstract Background Beyond Great Britain, Brexit could also have ripple effects on the electricity systems of certain other EU member states. This paper investigates the possible effects of reduced growth in interconnectivity between Great Britain and mainland Europe by 2030 on the electricity system in GB and across other EU member states in addition to the effects of Pound depreciation. Effects are analyzed across a “Green Scenario” and “Blue Scenario” in 2030, based on the ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators-Electricity) 10-year development plans. There is a greater expansion of nuclear and renewables in Green than in Blue and, in Blue, the British CO2 price is higher than in the EU. Within each scenario, there are four variants: full vs. reduced expansion of interconnection capacity, in combination with no devaluation and 10% depreciation of the British Pound. The EMME (Electricity Market Model for Europe) is used to model these impacts across the different scenario variants. Results Interconnector utilization is more volatile in the Green Scenario variants, leading to concerns about investor incentives, especially given the increased uncertainty under Brexit. In terms of electricity prices, GB consumers lose out across both Blue and Green scenario variants, whereas EU and GB producers both gain and lose in different variants. Across the Green Scenario variants, EU neighbors’ trade balances with GB deteriorate slightly, but the impact is far stronger in Blue due to a loss of opportunities to export power. GB sees significant increases in electricity costs across scenario variants. Green scenario variants offer potential for modest emission reductions in certain EU nations, whereas Blue Scenario variants lead to greater emission reductions in the EU neighbors which contrasts with a sharp rise in GB emissions. Conclusions There is a significant link between NTC expansion and wholesale prices. Delayed or cancelled NTC expansion could negatively affect the GB power system’s low-carbon transition. Pound depreciation and reduced expansion of NTCs lead to shifts in generation-related CO2 emissions. A higher cost burden for electricity is a risk for GB, whereas, for EU neighbors, their trade position with the UK risks deteriorating.
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Opreanu, Coriolan Horațiu. „Profan vs. sacru la Sarmizegetusa Regia / Profane vs. Sacred at Sarmizegetusa Regia“. Analele Banatului XXIV 2016, 01.01.2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55201/ngil7057.
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In a former study published in the present yearbook (2015), the author reopened the interpretation of the archaeological structures unearthed at Grădiștea Muncelului 65 years before. He challenged that time the traditional explanation which considered them as sanctuaries. After criticizing the old theory (which was not based on any direct archaeological evidence), he proposed a more rational functionality of the rows of round stone-bases: they were the bases supporting an upper floor of the wooden buildings on top, elevated from the soil-level, being used as store-buildings, mainly for stockpiling cereals’ supplies necessary for the numerous community from Sarmizegetusa Regia to survive in a harsh mountain climate during the six months cold season. The author also provided as analogies prehistoric timber buildings, Roman timber and stone horrea, all using the same principles, but also mediaeval and modern granaries from Spain, or Britain with the same design and function.The present new approach was considered necessary by the author to emphasize the methodological background of the subject. He continues his previous demonstration opening to the reader the work-laboratory which led him to the conclusion the ancient basements found at Sarmizegetusa Regia belonged initially to profane and not sacred buildings. For that he describes the criteria established by the European and American prehistoric archaeology to identify a sacred building and cites several important contributions to the archaeology of ritual. Laying these criteria upon the archaeological information and evidence we have from the buildings from Sarmizegetusa Regia no one can be surely found. The conclusion cannot be other than they were not building with sacred significance.The author also contradicts the hypothesis that some golden coin hoards and bracelets were hidden in antiquity at Sarmizegetusa Regia with ritual intention. He supports the idea they belonged to the Dacian royal treasure of Burebista, taking into consideration the great quantity of golden coins of the same type and the great number of golden unused bracelets. He also rejects the idea of the existence of an imaginary holly mountain at Sarmizegetusa Regia which was considered by other scholars as the main reason of the establishment there of the royal residence during the 1st century BC and of the development of the settlement toward an urban aspect and size. The author proposes instead as the main factor of urbanization the fight of the Dacian aristocracy to take control of the iron ore resources in the area, as proved by the numerous forges, kilns and iron tools hoards found at Sarmizegetusa Regia. At the end the author explains why his explanation is more credible than the old one, enumerating the criteria to arrive to the best explanation in archaeology.
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Parnham, Jennie C., Charlotte Vrinten, Hazel Cheeseman, Laura Bunce, Nicholas S. Hopkinson, Filippos T. Filippidis und Anthony A. Laverty. „Changing awareness and sources of tobacco and e-cigarettes among children and adolescents in Great Britain“. Tobacco Control, 30.07.2023, tc—2023–058011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc-2023-058011.
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IntroductionIt is illegal in the UK to sell tobacco or nicotine e-cigarettes to people under the age of 18 years, as is displaying tobacco cigarettes at the point of sale. This paper examined changes in exposure to display of these products in shops and sources of these products among children and adolescent users over timeMethodsData from representative repeated online cross-sectional surveys of youth in Great Britain (11–18 years) were used (2018–2022; n=12 445). Outcome measures included noticing product displays and sources of e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes. Logistic regressions examined the associations of these outcome variables over time and with sociodemographic variables.ResultsOf 12 040 participants with complete data, 10.1% used some form of nicotine product (4.2% cigarettes, 2.9% e-cigarettes, 3.0% both) at least occasionally. The likelihood of noticing tobacco cigarettes on display fell over time for both supermarkets (2018: 67.1% to 2022: 58.5%) and small shops (2018: 81.3% to 2022: 66.3%), but the likelihood of noticing e-cigarettes in supermarkets rose (2018: 57.4% to 2022: 66.5%). Sources of tobacco cigarettes did not differ over time, but e-cigarette users were more likely to get their e-cigarettes from small shops in 2022 (51.2%) vs 2019 (34.2%) (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.24, 3.29).ConclusionThis study provides evidence that current policies to limit awareness of and access to both tobacco and e-cigarettes among adolescents in the UK may not be effective. UK policies on the advertising, promotion and sale of both tobacco and e-cigarettes need to be reinforced to deter use among children and adolescents.
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Abelleyra Lastoria, Diego Agustín, Amelia Sanderson, Doreen Mangion und Caroline Blanca Hing. „An evaluation of outpatient service provision in the National Health Service in Great Britain: A freedom of information request“. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17.06.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jep.14057.
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AbstractRationaleThe National Health Service (NHS) Long Term Plan was published in January 2019. One of its objectives was restructuring outpatient services, as part of an Outpatient Transformation initiative. Monitoring of trusts' adherence to the objectives of the Long Term Plan is therefore required to benchmark progress against national objectives.Aims and ObjectivesWe aimed to explore whether outpatient transformation initiatives and phlebotomy services that are managed by outpatients are appropriately staffed and to evaluate trusts' adherence to the objectives outlined in the Long Term Plan.MethodA freedom of information (FOI) request was sent in January 2023 to 153 trusts across Great Britain (time span: 1 January 2022–31 December 2022). Parameters requested included number of outpatients seen/discharged, phlebotomy episodes, number of sites/wards covered by phlebotomy, target/actual did not attend (DNA) rates, time since inception of the outpatient transformation project (OTP), advice and refer (A&R) and patient‐initiated follow‐up (PIFU), phlebotomy and outpatient managerial establishment and use of electronic notes and patient portals.ResultsA total of 117 trusts (76.5%) provided responses to the FOI request. The mean number of new outpatients seen face‐to‐face was 185,810. Of 73 trusts reporting both actual and target DNA rates, 62 (84.9%) did not meet their DNA targets. The actual DNA rate was significantly greater than the target DNA rate across trusts (p < 0.001, mean: 8.8% vs. 6.5%, respectively). A total of 58 different electronic systems and 29 patient portals were utilised across trusts. Thirty‐six trusts (30.3%) did not have an outpatient transformation project manager and 16 trusts (13.7%) did not initiate an OTP. With phlebotomy provision, the mean number of outpatient phlebotomy episodes was lower than inpatient episodes (83,383 vs. 91,020, respectively).ConclusionThere are deficiencies in current outpatient establishments that may hinder the achievement of objectives set in the NHS Long Term Plan. Changes at all levels of healthcare are required, with increased reliance on technologies and investment in support for transformation management.