Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Great Britain. Admiralty. Historical Section“

The article highlights the historical stages of development of the book trade bibliography and Books in Print systems in Great Britain. It is noted that the first and most famous attempt to compile a book trade catalog dates back to the end of the XVI century and belongs to the englishman E. Montsell, who prepared and published the "Catalog of English Printed Books", which became a model of cataloging for many subsequent authors of bibliographic works. It was found that the industrial revolution and the rapid development of industrial centers in the XVIII century, caused a rapid increase in the number of printing houses, publishing and book trade firms, thanks to which the book trade bibliography of Great Britain received a new quality — a stable periodicity of preparation and publication of bibliographic materials, as well as placement of bibliographic information on periodicals. Numerous samples of the book trade bibliography in chronological section are considered in detail, as well as the activities of the most famous companies in the production of Books in Print catalogs.

Artists’ rights in printmaking during the Old Masters period The aim of this paper is to present a historic view on artists’ rights in printmaking before the advent of modern copyright protections. Previously, privilege was the main form of legal protection. In this paper, matters such as the aim and procedure of protection are described as well as the subjects entitled to receive and release this protection and its extent. It concerns the main countries in Europe specializing in printmaking during the Old Masters’ period of activity, which was between the 16th and 18th centuries. The last section of the article focuses on The Engraving Copyright Act 1734, an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which is stated to be a prototype of modern copyright and its applicability to the historical context.

The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.

The UK withdrawal from the European Union forced the country to reevaluate its relations with the outer world. These political and ideological searches culminated in the concept of Global Britain. At the same time, they have drawn attention of the academic community to similar intellectual endeavors at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when British politicians also faced the need for a qualitative reassessment of the empire’s place in the world. In this context historical references can both help to place the concept of Global Britain within a broader ideological and political framework and shed light on some of its less obvious aspects. And it is particularly interesting to compare it with the concept of Greater Britain, which was extensively discussed during that period. The first section of the paper identifies the origins of the Greater Britain concept, as well as its key provisions. The author notes that the idea of ‘Greater Britain’, aiming to create a sort of federation that would bring together the metropole and the dominions, emerged as a response to growing centrifugal tendencies within the British Empire and intensification of colonial rivalry between the great powers. The second section outlines the conceptual core of the ‘Global Britain’, which involves expanding the scope of the UK foreign policy opportunities after leaving the European Union by establishing a more active interaction with countries and regions that were once part of the empire. The paper emphasizes the migration factor, which served as a fundamental element of the British statehood in various periods of its history and became an integral part of the British political identity. The author argues that there is a certain continuity in the ideological and philosophical content of the two concepts, which were both formulated in similar conditions, both originated from the search for new guidelines for the UK policy in a changing world. However, these concepts shouldn’t be confused. Whereas ‘Greater Britain’ was aimed at consolidating the crumbling empire, ‘Global Britain’ is intended primarily to bridge various divides across the society, which in turn implies re-examination of the UK national identity in general. The author concludes that the concept of Global Britain in its current form cannot address these issues, on the contrary, it rather epitomizes the lack of innovative ideas and solutions among contemporary British elites.

Abstract Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety performance of new and existing roads. Road safety audit is an efficient, cost effective and proactive approach to improve road safety. It is proved that RSA has the potential to save lives. The RSA was originated in Great Britain and is well developed in countries like UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore. Presently, it is at varying stages of implementation in developing nations like India, South Africa, Thailand and Bangladesh. Therefore, road safety audit appears to be an ideal tool for improving road safety in India. In this study, a rural road stretching from Rallaguda bridge to Vardhaman College of Engineering in Hyderabad city is chosen for road safety audit. Safety assessment is done using iRAP application by collecting road side features, midblock details, intersection features, vulnerable road users’ facilities, speed and flow details. The secondary objective is to find out the Black Spot locations within Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) police station jurisdiction of Hyderabad city. Accident prone areas are identified by estimating Weighted severity and accident severity indices with the help of historical accident data. Finally, major causes of accidents and measures to improve safety of the chosen road section are suggested.

The article provides a diachronic analysis of the concept “money” in the Russian and English linguacultures. The author studies the genesis and development of money in Russia and Great Britain, and conducts a research on the formation of “money” terminology in the corresponding languages. As part of the study it has been found out that the historical development of the concept “money” in the Russian and English linguacultures has a number of common features: the cores of the concepts, the lexical items «деньги» and “money”are borrowings that entered the vocabularies of the corresponding languages at the same time; the usage of foreign monetary units, in the first place, Byzantine coins, before the introduction of national currencies, influenced “money” terminology, breeding numerous words of foreign origin, as well as the design of money. The article also outlines the etymology of basic monetary units, such as the grzywna, the kuna, the denga, the ruble, the polushka, the kopeck, the altyn ,the chervonets – in Russian, the sterling, the pound, the penny, the shilling, the farthing, the unit, the noble, the sovereign – in English. The author finds a correlation between peculiarities of money development and the evolution of money nomenclature in Russian and English. The concluding section presents similar features and common laws of the concept “money” in the two linguacultures.

On August 12th 1978 the People's Republic of China and Japan signed a treaty of peace and friendship that solemnly recognized the reconciliation between Peking and Tokyo. The original character and political, economic and geo-strategic meaning of this signal document can only be understood by placing it within Us true context. In fact, this context has two facets. The Sino-Japanese treaty can first be seen in an historical context that must be kept in mind since the « Far Eastern Question » has, from the end of the 19th century, been at the heart of Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese relations as well as constituting an ongoing concern for the major European powers. Prior to 1939, Japanese imperialism had succeeded in imposing its law in China and in East Asia establishing what Tokyo called a « co-prosperity sphere ». During the Second World War, the United States, Great Britain and the USSR - allies against the common enemy - had to take important decisions with regard to Japan to prepare the terms of occupation. The San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 established the new American-Japanese relationship. Normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations began with the signing of the joint declaration of 1956. The August 12th 1978 Peace Treaty between Peking and Tokyo can be further seen as part of specific diplomatic context comprising the Sino-Soviet conflict, East-West détente and the Sino-American rapprochement that opened the way - immediately after President Nixon's trip to China in February 1972 - for the Sino-Japanese rapprochement. Legally, the Treaty contains only five short sections, the most original of which being the « anti-hegemony » clause provided for in section 2. Diplomatically, it is not exaggerated to recognize in this Sino-Japanese agreement an element of a New International Political Order presently taking form and that has to necessarily accompany the implantation of the « New International Economic Order » that the countries of the Third World have been demanding since 1974.

International scientific and practical conference “Rumyantsev Readings” in 2020 was held in absentia. The Publishing house of the Russian State Library “Pashkov Dom” prepared the conference proceedings in two parts, which included 176 articles. Among the participants of the conference there are specialists from libraries of all levels and different departmental subordination, museums, archives, Universities, scientific research institutes in Russia, Belarus, Great Britain and Kazakhstan. The articles cover a wide range of issues on the theory and practice of library science, bibliography science, book studies, the history of librarianship and library activities at the present time. Considerable part of the reports was prepared under the theme “Libraries in the context of history: private collections and state book repositories”. In the year of the 75th anniversary of the Victory, many researchers turned to the history of libraries during the Great Patriotic War. The conference proceedings include materials about outstanding representatives of librarianship, researchers and collectors, where the authors analyse and evaluate their activities. Traditionally, “Rumyantsev readings” present a large number of works on the disclosure of the collections of libraries and archives, description of stored materials: manuscripts, rare books and book monuments, art editions, maps and printed music. Within the topics of the section “Library classification systems” there are presented the articles devoted to separate sections of Library Bibliographic Classification and general issues of system modernization and implementing it in practice, publication of LBC schedules and the value of its public e-version for the development of classification search and improving efficient use of library collections. Issues related to the current activities of foreign and, primarily, domestic libraries are presented in extremely wide range: from understanding the place of libraries in the modern space of socio-cultural communication and strategic approaches to innovation management to highlighting specific projects under implementation. The reports raise the topics of training future librarians in higher education institutions and improving their skills in future, developing and implementing standards, digitizing library collections, and bibliometric analysis. The article analyses the state of digitalization of scientific — information activities in libraries, presents characteristics of separate online information resources, raises questions on the development of regulatory framework for labour rationing and the formation of the library’s image in social networks and information publications about it. Publication of the proceedings will serve to achieve the main goal of the conference — to draw attention to the issues of preserving and studying the world cultural heritage, problems of functioning of libraries at the present historical stage, search for ways of innovative development, expand cooperation between cultural, educational, scientific institutions and intercultural interaction.

Thorkild Kjærgaard: The Peace in Kiel, Greenland, and the North Atlantic, 1814–2014 At the peace conference in Kiel (North Germany) in January 1814, the Danish-Norwegian North Atlantic Empire that controlled an enormous area of land and water, including not only Denmark (with Schleswig-Holstein) and Norway but also Iceland, the Faroe Islands and the huge, thinly populated ice-covered island of Greenland, was dissolved by the victorious powers of the Napoleonic wars. Norway was given to Sweden as compensation for Finland, which Sweden — now in the victorious coalition — had lost to Russia in 1809. Rather surprisingly, the Kingdom of Denmark — now, without Norway, Europe’s smallest independent country — was entrusted with Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, although these three North Atlantic areas since early medieval times had been a part of the Kingdom of Norway. Without question, this was a major historical injustice. For Denmark, the outcome of the 1814 conference in Kiel was twofold: it was reduced to a very small country and it became — and still is — a polar nation, which it had not been before. The article discusses three aspects of this complex. Firstly: What happened in Kiel? Why were the three North Atlantic territories taken from Norway and given to Denmark? Was it, as it has been claimed by a majority of historians, the merit of sly Danish diplomats or was it — as the author believes — the will of the United Kingdom that was imposed on two small countries, Sweden and Denmark? Secondly, it is discussed how Denmark dealt with its new role as a polar nation. It turns out that Denmark initially was a rather hesitant, not to say, unwilling polar nation. Gradually, however, the extraordinary qualities of the North Atlantic islands, especially Greenland, were recognized. Since the end of the 19th century, Greenland has been a major subject of Danish art and literature, just as it has been a decisive dimension of Danish scientific research. The last section of the article deals with the significance of Greenland for Danish security and foreign policy. It is shown how the suffocating dependency on Great Britain after 1814 gradually was reduced thanks to a rapprochement to the new world power, the United States, which very early on showed interest in Greenland, which is, geographically, a part of the North American continent. The close alliance with the United States has saved Greenland for Denmark, just as it has been extremely helpful for Denmark in number of critical situations since 1814, but it also has its price. The price is that Denmark always follows US and never questions US actions. Relatively, Denmark, one of President Bush’s “willing nations,” has had more casualties on the American battlefields in Iraq and Afghanistan than any other of the United States’ allied nations. The Danish soldiers who have been killed on Middle East or Central Asiatic battlefields since 2001 have died for Greenland.

"„Sok szíves üdvözlettel régi barátos...” (“With kind regards, your old friend...”). Coriolan Petranu’s Friendly Connections to the Hungarian Historians. Coriolan Petranu is the founder of modern art history education and scientific research in Transylvania. He had received special education in this field of study that is relatively new in the region. He started his studies in 1911 at the University of Budapest, attending courses in law and art history. During the 1912-1913 academic year he joined the class of Professor Adolph Goldschmiedt (1863-1944) at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin. The professor was an illustrious personality from the same generation as art historians Emil Mâle, Wilhelm Vögte, Bernard Berenson, Roger Fry, Aby Warburg, and Heinrich Wölfflin, specialists who had provided a decisive impetus to art historical research during the twentieth century. In the end of 1913, Coriolan Petranu favored Vienna, with its prestigious art historical school attached to the university from the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There he completed and perfected his education under the supervision of Professor Josef Strzygowski (1862-1941). The latter scholar was highly appreciated for his contributions to the field of universal art history by including the cultures of Asia Minor (Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Persia), revealing the influence that this area had on proto-Christian art, as well as by researching ancient art in Northern Europe. In March 1920 the young art historian successfully defended his doctoral dissertation entitled Inhaltsproblem und Kunstgeschichte (”Content and art history”). He thus earned his doctor in philosophy title that opened him access to higher education teaching and art history research. His debut was positively marked by his activity as museographer at the Fine Art Museum in Budapest (Szepműveszeti Muzeum) in 1917-1918. Coriolan Petranu has researched Romanian vernacular architecture (creating a topography of wooden churches in Transylvania) and his publications were appreciated, published in the era’s specialized periodicals and volumes or presented during international congresses (such as those held in Stockholm in 1933, Warsaw in 1933, Sofia in 1934, Basel in 1936 and Paris in 1937). The Transylvanian art historian under analysis has exchanged numerous letters with specialists in the field. The valuable lot of correspondence, comprising several thousands of letters that he has received from the United States of America, Great Britain, Spain, France, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, the USSR, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Egypt represents a true history of the stage and development of art history as a field of study during the Interwar Period. The archive of the Art History Seminary of the University in Cluj preserves one section dedicated to Hungarian letters that he has send to Hungarian specialists, art historians, ethnographers, ethnologists or colleagues passionate about fine art (Prof. Gerevich Tibor, Prof. Takács Zoltán, Dr. Viski Károly, Count Dr. Teleki Domokos). His correspondence with Fritz Valjavec, editor of the “Südostdeutsche Forschungen” periodical printed in München, is also significant and revealing. The letters in question reveal C. Petranu’s significant contribution through his reviews of books published by Hungarian art historians and ethnographers. Beyond the theoretical debates during which Prof. Petranu has criticized the theories formulated by Prof. Gerevich’s school that envisaged the globalization of Hungarian art between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period and that also included in this general category the works of German masters and artists with other ethnic backgrounds, he has also displayed a friendly attitude and appreciation for the activity/works of his Hungarian colleagues (Viski Károly and Takács Zoltán). The previously unpublished Romanian-Hungarian and Hungarian-Romanian set of letters discussed here attest to this. Keywords: Transylvania, correspondence, vernacular architecture, reviews, photographs, Gerevich Tibor, Dr. Viski Károly "

This chapter tackles the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. Prior to the battle, quiet primarily reigned in the North Sea after the Battle of Dogger Bank. However, the Admiralty caught wind of Reinhard Scheer designing to trap and sink a section of the Grand Fleet, so British commanders and John Jellicoe were ordered to intercept him. The chapter explains the aftermath wherein the Germans caused great inconvenience with the submarine campaign and Britain was required to ration food and restrict non-war cargoes to see them through. It also highlights how the Admiralty under Jellicoe were slow to implement and slow to extend the convoy system, so Lloyd George fired Jellicoe in June 1917.

Abstract The material assembled in this section covers a wide range of subjects but their individual identification is not too difficult. Contributions to the meaning of ‘culture’ in general in British society, and the languages used in Britain, are identified in the initial sub-section. Individual arts are then grouped. It is recognized that while it is reasonable to include early sub-sections which deal with architecture, art (painting), design and fashion, and sculpture, individuals executed work in more than one of these categories. Likewise scholars have not infrequently grouped them together in certain critical or historical studies. The user must therefore see these particular sub-sections as a totality. The same point also applies particularly to the following sub-sections: music and ballet; film, photography, radio; the press, books and publishing, literature; theatre and comedy. In all of these cases, there is inevitably some overlap of title and subject-matter. Nevertheless, the activity is sufficiently discrete for separate sub-sections to be useful. Perhaps not surprisingly, they are notably full since those whose business is primarily with communication clearly like writing about each other. Even so, many of these items represent the raw material of history rather than history itself. Within the sub-sections concerned, particular genres, tendencies, and types have been identified, so far as possible, but no cultural discrimination has been exercised between them-that is to say a ‘great composer’ has to live alongside a ‘pop star’. The literary range is wide but it would not be appropriate to provide the amplitude to which a bibliography exclusively devoted to literature might aspire. As in the case of music, the attempt has been made, within this restriction, to be comprehensive in approach and not to presuppose the existence of a canon of British writers who should alone be considered. The emphasis has been primarily upon providing access to the writers and studies of their works rather than upon providing a full list of the works themselves. That distinction, however, cannot be invariably maintained.

In the previous chapter, we briefly met some of the key actors of this book. In particular, we introduced the RC model of a patch of neuronal membrane and showed an instance where such a “trivial” model accounts reasonably well for the input-output properties of a neuron, as measured at its cell body. However, almost none of the excitatory synapses are made onto the cell body, contacting instead the very extensive dendritic arbor. As we will discuss in detail in Chap. 3, dendritic trees can be quite large, containing up to 98% of the entire neuronal surface area. We therefore need to understand the behavior of these extended systems having a cablelike structure. The basic equation governing the dynamics of the membrane potential in thin and elongated neuronal processes, such as axons or dendrites, is the cable equation. It originated in the middle of the last century in the context of calculations carried out by Lord Kelvin, who described the spread of potential along the submarine telegraph cable linking Great Britain and America. Around the turn of the century, Herman and others formulated the concept of Kemleitermodel, or core conductor model, to understand the flow of current in nerve axons. Such a core conductor can be visualized as a thin membrane or sheath surrounding a cylindrical and electrically conducting core of constant cross section placed in a solution of electrolytes. The study of the partial differential equations describing the evolution of the electrical potential in these structures gave rise to a body of theoretical knowledge termed cable theory. In the 1930s and 1940s concepts from cable theory were being applied to axonal fibers, in particular to the giant axon of the squid (Hodgkin and Rushton, 1946; Davis and Lorente de No, 1947). The application of cable theory to passive, spatially extended dendrites started in the late 1950s and blossomed in the 1960s and 1970s, primarily due to the work of Rail (1989). In an appropriate gesture acknowledging his role in the genesis of quantitative modeling of single neurons, Segev, Rinzel, and Shepherd (1995) edited an annotated collection of his papers, to which we refer the interested reader. It also contains personal recollections from many of Rail's colleagues as well as historical accounts of the early history of this field.