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1
Hill, G. N., W. R. Henshall und R. M. Beresford. „Manipulating rainfall to study symptom expression of Botrytis cinerea infection in wine grapes“. New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (26.07.2017): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.64.
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Botrytis cinerea infection of wine grapes can result in a variety of symptoms. The most common symptom is botrytis bunch rot (BBR), where infected berries rot and shrivel, and eventually produce fungal sporulation. Another symptom is slip skin, where the skins of infected ripe berries slide easily from the pulp. It is hypothesised that a reduction in osmotic potential in grape berries due to late-season rainfall leads to slip skin symptom development. Hyphal growth of B. cinerea on osmotically adjusted agar was inhibited at osmotic potentials associated with near-ripe berries. Vine sheltering was used in a research vineyard to manipulate rainfall artificially and to alter berry sugar content in Vitis vinifera Sauvignon blanc vines, with the aim of increasing osmotic potential and altering symptom expression. Both BBR and slip skin symptoms were affected by the various sheltering conditions, with sheltered vines having lower BBR and higher slip skin at harvest.
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Beresford RM, Hill GN 2008. Botrytis control without fungicide residues - is it just a load of rot? New Zealand Winegrower 12: 104-106.
Beresford RM, Evans KJ, Wood PN, Mundy DC 2006. Disease assessment and epidemic monitoring methodology for bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) in grapevines. New Zealand Plant Protection 59: 355-360.
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Clarke SJ, Hardie WJ, Rogiers SY 2010. Changes in susceptibility of grape berries to splitting are related to impaired osmotic water uptake associated with losses in cell vitality. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 16: 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2010.00108.x
Diakou P, Moing A, Svanella L, Ollat N, Rolin DB, Gaudillere M, Gaudillere JP 1997. Biochemical comparison of two grape varieties differing in juice acidity. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 3: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1997.tb00122.x
Grolemund G, Wickham H 2011. Dates and times made easy with lubridate. 2011 40: 25.
Harris RF 1981. Effect of water potential on microbial growth and activity. In: Parr JF, Gardner WR, Elliott LF eds. Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology. SSSA Special Publication. Soil Science Society of America. Pp. 23-95.
Hill GN, Beresford RM, Evans KJ 2010. Tools for accurate assessment of botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) on wine grapes. New Zealand Plant Protection 63: 174-181.
Hill GN, Evans KJ, Beresford RM 2014a. Use of nitrate non-utilising (nit) mutants to determine phenological stages at which Botrytis cinerea infects wine grapes causing botrytis bunch rot. Plant Pathology 63: 1316-1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12225
Hill GN, Evans KJ, Beresford RM, Dambergs RG 2014b. Comparison of methods for the quantification of botrytis bunch rot in white wine grapes. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 20: 432—441. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12101
Keller M, Smith JP, Bondada BR 2006. Ripening grape berries remain hydraulically connected to the shoot. Journal of Experimental Botany 57: 2577-2587. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl020
Loschiavo A, Scholefield P, Morrison J, Ferris M 2010. The cost of pests and diseases to the Australian winegrape industry. Australian Viticulture 14: 15-19.
McCarthy MG, Coombe BG 1999. Is weight loss in ripening grape berries cv. Shiraz caused by impeded phloem transport? Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 5: 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1999.tb00146.x
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Mundy DC, Beresford RM 2007. Susceptibility of grapes to Botrytis cinerea in relation to berry nitrogen and sugar concentration. New Zealand Plant Protection 60: 123-127.
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Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez J-Y, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A 2012. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nature Methods 9: 676-682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019
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Tyerman SD, Tilbrook J, Pardo C, Kotula L, Sullivan W, Steudle E 2004. Direct measurement of hydraulic properties in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz and Chardonnay. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 10: 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2004.tb00020.x
Whiting EC, Rizzo DM 1999. Effect of water potential on radial colony growth of Armillaria mellea and A. gallica isolates in culture. Mycologia 91: 627-635. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761248
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Wilcox WF, Gubler WD, Uyemoto JK 2015. Compendium of Grape Diseases, Disorders, and Pests: Second Edition. APS Press, St Paul, MN, USA.
2
Ergashev. „Analysis of Gross Margins in Queensland Tomatoes“. Proceedings 36, Nr. 1 (16.01.2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036048.
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Tomato is an important vegetable crop that contributes significantly to income security and healthy diets of people worldwide. Queensland produces the majority of tomatoes for fresh consumption accounting for 40 per cent of national supply in Australia. The purpose of this study is to provide an analytical summary of the Queensland tomato supply chain, by focusing on margins along the supply chain. For that, a representative tomato gross margin model in Southern Queensland was used to analyse the estimated income, grouped variable costs and the gross margin for four tomato varieties: gourmet, round, grape, and cherry. The mean yields of the sampled varieties varied considerably, depending on climatic conditions, pests and diseases, the season and whether tomatoes are grown on the ground or trellises. Driven by high revenues and relatively low freight costs, grape tomatoes have the highest gross margin ($73 thousand per hectare) as well as the highest market price at $4.64 per kilo compared to other varieties. The cost of growing the crop up to harvest can exceed $10,000 per hectare with high labour requirement for harvesting and packing. While costs for machinery, fertiliser, herbicide, weed control, insecticide, and fungicide largely remain constant across four tomato varieties, it is planting and irrigation that makes a difference. With average value of $9,303 per hectare, planting costs range from $5,134 for round tomatoes to $12,241 for cherry tomatoes. The results of this gross margin analysis can be helpful to explore profitability at the farm level, allowing regional and international comparisons
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Shneyder, E. Yu, E. V. Karimova, Yu A. Shneyder und Yu N. Prikhodko. „Quarantine and particularly dangerous bacteria, phytoplasmas and viruses that pose a risk to the viticulture in Russian Federation“. Horticulture and viticulture, Nr. 2 (26.05.2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-2-41-51.
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The Russian Federation imports large quantities of planting and grafting material of grapes, including from countries where dangerous harmful organisms are spread to vineyards. Plant protection specialists in this industry, as well as grape producers, must understand the possible risk associated with the danger of the entry of quarantine disease pathogens into the Russian Federation and the potential damage if infected plant material is imported. Studies have been carried out by the staff of All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center to assess the phytosanitary risk of pests associated with the import of seedlings, stocks and grape cuttings. Based on these studies, the list of pests for the vine that have quarantine status and potentially quarantine status for the Russian Federation, in particular bacterioses, phytoplasmas and viral diseases has been established. This article describes the main diseases that affect grapes and are included in the Unified List of Quarantine Pests of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as potentially dangerous viral diseases that are not currently included, but planned for inclusion in the Unified List, which pose a serious threat if they penetrate to the territory of the Russian Federation. From quarantine pathogens, grapes are affected by grape bacteriosis (Pierce disease of grapevine) (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.), bacterial blight of grapevine (Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos) Willems et al.), Flavescence dorée of grapevine (Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis), from the planned inclusion grapes are affected by red spotting of grape leaves (Grapevine red blotch-associated virus), marbling of grape leaves (Grapevine vein clearing virus) and discoloration of the leaves of Roditis grape (Grapevine Roditis leaf discoloration-associated virus). The article considers the biological peculiarities of pathogens, ways of their possible penetration and spread on the territory of the cultivation of grape in the Russian Federation, host plants of quarantine and dangerous pests, the main symptoms of diseases on plants, possible vectors, damage caused by quarantine pests in the countries of spreading, diagnostic methods, as well as areas of possible harmfulness for the Russian Federation.
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UZUN, Ibrahim H., und Arzu BAYIR. „Distribution of Wild and Cultivated Grapes in Turkey“. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, Nr. 4 (05.12.2010): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb245397.
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Turkey is one of main gene centers in the world for grapes. It is believed that cultivated grapes have their origins in Turkey and the surrounding countries. Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris is the only wild grape species in this region. That is why Turkey has a very large amount of wild grapevine populations and grape cultivars which offer to grapevine breeders a valuable gene pool. Wild grapevines have significant characters for inducing the resistence to biotic and abiotic stress factors, such as resistance to lime, drought, pests and diseases. Turkey has over 1.600 local grape cultivars, among which the majority of them are conserved at the national grape collection vineyard in Tekirda?. They are mostly used as table grapes, dried grapes or for local consumptions. Wild grapes are distributed all over the country territory, mainly in the river basins and forests. Wild grape collection vineyards were established at some universities in Turkey. These grapevines will be screened for the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors.
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Wang, Yutan, Chi Wei, Haowei Sun und Aili Qu. „Design of Intelligent Detection Platform for Wine Grape Pests and Diseases in Ningxia“. Plants 12, Nr. 1 (26.12.2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010106.
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In order to reduce the impact of pests and diseases on the yield and quality of Ningxia wine grapes and to improve the efficiency and intelligence of detection, this paper designs an intelligent detection platform for pests and diseases. The optimal underlying network is selected by comparing the recognition accuracy of both MobileNet V2 and YOLOX_s networks trained on the Public Dataset. Based on this network, the effect of adding attention mechanism and replacing loss function on recognition effect is investigated by permutation in the Custom Dataset, resulting in the improved network YOLOX_s + CBAM. The improved network was trained on the Overall Dataset, and finally a recognition model capable of identifying nine types of pests was obtained, with a recognition accuracy of 93.35% in the validation set, an improvement of 1.35% over the original network. The recognition model is deployed on the Web side and Raspberry Pi to achieve independent detection functions; the channel between the two platforms is built through Ngrok, and remote interconnection is achieved through VNC desktop. Users can choose to upload local images on the Web side for detection, handheld Raspberry Pi for field detection, or Raspberry Pi and Web interconnection for remote detection.
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Teissedre, Pierre-Louis. „Composition of grape and wine from resistant vines varieties“. OENO One 52, Nr. 3 (03.08.2018): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.3.2223.
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Obtaining resistant varieties to diseases without loss of organoleptic quality is a real challenge for oenology. Inter-specific hybridization of grapevines began in the 19th century and was initially aimed at introducing pest and disease resistance in offspring. Later, several breeding programmes implemented worldwide led to the development of varieties showing different characteristics such as cold-hardiness, short/long growing season, and pest resistance. Vitis vinifera grapes have preferred flavour characteristics for wine production, but they tend to be susceptible to pests, diseases, and extreme temperatures; species native to North America and East Asia are generally better adapted to these stressors. But these wild species tend to be low yielding and produce wines with undesirable sensory characteristics, including high acidity, low astringency, and excessive herbaceous or undesirable aromas. To be an innovative revolution during the 21st century, resistant varieties (actual and future) should be tested in different contexts for 3 major points: (i) vines can produce grapes without pesticides; (ii)
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Steel, C. C., S. Savocchia und L. A. Greer. „Management of bunch rot diseases of grapes in sub-tropical vineyards in Australia“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 1115 (März 2016): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1115.40.
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Ren, Zhongbo, und Jiang Lu. „113 Preliminary Study on Grafting between Vitis rotundifolia and V. vinifera Grapes“. HortScience 34, Nr. 3 (Juni 1999): 461A—461. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.461a.
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Non-native grape species such as V. vinifera and V. labrusca can not sustain the hot and humid environment of Florida due to their susceptibility to various diseases. Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine grapes) is native to Florida and the southeastern United States and adapted well to this climate condition. They are highly resistant to almost all grape foliage diseases and root pests such as nematode and phylloxera. Theoretically, muscadine grapes may become a valuable rootstock for bunch grapes. Unfortunately, most previous studies found that muscadine grapes were graft-incompatible with bunch grapes by normal grafting techniques. This study was to look for an alternative technique to graft V. vinifera onto muscadine rootstocks. A preliminary study indicated that bunch grape scions were successfully grafted on adult muscadine grapes. Two V. vinifera grape cultivars, `Thompson Seedless' and `Chardonnay', and two muscadine grape cultivars, `Carlos' and `Alachua', were used for this study. The muscadine grapes used as rootstocks are 6-year old field-grown vines and V. vinifera was used as scions. Using the common V-type grafting method was completely failed in more than 150 attempts. We then tried to insert the first-year buds of V. vinifera into 1- to 3-year-old muscadine canes. Surprisingly, the survival rate of the inserting buds was moderately high when `Carlos' was used as the rootstock. `Thompson Seedless'/`Carlos', `Chardonnay'/`Carlos' reached 53% and 33%, respectively. Successful grafting but lower survival rate was also obtained when `Alachua' was used as the rootstock (10% in `Thompson Seedless/`Alachua' and 3% in `Chardonny'/`Alachua'). The average survival rate of `Thompson Seedless' on the muscadine rootstocks was 36%, and `Chardonnay' was 12%. Regardless the cultivar of the scions, buds survived on `Carlos' and `Alachua' rootstocks were 44% and 5%, respectively. Results from this study indicated that V. vinifera grapes could be successfully grafted onto muscadine rootstocks. The survival rate varied depending on cultivars used for both scion and rootstock. It would be very interesting to see if resistance to certain diseases such as the Pierce's disease can be improved in those V. vinifera grape with muscadine roots and trunks derived from this preliminary study.
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Petrova, M. O., und T. D. Chermenskaya. „Climate and Environment-Related Factors Affecting Degradation of Pesticides in Protecting Grapes against Diseases and Pests“. Russian Agricultural Sciences 48, Nr. 4 (August 2022): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367422040103.
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Seamark, Robert F. „Biotech prospects for the control of introduced mammals in Australia“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, Nr. 8 (2001): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01073.
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More than twenty exotic vertebrate species are now listed as pests in Australia. Collectively, these pests have a huge economic and environmental impact and pose a major threat to Australia’s ecosystems and unique biodiversity. Management of such pests on a continental scale is a major challenge. Recent advances in biotechnology suggest alternatives to the lethal diseases normally sought for use as biological control agents. One proposal, being investigated in the Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, is the use of biotechnology to develop a new generation of agents that act through controlling reproduction to prevent the build up of pest populations. The core concept is fertility control through immunocontraceptive vaccines delivered by viruses that specifically infect the target pest population. Proof of this exciting concept has been obtained for the mouse and, very recently, the rabbit, and a candidate vaccine vector identified for the fox, portending better control of a trio of Australia’s most pervasive pests. Other advances in biotechnology suggest ways to negate the build up of both innate and acquired immune resistance in target pest populations that normally act to limit the efficacy and effective life of biocontrol agents in the field. Prospects for extending the use of virally vectored vaccines to the field management of wildlife diseases are also identified. Targets for such vaccines include a growing suite of emerging diseases, hosted by Australia’s wildlife, which pose a threat to human and livestock health. Numerous technical challenges remain to be addressed before any of these new agents are ready for use in the field. However, the major risk to their development is now no longer viewed as being technical, but the failure to gain public acceptance for their use in the field. This already significant risk is exasperated by the present heightened level of public concern about all introductions of genetically modified organisms.
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Gorbunov, I. V., und A. A. Lukyanov. „New studies of wild-growing grapes of Kuban: ecology, morphology, variability“. E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125401021.
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The purpose of this scientific work was to find and study the variety of wild grapes as future promising sources of selection and valuable traits on the example of the territory of the natural reserve «Red Forest”. Analysis of modern scientific literature on the study of Vitaceae Juss. family biodiversity showed that there is practically no scientific information on agrestic Kuban forms and autochthones of grapes. This article represents the beginning of a new large research work on the study of wild Kuban grapes under study in the territory of Krasnodar Krai, in particular, in the state natural reserve “Red Forest”. The following methods were used in the work: route reconnaissance (during expeditions), traditional geobotanical and ampelographic, analytical. 5 isolated populations of agrestic grapes have been found on the territory of the “Red Forest” nature reserve. For the first time, these forms were studied and described by the ecological and geographical growth conditions and morphological traits of vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants. Significant variability of some indicators has been revealed. The presence of damage by pests and diseases was not visually detected. Hypothetically, these isolated grape populations may belong to Vitis vinifera ssp. Silvestris Gmel. or its variation var. Tipica Negr. (wild forest grapes). Samples were taken for further genetic analysis. This research was carried out within the framework of the RFFR grant project (contract No.19–416–230025).
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Syrgabek, Yerkanat, und Mereke Alimzhanova. „Modern Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Grapes: A Review“. Foods 11, Nr. 11 (31.05.2022): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111623.
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Currently, research on the determination of pesticides in food products is very popular. Information obtained from research conducted so far mainly concerns the development of a methodology to determine the content of pesticides in food products. However, they do not describe the content of the pesticide used in viticulture in the resulting product. Over the past decade, this study has examined analytical methodologies for assessing pesticide residues in grapes. Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer databases were searched for relevant publications. The phrases “pesticides” and “grapes” and their combinations were used to search for articles. The titles and annotations of the extracted articles have been read and studied to ensure that they meet the review criteria. The selected articles were used to compile a systematic review based on scientific research and reliable sources. The need to study the detection of pesticide residues in grapes using advanced analytical methods is confirmed by our systematic review. This review also highlights modern methods of sample preparation, such as QuEChERS, SPME, PLE, dLLME, and ADLL-ME, as well as the most used methods of separation and identification of pesticides in grapes. An overview of the countries where residual grape pesticide amounts are most studied is presented, along with the data on commonly used pesticides to control pests and diseases in grape cultivation. Finally, future possibilities and trends in the analysis of pesticide residues in grapes are discussed by various analytical methods.
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Etebari, Kayvan, Pauline Lenancker, Kevin S. Powell und Michael J. Furlong. „Transcriptomics Reveal Several Novel Viruses from Canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Central Queensland, Australia“. Viruses 14, Nr. 3 (21.03.2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14030649.
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Canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are major pests of sugarcane crops in Australia, but despite long-term and intensive research, no commercially viable biological control agents have been identified. We used the RNA-Seq approach to explore the viriomes of three different species of canegrubs from central Queensland, Australia to identify potential candidates for biological control. We identified six novel RNA viruses, characterized their genomes, and inferred their evolutionary relationships with other closely related viruses. These novel viruses showed similarity to other known members from picornaviruses, benyviruses, sobemoviruses, totiviruses, and reoviruses. The abundance of viral reads varied in these libraries; for example, Dermolepida albohirtum picorna-like virus (9696 nt) was built from 83,894 assembled reads while only 1350 reads mapped to Lepidiota negatoria beny-like virus (6371 nt). Future studies are essential to determine their natural incidence in different life stages of the host, biodiversity, geographical distributions, and potential as biological control agents for these important pests of sugarcane.
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Wise, John C., Paul E. Jenkins, Annemiek M. C. Schilder, Christine Vandervoort und Rufus Isaacs. „Sprayer type and water volume influence pesticide deposition and control of insect pests and diseases in juice grapes“. Crop Protection 29, Nr. 4 (April 2010): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.11.014.
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Gorbunov, I., Aleksey Luk'yanov und Stanislav Mihaylovskiy. „Ecological conditions of growth and variability of the main morpho-biological indicators of wild forms of Kuban grapes“. Agrarian Bulletin of the 213, Nr. 10 (26.11.2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-213-10-21-30.
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Abstract. The purpose of this scientific work was to find and study the diversity of wild grapes as future promising sources of breeding and valuable traits on the example of the territory of the natural reserve “Krasnyy les”. Scientific novelty. Analysis of modern scientific literature on the study of the biodiversity of the Vitaceae Juss family. He showed that there is practically no scientific information on the Kuban wild forms and autochthons of grapes. This article is the beginning of a new large research work on the study of wild grapes of Kuban, studied in the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, in particular, in the state nature reserve “Krasnyy les”. Methods. The following methods were used: route-reconnaissance (during expeditions), traditional geobotanical and ampelographic, analytical. Results. 5 isolated populations of wild grapes were found on the territory of the natural reserve “Krasnyy les”. These forms were first studied and described according to the ecological and geographical conditions of growth and morphological features of the vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants. Significant variability of some indicators was revealed, for example: the openness of the crown of a young shoot and its degree of spider pubescence, the degree of bristly and spider pubescence of the underside of the formed leaf, the shape and corrugation of the leaf blade, etc. At the same time, the clusters of the studied wild forms of grapes are small, loose; the berries are also small, mostly black in color with a sweet tart taste. The presence of damage by pests and diseases is not visually detected. These isolated grape populations may hypothetically belong to Vitis vinifera ssp. Silvestris Gmel. or its varieties var. Tipica Negr. (wild forest grapes). Samples were taken for further genetic analysis in order to confirm or refute the above hypothesis. This study was conducted within the framework of the RFBR grant project (Contract No. 19-416-230025). Practical significance. The studied wild-growing forms of grapes can be used as promising sources of economically valuable breeding traits in the creation of new varieties, hybrid or clonal forms of grapes that are resistant to abiotic and biotic environmental factors.
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Fadeev, Vladislav V., Agamagomed K. Radzhabov und Vasily I. Demenko. „The results of the study of agricultural technology sustainable white wine grapes for a new generation of biological wines production“. Vegetable crops of Russia, Nr. 5 (07.11.2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-5-52-57.
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Relevance. Widely used traditional wine varieties of European-Asian grapes are characterized by a low level of resistance to disease and require multiple treatments with pesticides to preserve the crop and plants. Obtaining and introduction of sustainable varieties into production is one of the urgent problems of modern viticulture in the world and in our country, especially in the aspect of the ever wider dissemination of the principles of organic production. This is especially true for vineyards located in the coastal areas of the South of Russia, where the use of methods of chemical protection of vineyards from pests and diseases are limited to the proximity to the sea coast and the status of the resort region.Material and methods. The paper presents the results of the study of white wine grapes of the new generation with a high potential for resistance to environmental conditions and diseases. Purpose: research and development of recommendations on the use of white wine grapes of the new generation, characterized by resistance to adverse environmental conditions.Results. It is revealed that the experimental white wine varieties are characterized by a high level of adaptive capacity. In terms of productivity, new varieties are not inferior to the Sauvignon variety. Wine materials made from new resistant varieties are characterized by a high content of extractive and phenolic compounds. According to the organoleptic characteristics of wine materials from new resistant white grape varieties are at the level of the control variety. It is established that the level of stability of new grape varieties can be excluded from the technology of care of the vineyard measures to protect against major diseases, which significantly reduces the cost of production and allows you to get environmentally safe and organic products.
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Boschma, S. P., und R. W. Williams. „Using morphological traits to identify persistent lucernes for dryland agriculture in NSW, Australia“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, Nr. 1 (2008): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06206.
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This paper reports on several studies conducted to better understand the variability between lucerne cultivars and lines, and use this to predict persistence in dryland grazing pastures in eastern Australia. Morphological traits of 20 cultivars/lines were measured in irrigated and dryland spaced plant experiments. Studies were also conducted to describe variation among lucernes in their utilisation of starch and responses to water deficit, pests and diseases. Multiple regression analyses were used to develop simple models where the measured traits could be used to predict persistence of lucerne lines in dryland evaluation experiments. Although there was significant variation among cultivars/lines in most measured traits, no single trait reliably predicted persistence of cultivars/lines in dryland evaluation experiments. However, variation in persistence at both sites could be explained by models developed by multiple regression using differences in the mean lengths of the longest stems at 10% flower in summer and winter. Persistent lucernes were those that had relatively long stems in summer and short stems in winter. Water use efficiencies, starch utilisation patterns and resistances to pests and diseases of different lucernes provided some improvement to this simple model, but these improvements were not consistent.
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Dillard, HR, TJ Wicks und B. Philp. „A grower survey of diseases, invertebrate pests, and pesticide use on potatoes grown in South Australia“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, Nr. 5 (1993): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930653.
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In 1991, a survey was distributed to 251 potato growers in South Australia to determine major diseases, insect and other invertebrate pests, and chemicals used to control them. The overall response rate was 48%, but of these, 24 individuals were no longer growing potatoes. The results were summarised for the State and by district (Adelaide Hills, Adelaide Plains, Murray Lands, South East). The most prevalent diseases encountered by respondents in all districts were target spot caused by Alternaria solani, and rhizoctonia canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Other diseases of concern to growers included late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, seed piece decay caused by various pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms, common scab caused by Streptomyces scabies, and leaf roll caused by potato leaf roll virus. The most commonly used fungicides for disease control were chlorothalonil (33-42% of respondents), mancozeb (30%), and cupric hydroxide (11-13%). The most commonly used seed treatments for control of seed piece decay were mancozeb (51 % of respondents), tolclofos methyl (24%), and lime (20%). Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella), and jassids and leafhoppers (Jassidae, Cicadellidae) were the pests of greatest concern to the growers. Others included Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor), redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor), and thrips (Thripidae). The most commonly used insecticides were ethamidophos (40% of respondents), monocrotophos (22-28%), and dimethoate (7-13%).
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Sivcev, Branislava, Ivan Sivcev und Zorica Rankovic-Vasic. „Natural process and use of natural matters in organic viticulture“. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, Nr. 2 (2010): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1002195s.
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During recent years organic viticulture has been developing in the leading viticulture countries worldwide. The organic viticulture has been defined as the application of procedures of organic agriculture in view of increasing the production of top quality grape and wine. All the aspects of the organic viticulture such as cultivating and maintaining the soil, ground cover plants and weed control, balanced nutrition of grapevine, growing systems, disease and pest control are carried out in view of increasing the quality and health safety of wine and table varieties. When making a choice of a cultivar, there are two key factors: an economic indicator-market perspective and characteristics of a cultivar. Traditional varieties are in advantage in comparison to newly created ones, new preparations, improved computerised forecast models contribute to the efficient protection from disease and pests. New I.C./PIWI varieties must show tolerance to low winter temperatures and/or spring frosts, real commercial value through the quality of fruit, wine, juice or table grapes, tolerance to diseases and pests, balanced relationship between fruit and wood ripening. The aim of this paper is to present organic viticulture through integral agroecosystem and traditionally applied procedures in viticulture.
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Sudiro, Cristina, Gregory Saccozza, Federico Guglielmi, Marie Hochart, Damiano Giacomello und Adriano Altissimo. „Evaluation of the activity of a plant extract against Plasmopara viticola in grapes“. BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224403003.
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Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola in grapevine, is one of the most devastating and widespread fungal disease on causing serious harm to grape production. The heavy use of chemical pesticides, necessary to control the pests and pathogens, has caused issues with the resistance, resurgence and residues in food, as well as creating diffuse environmental pollution. In the last decade, biological control started to offer an alternative safe(r) and effective method to control diseases. In this paper, we investigate the potential activity of a plant extract to protect grapevine from downy mildew when used in strategy with a reduced dosage of the conventional fungicides (PPP). Four strategies were tested, with two of them giving the best results. Indeed, the use of LL017 increased the tolerance of the vine against P. viticola compared to its control with the same dosage of PPP, and with an efficacy closer to the full dosage of the PPP. In the tests where the yield was evaluated, the treatment with LL017 always resulted in a higher yield than the respective control with the same dosage of PPP and, in some cases, it gave a higher yield than even the positive control.
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Tasrif, Arifin, Muhammad Taufik und Nazaruddin Nazaruddin. „New Paradigm on Plant Quarantine System for Protection of Biological Diversity in Indonesia“. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, Nr. 1 (24.07.2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.62605.
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Plant quarantine system becomes an important pillar in the protection of biological diversities from the threat of plant pests and diseases. The implementation of plant quarantine system currently covers prevention of spread of quarantine pests, food safety, food quality, genetic resources and bio-agents, as well as invasive alien species and genetically modified organism. During 2014 to 2018, a total of 232 frequency intercepted of quarantine pests of viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and weeds have been detected. These pests associated with plant materials from various countries in Asia, Europe, the United States, Australia and Africa that may potentially threaten biological diversities when dispersed within Indonesian territory. Implementation of risk analysis and appropriate level of protection consideration can be clustered in to pre-border, at-border, and post-border activities in order to mitigate the risk of quarantine pests and biosafety monitoring into Indonesian territory. Utilizing advances in pest detection technology in the industrial era 4.0 could provide benefits in the agricultural sectors. Various detection technologies using drones and bio-sensors have contributed in the field of plant protection, especially as pest detection and monitoring tools in the field. Furthermore, the establishment of proficiency certification agency for plant quarantine systems may contribute efficient and effective operations in the near future.
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Nichols, P. G. H., R. A. C. Jones, T. J. Ridsdill-Smith und M. J. Barbetti. „Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance“. Crop and Pasture Science 65, Nr. 11 (2014): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14031.
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Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.
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Zhou, Xixuan, Liao Yang, Weisheng Wang und Baili Chen. „UAV Data as an Alternative to Field Sampling to Monitor Vineyards Using Machine Learning Based on UAV/Sentinel-2 Data Fusion“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 3 (28.01.2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030457.
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Pests and diseases affect the yield and quality of grapes directly and engender noteworthy economic losses. Diagnosing “lesions” on vines as soon as possible and dynamically monitoring symptoms caused by pests and diseases at a larger scale are essential to pest control. This study has appraised the capabilities of high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data as an alternative to manual field sampling to obtain sampling canopy sets and to supplement satellite-based monitoring using machine learning models including partial least squared regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), and extreme learning regression (ELR) with a new activation function. UAV data were acquired from two flights in Turpan to determine disease severity (DS) and disease incidence (DI) and compared with field visual assessments. The UAV-derived canopy structure including canopy height (CH) and vegetation fraction cover (VFC), as well as satellite-based spectral features calculated from Sentinel-2A/B data were analyzed to evaluate the potential of UAV data to replace manual sampling data and predict DI. It was found that SVR slightly outperformed the other methods with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.89%. Moreover, the combination of canopy structure (CS) and vegetation index (VIs) improved prediction accuracy compared with single-type features (RMSEcs of 2.86% and RMSEVIs of 1.93%). This study tested the ability of UAV sampling to replace manual sampling on a large scale and introduced opportunities and challenges of fusing different features to monitor vineyards using machine learning. Within this framework, disease incidence can be estimated efficiently and accurately for larger area monitoring operation.
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Arestova, Natalia, und Irina Ryabchun. „Special aspects of the development of harmful objects on the grape mother plants of the original category in the conditions of the Rostov region“. BIO Web of Conferences 25 (2020): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202506001.
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The results of monitoring the distribution of phytopathogens and pests under conditions of maintaining mother plantations, improved and propagated in tissue culture, category original in the conditions of the Nizhne-Kundryuchensky sand massif in Rostov region, are presented. In the basic vineyard, conditions are met that exclude the possibility of secondary infection of healthy plants and make it possible to obtain planting material of the elite category. Vineyards have not been cultivated on these areas for at least 10 years, which reduces the risk of the presence of outbreaks of harmful organisms specific to grapes. Before establishing of the basic vineyard, the soil samples were diagnosed for the presence of harmful organisms in it. The results of the survey showed the absence of such pests in the soil as the larvae of scoops, beetles, click beetles, as well as bacterial diseases and nematodes. According to the results of monitoring observations, it was revealed that the mother plants of the basic plants of the ARRIV&W Branch of FSBSI FRANC are mainly spread by the following fungal diseases: powdery mildew, black spot, downy mildew, the intensity of which, due to regular protective treatments, did not exceed 2.5 points. The harmfulness of the main insects (leafhoppers, ticks, thrips) on the basic vineyard, is economically insignificant. Studies confirm the absence of migration of the leaf form of phylloxera. Pesticides were used during protective measures, guided by the principle of rotation of active substances and with the use of an active substance of one name no more than twice a season.
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Morfesi, David, und Iain Sandford. „Effective Compliance with Trade Law and International Business Integrity Requirements in Australia“. Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 10 (01.10.2013): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013046.
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This article considers the framework of Australian law, policy and institutions that raise compliance issues for enterprises undertaking business into and out of Australia. It provides a brief, practical perspective on the Australian frameworks that regulate: general import and export compliance; compliance with special regimes affecting certain goods, such as defence and strategic items; as well as Australia's strict quarantine requirements for food, biological products and other goods that risk introducing exotic pests and diseases. It also addresses Australia's increasing emphasis on 'business integrity' issues that affect how, where and with whom business is done. The article concludes by suggesting that Australian law requirements should be addressed in the context of the global compliance systems of internationally active businesses.
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Davis, Richard I., Lynne M. Jones, Bradley Pease, Sandy L. Perkins, Harshitsinh R. Vala, Pere Kokoa, Marilyn Apa und Christopher J. Dale. „Plant Virus and Virus-like Disease Threats to Australia’s North Targeted by the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy“. Plants 10, Nr. 10 (14.10.2021): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102175.
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The Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) is a biosecurity initiative operated by the Australian federal government’s Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE). It is unique worldwide because it deals specifically with the potential arrival via unregulated pathways of exotic threats from overseas in a vast and sparsely populated region. It aims to protect the nation’s animal- and plant-based production industries, as well as the environment, from incursions of organisms from countries that lie immediately to the north. These are diseases, pests, and weeds present in these countries that are currently either absent from, or under active containment in, Australia and may arrive by natural or human-assisted means. This review article focuses on the plant viruses and virus-like diseases that are most highly targeted by the NAQS program. It presents eight pathogen species/group entries in the NAQS A list of target pathogens, providing an overview of the historical and current situation, and collates some new data obtained from surveillance activities conducted in northern Australia and collaborative work overseas.
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Paine, T. D., und J. G. Millar. „Insect pests of eucalypts in California: implications of managing invasive species“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, Nr. 2 (April 2002): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002151.
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AbstractFor the first 150 years following their introduction, eucalypts planted in the California landscape were free of both insect pests and diseases. In the last 15 years, numerous herbivorous insect species have been introduced accidentally into the State and have caused significant damage to the trees. Several of these species, e.g. Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius), Phoracantha recurva Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have also been introduced into other parts of the world where eucalypts are grown, whereas others, e.g. Glycaspsis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae) and Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae), are currently restricted to California and Australia. Research programmes have provided management solutions to individual pest problems, but as more pest species are introduced, these solutions must be integrated across broad geographic, horticultural, and economic scales, in a systems approach.
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Underwood, Roger, und D. Garth Nikles. „The status of the domestication of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) in Australia, as documented in the CD ROM Proceedings of a 2006 Workshop“. BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 300, Nr. 300 (01.06.2009): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2009.300.a20410.
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Le résumé en français est disponible dans le fichier PDF de l'article. A Workshop was held in Townsville, Queensland, Australia in May 2006 entitled: "Where to from here with R&D to underpin plantations of highvalue timber species in the ¿seasonally-dry¿ tropics of northern Australia?" Its focus was on African mahogany, Khaya senegalensis, and followed a broader-ranging Workshop with a similar theme held in Mareeba, Queensland in 2004. The 2006 Workshop comprised eight technical working sessions over two days preceded by a field trip to look at local trial plantings of African mahogany. The working sessions covered R&D in: tree improvement, nutrition, soils, silviculture, establishment, management, productivity, pests, diseases, wood properties; and R&D needs and management. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Wicks, TJ, und AR Granger. „Effects of low rates of pesticides on the control of pests and diseases of apples“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, Nr. 3 (1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890439.
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Fungicides and insecticides used at the recommended rate, and reduced recommended rates were applied at low volume (100 L ha-1) to apple trees in field experiments in South Australia from 1985 to 1988. At harvest the incidence of fruit damaged by fungi and insects was assessed on Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathan and Granny Smith cultivars. Mixtures of penconazole and mancozeb applied at the recommended rates of 800 mL and 4.5 kg ha-1 respectively as well as 25% and 10% of the recommended rates controlled apple scab completely in 1986, but were less effective in 1987. Azinphos-methyl applied at the recommended rate of 2.7 kg and 25% of the recommended rate reduced codling moth infestation to commercially acceptable levels of <2 % on Red Delicious only in 1987. Considerable cost savings are possible by using low rates of pesticides. Our results suggest that the use of low rates is more applicable to low valued cultivars such as Jonathans and orchards with low levels of pest and disease.
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Carnegie, Angus J., und Geoff S. Pegg. „Lessons from the Incursion of Myrtle Rust in Australia“. Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, Nr. 1 (25.08.2018): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035256.
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Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) is a globally invasive neotropical rust of the Myrtaceae that came into international prominence following extensive damage to exotic Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2005, myrtle rust established in Hawaii (USA), and over the past 12 years has spread from the Americas into Asia, the Pacific, and South Africa. Myrtle rust was detected in Australia in 2010, and the response and ultimately unsuccessful eradication attempt was a lesson to those concerned about the threat of exotic pests and diseases to Australia's environment. Seven years following establishment, we are already observing the decline of many myrtaceous species and severe impacts to native plant communities. However, the recently developed Myrtle rust in Australia draft action plan identified that there is no nationally coordinated response strategy for the environmental dimensions of this threat. Recent reviews have identified a greater need for involvement from environmental agencies in biosecurity preparedness, response, and resourcing, and we believe this approach needs to extend to the management of invasive environmental pathogens once they establish.
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Henzell, Robert P., Brian D. Cooke und Gregory J. Mutze. „The future biological control of pest populations of European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus“. Wildlife Research 35, Nr. 7 (2008): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06164.
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European rabbits are exotic pests in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South America and Europe, and on many islands. Their abundance, and the damage they cause, might be reduced by the release of naturally occurring or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that act as biological control agents (BCAs). Some promising pathogens and parasites of European rabbits and other lagomorphs are discussed, with special reference to those absent from Australia as an example of the range of necessary considerations in any given case. The possibility of introducing these already-known BCAs into areas where rabbits are pests warrants further investigation. The most cost-effective method for finding potentially useful but as-yet undiscovered BCAs would be to maintain a global watch on new diseases and pathologies in domestic rabbits. The absence of wild European rabbits from climatically suitable parts of North and South America and southern Africa may indicate the presence there of useful BCAs, although other explanations for their absence are possible. Until the non-target risks of deploying disseminating GMOs to control rabbits have been satisfactorily minimised, efforts to introduce BCAs into exotic rabbit populations should focus on naturally occurring organisms. The development of safe disseminating GMOs remains an important long-term goal, with the possible use of homing endonuclease genes warranting further investigation.
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Volkova, Marina, und Yakov Volkov. „Mechanisms to control grape erineum mite Colomerus vitis Pgst. in organic, biodynamic and traditional vineyards of the Crimea“. BIO Web of Conferences 39 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213904001.
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Eco-oriented organic and biodynamic vineyards no longer relying on pesticides in protection schemes are indicative of a current trend in grape and wine growing of the Crimea. In this connection, new solutions to reduce pests and diseases have to be sought for, and monitoring which includes both eco-faunistic research and prediction of the numbers of phytophages is becoming of primary importance in the system of control of injurious species on grapes. A wide distribution of grape erineum mite Colomerus vitis Pgst. was registered in the bearing study vineyards on the South Coast of the Crimea and in the south-west of the Peninsula though its economic damage is negligible. The risk of the detrimental effect of the mite in the young study vineyards during the first two years after planting was stated. Key mechanisms to regulate the numbers of C. vitis in the organic and biodynamic study vineyards were revealed, such as winter pruning of canes as part of farming practices, application of sulfur to control Erysiphe necator, and natural regulation by indigenous predatory species of mites and other insects.
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HEIKKILÄ, J. „A review of risk prioritisation schemes of pathogens, pests and weeds: principles and practices“. Agricultural and Food Science 20, Nr. 1 (04.12.2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611795163088.
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Societys resources are scarce, and biosecurity actions need to be targeted and prioritised. Various models have been developed that prioritise and rank pests and diseases according to the risks they represent. A prioritisation model allows utilisation of scientific, ecological and economic information in decision-making related to biological hazards. This study discusses such models and the properties associated with them based on a review of 78 prioritisation studies. The scope of the models includes all aspects of biosecurity (human, animal and plant diseases, and invasive alien species), but with an emphasis on plant health. The geographical locations of the studies are primarily North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Half of the studies were conducted during the past five years. The review finds that there generally seems to be several prioritisation models, especially in the case of invasive plants, but only a select few models are used extensively. Impacts are often accounted for in the model, but the extent and economic sophistication of their inclusion varies. Treatment of uncertainty and feasibility of control was lacking from many studies.;
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Endersby-Harshman, Nancy M., Andrew R. Weeks und Ary A. Hoffmann. „The detection and significance of emerging insecticide resistance in mosquitoes“. Microbiology Australia 39, Nr. 2 (2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18022.
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Mosquito-borne arboviruses are increasing in incidence around the world. Australia enjoys some protection from pests and diseases afforded by its geographic isolation coupled with strict biosecurity control at its borders. However, as the volume of global trade, travel and transport expands, risk of exotic incursions to Australia is increasing. Detection of foreign mosquitoes at airports and seaports around Australia is becoming commonplace. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, which has expanded its range throughout Europe and the Americas1, has not become established in mainland Australia, but is encountered as an exotic incursion2. The yellow fever mosquito and dengue vector, Aedes. aegypti, occurs naturally in northern Queensland, but is also captured at Australia’s ports on a recurrent basis as an incursion from overseas3. Although Ae. aegypti is established in Australia, its detection as an incursion is still cause for concern. Apart from the possibility that invasive mosquitoes will carry exotic arboviruses, genetic characteristics of a foreign insect population can be very different from those observed in local mosquitoes, particularly in terms of insecticide resistance. Our recent research has shown that invading mosquitoes from overseas carry insecticide resistance alleles not found in Australia4 and our development of a global genomic database is helping us to pinpoint their source.
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Jiménez-Ballesta, Raimundo, Sandra Bravo, José Angel Amorós, Caridad Pérez-de los Reyes, Jesús García-Pradas und Francisco J. García-Navarro. „Understanding the Quality of Local Vineyard Soils in Distinct Viticultural Areas: A Case Study in Alcubillas (La Mancha, Central Spain)“. Agriculture 10, Nr. 3 (06.03.2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030066.
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The essential features of the soils of a pilot zone in La Mancha (Central Spain), namely the Alcubillas municipability, have been characterized. The soil properties that may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of soil on grape production have also, been evaluated. For this, several soil profiles have been described and analyzed and the profiles have been mapped. The soils are mainly Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols, with their evolution controlled by the action of a xerophytic Mediterranean climate. Most of these soils have a loamy clay texture, with medium clay contents and sufficient nutrient contents (despite the low content in organic matter 1.39% and 1.04%, and the high concentrations of calcium carbonate 23.7% and 26.9% in the surface and subsurface horizons, respectively). Drainage problems were not observed and it can therefore be stated that the Alcubillas vineyards are based on a ‘terroir’ term for the production of high quality grapes. In general, the soils are not subjected to treatments to control possible diseases or pests and we have therefore postulated that the soils represent the ideal scenario to establish a distinctive zone and for the increasingly valued ecological and natural viticulture.
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Shimira, Flavien, Senem Uğur, Şamil Muhammet Özdemir und Yeşim Yalçın Mendi. „Future and Prospect use of Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) as Part of the Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Tool in Turkey“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, Nr. 1 (23.01.2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.150-158.3771.
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Nowadays, immediate environmental friendly solutions such as the use of biopesticides and other methods to control and manage pests are well needed. They are imperative due to the continuous accumulation of toxic residues from synthetic insecticides into the environment, the contamination of global agro-ecosystem and resistance of certain insects and pathogens. The global renewed interest of botanical pesticides does not leave aside Turkey. Thus, many environmental reports pointed out contaminations in different regions of Turkey by chemical pesticide residues, like lambda-cyhalothrin in some conventional grapes farming in the Aegean region. The use of botanical pesticides like Pyrethrin extracted from Pyrethrum’s flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) is part of sustainable agriculture goals to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases without any alteration to the natural balance. The purpose of this review is to analyse and identify the possibilities of Pyrethrum production in Turkey. Various research works around the world were compiled and some key informants were correlated to existing researches in Turkey. Subsequently, it was found that the Black-Sea region of Turkey has great potential in the growing and industrial production of Pyrethrum by its weather patterns (temperatures, pluviometry and humidity) and soil characteristics. The region has a similar climate with the East-African high-lands well-known for Pyrethrum production. Thus, the country has shown great technological advances and the capacity to produce vegetative and disease-free clones for other ornamental plants by using tissue culture techniques. Therefore, the multiplication of high-quality vegetative clones of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and their maintenance can sustain commercial and long term production of Pyrethrum in Turkey.
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Boyle, DB. „Disease and fertility control in wildlife and feral animal populations: options for vaccine delivery using vectors“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, Nr. 3 (1994): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940393.
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A wide variety of vertebrates have been introduced into Australia during the 200 years of European settlement. Many have become pests causing significant environmental damage and having the potential to act as reservoirs of infectious diseases. Control of vertebrate pest species by fertility control is attractive on animal welfare grounds. Should exotic animal diseases become established in any of these feral animal populations vaccination would be an essential element in the control or eradication of disease. The only experience to date with vaccination of wildlife or feral animals has been the successful control of rabies in foxes in Europe by means of a live, attenuated rabies vaccine and a vaccinia-rabies recombinant vaccine. The feasibility of vaccination for disease control or fertility control in other vertebrate pests will depend on the development and evaluation of several vaccine vector strategies. The choice of vector, based on live viruses or bacteria, naked DNA coding for vaccine antigen or virus-like particles encapsidating genetic material coding for vaccine antigen, will depend on optimization of vector delivery strategies and immunogenicity of the vaccine antigen. Past experience from the vaccination of foxes against rabies suggests that rates of uptake of the vaccine bait and immunogenicity of the vaccine will be crucial factors in determining the success of other vaccines controlling disease or fertility.
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D. Kirkland, Peter. „Epidemic viral diseases of wildlife ? sudden death in tammar wallabies, blind kangaroos, herpesviruses in pilchards ? what next?“ Microbiology Australia 26, Nr. 2 (2005): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05082.
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In Australia the impact of European settlement on the indigenous human population and on flora and fauna is inevitably the subject of ongoing speculation. Major changes have occurred as a result of urban and rural developments and the introduction of agricultural practices which collectively impact on the environment and ecosystems especially through land clearing, water use and modification of water courses and water catchments. From both a human and animal health perspective, the changes as viewed by the general public are perhaps not always apparent but the impacts are no less significant. A range of microbial pathogens, parasites and other pests have been introduced to populations that often have not encountered these challenges before. Our indigenous wildlife populations have not been immune from these threats. And, if we include aquatic as well as terrestrial species of ?wildlife?, and venture to our immediate coastline, in recent years there has been profound evidence of the impact that follows the introduction of an exotic pathogen.
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Aleinikova, N. V., Y. E. Radionovskaia, Y. S. Galkina, V. V. Andreyev, L. V. Didenko, S. Y. Belash, P. A. Didenko, V. N. Shaporenko und E. A. Bolotianskaia. „Information databases - the basis for the formation of the adaptive pest control systems in the ampelocenoses of the Crimea“. Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation 1, Nr. 157 (11.01.2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-4-157-18-25.
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Currently plant protection undergoes a period of active digitalization, which effects the most diverse aspects of its activity and involves the formation of phytosanitary databases, electronic detectors, the use of digital intelligence (creation and training of neural networks), software development, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, automatic agrometeorological stations, etc., and in general, the creation of decision -making support systems. The development of information databases is the first and very important stage in the creation of a decision-making system, which allows tracking long-term and seasonal changes in the structure of biota of agrocenoses with the necessary reliability, predicting phytosanitary risks, developing adaptive systems of protection, as well as promptly and reasonably making adjustments to them. In 2015-2019 on fruit-bearing industrial plantations of primary viticultural zones of the Crimea – the Southern Coast, Mountain-Valley, South-West and Central Steppe zones, the study of structures of entomo-, acaro- and pathocomplexes of grapes was carried out. Vineyards of wine and table cultivars typical for each region were selected for observations. The development of more than 20 fungal and bacterial diseases, affecting the above-ground and underground organs of grape plants was confirmed. We obtained new data on zonal features of formation and changing of pathocomplexes of Crimean ampelocenoses, their structure, different pathogen frequency index values and the intensity of damage to the vegetative and generative organs of grape plants. Thus, we accumulated the material for the formation of information database on the structure of zonal pathocomplexes of Crimean ampelocenoses. Basing on the results of study of the structure of zonal complexes of arthropod pests of grapevine, the information database "The structure of entomoacarocomplexes of ampelocenosis phytophages of primary zones of the Crimean viticulture" (AAAA-G20-620051990003-5) was developed and contained the annotated list of 55 species of phytophages of grapes. The database includes data on the comparative characteristics of zonal complexes of ampelocenosis phytophages of the Crimea in terms of species abundance, taxonomic and ecological characteristics, as well as the frequency of occurrence of the species studied.
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Goyne, PJ, H. Meinke, SP Milroy, GL Hammer und JM Hare. „Development and use of a barley crop simulation model to evaluate production management strategies in north-eastern Australia“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, Nr. 7 (1996): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960997.
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A study was undertaken to identify improved management strategies for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), particularly in relation to time of planting, location, and frost risk in the variable climate of north-eastern Australia. To achieve this objective, a crop growth simulation model (QBAR) was constructed to integrate the understanding, gained from field experiments, of the dynamics of crop growth as influenced by soil moisture and environmental variables. QBAR simulates the growth and yield potential of barley grown under optimal nutrient supply, in the absence of pests, diseases, and weeds. Genotypic variables have been determined for 4 cultivars commonly grown in the northern cereal production areas. Simulations were conducted using long-term weather data to generate the probabilistic yield outcome of cv. Grimmet for a range of times of planting at 10 locations in the north-eastern Australian grain belt. The study indicated that the common planting times used by growers could be too late under certain circumstances to gain full yield potential. Further applications of QBAR to generating information suitable for crop management decision support packages and crop yield forecasting are discussed.
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Emery, David Lyall. „Approaches to Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an Emphasis on Immunity“. Pathogens 10, Nr. 9 (07.09.2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091153.
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Integrated parasite management (IPM) for pests, pathogens and parasites involves reducing or breaking transmission to reduce the impact of infection or infestation. For Theileria orientalis, the critical impact of infection is the first wave of parasitaemia from the virulent genotypes, Ikeda and Chitose, associated with the sequelae from the development of anaemia. Therefore, current control measures for T. orientalis advocate excluding the movement of naïve stock from non-endemic regions into infected areas and controlling the tick Haemaphysalislongicornis, the final host. In Australia, treatment of established infection is limited to supportive therapy. To update and expand these options, this review examines progress towards prevention and therapy for T. orientalis, which are key elements for inclusion in IPM measures to control this parasite.
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Colmant, Agathe M. G., Michael J. Furlong und Kayvan Etebari. „Discovery of a Novel Jingmenvirus in Australian Sugarcane Soldier Fly (Inopus flavus) Larvae“. Viruses 14, Nr. 6 (25.05.2022): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061140.
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In Australia, soldier flies are major pests of sugarcane, and they can cause significant yield losses in some areas, possibly due to the virus’ transmission to the plants. We sequenced fly larvae salivary glands and identified a novel jingmenvirus, putatively named Inopus flavus jingmenvirus 1 (IFJV1). Phylogenetic trees confirmed that IFJV1 groups with insect-associated jingmenviruses, newly identified flavivirus-like viruses with a segmented genome. After the design and the validation of molecular detection systems for IFJV1, larval homogenates were passaged on insect and vertebrate cells, but IFJV1 could only be detected in the first two passages in insect cells and not at all in vertebrate cells. Despite this lack of consistent replication in laboratory models, this virus does replicate in its host Inopus flavus, as sequenced, small RNA from the larvae matched the IFJV1 sequences. Moreover, they were found to be predominantly 21 nucleotides long and map to the whole sequences on both strands, which is typical of an actively replicating virus. This discovery confirms the worldwide presence of jingmenviruses which, until now, had only been detected on four continents. However, the study of IFJV1 tropism and the possible pathogenicity to its host or the sugarcane it parasitizes requires the development of a stable replication model.
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Savenkova, D. S., V. O. Mindiarova, Yu O. Filippova, S. A. Volkova, A. V. Мilovanov und L. P. Troshin. „The use of iPBS markers to study the genetic diversity of known stock grape varieties“. Horticulture and viticulture, Nr. 5 (21.11.2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-5-11-17.
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The expansion of viticulture in the world is accompanied by the spread of diseases and plant pests. Phylloxera is one of those organisms causing enormous damage to the world’s viticulture. The discovery of the possibility of grafting varieties on stock has led to the development of the breeding of stock originating from North America. Currently, the active use of different types of molecular markers for the identification and study of the genetic diversity of grapes allows to more accurately and efficiently study the biological peculiarities and genetics of plants. Obtaining good reproducibility of the analysis results and revealing the polymorphism between varieties and clones when using different types of markers, you can further use this knowledge for breeding in the selection of crossed pairs. The aim of the study in the present article was to study the common stock grape varieties - hybrids of American species. The article presents a study of the five most famous stock grape varieties: Kober 5BB and 420-A, Paulsen 1103, 101-14 and Richter 57 to identify genetic relationships and polymorphism between samples, based on the use of IRAP and iPBS primers. We used thirteen selected DNA markers that generated a total of 308 polymorphic DNA bands with 54.95 % polymorphism. The effectiveness of iPBS markers was comparable or even more effective than the markers based on retrotransposons. As a result of research, differences and commonality between stocks were clearly demonstrated by both cluster analysis and PCoA analysis.
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Quilty, J. R., und S. R. Cattle. „Use and understanding of organic amendments in Australian agriculture: a review“. Soil Research 49, Nr. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10059.
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A wide range of organic amendments (OA) is currently available to Australian farmers. These products have numerous agronomic applications, including the supply of plant nutrients, control of pests and diseases, and in management of soil health. Several of these products are also used in contaminated and degraded land remediation. The most commonly identifiable groups of OA in Australia are composts, compost teas, vermicasts, humic substances, meat, blood and bone meal, fish hydrolysates, seaweed extracts, bio-inoculants, biodynamic products, and biochars. Many of these OA contain nutrients within organic molecular structures; these nutrients are usually not immediately available to plants and must first be mineralised. Mineralisation often occurs as OA are consumed by microbes, thereby stimulating soil microbial activity. The application of OA such as bio-inoculants, humic substances, and seaweed extracts can potentially stimulate crop growth and development through the actions of plant growth-promoting hormones, including cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins. Yet despite these apparent benefits, the widespread adoption of OA in Australia has been limited, due in part to the high application rates required to produce agronomic benefits, a lack of consistency in the composition of some products, a poor public perception of their utility, and a lack of unbiased scientific research into the agricultural potential of these products.
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Desoky, Abd El-Aleem. „The most important animal pest is the possibility of transmitting or reservoirs the Corona virus“. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 4, Nr. 2 (18.06.2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/059.
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Although the bat has unique characteristics compared to other mammals, but it currently enjoys a poor reputation, especially after being linked to being the source of the Corona virus, as international researchers recently published a large-scale research, which is the largest of its kind, about corona viruses in the bat, If this hypothesis is correct, then the Corona virus will be added to other dangerous viruses carried by the bat bird. The bird had caused, years ago, the spread of viruses such as “SARS” and “MERS”, because the bat can carry different viruses without getting sick. The bat is a "reservoir for viruses" that have caused a number of diseases and epidemics in Africa, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Australia. It is not limited to the mentioned viruses, as the bat carries an "Ebola" infection, and the "rabies" virus also carries. Other mammals. It is possible that other animal pests such as rodents may be related to reservoiror transmitting the Corona virus.
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Ranca, Aurora Maria, Victoria Artem, Ionica Dina, Liliana Parcalabu, Maria Iliescu, Gabriel Tabaranu und Ancuta Nechita. „Experimentation of grapevine cultivation in organic system, on five different Romanian vineyards“. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 73, Nr. 2 (30.11.2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12206.
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In five Romanian vineyards, in 2013-2014 period was experimented organic system growing on grape varieties for wine representative for each area, here are applied organic growing technology in parallel with the conventional (control). White varieties studied are: Chardonnay (Murfatlar and Valea Calugareasca), Sauvignon blanc and Muscat Ottonel(Tarnave), Feteasca regala (Tarnave, Bujoru and Copou-Iasi). Red varieties are Cabernet Sauvignon (Murfatlar and Valea Calugareasca) and Merlot (Bujoru).Concerning evolution of main climatic factors for the years 2013-2014 it is show that the annual average air temperature increase compared with the average of the years 1991-2010; is observed an increasing in mean annual temperature, mean temperature during the growing season and the value of sum of sunshine hours. The water regime was kept constant, registering values close to the annual average, both during the growing season and at entire year. The weeds spectrum is represented both by dicotyledonous as knotweed (Polygonum aviculare), Veronica (Stellaria media), news (Amaranthus retroflexus), bindweed (Convolvurus arvensis) and monocotyledonous as grass thick (Cynodon dactylon).Concerning the phytosanitary status, at Murfatlar were registered problems with oidium attack, with all main disease at Dealu Mare and with downy mildew at Bujoru. In all areas the pest has been found are: grape mouth (Lobesia botrana) and spiders (Tetranichus sp.). Schemes of treatments focused generally on substances bassed on copper and sulfur to combat diseases and for pests have been used pheromonal traps or other certified organic products.The grapes harvest was lower in organic plots with till 25%; their quality being close at both growing variants.
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Chakma, Nikhil, Noor Jahan Sarker, Steven Belmain, Sohrab Uddin Sarker, Ken Aplin und Sontosh Kumar Sarker. „New records of rodent species in Bangladesh: taxonomic studies from rodent outbreak areas in the Chittagong hill tracts“. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 46, Nr. 2 (01.12.2018): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v46i2.39055.
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Rodents are regarded as crop pests, significant reservoirs and vectors for many zoonotic diseases around the world. Basic taxonomic information of rodents present in a locality can help understand which species are responsible as crop pest in that habitat. The phenomenon of the 50-year cycle of gregarious bamboo flowering and rodent outbreaks in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh, rodents trapping were carried out in four habitats from March, 2009 to December, 2011 in Ruma upazila of Bandarban hill district. Variety of traps were used to capture small mammals. The captured species were measured and identified using taxonomical dichotomous keys and DNA bar-coding performed in Australia. A total of 14 different small mammalian species were captured of which nine belonging to the Muridae family, and one species each of Spalacidae, Sciuridae, Tupaiidae and Soricidae families. The dominant small mammal species captured were Rattus rattus (54.06%) followed by Mus musculus (26.39%), Rattus nitidus (10.98%), Suncus murinus (5.45%), Mus terricolor (1.09%), Mus cookii nagarum (0.97%), Cannomys badius (0.16%), Leopoldamys edwardsi (0.12%), Berylmys bowersi (0.12%), Vernaya fulva (0.08%), Rattus andamanensis (0.08%), Tupaia glis (0.04%) and Callosciurus pygerythrus (0.04%). Rattus nitidus, Leopoldamys edwardsi, Vernaya fulva, Rattus andamanensis, Berylmys bowersi and Mus cookii nagarum are new records of rodent species in Bangladesh. Ten individuals of Mus spp. (0.40%) were not identified to species level, requiring further genetic analysis to determine their species. The implications of these discoveries are discussed in terms of agricultural pests.
Bangladesh J. Zool. 46(2): 217-230, 2018
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Lodge, GM. „Management practices and other factors contributing to the decline in persistence of grazed lucerne in temperate Australia: a review“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, Nr. 5 (1991): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910713.
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The literature relevant to the grazing management of lucerne in temperate Australia is reviewed with emphasis on the factors likely to affect its persistence. Knowledge of lucerne physiology is used to question the validity of the traditional methods of managing grazed stands, which rely mainly on using 10% flowering as a guide to root carbohydrate levels. From these data several alternative management guidelines are proposed that may lead to increased persistence; however, for long-term persistence, there is little doubt that lucerne needs to be grazed leniently and at a late stage of maturity. Several grazing experiments indicate that grazing periods of 16-20 days should have no effect on persistence, provided that the rest period between successive grazings is 35 days or longer. Data from other countries and Australian data from a limited number of experiments also indicate that grazing in either autumn or winter may substantially reduce production and could affect persistence. Three grazing studies in New South Wales were used to highlight critical differences in experimental design which make comparisons among experiments difficult. Standardised sowing rates and grazing management, and statistical procedures which account for the genotype x management x environment interaction, are suggested to improve the extrapolation of results from experiments to other environments. Persistence of different lucerne types under grazing, particularly those recently imported from the U.S.A. or bred in Australia, is considered. While it has been proposed that grazing effects may be related to crown structure, interactions with other factors which affect persistence may also occur. If grazing can be considered to be stressful to a lucerne plant then it could interact with other stresses, caused by moisture deficit, excessive moisture, insect pests and disease, to reduce persistence. Additionally, considerable variation in varietal resistance to some pests and diseases has been recorded in haycut stands, and so there may also be cultivar x grazing effects. All of these factors could combine to affect the persistence of a particular cultivar under grazing. Patterns of lucerne decline were either continuous or step-like. Continuous decline was associated with prolonged grazing, grazing and moisture stress, grazing under waterlogged conditions, or grazing in situations where the incidence of disease was likely to be high. To understand the reasons why plants fail to persist, measurements need to be made frequently and a1 regular intervals, and the moisture and disease status of the site needs to be accurately monitored. The adequacy of different methods of measuring stand persistence is also questioned. The implications for graziers, researchers and lucerne breeders are discussed.
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Paull, John. „Pandemic Elections and the Covid-Safe Effect: Incumbents Re-elected in Six Covid-19 Safe Havens“. Journal of Social and Development Sciences 12, Nr. 1(S) (22.06.2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v12i1(s).3159.
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The Antipodes have been amongst the safest places on the planet during the Covid-19 pandemic. The governments of Australia and New Zealand (national, state, and territory governments) have acted promptly, decisively, and cohesively in closing borders, quarantining incoming returnees, instigating rigorous contact tracing and extensive testing, social distancing, hand washing, masks, and occasional lockdowns. Antipodean governments and populations have long experience of awareness and compliance with biosecurity issues. Isolation and distance have long served to keep Australia and New Zealand free of many pests and diseases. Each Antipodean election held during the Covid-19 pandemic has returned the incumbent. During the first 14 months of the pandemic, six out of six incumbent governments facing elections during the Covid pandemic have been returned. Five returned incumbents were center-left while the sixth was center-right. Four of the elections have rewarded the incumbent government with an increased majority, the Northern Territory election returned a reduced majority, and the Tasmanian election returned the status quo with the narrowest of majorities maintained. The New Zealand election returned the Labor government to power in their own right and released them from the coalition. The Western Australian election saw Labor returned with a landslide result with an unprecedented, win of 53 out of 59 seats (90% of seats). The object of the present paper is to report the outcomes of the six antipodean elections conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic (to date) and to reflect on the Covid-safe effect on them if any.
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Kazakhmedov, R. E., und A. Kh Agakhanov. „Agrobiological features of promising grape varieties of DSOSViO selection in the changing climatic conditions of the South of Russia“. Agrarian science, Nr. 5 (17.06.2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-359-5-98-104.
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Relevance. Currently, there is an increased need to replenish the grape assortment with adaptive, valuable agrobiological and technological properties, competitively capable varieties and clones, the introduction of which into production will ensure an increase in the profitability of the grape-growing industry.Methods. In the ampelographic collection of DSOSViO in 2012–2018, the study of breeding and introduced grape varieties was carried out: table varieties — Bulatovsky, Zhemchuzhina Yuga, Eldar, Suvenir DSOSViO, Yantar Dagestansky, Leki, Kishmish Derbentsky, Zarya Derbenta, Agadai (control), Moldova (control); technical varieties — Fioletta, Slava Derbenta, Saperavi (control). Grape culture is root-related, irrigated, not covered. The shape of the bushes is high-rammed (120 cm), double-shouldered cordon Kazenava. Planting scheme of grape varieties was 3.5 × 2.0 m.Results. Studies have found that grape varieties have high quality and productivity indicators: the fertility coefficient is 1.02–1.57, the yield from the bush is 10.4–16.5 kg. Mechanical composition and chemical properties of bunches and berries in the studied grape varieties: the juice content in the berries is low — Agadai (control); medium — Yantar Dagestansky, Zhemchuzhina Yuga, Leki, Eldar, Souvenir DSOSViO, Moldova; high — Fioletta, Saperavi (control), Slava Derbenta. The attachment of berries to the peduncle is very strong in table grape varieties and Agadai variety (control). Most of the DSOSViO grape varieties proved to be quite resistant to pests and major fungal diseases. The DSOSViO grape varieties exhibit high adaptability in the conditions of the South of Dagestan, which allows to achieve high yields and product quality in the changing climatic conditions of the region. Varieties of the station’s table breeding direction can take a worthy place in the pipeline of fresh grapes intake and consumption in the period July — October, and red varieties of the technical direction are promising for obtaining high-quality terroir wines.