Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „GranFilm“

In the northern region of Brazil, information for the sweet potato regarding suitable soil management, especially organic fertilisation and intercropping with species of green manure, are still in the early stages. The aim of this research therefore, was to evaluate the effect of poultry litter on the yield of sweet potato roots grown under a monocrop system and when intercropped with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) under the soil and climate conditions of the State of Roraima. The experiment was carried out in the field from August to December of 2014, in the Sector for Olericulture of the School of Agricultural Technology, on the Murupu Campus of UFRR in the town of Boa Vista, Roraima. A randomised block experimental design was used, with three replications, in a (5 × 2) + 1 factorial scheme, representing five doses of poultry litter (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1), with sweet potato as both a monocrop and intercropped with sunn hemp, and one additional treatment with organic and mineral fertiliser. Slips of the Granfina variety of sweet potato were used for planting. Seeds of sunn hemp were sown in double rows between the rows of sweet potato 30 days after planting the slips, with the first cutting carried out 90 days after sowing. The addition of poultry litter to the soil increased the total production of sweet potato roots for the crop planted in Roraima, whether intercropped or not with sunn hemp. Despite the benefits to sweet-potato yield from the addition of poultry litter and the intercrop with sunn hemp, total productivity was greater in the additional treatment that received organic and mineral fertiliser.

CRESCIMENTO E FITOMASSA DE BATATA-DOCE IRRIGADA COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA TRATADA RAUCHA CAROLINA DE OLIVEIRA1; PATRÍCIA FERREIRA DA SILVA2; RIGOBERTO MOREIRA DE MATOS3; JOSÉ DANTAS NETO4; LUCIANO MARCELO FALLÉ SABOYA5 E MARIA SALLYDELÂNDIA SOBRAL DE FARIAS6 1Mestranda em Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: rauchaoliveira@gmail.com 2Pós- doutoranda em Engenharia e Gestão dos Recursos Naturais, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: patrycyafs@yahoo.com.br 3Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: rigobertomoreira@gmail.com 4Professor Doutor, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: zedantas1955@gmail.com 5Professor Doutor, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: lsaboya@hotmail.com 6Professora Doutora, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: sallyfarias@hotmail.com 1 RESUMO A utilização de água residuária tratada na irrigação de culturas agrícolas é apontada como uma alternativa para atenuar o problema da escassez hídrica. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o crescimento e fitomassa de batata-doce irrigada com água residuária tratada. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em ambiente protegido pertencente à unidade acadêmica de engenharia agrícola da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 3x2, com cinco repetições. Os fatores de variação consistiram em três qualidades de água (T1 = água de cisterna; T2 = água tratada por wetland e T3 = água tratada por UASB+wetland), e duas cultivares de batata-doce (Campina e Granfina). Avaliou-se ao final do ciclo de cultivo o número de folhas (NF), número de ramas (NR), área foliar (AF), diâmetro do caule (DC), fitomassa fresca de folhas (FFF), fitomassa fresca de ramas (FFR), fitomassa seca de folhas (FSF), fitomassa seca de ramas (FSR). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as variáveis (NF), (NR), (AF), (FFF), (FSF) e (FSR) foram influenciadas de forma significativa pelas cultivares. A água residuária tratada na irrigação de batata-doce pode ser utilizada sem que haja perdas das características de crescimento e fitomassa. Palavras-Chave: Ipomoea batatas L., reúso, gotejamento, efluente. OLIVEIRA, R. C.; SILVA, P. F.; MATOS, R. M.; DANTAS NETO, J.; SABOYA; L. M. F.; FARIAS, M. S. S. GROWTH AND PHYTOMASS OF SWEET POTATO IRRIGATED WITH TREATED WASTEWATER 2 ABSTRACT The use of treated wastewater in the irrigation of agricultural crops is indicated as an alternative to mitigate the problem of water scarcity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and phytomass of sweet potatoes irrigated with treated wastewater. The study was conducted in a greenhouse belonging to the academic unit of agricultural engineering at the Federal University of Campina Grande, in a randomized block design and 3x2 factorial scheme, with five replications. The factors consisted of three water qualities (T1 = water from a cistern; T2 = water treated by wetland and T3 = water treated by UASB + wetland), and two sweet potato cultivars (Campina and Granfina). At the end of the cultivation cycle, the number of leaves (NF), number of branches (NR), leaf area (AF), stem diameter (DC), fresh leaf phytomass (FFF), fresh branch phytomass (FFR), dry leaf phytomass (FSF) and dry branch phytomass (FSR) were evaluated. The results obtained show that the variables (NF), (NR), (AF), (FFF), (FSF) and (FSR) were significantly influenced by the cultivars. Wastewater treated for irrigation of sweet potatoes can be used without loss of growth and phytomass characteristics. Keywords: Ipomoea batatas L., reuse, drip irrigation, effluent.

Après quelques rappels d’électromagnétisme et sur la permittivité des métaux, le premier chapitre est dévolu à la présentation des nanoparticules en optique, et comment les modèles analytiques de polarisabilité permettent de prendre en compte la présence d’un substrat et de nanoparticules voisines. Les deux chapitres suivants reprend un certain nombre d’éléments de la théorie de Bedeaux-Vlieger sur la charge excédentaire et les susceptibilités de surface, et sa mise en œuvre pour les nanoparticules sur un substrat plan. Cette théorie, dont les bases ont été établies à la fin des années 70, a depuis connu plusieurs développements spécifiques en intégrant des particules sphériques puis sphéroïdales, puis sphériques tronquées, puis sphéroïdales tronquées, en interaction électrostatique ou non avec leurs voisines mono- disperses. La théorie de Bedeaux-Vlieger et leurs continuateurs permet un calcul particulièrement efficace des propriétés optiques des films métalliques mesurables par ellipsométrie. Rémi Lazzari et Ingve Simonsen, les deux directeurs de thèse de Mme Indrehus, ont ainsi démarré le développement du logiciel GranFilm au début des années 2000. Ce logiciel est aujourd’hui disponible gratuitement sur internet, sous licence GNU. Le chapitre quatre détaille l’organisation de ce logiciel et les différentes librairies numériques sur lesquelles il a été développé. Un guide d’utilisation du logiciel, avec notamment un paragraphe sur les limites du logiciel ; il y est surtout question des approximations du modèle physique. Sont ensuite documentés les apports au logiciel dus à Mme Inderhus : une interface en langage Python, la prise en compte de la taille des nanoparticules pour la correction de leur permittivité, et l’intégration du modèle dans une boucle d’optimisation pour estimer des paramètres physiques à partir de données expérimentales. Le chapitre cinq fait une étude numérique des modes de plusieurs des systèmes plasmoniques élémentaires modélisables à l’aide du logiciel GranFilm. Pour exalter ces modes, elle est amenée à réduire la partie imaginaire de la permittivité des métaux à une fraction inférieure ou égale à 1 % de leur valeur réelle. Ces modes sont représentés par leur carte de potentiel électrostatique. Sont étudiées numériquement l’influence du rapport de troncature pour les nanoparticules déposées sur substrat et l’influence de l’épaisseur de la couche sur les nanoparticules recouvertes. Cette analyse recoupe des résultats expérimentaux de la littérature sur des nanoparticules non recouvertes, et permet de les étendre au cas des nanoparticules recouvertes. GranFilm apparaît ainsi comme un outil capable de prendre en compte des géométries nanoplasmoniques qui sont d’ors et déjà réalisables expérimentalement, et d’en faire l’analyse des propriétés optiques. Les mesures optiques spectrales sur films métalliques donnent des pics de résonance plasmon qui ont tendance à être significativement plus larges que prévu par les premières modélisations. Le chapitre six étudie ce phénomène d’élargissement, et travaille à sa modélisation. La littérature fait état de deux sources d’élargissement : la première, dite intrinsèque, provient de deux effets de taille finie sur la permittivité des nanoparticules, et la seconde, extrinsèque, est associée à la dispersion des nanoparticules en taille et forme. La modélisation de l’élargissement intrinsèque ayant été traitée au chapitre trois, les efforts sont ici concentrés sur l’élargissement extrinsèque. Tant que les nanoparticules ne sont pas en interaction électrostatique, le modèle physique peut être conservé, et la dispersion des nanoparticules prise en compte de manière purement statistique. Ce régime est nommé LCP dans le manuscrit. La mise en œuvre numérique de ce modèle statistique, et les élargissements qui en découlent, sont très détaillés
The first chapter presents the basics of plasmonics. The second chapter presents Bedeaux and Vliegler's seductive approach and the notion of excess field s, which allows to define the modified Fresnel coefficients. Chapter 3 presents polarizability calculations for supported nanoparticles, possibly truncated and possibly with a core/shell structure. This involves solving Laplace's equation with boundary conditions imposed by the presence of the substrate and by the geometry of the particle. One of the merits of this thesis is to have been able to synthesize the works of Bedeaux and Vliegler and their formalism. Chapter 4 presents the Granfilm software developed by Rémi Lazzari and Ingve Simonsen, supervisors of Sunniva Indrehus' thesis. Extensions to the proposed models and the further development of a Python-interface (named GranFilmPy) so that the software is more widely used by the community. The examples of simulations obtained by Granfilm (section 4.4) give a good idea of the possibilities of the software. Chapter 5 presents an original way to study the resonance modes in the case of truncated, possibly coated, particles. This consists in arbitrarily strongly reducing the imaginary part of the dielectric function of the metal. The variations of the different resonance modes can then be analyzed very finely. The results are in the form of spectral curves, contour plots of the electrostatic potential in the xz plane, or false color maps (energy in abscissa and geometric parameter in ordinate). The influence of the truncation rate is shown in Figs. 5.10 - 5.12. Chapter 6 considers the polydispersivity of the size and shape of nanoparticles. As in the rest of the manuscript. It is distinguished between the "low coverage regime" and the "finite coverage regime" where the interactions between particles must be taken into account. It also presents the non-negligible influence of the radial particle distribution function (RDF) on the plasmonic response. Implemented in the Granfilm software, taking polydispersivity into account will allow a better interpretation of the widths of resonance peaks

I en värld med ökande koldioxidhalter i atmosfären och höjd medeltemperatur, råder det inga tvivel om att vi står inför en rad utmaningar för att minska användandet av bland annat fossila bränslen som generar skadliga utsläpp. Det finns många alternativ till oljebaserade bränslen, och ett som har ökat markant de senaste åren är bränslepellets. Bränslepellets är ett träbaserat biobränsle som i sitt kompakta tillstånd erbjuder ett bra värmevärde och är klimatneutralt. För att tillverka pellets måste råmaterialet först termiskt torkas, från en fukthalt på ca 55 % till ca 10 %, vilket i dagsläget kan motsvara upp till en fjärdedel av hela energiåtgången i pelleteringsprocessen. Med den ökade efterfrågan av bränslepellets finns också ökade förutsättningar för energieffektiviseringar i pelletsproduceringen, speciellt i torkningssteget.  Drinor AB har tagit fram en avvattningsmaskin av biomaterial som heter CDP, och med den är det möjligt att avvattna biomaterial till ca 30 %, vilket skulle reducera både tiden och energin det tar att termiskt torka materialet. Avvattningen sker under tryck på minst 40 ton, där vattnet mekaniskt pressas ut ur råmaterialet. Hur avvattningen påverkar råmaterialet, speciellt i en pelletframställning, är oklart och syftet med detta arbete var att ta reda på hur pelleteringsegenskaperna påverkas efter pressning med CDP, och om det finns möjligheter att spara energi i malningsdelen i pelleteringsprocessen. Målet med arbetet var att ta reda på hur CDP påverkar pelletskvaliteter i form av hårdhet och densitet, samt om friktionsutvecklingen i pelleteringsmatrisen förändras, genom att framställa pellets ur 3 scenarion. I ett scenario ska en traditionell pelletsframställning liknas, med endast termisk torkning och i de resterande två scenarion implementeras CDP som försteg till den termiska torkningen. I ett av dessa två scenarion mals inte träflisen innan pelletering, för att se om energi kan sparas utan att offra pelletskvalitet. Ett annat mål var att, per scenario, ta reda på vid vilken fukthalts- och temperaturkombination de bästa pelletsen tillverkades med avseende på hög densitet och hårdhet samt låg friktionsutveckling. Resultaten visade att scenariot med CDP som komplement till termisk torkning och utan malningprocess, producerade pellets med högst hårdhet, högst densitet och lägst friktionsutveckling under båda fukthalterna på pelleteringsmaterialet och nästintill samtliga matristemperaturer. Det scenario som hade endast termisk torkning producerade pellets med lägst densitet och hårdhet samt högst friktion under nästan alla temperaturer och fukthalter. När den bästa fukthalts- och temperaturkombinationen togs fram per scenario, så var scenariot med CDP och utan malning bäst. Pellets producerade där hade ökad densitet, nästan tredubblad hårdhet samt mer än halverad friktionsutveckling i pelleteringsmatrisen, jämfört med scenariot som imiterade traditionell pelletsframställning med endast termisk torkning. Skulle det scenariot med CDP och utan malningsprocess implementeras i en verklig industriell skala skulle det innebära stora förutsättningar för ökad produktion av pellets med bättre kvalitet, samt ett minskat energianvändande i form av reducerad termisk torkning och minskat användande av malningsprocessen.
In a world with growing carbon dioxide contents in the atmosphere and elevated average temperature, there is no doubt that we are faced with a number of challenges to reduce the use of, among other things, fossil fuels that generate harmful emissions. There are many alternatives to oil-based fuels, and one that has increased markedly in recent years is fuel pellets. Fuel pellets are a wood-based biofuel that, in its compact state, offers a good thermal value and is climate neutral. In order to produce pellets, the raw material must first be thermally dried, from a moisture content of about 55 % to about 10 %, which can currently account for up to at least a quarter of the total energy consumption in the pelleting process. With the increased demand for fuel pellets, there are also increased possibilities for energy efficiency in the pellet production, especially in the drying stage. Drinor AB has developed a biomaterial dewatering machine called CDP, with which it is possible to drain the biomaterial to a moisture content of about 30%, which would reduce both the time and the energy it takes to thermally dry the material. The dewatering pressure is at least 40 tonnes, where the water is mechanically squeezed out of the raw material. How the dewatering affects the raw material, especially in a pellet production, is unclear and the purpose of this work was to find out how the pelleting properties are affected after pressing with CDP and if there is potential for saving energy in the grinding process in the pelleting process. The aim of the work was to find out how CDP affects pellet qualities in terms of hardness and density, and if the friction development in the pelleting dye changes, by making pellets out of 3 scenarios. In one scenario, traditional pellets production should be resembled, with only thermal drying, and in the remaining two scenarios, CDP is implemented as a complement to thermal drying. In one of these two scenarios, the wood chips were not milled before pelleting, to see if energy can be saved without sacrificing pellet quality. Another goal was to determine, by each scenario, what moisture and temperature combination the best pellets were produced with respect to high density and hardness and low friction development. The results showed that the CDP scenario, as a complement to thermal drying and without grinding process, produced the hardest pellets, highest density and lowest friction development during both moisture levels of the pelleting material and almost all die temperatures. The scenario that only had thermal drying produced pellets with the lowest density and hardness, as well as maximum friction under almost all temperatures and moisture levels. When the best moisture and temperature combination was achieved by each scenario, the scenario with CDP and without grinding was the best. Pellets produced there had increased density, almost triple the hardness, and more than half the friction development in the pelleting die, compared to the scenario that imitated traditional pellets production with only thermal drying. Should the scenario with CDP and without grinding process be implemented on a real industrial scale, it would provide great conditions for increased production of better quality pellets, as well as reduced energy use in the form of reduced thermal drying and reduced use of the grinding process.

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This present research aims to present how the implementation is made Corporate Social Responsibility (RSC) an organization. The theme has been increasing recent decades within organizations increasingly reinforcing the role that companies should take to society, in a clear, transparent and ethical. Seeking to base this study, the theoretical framework, corporate social responsibility, presenting the practices of RSC and indicators of social responsibility. And aims to achieve the proposed objective of this work , a detailed case study Industries Granfino a family-owned company , based in Baixada Fluminense - RJ , and identified that the implementation of corporate social responsibility in Granfino been implemented with positive, instead , the ethics and values have always guided Coelho family. The work included an analysis of the balance sheets published by Granfino Industries, along with an in-depth interview with the President Mrs. Silvia Coelho Lantimant and Mr. Carlos Henrique Menditti, Director of the Center for corporate social responsibility, with a field research and a qualitative analysis, based on a literature review and a descriptive study of data and information in the reports of social reports published from 2007 to 2012.
O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar de que forma se dá a implantação da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) numa organização. O tema vem crescendo muito nas últimas décadas, reforçando cada vez mais o papel que as empresas devem assumir com a sociedade, de forma clara, transparente e ética, Buscou-se, como base para este estudo, o marco teórico da responsabilidade social corporativa, apresentando-se as práticas de RSC e os indicadores da responsabilidade social. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, realiza-se um estudo de caso nas Indústrias Granfino, uma empresa com gestão familiar, com sede na Baixada Fluminense, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Identificou-se que a implantação da RSC na Granfino se deu de forma positiva, uma vez que a ética e os valores sempre nortearam a família Coelho. O trabalho contou com uma análise dos balanços publicados pelas Indústrias Granfino, junto com uma entrevista em profundidade com a presidente e o gerente do Núcleo de RSC em pesquisa de campo, tendo se realizado uma análise qualitativa, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e um estudo descritivo dos dados e informações nos relatórios dos balanços sociais divulgados de 2007 a 2012.

Abstract “Pro bono publico”—which means “for the public good”—is at once a narrow duty and a broad aspiration. The narrow duty is codified in Rule 6.1 of the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which calls for “[e]very lawyer . to provide legal services to those unable to pay.” The broad aspiration envisions private legal practice as a vehicle for advancing the public good (Katzmann 1995)—a notion rooted in a core ideal of legal professionalism (Scheingold & Sarat 2004:11). Efforts to fuse private practice and the public good produce different approaches and ideologies across practice sites (Granfield 2007). Some of them reinforce the conventional definition of pro bono, whereas others assert a distinct public role for private lawyers. The recent literature on pro bono has focused primarily on the provision of pro bono services by big firms (Cummings 2004; see also Boutcher in this volume; Epstein 2002), where lawyers fulfill their professional duty by taking a break from billable work to provide free legal services to persons of limited means or to organizations that advocate for deserving causes (White 2000:140). This conception differs from the notion of public service associated with lawyers in solo and small-firm practice, who often view their acceptance of reduced fees from clients based on ability to pay as a means of promoting access to justice (Levin in this volume; see also Lochner 1975:442–448; Seron 1996:132).