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Iordanishvili, A. K. „Outstanding doer of Russian dentistry Zakhar Borisovich Piryatinsky“. Stomatology for All / International Dental review, Nr. 2021 1 94 (März 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35556//idr-2021-1(94)58-62.
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he study is devoted to the professional and social activities of the outstanding Russian dentist, associate professor Zakhar Borisovich Piryatinsky. The paper presents an analysis of hard-to-reach literary sources and statements of contemporaries about Z.B. Piryatinsky. The data on the formation of Z.B. Piryatinsky as a dentist, his professional activities during the First World War and the Great Patriotic War, in the battles near Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin-Gol River, as well as in the Soviet-Finnish (winter) war of 1939—1940. His role in the opening of the Odontological Society, the first state dental laboratory at the Palace of Labor, the Institute of Public Dentistry, the dental laboratory in the center of Leningrad, which was reorganized into the Central Dental Polyclinic, then into the Scientific and Practical Dental Institute, and later — the Leningrad Dental Institute, was noted. In the conclusion, it is noted that, being one of the founders of domestic dentistry, as well as the school of dentists and maxillofacial surgeons, he is rightfully recognized as one of the patriarchs of national healthcare.
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Chowdhury, Mohammad Tawfique Hossain, Sujan Kanti Nath, Ashek Elahi Noor, Clopa Pina Podder, Sabiha Mahbuba und Md Mahfuzur Raihan. „Evaluation of Goal-Oriented Learning as a model of curriculum delivery in teaching Public Health among dental undergraduate students“. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education 10, Nr. 1 (23.12.2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjme.v10i1.44591.
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Background: Goal-Oriented Learning (GOL) pedagogy might increase dental students' skill to achieve desired public health goal.
Purpose: The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of GOL system in terms of increasing knowledge retention as method of curriculum delivery in comparison to traditional lecture method and to explore the perceptions and experiences of students and tutors in regards to GOL system.
Method: The study was conducted among all the 2nd year BDS, Sapporo Dental College using Quasi-Experimental design. Intervention and control group were taught using GOL and lecture based method, respectively. SAQ type questions were used to assess the level of knowledge before and after intervention in both groups. Students and tutors perceptions and experiences were evaluated using modified course experience questionnaire and tutor response questionnaire.
Result: Level of good score and mean knowledge score differences between pre-test and post-test were more observed in GOL group. These differences found are statistically significant. Though most of the students of GOL system perceived that it contributes in developing their generic skill like improving problem solving, analytic and expression skill, majority of them reported that workload was heavy on them. Most of students were satisfied relating to tutor role, facilities available and evaluation system in GOL group. Overall satisfactions were superior in GOL groups in comparison to lecture group among both students and tutors.
Conclusion: The study showed that GOL system significantly improves knowledge retention in comparison to traditional lecture system. Moreover, majority of students and tutors gave more positive feedback regarding GOL experience and consider it superior than lecture-based system.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.10(1) 2019: 25-29
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Charih, Mohamed, und Jacynthe Robert. „Government On-Line in the Federal Government of Canada: the Organizational Issues“. International Review of Administrative Sciences 70, Nr. 2 (Juni 2004): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852304044262.
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In this article, the authors analyze the Government On-line (GOL) initiative launched by the federal government of Canada in the winter 2000. The primary objective of GOL is to allow Canadians and non-Canadians to access public information and deal with the federal government via a single Web portal. The authors argue that GOL is not a simple technological change and that its designers will have to deal with many organizational issues and challenges in order for the project to succeed. The most important issues are: integration of services difficulties, necessary structural changes, insuring performance and accountability, organizational identity issues, security and human resources skills.
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Abimanyu, Angga, Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko und Hary Moetriono. „ANALISIS INVESTASI PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL PASURUAN - PROBOLINGGO“. Jurnal Spesialis Teknik Sipil (JSpTS) 3, Nr. 2 (12.10.2022): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/jspts.v3i2.8563.
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Toll roads are public roads that are part of the road network system and as national roads, for which users are required to pay tolls. The existence of toll roads is very important in the smooth flow of traffic along with the increasing amount of traffic caused by the increase in the number of vehicles and the condition of arterial road pavements that have been damaged (wavy and cracked) at several locations on the road and congestion that occurs due to damaged roads. damaged. The benefits of toll road operations are to influence regional development and economic improvement, as well as increase mobility and accessibility of people and goods, also provide benefits to users in the form of saving vehicle operating costs (BOK) and time compared to passing through non-toll roads, as well as providing returns on investment, maintenance, and toll road development for the Business Entities involved. One form of cooperation between the government and the private sector is the construction of the Pasuruan-Probolinggo (Paspro) Toll Road. Through the Toll Road Business Entity (BUJT) PT. Trans-Java Paspro Toll Road, the government cooperates in the construction of a 31 km toll road. PT. Trans-Java Paspro Toll Road received a 45-year concession to operate the toll road. The purpose of this study was to determine the investment feasibility of the Pasuruan-Probolinggo Toll Road based on the investment feasibility parameters of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP), and determine the length of time. payback period (Payback Period) Pasuruan-Probolinggo Toll Road, and get a comparison of Vehicle Operating Costs (BOK) between Toll Roads and Arterial Roads. The final result of the analysis obtained that the NPV value was negative Rp. -1,773,803,000,000, and the IRR value is 9.56%, which is smaller than WACC = 13.07%, and the BCR value is less than 1.00, which is 0.763 so that it can be seen that the investment is not financially feasible for investors. However, BEP < 45 years concession period is April 2043, so it can be seen that it is still in the feasible category. The Vehicle Operational Cost (BOK) for arterial roads is Rp. 3,647/km for Goal I, Rp. 6,413/km for Gol II, Rp. 9,498/km for Gol III, Gol IV, and Gol V. Meanwhile, BOK for toll roads and added toll tariffs of Rp. 3.226/km for Goal I, Rp. 6,767/km for Gol II, Rp. 7,763/km for Gol III, Rp. 8.113/km for Gol IV and Rp. 8,463 for Gol V. From the analysis it is known that the cost of passing through the toll road is cheaper than going through the arterial road for all vehicle classes and is certainly very beneficial for toll road users.
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Jun, Wang, Muhammad Noman, Sajid Ullah, Kokab Saba Ali, Bilal ., Faisal Khan, Rabia Tasleem et al. „Chitral Gol National Park; A paradise or threat for biodiversity conservation and socio-economic conditions of local societies“. SDRP Journal of Earth Sciences & Environmental Studies 5, Nr. 4 (2020): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jeses.5.4.ra.10691.
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The current study was conducted to investigate the Chitral Gol National Park, as a bliss or risk for biodiversity safeguarding and socio-economic situations of regional people in the park region. The Chitral Gol National Park indicates a vital part in the improvement of the socio-economic situation and also in the management of the biodiversity in park area. The key aim of the park area is generally to enhance the societies’ link in the park area for its better management and conservation through community-based conservation. For this aim, 160 open ended questionnaires were equally distributed and collected in the park area. Results revealed that the local public much satisfied from the park area. 11 villages openly profited from the park area in case of cash, employments and wood fuel etc. The local public greatly concerned in the management of park area. The ecological profits from park were reported well. The administration maintenance was noble in the park area and show energetic role in the management of plantation, flora cover, fauna species etc. Public education and awareness about park areas via education, workshops, seminars, walk campaign, and local government must take obligatory stages for their safeguard and management. Keywords: Chitral Gol National Park, Local Community, Biodiversity Conservation, Socio-economic Conditions, Protected areas
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Zhang, Min, Juan Wang, Ming Ma, Wen Ming Wang und Hao Su. „Research on the Exterior Public Space of Ecological Immigrant Settlements in Xilin Gol – Chaogewenduer Gacha as the Model“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (Dezember 2012): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.186.
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The article chose the exterior public space of the Chaogewenduer Gacha as the main subject investigated in Xilin Gol, through analyzed the current situations of the Gacha’s exterior public space in detail, found out the existent problems such as lack of the public spaces, unreasonable exterior space scales, lack of the exterior space joints and lack of the green spaces, in the last, put forward reasonable reconstruction suggestions.
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Alexander, Bree. „God and Guns“. Social Work & Christianity 47, Nr. 2 (18.02.2020): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34043/swc.v47i2.97.
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Responses to school shootings nationwide have been varied. While prevention and intervention have been a primary focus for many public schools, healing through faith has been less communicated in the public. Many survivors and stakeholders have publicly ridiculed overtly spiritual responses to school shootings
that minimize action needed to address the issue, citing that policy change and improved safety precautions in schools are the primary ways in which change will occur. However, multiple recent suicides of individuals who experienced the effects of a school shooting, suggest that healing from trauma should also be a main priority after a school shooting. This study explores the role of faith and religion with trauma intervention in the aftermath of school shootings. The article uses
case study data to discuss the methods by which faith can be a resource for healing from trauma after school shootings.
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Archer, Rachel, Paul Tappenden, Shijie Ren, Marrissa Martyn-St James, Rebecca Harvey, Hasan Basarir, John Stevens et al. „Infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab for treating moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis after the failure of conventional therapy (including a review of TA140 and TA262): clinical effectiveness systematic review and economic model“. Health Technology Assessment 20, Nr. 39 (Mai 2016): 1–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta20390.
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BackgroundUlcerative colitis (UC) is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease in the UK. UC can have a considerable impact on patients’ quality of life. The burden for the NHS is substantial.ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of interventions, to evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness of all interventions and comparators (including medical and surgical options), to estimate the expected net budget impact of each intervention, and to identify key research priorities.Data sourcesPeer-reviewed publications, European Public Assessment Reports and manufacturers’ submissions. The following databases were searched from inception to December 2013 for clinical effectiveness searches and from inception to January 2014 for cost-effectiveness searches for published and unpublished research evidence: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library including the Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the Health Technology Assessment database and NHS Economic Evaluation Database; ISI Web of Science, including Science Citation Index, and the Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science and Bioscience Information Service Previews. The US Food and Drug Administration website and the European Medicines Agency website were also searched, as were research registers, conference proceedings and key journals.Review methodsA systematic review [including network meta-analysis (NMA)] was conducted to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of named interventions. The health economic analysis included a review of published economic evaluations and the development of a de novo model.ResultsTen randomised controlled trials were included in the systematic review. The trials suggest that adult patients receiving infliximab (IFX) [Remicade®, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd (MSD)], adalimumab (ADA) (Humira®, AbbVie) or golimumab (GOL) (Simponi®, MSD) were more likely to achieve clinical response and remission than those receiving placebo (PBO). Hospitalisation data were limited, but suggested more favourable outcomes for ADA- and IFX-treated patients. Data on the use of surgical intervention were sparse, with a potential benefit for intervention-treated patients. Data were available from one trial to support the use of IFX in paediatric patients. Safety issues identified included serious infections, malignancies and administration site reactions. Based on the NMA, in the induction phase, all biological treatments were associated with statistically significant beneficial effects relative to PBO, with the greatest effect associated with IFX. For patients in response following induction, all treatments except ADA and GOL 100 mg at 32–52 weeks were associated with beneficial effects when compared with PBO, although these were not significant. The greatest effects at 8–32 and 32–52 weeks were associated with 100 mg of GOL and 5 mg/kg of IFX, respectively. For patients in remission following induction, all treatments except ADA at 8–32 weeks and GOL 50 mg at 32–52 weeks were associated with beneficial effects when compared with PBO, although only the effect of ADA at 32–52 weeks was significant. The greatest effects were associated with GOL (at 8–32 weeks) and ADA (at 32–52 weeks). The economic analysis suggests that colectomy is expected to dominate drug therapies, but for some patients, colectomy may not be considered acceptable. In circumstances in which only drug options are considered, IFX and GOL are expected to be ruled out because of dominance, while the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for ADA versus conventional treatment is approximately £50,300 per QALY gained.LimitationsThe health economic model is subject to several limitations: uncertainty associated with extrapolating trial data over a lifetime horizon, the model does not consider explicit sequential pathways of non-biological treatments, and evidence relating to complications of colectomy was identified through consideration of approaches used within previous models rather than a full systematic review.ConclusionsAdult patients receiving IFX, ADA or GOL were more likely to achieve clinical response and remission than those receiving PBO. Further data are required to conclusively demonstrate the effect of interventions on hospitalisation and surgical outcomes. The economic analysis indicates that colectomy is expected to dominate medical treatments for moderate to severe UC.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013006883.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Davies, Sophia Campbell, Chiara Inserra, Gaetana Muserra, Mariagrazia Piacenza, Sandro Ardizzone und Tommaso Saporito. „OP61 Cost-Utility Analyses Of Biologics For Refractory Ulcerative Colitis“. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001465.
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INTRODUCTION:Although many biologics (Bs) have been approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Ulcerative Colitis (UC) in patients who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy, the selection of Bs is controversial due to the lack of head-to-head trials. Indirect economic comparisons of these costly drugs are available from National Healthcare perspectives that are not the Italian ones. Therefore, the objective is to evaluate cost-utility of Bs for the treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe UC both in Italy and in the Lombardy Region.METHODS:A Markov model (considering three transition states: remission, clinical response, relapse) was constructed using the software R 3.3.1 markovchain-package to evaluate incremental cost-utility ratios (ICUR) of adalimumab (ADA), infliximab (IFX), infliximab biosimilar (IFX-B), golimumab (GOL) and vedolizumab (VED) treatments of patients over a 10-year time horizon from the perspective of the Italian (N) and Lombardy Region (R) healthcare system. Clinical parameters were derived from clinical trials. Costs (actualized by – 1.5 percent) were obtained from the National database and Regional public tender. Utility was expressed as QALY (Quality-Adjusted Life Years).RESULTS:Costs per treatment were different from a N and R perspective (ADA -55 percent; IFX -16.7 percent; IFX-B -29.6 percent; GOL -9.6 percent; VED -10 percent). Direct healthcare costs (treatment cost, visits, laboratory tests, hospital admissions) were calculated over 10 years of treatment per patient: ADA (N: EUR114,227, R: EUR68,314, -40.2 percent), IFX (N: EUR130,595, R: EUR103,081, -21 percent), IFX-B (N: EUR110,438, R: EUR78,852, -28.6 percent), GOL (N: EUR118,602, R: EUR96,922, -18.3 percent), VED (N: EUR113,852, R: EUR102,932, -9.6 percent) with associated QALY respectively of 6.68, 6.66, 6.66, 6.70, 7.02. From a N perspective, IFX-B was dominating compared to all other treatments. The ICUR of VED/IFX-B was EUR9,483 for 10 years (willingness to pay EUR948/QALY). From a R perspective, ADA was dominating compared to all other treatments. The ICUR of VED/ADA was EUR101,818 for 10 years (Willingness to Pay, WTP EUR10,182/QALY).CONCLUSIONS:National and Regional cost-utility analyses produced different results. As Regional price discounts can occur, local analysis is needed to estimate the economic impact of therapies to ensure optimal choice.
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Akinnubi, Olaolu Paul, Rasheedat Oladunni Ajape und Moses Adeleke Adeoye. „The Influence of School Climate and Goal Achievement Structure in Nigerian Public Schools“. International Journal of Universal Education 2, Nr. 1 (29.06.2024): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/ijue.v2i1.7530.
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The paper explores the importance of school climate and goal achievement structure in Nigerian public schools. It highlights the significance of these elements in shaping the educational environment. The school climate, influenced by factors such as leadership, teacher-student relationships, safety and discipline, significantly impacts student well-being, academic performance and overall school success. The goal achievement structure is also crucial in Nigerian public schools, drives academic progress and shapes the future of students. The relationship between school climate and goal achievement structure is also explored. This understanding is crucial for fostering a conducive educational environment and achieving academic objectives. The paper then delves into goal achievement structure, its significance in Nigerian public schools to firm its alignment with national education objectives and the challenges associated with its implementation. It highlights the complexities of implementing these components within the Nigerian public school system. In conclusion, understanding the influence of school climate and goal achievement structure in Nigerian public schools is crucial for improving education quality and fostering an academic and personal growth environment.
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Wood Jr., Thomaz, und Marcelo Pereira Binder. „Prisioneiros do discurso: o caso da indústria brasileira de transporte aéreo“. Revista de Administração Pública 44, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2010): 1273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-76122010000600002.
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Este artigo examina as mudanças ocorridas na indústria brasileira de transporte aéreo no período de 1970 a 2005. O objeto de estudo foram três empresas - Varig, Tam e Gol -, líderes de mercado no decorrer do período estudado. Como referencial teórico, foi empregada uma combinação "não ortodoxa" com conceitos de discurso e narrativa, nostalgia e memória organizacional, comprometimento estratégico e visão baseada em recursos (RBV). Mostramos como são formados certos discursos associados a determinadas lógicas dominantes, as quais por sua vez condicionam a definição de modelos de negócios e a utilização de competências e recursos estratégicos. Mostramos também que tais discursos alinham-se à memória organizacional, fomentam a nostalgia e estimulam a inércia organizacional, dificultando processos adaptativos de mudança e alteração do conjunto de recursos necessários a novas dinâmicas do mercado.
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Robiatul Adawiyah, Putri, und Fenti Yunita. „Corruption Watch Policy and The Risks of Increased Corruption During the Pandemic“. International Social Sciences and Humanities 1, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/issh.v1i1.31.
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The government is trying to make policies to control corruption and trying to reduce the Risk of Increasing Corruption During the Pandemic through various efforts, one of which is using the GOL application. Innovaton breakthrough in efforts to eradicate corruption in Indonesia. Building a smart community culture and anti-corruption is one of the big challenges for the Indonesian state. Building character by instilling some values for anti-corruption education is one positive way that needs to be done. Efforts are made for the public to find out information, so that findings of corruption will be processed faster and cause the public to start to be careful and try to avoid corruption and to be actively involved in monitoring and efforts to prevent corruption during pandemic
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Ugalde Ramìrez, José Alexis, und Óscar Milton Rivas-Borbón. „Ventaja de jugar en casa y el efecto de anotar primero en el fútbol profesional costarricense. Análisis de los campeonatos 2012/13 - 2018/19“. MHSalud: Revista en Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Salud 20, Nr. 1 (01.01.2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/mhs.20-1.10.
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Objetivo: analizar la ventaja de jugar en casa y la influencia de anotar primero sobre el resultado de los partidos en 14 campeonatos, desde el 2012/13 hasta el 2018/19, en el fútbol profesional costarricense. Metodología: se examinó un total de 1848 partidos, considerando el resultado del partido (ganador, empate o perdedor), la localización (local y visitante) y el orden de anotación (primero y segundo). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas.
Resultados: se evidenció que los equipos que jugaban de locales lograron mayor número de victorias (Z = -4,51; p < 0,01) y anotaron más goles (Z = -4,51; p < 0,01) que los visitantes. La ventaja de jugar en casa fue de 62,46 % y esta no difirió significativamente entre los campeonatos (H = 10,86; p = 0,62). La ventaja de anotar de primero fue de 78,86 % para equipos locales y de 72,26 % para los visitantes. Cuando el equipo local anotaba el primer gol, ganaba el 73,73 % de sus partidos, mientras que, los equipos visitantes terminaban ganando el 58,12 % de las veces (χ2 = 53,674; p < 0,001; phi = 0,17, V = 0,17). Los 4 mejores equipos de la tabla de clasificación anotaron más goles y ganaron más partidos tanto en casa como de visita y presentaron una ventaja de anotar de primeros superiores cuando jugaban de visita, en comparación con los que ocuparon las otras posiciones.
Conclusión: jugar en casa y anotar el primer gol representaron una ventaja para que los equipos obtuvieran resultados positivos en los campeonatos de fútbol costarricense analizados.
Implicaciones: estos resultados pueden orientar a los cuerpos técnicos a plantear estrategias para afrontar partidos que disputen tanto en casa como de visita.
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Nord, Warren A. „Does God Belong in Public Schools?“ Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 108, Nr. 1 (Januar 2006): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810610800147.
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Lee, Jaekyung, und Moosung Lee. „Is “Whole Child” Education Obsolete? Public School Principals’ Educational Goal Priorities in the Era of Accountability“. Educational Administration Quarterly 56, Nr. 5 (20.03.2020): 856–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x20909871.
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Objectives: Working under the constraints of external accountability policy, public school principals are faced with challenges in prioritizing educational goals. Using the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) data sets, this study examined the nature and sources of changes in principals’ educational goal priorities in the era of accountability, including the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Method: Difference-in-differences method was used to compare the national average trends of educational goal priorities between public and private schools during 1991–2012 period. Comparative interrupted time series method was also used to explore the impact of NCLB accountability policy on those trends across 50 states. At the school level, logistic regression was applied to examine the effect of NCLB Adequate Yearly Progress status on principals’ educational priorities. Results: While academic goals gained traction over the 1991–2012 period, there were setbacks for other goals of education, particularly personal growth and vocational skills. Notably, public schools’ priority changes were more drastic than private schools’ changes. The divergent trends largely persisted after NCLB across the states. On the other hand, public school principals who previously failed to meet NCLB targets gave more emphasis on basic skills and less emphasis on academic excellence and personal growth. Conclusion: Public school principal’s priorities on academic goals have been shaped by test-driven accountability measures, while other equally important goals have been possibly deprioritized. It gives implications for the implementation of the Every Student Succeeds Act, in which educational leaders can redesign accountability systems and incorporate nonacademic measures for whole child education.
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Lund, Christopher C., und Kent Greenawalt. „Does God Belong in the Public Schools?“ Journal of Law and Religion 20, Nr. 2 (2004): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144677.
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Malik, Dr Saima, Dr. Laila Khalid und Huma Ghulam Nabi. „Sustainable Development Goal-4 with the Perspective of Public Schools in Punjab“. MAIRAJ 2, Nr. 2 (02.01.2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/mairaj.v2i2.17.
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This qualitative study aimed to examine the practical implications of Sustainable Development Goal-4 (SDGs) in public schools of Punjab. SDG-4 targets were analyzed through an educational plan framework (Asghar, 2016). Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) was deployed to analyze the status of implementation of SDG-4 and key gaps between the settled targets of SDG-4 and initiatives taken by the School Education Department Govt. of Punjab by organizing textual data and producing codes, and themes. Findings revealed that the School Education Department is managing three projects ie. Punjab Human Capital Investment Project (PHCIP), Actions to Strengthen Performance for Inclusive and Responsive Education (ASPIRE), and Transformation in Access, Learning, Equity & Education Management" (TALEEM) funded by World Bank and UNICEF respectively by its attached organization Punjab Monitoring and Implementation Unit-Punjab Education Sector Reforms (PMIU-PESRP). The findings of the present study are very informative as well as useful for researchers, School Education Department, and donor-funded agencies. Key recommendations include continuous teachers training; provision of resources to access quality and inclusive education; targeted interventions and societal awareness for removal of language and gender disparities in order to ensure equal learning opportunities for all.
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Akimi, YESSOUFOU. „Parental Involvement and School Performance: Comparison of Fifth and Sixth Graders in Two Primary Schools at Glo-djigbe in Benin“. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, Nr. 9 (13.09.2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.9.4.
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Parent involvement is theoretically known to contribute to children’s educational success; consequently, the lack of or poor parent involvement may potentially cause school failure. The current research aims at testing this proposition by comparing two primary schools that serve the same area of Glo-Djigbé in Abomey-Calavi municipality: Ste Marcelline Catholic school, where parent involvement is part of the school culture, and Glo-Djigbé/A public primary, consonant with poor parent involvement. A mixed methodological approach consisted of the use of a questionnaire, semi-directed interview, and direct observation, enabling the comparison of the practices of occurring parent involvement and the school performance of fifth and sixth graders in both schools; altogether, a sample of 124 different stakeholders took part in the research. As a result, the school with higher parent involvement (95%) got total success for all their candidates in the CEP national exam, constantly in five successive years, whereas the second school with poor parent involvement tried to obtain 73% of its candidates to pass within the same period. Though the positive effect of parent involvement
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Akporehe, Dorah A., und Mary A. Uviovo. „Innovations for Attaining Sustainable Development Goal: Persisting in Schools in Nigeria“. Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, Nr. 4 (08.07.2021): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0092.
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The study was carried out to determine challenges of girl child education as regards persistence in secondary education as well as determine innovations that will help to prevent this act in Delta state public secondary schools. It is an expose facto design that employed survey method to obtain the data. The population of the study consisted of 14,877 public secondary teachers in Delta state. The sampling technique adopted was the cluster and random sampling using balloting system. A total number of 744teachers were sampled to form the sample size. The instrument utilized was the Innovation for Attaining Girl Child Persisting in School Questionnaire (IAGCPSQ). Analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics of mean rating, standard deviation. The hypotheses were tested using t- test. The study found the most outstanding challenges of school persistence and the most crucial innovation aimed at encouraging girl child in school. Based on the findings, it was recommended that abrogation of cultural barriers that inhibit girl child education be made, orientating girl child towards the value of education, making school environment friendly to girl child learning, improving living conditions of families amongst others. Received: 19 March 2021 / Accepted: 5 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Davis, Stephen H., und Ronald J. Leon. „Teaching Gil to Lead“. Journal of School Leadership 19, Nr. 3 (Mai 2009): 266–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268460901900302.
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The complexities of public education today require new, distributed models of school leadership in which teachers play a central role. The most effective teachers assume leadership roles as instructors and professional colleagues. In this article, we propose a framework for developing teacher leadership that consists of four intersecting domains: instrumental, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational. These domains are mediated by the principal's beliefs, social context, organizational culture, work tasks, and district philosophy. In our framework, developing teacher leadership begins at the level of individual expertise and progresses outward across the layers of a school organization. Guided by the principal and the development of instructional expertise, a teacher's leadership skill emerges through increased exposures to boundary-crossing experiences within the school organization.
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Manesis, Dionysios. „Barriers to the Use of Games-Based Learning in Pre-School Settings“. International Journal of Game-Based Learning 10, Nr. 3 (Juli 2020): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgbl.2020070103.
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The main aim of this research is to investigate how teachers perceive the barriers that limit the adoption and implementation of games-based learning in early childhood education on Cyprus. Teachers are working in public and private pre-schools. A 19-item questionnaire was administered to 148 early childhood teachers in Cyprus (78 public pre-school teachers and 70 private pre-school teachers). Factor analysis reveals three types of barriers to the use of games-based learning in early childhood classroom: lack of confidence, lack of support, and lack of equipment. The higher the teachers' self-efficacy in using digital games is, the lower the level of teachers' perception regarding the barrier lack of confidence becomes. Teachers with no frequent use of computer and digital games in the classroom perceive lack of confidence as a major barrier. Public pre-schools teachers have significantly more positive attitudes toward the usefulness of GBL than private pre-schools teachers.
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Nonyelum Odigwe,, Francisca, und Valentine Joseph Owan,. „Principals’ management of financial and non-financial resources as correlates of institutional goal fulfilment in secondary schools in calabar metropolis“. Global Journal of Educational Research 21, Nr. 2 (25.08.2022): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjedr.v21i2.5.
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This research examined the management of financial and non-financial resources by Calabar Metropolis’ public secondary school principals in relation to the fulfillment of institutional goals. Null hypotheses were developed based on the two specific objectives guiding the study. The study used the ex-post facto research design under the quantitative research framework. A census approach was adopted in enumerating all the 69 school managers (24 principals and 45 vice principals) in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. A validated questionnaire, with a reliability index of .90, was used for data collection. It was shown that there is a considerable association between the management of financial resources by school leaders and the fulfillment of institutional goals. A significant relationship was also established between principals’ management of non-financial resources (such as school libraries, school records and human resources) and the fulfillment of institutional goals in secondary schools. It is argued that to fulfil educational goals, financial and non-financial resources’ management in public secondary schools are critical. Policy and theoretical implications for successful educational management were discussed in light of this result.
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Puspita, Nawang Ferry Risky Mega, und Adriyanto Adriyanto. „ANALISIS ASUPAN GULA, GARAM DAN LEMAK (GGL) DARI JAJANAN PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI DAN SWASTA DI KOTA SURABAYA“. Amerta Nutrition 3, Nr. 1 (04.03.2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v3i1.2019.58-62.
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Background: School age children frequently buy snacks that near them, even thought snacks available in school contain an average amount of sugar, salt and fat. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze intake of sugar, salt and fat from public and private elementary school children. Methods: This research was cross sectional design. The samples were 131 children in IV dan V class public and private elementary school, taken by proportional random sampling method and simple random sampling. Data were collected by interview method used Semi Quantitative Food Frequency questionare. Data were analysed by Mann Whitney. Results: Different test of intake sugar, salt and fat in both school were intake sugar (p=0.001), intake salt (0.000) and intake fat (0.000). Contributed intake of sugar, salt and fat from snacks in public school were 130.6%, 86% and 65.7% from standart per day, even thought contributed intake of sugar, salt and fat from snacks in private school were 81.2%, 44% and 35.8% from standart per day.Conclusions: The conclusion of this study showed that there was had difference intake of sugar, salt and fat between children in public and private school. Intake of sugar, salt and fat in public school more higher than private school signed with intake of sugar, salt and fat more than 50% from standart consumtion per day. Intake of sugar, salt and fat moreover standart in long periode does change nutritional status, so to prohibition obesity in children must limit consumtion snacks especially sweets, salty and fatty. Beside that, children must have education about healthy snacks.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Anak sekolah cenderung membeli jajanan yang dekat dengan mereka, sedangkan makanan jajanan yang tersedia di sekolah rata-rata mengandung gula, garam dan lemak dalam jumlah yang tinggi.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis asupan gula, garam dan lemak dari jajanan pada anak sekolah dasar negeri dan swasta.Metode: Desain ini adalah cross sectional. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 131 siswa kelas IV dan V di SD negeri dan swasta yang dipilih dengan proportional random sampling lalu dilanjutkan dengan simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data meliputi wawacara menggunakan form Semi Quantitative Food Frequency. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji Mann Whitney.Hasil: Uji beda untuk asupan GGL di sekolah dasar negeri dan swasta yaitu asupan gula (p = 0,001), asupan garam (p=0,000) dan asupan lemak (p=0,000). Kontribusi asupan GGL dari jajanan di SD negeri berturut-turut sebesar 130,6%, 86% dan 65,7% dari batas konsumsi GGL sehari, sedangkan asupan GGL dari jajanan di SD swasta berkontribusi berturut-turut sebesar 81,2%, 44% dan 35,8% dari batas konsumsi GGL sehari. Kesimpulan: Ada perbedaan asupan GGL dari anak yang bersekolah di SD negeri dan SD swasta. Asupan GGL lebih tinggi pada anak yang bersekolah di SD negeri dibandingkan di SD swasta ditandai dengan konsumsi GGL yang melebihi 50% dari batas konsumsi GGL sehari. Asupan GGL yang berlebihan dalam jangka waktu yang relatif lama dapat menyebabkan perubahan status gizi sehingga, asupan GGL tetap perlu dijaga agar tidak melebihi batas konsumsinya dengan cara membatasi jajanan yang manis, gurih dan berlemak serta memberikan pendidikan gizi tentang jajanan sehat bagi anak.
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Luther, Lauren, Haley A. Chrisos und Oren Ganor. „Pulling Strings: Otoplasty Complicated by Wound Dehiscence in the Setting of Prolonged Mask Wearing“. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 10, Nr. 2 (Februar 2022): e4144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000004144.
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Summary: Improved understanding of the psychosocial effects of prominent ears has led to increased intervention in early school-aged children. Cartilage-sparing otoplasty procedures are commonly used in this population, given the effectiveness of sutures in remodeling the pliable pediatric ear. In addition to their efficacy, another advantage of these techniques is their low overall complication rates, with complications beyond 3 months being particularly uncommon. We present the clinical case of a 5-year-old female patient who experienced wound dehiscence 9 months after her cartilage-sparing otoplasty. Before experiencing her atypical complication, she had been wearing an ear-looped mask daily to comply with guidelines developed to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in schools. The use of masks would previously not have been a concern in this age group, but given the longevity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of masking as a public health tool, this needs to be a consideration for otoplasty patients going forward. Pressure and friction on an immature surgical scar impede healing and expose the patient to increased risk of complications. Therefore, we discuss options for decreasing exposure to COVID-19 and complying with local face-covering policies while avoiding the direct contact associated with traditional ear-looped masks. Additionally, we explore the role permanent suture material may have played in predisposing our patient to mask-related irritation.
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Prayoga, Boby Indra, Bambang Satriya und Praptining Sukowati. „Community Participation Regional Head Election for the Regent and Deputy Regent of Deli Serdang Regency in 2018(Study of Phenomenological Participation Theory)“. International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities 04, Nr. 02 (2023): 08–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47505/ijrss.2023.v4.2.2.
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This study aims to analyze the extent of community participation in Deli Serdangdistrict in the implementation of the 2018 regional head election and to analyze the factors that encourage and hinder or become obstacles for the community in Deli Serdang Regency in carrying out or participating, in using their voting rights in regionalhead elections. The method used in studying the phenomenon of community participation (phenomenological) is a qualitative research method. The results of this study are first, the public perceives regional elections as rah-rah (spending funds); no benefit; not thinking about the fate of the people; and people's aspirations are not accommodated, tend to be manipulative. Second, background and basic considerations used as justification for people's attitude not to proceed in Pilkada or not to vote alias Gol-Put is because they do not know the candidates closely; socialization that was less than optimal and he called the Pilkada as something oriented solely to position, while their aspirations were never accommodated and their aspirations paid attention to over the entire Pilkada process
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Kirkhaug, Rudi, und Hallgeir Halvari. „Relations among Freedom of Action, Goal Orientation, Coupling, and Satisfaction with Frame Management among School Managers“. Psychological Reports 83, Nr. 1 (August 1998): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.339.
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Determinants of satisfaction with frame management were investigated among 78 managers representing all 30 upper secondary schools in Nordland county, Norway. The school managers are managed by the central county administration through a frame management system. Frame management or frame budgeting is a system for managing decentralised units in the public sector while trying to meet the needs for accountability and flexibility which should make public service more cost effective and of better quality. Subjects were tested on perceived goal orientation of the management system, their perceived personal coupling to the central county administration and their perceived freedom of action within the frames. The school managers' personal competence, i.e., education and leadership competence, and the cultural climate of cooperation in schools were also assessed. Analyses showed that all these determinants correlated positively and significantly with satisfaction with frame management, and multiple regression analysis showed freedom of action and education to be the major predictors of satisfaction with frame management in this sample.
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Abigail Gire, Fanan, Ategwu Patrick Ogar und EKPO ALICE N. „Managing nonteaching staff for institutional best practices and goal achievement in public secondary schools in benue state, nigeria“. Global Journal of Educational Research 22, Nr. 1 (13.05.2023): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjedr.v22i1.5.
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Educational institutions target academic excellence through teaching and learning; to attain this, institutions employ best practices in handling teaching and nonteaching staff towards achievement of educational goals been teaching and learning. This study examines the extent of influence managing nonteaching staff in public secondary schools have on institutional best practices and goal achievement in boarding schools in the era of Covid 19. Specifically, the extent of influence of managing boarding master/mistress and cleaners has on institutional best practices and goal achievement. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprised 1,054 secondary school teachers drawn from 302 public secondary schools in Benue State. Out of which 350 teachers were randomly sampled. A self-structured questionnaire titled “Nonteaching staff and Best practices for Goal achievement Rating Scale (NBGRS)” was used to collect data for the study. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while, Chi-square test of goodness of fit was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that managing boarding master/mistress and cleaners significantly influences institutional best practices and goal achievement in secondary schools. Recommendations were that; school administrators should build capacity through training and retraining of nonteaching staff in all aspects of Covid 19; for institutional best practices to be upheld for overall goal achievement in secondary schools.
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Dias, Nildo Da Silva, Marcus Vinicius A. M. de Oliveira und Rubens Duarte Coelho. „RESISTÊNCIA DE DIFERENTES TIPOS DE TUBOGOTEJADORES AO ENTUPIMENTO POR PRECIPITAÇÃO QUÍMICA DE CÁLCIO“. IRRIGA 9, Nr. 2 (20.08.2004): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2004v9n2p115-125.
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RESISTÊNCIA DE DIFERENTES TIPOS DE TUBOGOTEJADORES AO ENTUPIMENTO POR PRECIPITAÇÃO QUÍMICA DE CÁLCIO Nildo da Silva Dias1; Marcus Vinicius A. M. de Oliveira2; Rubens Duarte Coelho11Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, nisdias@esalq.usp.br2Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 1 RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar a susceptibilidade de tubogotejadores ao entupimento por precipitados químicos à base de sulfato de cálcio, foi desenvolvido um experimento no Laboratório de Irrigação da Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. Foram utilizados três tipos de tubogotejadores não autocompensáveis (Carbo Drip 2,30 L h-1 – T1; Hydro Gol, 2,00 L h-1 – T2 e Typhoon 1,70 L h-1 – T3) instalados em uma bancada, com 6 m de comprimento x 1,3 m de largura e 1,45 de altura, com cinco segmentos de linhas para cada tipo de tubogotejador. Verificou-se a influência causada pela indução forçada de precipitação química no coeficiente de variação de vazão (CVq), no desvio padrão, na vazão média e na taxa de redução de vazão dos emissores. Os resultados mostram que o tempo de funcionamento dos emissores influiu no CVq devido à ocorrência de obstruções tanto parcial como total. A obstrução do orifício de saída do tubogotejadores, decorrente do tempo de funcionamento, contribui para o aumento dos coeficientes de variação, constituindo um problema sério da irrigação localizada, pela desuniformidade de vazão causada. UNITERMOS: Irrigação localizada, obstrução de emissores, sulfato de cálcio. DIAS, N. da S.; OLIVEIRA, M. V. A. M. de; COELHO, R. D. CLOGGING RESISTANCE OF DIFFERENT DRIP LINE FOR CALCIUM CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION 2 ABSTRACT To evaluate the drip line clogging susceptibility to chemical precipitate of calcium sulfate, a study was carried out in the Irrigation Laboratory of the Superior School of Agriculture " Luiz de Queiroz " (USP/ESALQ). Three different drip lines (Carbo Drip 2,30 L h-1 - T1; Hydro Gol, 2,00 L h-1 - T2 and Typhoon 1,70 L h-1 - T3)were used and installed in a 6 m long x 1.3 m wide x 1.45 m high dench. The influence caused by the chemical precipitation in the flow variation coefficient (CVq), standard deviation, medium flow and rate flow reduction of the emitters was verified. The results showed that the operation time of the emitters influences on CVq, due to occurrence of partial and total obstructions of emitters. Dripper exit obstruction due to operation time contributes to the increase of the flow rate variation coefficients, resulting in a serious problem in trickle irrigation. KEYWORDS: Trickle irrigation, emitter clogging, calcium sulfate
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E. Okon, James, Festus O. Arop, Rosemary O. Osim und Nse N. Ukpong. „Principals’ Management of School Material Resources and Secondary Education Goal Attainment: A Case Study of Secondary School Managers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria“. Journal of Social Sciences Research, Nr. 69 (30.09.2020): 856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.69.856.864.
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The main thrust of this study was to examine principals’ resources management and goal attainment in public secondary schools. Three null hypotheses were formulated following the specific purposes of the study. This study was tailored to follow the ex-post facto research design. The population of this study consisted of 681 secondary school administrators (227 principals and 454 vice principals) distributed across 227 public secondary schools situated in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Census technique was adopted in studying the entire population. A self-structured and administered questionnaire titled, “Principals’ Resources Management and Goal Attainment Questionnaire (PRMEAQ)” was used as data collection instrument. The null hypotheses of the study were all tested at. 05 level of significance using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Analysis. Findings of the study indicated that financial management, management of school libraries and school records management all have a partial significant relationship with goal attainment in secondary schools. In line with this finding, relevant policy implications were discussed. It is recommended, among others, that secondary school principals should effectively and prudently utilize available material resources as well as internally generated funds for judicious purposes.
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Yang, Wanni, und Lin Zhen. „Household perceptions of factors that affect food consumption in grassland areas: a case study in the Xilin Gol Grassland, China“. Environmental Research Letters 15, Nr. 11 (27.11.2020): 115007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc0b9.
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T.J., Nwuke, und Soli R. „Reengineering Supervisory Practices for Effective Goal Attainment in Public Senior Secondary Schools in Rivers State“. British Journal of Contemporary Education 3, Nr. 2 (12.08.2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjce-pioambyd.
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This study examined reengineering supervisory practices for effective goal attainment in public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. The study was guided by three research questions. The research design employed in this study was a descriptive research design. The population of the study comprised all supervisors in the ministry of education and the Rivers State senior secondary school board. The total population of supervisors in the Ministry of Education is one hundred and ninety-one (191), and supervisors in the Rivers State Senior Secondary Schools Board are one hundred and thirty-one (131). Hence, the population for this study is three hundred and twenty-two (322). The sample of the study is composed of three hundred and twenty-two (322) supervisors in the Rivers State Ministry of Education and the Rivers Senior Secondary Schools Board. The census sampling technique was adopted. This technique is considered most appropriate because the population of the study is quite small and can be managed. However, out of 322 copies of the instrument distributed, 280 were correctly filled and returned, which represented an 87% return rate of the instrument distributed and used for data analysis. The instrument that was used for data collection was a self-constructed questionnaire titled Reengineering Supervisory Practices for Effective Goal Attainment Questionnaire (RSPEGAQ). Reliability for the study was determined using the Cronbach alpha coefficient statistics. The reliable index yielded a result of 0.892, which showed that the instrument was reliable and was adopted for the study. Mean and Standard Deviation Statistics were used to answer the research questions. Through the implementation of supportive supervision models that foster a culture of self-reflection, public schools can witness notable enhancements in the achievement of objectives, professional development, collaboration, accountability, and instructional leadership. The study recommends, among other things, that a systematic approach be implemented, involving administrators, teachers, and other relevant stakeholders, in order to establish goals. This approach should prioritise open communication and shared decision-making to ensure that these goals are in line with the school's vision and long-term objectives.
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Staniok, Camilla Denager. „Co-Determination as a Path to Goal Commitment: Managing Danish Upper Secondary Schools“. World Political Science 13, Nr. 2 (20.12.2017): 333–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/wps-2017-0012.
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AbstractPerformance management systems that include goal setting have become a widespread instrument in public management, intended to ensure that the entire organization is working to meet the same goals. One key question, however, is how public managers can ensure their employees’ commitment to the goals that management has chosen to prioritize. This article examines the importance of “co-determination” for the relationship between managers’ goal prioritization and the goal commitment of the employees in upper secondary schools in Denmark. Co-determination has the potential to create a common direction and committed employees, thereby rendering it a valuable tool for public managers in goal setting processes. Analysis of ten qualitative interviews with teachers and principals provides rich insight into the concept of co-determination in the context of Danish education, and a quantitative analysis of two parallel questionnaires with 73 principals and 1353 teachers reveals how co-determination has a positive impact on the association between a school principal’s prioritization of the goal of achieving a high completion rate and the teachers’ commitment to the goal.
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Yan, Xinlei, Wenying Han, Yang Wang, Hongbo Zhang und Zhihui Gao. „Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep in Inner Mongolia Province, China“. Parasite 27 (2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020008.
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Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans, and infection may result in many adverse effects on animal husbandry production. Animal husbandry in Inner Mongolia is well developed, but data on T. gondii infection in sheep are lacking. In this study, we determined the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of T. gondii using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. A total of 1853 serum samples were collected from 29 counties of Xilin Gol League (n = 624), Hohhot City (n = 225), Ordos City (n = 158), Wulanchabu City (n = 144), Bayan Nur City (n = 114) and Hulunbeir City (n = 588). The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 15.43%. Risk factor analysis showed that seroprevalence was higher in sheep ≥12 months of age (21.85%) than that in sheep <12 months of age (10.20%) (p < 0.01). Seroprevalence was higher in male sheep (18.76%) than females (12.80%) (p < 0.01). Barn-feeding sheep (23.13%) had higher prevalence than grazing sheep (10.94%) (p < 0.01). The seroprevalence was significantly different in different districts (p < 0.01). This study shows that sheep are exposed to T. gondii in Inner Mongolia, and provides a data reference for public health and disease control.
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Stackhouse, John G. „Putting God in God’s Place“. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 45, Nr. 3 (10.07.2016): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429816637638.
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Should theology be a part of the Great Conversation of the modern university? Oxford and Cambridge employ theologians while in Australia theology is utterly unknown in any reputable secular university. Harvard, Yale, and Chicago maintain divinity schools while Princeton, Stanford, and the best public institutions in America keep theology resolutely on the margins—in student clubs and chaplaincies. Canadian universities present a widely varying spectrum from coast to coast. This article explores why there is ambiguity and ambivalence over such an ancient discipline, particularly dealing with critiques in the name of “scientific” rigour. It shows how theology and the public university can be mutually beneficial so long as each abides by its authentic norms.
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Moran, Peter William. „Too Little, Too Late: The Illusive Goal of School Desegregation in Kansas City, Missouri, and the Role of the Federal Government“. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 107, Nr. 9 (September 2005): 1933–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810810700902.
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This article explores the twisting and complicated history of school desegregation in Kansas City, Missouri, as an example of how illusive meaningful racial integration was and still is in urban America. The goal of desegregation was difficult to achieve from the beginning, when the school district adopted its initial desegregation plan based on neighborhood schools. This article examines the impact of that plan and its many shortcomings, particularly the provision permitting students to transfer between schools and the manner in which massive demographic change in the city undermined desegregation. The role of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) is also examined in detail, especially the department's part in pressuring school officials in Kansas City to reform the original plan in the early 1970s. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Kansas City school district, like a great many other urban school districts, had experienced massive white and middle-class flight that left it with a smaller tax base and significant fiscal difficulties. Consequently, the Kansas City Public Schools grew increasingly reliant on federal funding. In compelling Kansas City to make changes to its desegregation plan, HEW officials used a “carrot and stick” approach. On one hand, HEW offered incentives to the school district in the form of large grants; on the other hand, HEW coerced the school district into making reforms by threatening to terminate the school district's federal funding. Ultimately, the desegregation that was accomplished in Kansas City was far too little and came far too late, after the school district had lost most of its white students to the predominantly white suburbs beyond. This historical analysis of school desegregation in Kansas City is important because it illustrates how race, inequality, and segregation profoundly affected an urban school district's willingness and ability to implement Brown, with or without federal funding. Similar stories echo through urban school districts across the United States.
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Deiana, Igor, und Stefania Spina. „Second language learning for vulnerable adult migrants: The case of the Italian public school“. Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 47, Nr. 2 (10.01.2021): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2020.47.2.02.
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Over the last years, thousands of asylum seekers and refugees have arrived in Italy, including a large number of teenagers without any adult caregivers and women. A significant part of them is placed in the Italian language courses for foreigners organised by the Provincial Centre for Adult Education, commonly called CPIA (Centro Provinciale per l’Istruzione degli Adulti). This paper addresses the exploration of the language testing and assessment of the courses organized by this institution. With the aim of evaluating these aspects, the paper concentrates on the CPIA, its teachers, and its students. Focusing on CPIA’s language courses, we investigate the language testing and assessment carried out at the beginning and at the end of the language courses. Thanks to these observations, the paper tries to identify some critical aspects and to understand their causes.
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Myers, William R. „John Dewey, God, and the religious education of the American public“. Theology Today 74, Nr. 2 (Juli 2017): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040573616688732.
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American philosopher John Dewey (1859–1953) wanted to change the way we understand the world. Born just prior to our Civil War, Dewey is a telling figure as the authority of a premodern day gave way to the progressive promise of modernity. In this regard, Dewey's family, church, college, academic, and peer relationships are considered. The article notes the “new” pedagogy of the Laboratory School (founded by Dewey and his wife at the University of Chicago in 1894), his early Christian years, and attraction to and struggle with evolutionary science's rational approach to experience. That struggle culminated with Dewey's rejection of theistic philosophical arguments and a withdrawal from the institutional church on his family's arrival in Chicago. We see how an administrative argument over the leadership of the Laboratory School took him to New York City and Columbia (1904). By this time he was acknowledged as a founder of the Progressive and Pragmatist movements. A self-described liberal humanist, he continued his involvement with social reform and the national politics of his day. A public argument as to the reality of God led Dewey to repackage religious faith as the possibility of a nation's scientific embrace of thoughtful, well-educated, participatory democracy. His resulting book, A Common Faith (1934), is considered. How his peer, Reinhold Niebuhr, might differ serves here as a contrast to Dewey's understanding.
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Bendikson, Linda, Mark Broadwith, Tong Zhu und Frauke Meyer. „Goal pursuit practices in high schools: hitting the target?“ Journal of Educational Administration 58, Nr. 6 (19.08.2020): 713–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-01-2020-0020.
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PurposeThis article investigates goal pursuit practices in a sample of 31 New Zealand high schools. It examines goal knowledge of middle and senior leaders, the alignment of this knowledge and factors related to improvement.Design/methodology/approachGoals from schools' annual improvement plans were identified and counted at the beginning of the academic year. Senior and middle leaders were asked to recall their school's academic goals from memory. Responses were scored against the goals in the schools' plans to produce an accuracy score for each leader and for each middle and senior leadership team (SLT). At the end of the academic year, leaders recounted their goals and rated and commented on their SLT’s goal focus. Data analysis examined goal knowledge, alignment of middle and senior leaders' goal knowledge and SLT's goal focus. Comments were analyzed thematically in regard to the number and clarity of the goals and how goals were communicated, enacted and monitored.FindingsOur findings show a lack of goal clarity, persistence across the year and effective strategy hampered the majority of schools in their goal pursuit. Only a few schools had a strong and aligned goal focus. Factors influencing perceived improvement included: fewer and greater clarity of goals, engagement of middle leaders in setting goals, establishing sound supporting structures and regular monitoring of progress.Originality/valueWhile annual improvement plans outlining multiple goals are often compulsory for schools, little is known about their impact on practice. This research clarifies the state of goal pursuit in a sample of high schools.
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Unwanullah, Arif, und Darmiyati Zuchdi. „Pendidikan akhlak mulia pada sekolah menengah pertama Bina Anak Soleh Tuban“. Jurnal Pembangunan Pendidikan: Fondasi dan Aplikasi 5, Nr. 1 (05.09.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jppfa.v5i1.14400.
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Pendidikan akhlak mulia selama ini lebih menekankan pada aspek pengetahuan dari pada aspek sikap dan aplikasinya. Fenomena tawuran pelajar dan pergaulan bebas menjadi bukti. Sekolah Islam berasrama dengan kurikulum khasnya dianggap berhasil mengelola pendidikan karakter akhlak mulia. Namun belum semua sekolah mampu mengelolanya secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dan menggali data mengenai bagaimana perencanaan, implementasi, evaluasi, dan pengelolaan asrama (boarding school system) pendidikan akhlak mulia dilakukan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, merupakan studi kasus SMP BAS school boarding sistem Tuban. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sekolah melakukan perencanaan program diawali dengan penetapan visi dan misi, tujuan, standart kelulusan, menyusun kurikulum terpadu mengintegrasikan antara kurikulum nasional dan kurikulum khas pondok pesantren dengan penekanan pada pendidikan akhlak mulia. evaluasi dilakukan terus menerus terhadap seluruh aspek kegiatan siswa. Keberhasilan ditandai adanya perubahan perilaku siswa seperti disiplin, rajin ibadah, taat, jujur, dan berprestasi. Masyarakat makin percaya dan lembaga makin berkembang. Salah satu rekomendasi penelitian agar semua pemangku kepentingan komitmen terhadap rencana, menjadi contoh dan melakukan pembinaan terus menerus serta menjalin kemitraan.Kata kunci: pengelolaan, pendidikan, akhlak mulia GOOD MANNERS EDUCATION AT YUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL TUBANAbstractGood manner education tends to emphasize on knowledge but weak on attitude and its application. The phenomenon of students do juvenile delinquency, promiscuity, and abuse of drugs. Islamic boarding schools with integrating curriculum of national and local /manhaj tarbiyah emphasizes on Islamic religion subjects and good manner values to students. However, many schools have not succeded in managing good manner education yet. This study is aimed to know and find out data about planning, implementation, evaluation, and management school boarding of good manner eduction as a case study of qualitative research in SMP BAS school boarding system Tuban. The study finds that the planning program is formulated in school vision and mission, gol, standart graduation, develop integrated curriculum, and actualizes in active learning process, develop students’ extra activity, religious habit and leadership. Evaluation conducted on whole activities continuously. The success of managerial implementation has been indicated by students’ attitude changes such as disciplinary, obedience, learning achievement, and less violence. For making effective good manner education program should involve of parents community, togetherness and commitment.Keywords: managing, good manner, islamic based
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Salsiah, Ai. „KEMAMPUAN MENYUSUN HIPOTESIS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPA MELALUI METODE EKSPERIMEN PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR“. Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar 6, Nr. 2 (30.12.2015): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpd.062.01.
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This Research aimed at increasing the ability compiled hypothesis in Scientific Learning through the experiment method. This Research is done at SDNegeriPajeleran 01 located at Jl. DadiKusmayadi kelurahan Sukahati Kecamatan Cibinong. Research is an action research class room. The observation Result that the average of students score in scientific subject got higher from 68 become 80, KKM achievements increase as high as 23% and the ability compiles hypothesis at each indicator is increase from 2,99 to 3,22, logical indicator increase 3,19 to 3,21 and deductive indicator increase from 2,90 to 3,20. The Rule of teacher action and participant have reached 100%. This research Result can become input for teacher to apply experiment method in compiling hypothesis at scientific learning.
Keyword: Compile hypothesis, natural science, eksperimen, elementary school.
Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kemampuan meyusun hipotesis melalui metode ilmiah percobaan .Penelitian ini ini dilakukan pada SD Negeri Pajeleran 01 yang terletak di jl .Dadi kusmayadi kelurahan Sukahati Kecamatan Cibinong Kabupaten bogor. Jenis penelitian ini adalah PTK kemimis serta mc . Pengamatan hasil bahwa rata-rata siswa mencetak gol ilmiah tunduk punya lebih besar dari 68 menjadi 80 , prestasi meningkatkan setinggi kkm 23 % dan kemampuan mengkompilasi hipotesis di setiap indikator mengalami peningkatan untuk semua dari 2,99 untuk 3,22 , indikator meningkatkan 3,19 untuk 3,21 logis dan indikator deduktif meningkat dari 2,90 untuk 3,20 .Supremasi guru tindakan dan peserta telah mencapai 100 % .Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi masukan bagi guru untuk menerapkan percobaan metode ilmiah dalam kompilasi hipotesis di belajar.
Kata Kunci : Menyusun hipotesis, pembelajaran ilmu pengetahuan alam, eksperimen, sekolah dasar
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Walker, Annette Rosemarie. „“God is my doctor”: mindfulness meditation/prayer as a spiritual well-being coping strategy for Jamaican school principals to manage their work-related stress and anxiety“. Journal of Educational Administration 58, Nr. 4 (08.07.2020): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-06-2019-0097.
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PurposeThis article explores Jamaican secondary school principals' use of mindfulness meditation as a spiritual well-being strategy to manage their work-related stress and anxiety.Design/methodology/approachThe author used qualitative semi-structured interviews to collect the data from 12 Jamaican secondary school principals working in schools supporting rural, urban and inner-city school communities. Thematic coding of the analyzed data was used to understand how principals deal with their work-related stress and anxiety.FindingsThe findings indicate that Jamaican school principals are experiencing work-related stress and anxiety as a result of work intensification, and use mindfulness meditation/prayer as a spiritual coping strategy. The data indicate that principals' primary source of support is their spiritual belief – faith in God and mindfulness meditation/prayer – when dealing with issues related to well-being.Originality/valueThis article explores the use of mindfulness meditation as a non-secular coping strategy, and focuses on an understudied area of educational administration research: Jamaican school principals' well-being. The findings can help inform future education and health policy around occupational health and well-being for professionals, and lay the foundation for greater studies on principal well-being in Jamaican and the Caribbean more generally.
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Pacia, Denward R., und Perla M. Guevarra. „Influence of Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Styles and the Moderating Role of Task Structure in Leadership on Teachers’ Satisfaction, Motivation, and Performance“. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 4, Nr. 7 (23.07.2023): 2330–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.07.15.
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This study investigated the influence of path-goal theory of leadership styles and the moderating role of task structure in leadership on teachers' satisfaction, motivation, and performance in the Division of San Pablo City public secondary schools. The research design adopted for this study was a descriptive-correlational study involving survey questionnaires administered to 579 junior high school teachers across 13 public secondary schools. Data analysis utilized mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Findings indicate that teachers perceived their school heads as demonstrating directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership styles. Task structure in leadership was generally perceived favorably. Teachers exhibited moderate job satisfaction, positive work motivation, and very satisfactory performance across various domains. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between path-goal theory of leadership styles, work motivation, and teachers' performance. However, no significant relationship was found between leadership styles, task structure in leadership, and job satisfaction. Task structure in leadership showed a weak negative correlation with job satisfaction and a moderate negative correlation with aspects of work motivation but no significant relationship with teachers' performance. Regression analysis demonstrated that path-goal theory of leadership styles directly influenced work motivation and teachers' performance, while job satisfaction had a strong baseline level independent of leadership styles. Task structure in leadership moderated the relationship between leadership styles, job satisfaction, and teachers' performance but did not moderate work motivation. This study contributes to understanding leadership practices that positively influence teachers' motivation and performance, offering implications for enhancing school leadership and improving educational quality.
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OLAIFA, Adeseko Sunday, Usamatu ABDULKAFEEL, Leonard SHAIBU, Ebunlomo Oreoluwa OLAIFA und Moses Adeleke ADEOYE. „Parent-Teacher Association Intervention Strategies and Goal Achievement in Public Secondary Schools“. International Journal of Educational Review 6, Nr. 1 (31.01.2024): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijer.v6i1.31227.
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Parent-Teacher Association has ensured and improved the quality and standard of education in Nigeria. This study examined parent-teacher association intervention strategies and goal achievement in public secondary schools in Ilorin-West Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey of correlational type. Two research questions and one hypothesis were raised to guide the study. A purposive random sampling technique was used to select two hundred and thirty-seven respondents from 39 public senior secondary schools in Ilorin-West Local Government Area, Kwara State. The research instrument was titled Parent-Teacher Association Intervention Strategies Questionnaire (PTAISQ) and Goal Achievement Questionnaire (GAQ) was used to collect data for the study. Descriptive statistic of frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation was used to analyze demographics and answer the research questions raised. Inferential statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistics were used to test the formulated research hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed that; the level of parents-teachers’ intervention strategies were high based on the dimensions in Ilorin-West Local Government Area, Kwara State. The level of goal achievement in public secondary schools in Ilorin-West Local Government Area, Kwara State was high. There was a significant relationship between parents-teacher intervention strategies and goal achievement in public secondary schools in Ilorin-West Local Government Area, Kwara State. It was recommended among others that the Kwara State government through Kwara Teaching Service Commission (TESCOM) ensure that qualified and competent teachers are recruited so that effective and efficient teaching and learning processes will be improved.
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Sunday, Osaat Dinah. „Creating Positive Classroom Climate for Secondary School Goal Attainment in Rivers State, Nigeria“. East African Scholars Journal of Education, Humanities and Literature 6, Nr. 11 (14.11.2023): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjehl.2023.v06i11.006.
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The study examined the strategies for creating positive classroom climate for secondary school goal attainment. The descriptive research design was adopted. The population comprised all the 6,956 teachers in the 278 public secondary schools in Rivers state. The sample of 250 teachers was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. A 20 item questionnaire titled ‘Creating Positive Classroom Climate for Secondary School Goal Attainment Questionnaire’ (CPCCSSGAQ) structured on a four point modified likert type scale of Strongly Agreed (4points), Agreed (3points), Disagreed (2points) and Strongly Disagreed (1point) was used for data collection. Data collected were analysed using mean to answer the research questions while z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that creating positive classroom climate can be done by building relationship between teachers and students, organising the physical environment, developing and reinforcing rules to guide the class and promoting collaboration among students by creating groups based on different skills and interest. It concludes that when these strategies are adopted to enhance positive classroom climate, that good teaching and learning leading to attainment of secondary school goals will be achieved. Based on the findings the following recommendations were made; that teachers should be given adequate orientation on the strategies for creating positive classroom climate so that they can adequately apply them in their classes, the government should provide teachers with good incentives to motivate them relate and interact well with the students to enhance effective teaching and learning and finally that the principals should engage in adequate supervision of teachers encouraging them to adopt the strategies to create positive classroom climate to achieve effective teaching and learning leading to attainment of secondary school goals.
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Adipat, Surattana, und Rattanawadee Chotikapanich. „Sustainable Development Goal 4: An Education Goal to Achieve Equitable Quality Education“. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, Nr. 6 (05.11.2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0159.
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The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda is intended to leave no one behind; many people see it as an all-encompassing, global, and interdependent concept. High-quality education will contribute to the development of more stable and long-lasting communities by broadening access to opportunities and fostering greater tolerance within society. Education reforms guaranteeing access to quality primary education rank highly among the Millennium Development Goals. Goal 4 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda emphasizes education’s transformative power for the sake of the world at large. Public schools are responsible for delivering a high-quality education to all students, and businesses and philanthropists may help to make this a reality. The Higher Education Sustainability Initiative and the UNICEF Global Action Plan both have the same overarching goal of assisting educational institutions in developing community-wide strategies for environmental sustainability. In 2018, 20% of the world’s children were not enrolled in schools, and, of those that were, over half had low literacy and numeracy skills. All young people across the world should be able to demonstrate proficiency in numeracy and functional reading by 2030. In this context, this article aims to discuss the connections between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4) and education, research studies from many countries, their significance to education, and future expectations.
Received: 14 September 2022 / Accepted: 5 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022
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Manigbas, Jimmy III, und Yumi Vivien V. De Luna. „Competency of Senior High School Teachers in Assessment and Reporting in Goa District, Philippines“. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education 5, Nr. 2 (08.05.2024): 1494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v5i2.390.
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This study investigated the competency of teachers in assessment and reporting. This involved the forty-five Senior High School teachers in the public secondary schools in the Department of Education (DepEd), Division of Camarines Sur, Goa District, Philippines. A survey questionnaire was utilized to gather data from the respondents on which strands and indicators were rooted in the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST). The study results showed that teachers possessed a Moderately High Level of Competency in all strands along with assessment and reporting. The results further revealed a significant difference between teachers’ competency and demographic profiles when they are grouped according to their educational attainment and status of employment. It recommends that teachers should engage in professional development to continuously increase their knowledge and improve their teaching competencies to do better in their teaching profession.
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Du, B., L. Zhen, R. de Groot, C. E. Goulden, X. Long, X. Cao, R. Wu und C. Sun. „Changing patterns of basic household consumption in the Inner Mongolian grasslands: a case study of policy-oriented adoptive changes in the use of grasslands“. Rangeland Journal 36, Nr. 5 (2014): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14021.
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Grassland ecosystems, as the basic natural resources in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, are becoming increasingly sensitive to human intervention, leading to deterioration in fragile ecosystems. The goal of this study was to describe the restoration policy-oriented adoptive changes to basic household consumption patterns of food, fuel, and water, and their spatial distribution by grassland types in the region. Basic household consumption data were collected in the meadow steppe (Hulun Buir), typical steppe (Xilin Gol), and semi-desert steppe (Ordos) ecosystems using structured questionnaires administered to 209 herders and farmers. In 2010, the householders’ intake comprised a low amount of agri-crops, including staple foods, vegetables and fruit with a high amount of meat, which still dominated the patterns of food consumption. However, the number of households preferring this pattern is decreasing and higher amounts of agri-crop and lower amounts of meat consumption pattern is increasing. From 1995 to 2010, fuel consumption patterns changed from being dominated by bio-fuels (dung) to being dominated mainly by electricity and gas. However, bio-fuel remains a major energy source for daily life in the meadow steppe ecosystem. In all three surveyed grassland types, the use of coal, electricity and gas increased from 1995 to 2010. The source of domestic water in all three surveyed areas is from groundwater, with an increasing trend to use tap water from a public supply rather than from privately owned wells.
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Kilichenkov, Aleksei A. „THE ARMORED FORCES OF THE RED ARMY IN KHASAN’S AND KHALKHIN GOL’S ARMED CONFLICTS. REFLECTIONS OF THE MILITARY ELITE“. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, Nr. 1 (2024): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2024-1-88-101.
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In the article, based on documents from the collections of the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), an attempt is made to analyze the process of understanding by representatives of the Red Army command the experience of the actions of Armored forces during local military conflicts at lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol river in 1938–1939. The conclusions made by commanders at various levels, in general, accurately recorded the main shortcomings and errors in the use of tank units and formations, which completely repeated those during the Civil War in Spain. It is concluded that by the time the conflicts began, that experience was unknown to tank and combined arms commanders. In addition, based on content analysis, the inability of specialists to assess the weak armoring of tanks is revealed as the main reason for heavy losses. Attention is drawn to the fact that while correctly recording the extremely low level of training of commanders and personnel of the tank forces, the final conclusions of the reports to the higher command contained exceptionally high assessments of combat effectiveness and assurances of readiness to carry out any order. At the same time, the country’s top military-political leadership received a sufficient amount of truthful information from its representatives from the conflict zone, but preferred to broadcast to the public a picture of the highest combat readiness of the armored forces, which was clearly and convincingly reflected in mass Soviet culture.
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Stanley U. Nnorom und Oladotun Opeoluwa Olagbaju. „Principals' quality management skills as determinants of goal attainment in secondary schools in Ahiazu Mbaise local government area, Imo state“. International Journal on Integrated Education 3, Nr. 10 (12.10.2020): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.692.
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Globally, education is regarded as an instrument per-excellence for the development of any nation. Nigeria, like other developing countries, needs to combat unemployment, poverty, social ineptitude, scientific and technological backwardness. The paper examined quality management skills adopted by school principals to enhance attainment of secondary education goals in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The 26 principals of public secondary schools in Ahiazu Mbaise LGA constituted the sample for the study using the census approach. An instrument titled: Principals' Quality Management Skills as Determinants of Goal Attainment Questionnaire (PQMSDGAQ) with a reliability coefficients 0.89 was used for data collection. Data was collected and analyzed through the Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The results showed a significant relationship between effective 'instructional supervision, teachers’ performance evaluation and secondary school goal attainment. It was therefore recommended that principals should constantly carry out routine, and periodic instructional supervision and teachers’ performance evaluation to fast track secondary school goal attainment.
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MCLAUGHLIN, JOSEPH B., LOUISA J. CASTRODALE, MICHAEL J. GARDNER, RAFIQ AHMED und BRADFORD D. GESSNER. „Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium Associated with Ground Beef Served at a School Potluck“. Journal of Food Protection 69, Nr. 3 (01.03.2006): 666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.666.
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An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among at least 47 persons attending a school potluck. Illness was associated with consumption of ground beef (estimated odds ratio, 16.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 338.3). Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from infected individuals and the implicated ground beef revealed identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and was multidrug resistant. The implicated ground beef was improperly handled during the cooking process and stored above the U.S. Food and Drug Administration cooling temperature standard for >15 h before being served. This outbreak demonstrates the limitations of food safety regulations in settings where foods are prepared in the home environment for communal potlucks, bake sales, or other such gatherings held at schools, churches, or other institutions. Public health authorities should encourage school and other institutional administrators to develop policies that require dissemination of safe food preparation guidelines to prospective food handlers when such events are scheduled.