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Okazaki, Mihoko, Toru Fukuhara, and Yoichiro Namba. "Delayed germinal matrix hemorrhage induced by ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion for congenital hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 12, no. 1 (2013): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.4.peds12599.
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Germinal matrix hemorrhages (GMHs) are typically seen in preterm neonates during the first 4 days of life. The authors encountered 2 children with late-onset GMH subsequent to ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion for congenital hydrocephalus. Both children were delivered at full term with normal body weight, although they were compromised with the preceding hypoxic events prior to shunt insertion. The first case involved a female infant with severe craniofacial deformities. Because of aspiration pneumonia related to the comorbid upper airway stenosis, endotracheal intubation with intermittent mechanical ventilation was necessary. The associated congenital hydrocephalus was treated with VP shunt insertion when she was 35 days of age, and GMH was confirmed 1 week after shunt placement. During a period of conservative observation, the hemorrhage resolved without any neurological deterioration. The second case involved a male infant with a large intraparenchymal cyst on the left parietal portion. He was intubated for pneumonia at 1 month of age. He had associated congenital hydrocephalus that was progressive, and he was treated with VP shunting at 69 days of age, after his pneumonia had resolved. Postoperative GMH was confirmed, although hydrocephalus was well controlled by VP shunt insertion. Observed conservatively, he fared well and the GMH resolved. These 2 cases had unique features in common; both had congenital anomalies in the CNS and respiratory problems before shunting. The hypoxic insults on the residual germinal matrix layer and sudden decrease in CSF pressure may relate to the occurrence of these late-onset GMHs.
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Sumankuuro, Joshua, Joseph K. Wulifan, William Angko, Judith Crockett, Emmanuel K. Derbile, and John K. Ganle. "Predictors of maternal mortality in Ghana: evidence from the 2017 GMHS Verbal Autopsy data." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 35, no. 6 (2020): 1512–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3054.
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Salifu, Mohammed Gazali, and Kamaldeen Mohammed. "Prevalence and Predictors of Contraceptives Use among Women Aged (15–49 years) with Induced Abortion History in Ghana." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2630905.
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Background. The incidence of abortion in Ghana ranges from 27 per 1000 to 61 per 1000 women, causing gynecological complications and maternal mortality. The use of modern contraceptives and its associated factors among women aged 15–49 years have been documented. However, utilization of modern contraceptives specifically among women with induced abortion history is underreported. This study therefore aimed at determining the proportion and identifying predictors of contraceptives use in this underreported population. Methods. This study used secondary data from the 2017 Ghana Maternal Health Survey (GMHS) for the analysis. The analysis is on a weighted sample of 3,039 women aged (15–49 years) with a history of induced abortion. Both descriptive and inferential methods were employed. The chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to assess statistical associations between the outcome variable and the predictors. Statistical significance was set at 95% confidence interval and p values ≤0.05. Results. Out of the 3,039 participants, 37% (95% CI: 34.6, 38.84) used contraceptives. We identified women’ age, union, place of residence, knowledge of fertile period, total pregnancy outcomes, and region as strong significant (95% CI, p≤0.05) predictors of post induced abortion contraceptives use. Conclusion. Contraceptives use among this vulnerable population is low. Therefore, there is a need to provide widespread access to postabortion contraception services and enhance efforts to efficiently integrate safe abortion practices law into health services in Ghana.
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Li, Lin, Yan Du, Yi Xiong, et al. "Injectable negatively charged gelatin microsphere-based gels as hemostatic agents for intracavitary and deep wound bleeding in surgery." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 33, no. 5 (2018): 647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328218807358.
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Gelatin, as natural macromolecular material, has been used in biomedical fields widely. In this study, various injectable gelatins A, B, and their compound AB microsphere-based gels (A-GMGs, B-GMGs and AB-GMGs) were prepared through water-in-oil emulsion method for hemostasis, and the effects of blood coagulation in vitro and surgical hemostasis (a deep liver wound model) in vivo were evaluated. Furthermore, the influences of gelatin sorts, the size of microsphere, zeta potential (ZP) and viscoelastic properties on hemostasis were also assessed. Results showed that the gelatin microspheres (GMs) exhibited smooth surface, good sphericity and the particle size of a rough normal distribution. GMs carried negative charges and their electronegativity was stronger than that of gelatin A (GA) and gelatin B (GB) raw materials. Rheological analysis showed that a decreasing particle size of the microspheres led to stronger gel strength, and solid-like gels were exhibited under low stress conditions and liquid-like gels were exhibited under high stress conditions. The blood clotting time of B-GMGs was within 60 s, which exhibited a significantly higher blood clotting effect compared with control groups. The hemostasis assay in vivo showed that the gels had better hemostatic effect on a deep liver wound bleeding model compared with control groups, especially B-GMGs. However, in vivo and vitro hemostatic experiments, particle size of GMs had no obvious influence on the hemostatic effect of the gels. In addition, the CCK-8 assay of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of murine (mMSCs) indicated non-cytotoxicity of GMs for cells. These results demonstrated that the gelatin microsphere-based gels (GMGs) had potential to be an effective hemostatic material for intracavitary and deep wound bleeding in surgery.
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Merwin, Ian, Michael Biltonen, and John A. Ray. "Compost Mulch, Canola Cover Crops, and Herbicides affect soil Fertility, Apple Tree Yield, and Nutrition." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 893E—893. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.893e.
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Three orchard groundcover management systems (GMSs) were established in a newly planted apple (Malus domestica cvs. Liberty, Nova Easygro, and NY84828-12 on Malling 9 rootstock) orchard on a silty-clay loam soil (Aeric Ochraqualf). The GMSs were applied in 2-m-wide strips within tree rows as follows: 1) a 6-cm-thick mulch layer of composed manure, straw, sawdust, and vegetable plant wastes applied in May 1992 and 1994; 2) a “green manure” cover crop of canola (Brassica campestris cv. Humus) seeded in mid-August each year and tilled under the following May; and 3) Post-emergence applications of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate) herbicide (2.0 kg a.i./ha) in mid-May and July each year. After 3 years of GMS treatments, apple tree growth and trunk cross-sectional area were similar in all three systems. Fruit yield and yield efficiency were greater in glyphosate and compost than in canola GMSs, and `Liberty' was the most productive cultivar. Topsoil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and organic matter content were all substantially greater in the compost GMS. Leaf N, K, and P concentrations were consistently greater in trees in compost plots; leaf Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in compost GMS. Weed growth was rank and difficult to control in the compost mulch, but this GMS substantially enhanced orchard soil fertility.
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Jain, Sumeet, and David M. R. Orr. "Ethnographic perspectives on global mental health." Transcultural Psychiatry 53, no. 6 (2016): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461516679322.
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The field of Global Mental Health (GMH) aims to influence mental health policy and practice worldwide, with a focus on human rights and access to care. There have been important achievements, but GMH has also been the focus of scholarly controversies arising from political, cultural, and pragmatic critiques. These debates have become increasingly polarized, giving rise to a need for more dialogue and experience-near research to inform theorizing. Ethnography has much to offer in this respect. This paper frames and introduces five articles in this issue of Transcultural Psychiatry that illustrate the role of ethnographic methods in understanding the effects and implications of the field of global mental health on mental health policy and practice. The papers include ethnographies from South Africa, India, and Tonga that show the potential for ethnographic evidence to inform GMH projects. These studies provide nuanced conceptualizations of GMH's varied manifestations across different settings, the diverse ways that GMH's achievements can be evaluated, and the connections that can be drawn between locally observed experiences and wider historical, political, and social phenomena. Ethnography can provide a basis for constructive dialogue between those engaged in developing and implementing GMH interventions and those critical of some of its approaches.
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Merwin, I. A., D. A. Rosenberger, C. A. Engle, D. L. Rist, and M. Fargione. "Comparing Mulches, Herbicides, and Cultivation as Orchard Groundcover Management Systems." HortTechnology 5, no. 2 (1995): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.2.151.
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Natural (hay, wood chips, recycled paper pulp) and synthetic (polypropylene film and polyester fabric) mulches were compared with mechanical tillage and residual herbicides as orchard groundcover management systems (GMSS). In two New York orchards-the Clarke farm and Hudson Valley Lab (HVL—GMSS were applied from 1990 to 1993 in 1.8-m-wide strips under newly planted apple (Malus domestica; `Liberty', `Empire', `Freedom', and advanced numbered selections from the disease-resistant apple breeding program at Geneva, N.Y.) trees. GMS impacts on soil fertility, tree nutrition and growth, yields, crop value, and vole (Microtus spp.) populations were evaluated. After 3 years at the Clarke orchard, extractable NO3, Mn, Fe, B, and Zn concentrations were greater in soil with herbicides than synthetic mulches; soil K and P concentrations were greater with herbicides and wood chips than synthetic mulches. At the HVL orchard, topsoil NO3, K, and Mg concentrations were greater with hay mulch than herbicides or other mulches; Mg, Fe, and B concentrations were lower in soil with wood chips than other GMSs. Soil organic matter content was not affected by GMS. Apple leaf N, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations were greater with herbicides, hay mulch, and polypropylene mulch than cultivation or recycled paper mulch at the HVL orchard during hot, dry Summer 1991. Despite transient differences among GMSS during the initial years, after 4 years of treatments there were no consistent GMS trends in cumulative tree growth or gross yields. The higher establishment and maintenance costs of several mulches were offset by their prolonged efficacy over successive years; crop market values from 1992 to 1994 were considerably greater for trees with polypropylene film, polyester fabric, and hay mulches than herbicides, cultivation, or other mulches. Voles caused more serious damage to trees in synthetic and hay mulches, despite the use of mesh trunk guards and rodenticide bait.
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Merwin, Ian A., Tammo S. Steenhuis, and John A. Ray. "Orchard Groundcover Management Systems Influence Surface Runoff and Subsoil Leaching of Agrichemicals." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 802A—802. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.802a.
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Non-point source water pollution by agrichemicals is a recognized problem that has been studied in agronomic crop systems, and simulated using computer models or artificial soil columns, but rarely measured at field scale in orchards. For three growing seasons, we monitored the movement of nitrate and pesticide analogs and a widely used fungicide (benomyl) in two apple orchards under four different groundcover management systems (GMSs), including turfgrass, wood-chip mulch, residual pre-emergence herbicides, and post-emergence herbicide treatments. In subsoil lysimeter samplers at one orchard, we observed that nitrate and pesticide analogs leached more rapidly and in higher concentrations under herbicide plots compared with turfgrass plots. At another orchard where subsoil leaching and surface runoff of benomyl and nitrate-N were monitored in replicated GMS plots, we observed higher concentrations of benomyl (up to 30 μg·liter–1) and nitrate-N up to 50 μg·liter–1) leaching under herbicide GMS. The highest benomyl concentrations (375 μg·liter–1) and most frequent runoff of this pesticide were observed in the residual pre-emergence herbicide plots. Yearly weather patterns, irrigation, and development of different soil physical conditions under the four GMSs determined the relative magnitude and frequency of agrichemical leaching and runoff in both orchards. The agrichemicals apparently leached by mass flow in preferential flowpaths such as old root channels and soil cracks, while surface chemical runoff occurred mostly adsorbed on eroding soil sediment. These observations indicate that orchard GMSs can have a significant impact on leaching and runoff of pesticides and nutrients.
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Giousmpasoglou, Charalampos, Evangelia Marinakou, and Anastasios Zopiatis. "Hospitality managers in turbulent times: the COVID-19 crisis." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 33, no. 4 (2021): 1297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-07-2020-0741.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the role General Managers (GMs) play in mitigating the effects of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative structured interviews conducted online with 50 hospitality GMs from 45 countries are used to explore the impact of the pandemic on the industry’s operational norms and the role of managers in both managing the crisis and planning contingencies for recovery. Findings The findings enhance the conceptual capital in this emerging field and provide insights on how GMs behave during crises. Four related sub-themes emerged from the data analysis, namely, contingency planning and crisis management, resilience and impact on GM roles, the impact on hotels’ key functional areas and some GMs’ suggestions for the future of luxury hospitality. Research limitations/implications This study generates empirical data that inform contemporary debates about crisis management and resilience in hospitality organizations at a micro-level operational perspective. Practical implications Findings suggest that, in times of uncertainty and crisis, luxury hotel GMs are vital in coping with changes and leading their organizations to recovery. GMs’ resilience and renewed role and abilities enable them to adapt rapidly to external changes on their business environment. Originality/value This study is unique in terms of scale and depth, as it provides useful insights regarding the GM’s role during an unprecedented crisis such as COVID-19.
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Atucha, Amaya, Ian A. Merwin, and Michael G. Brown. "Long-term Effects of Four Groundcover Management Systems in an Apple Orchard." HortScience 46, no. 8 (2011): 1176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.8.1176.
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Groundcover management systems (GMSs) are essential for fruit production, but very few long-term studies have evaluated orchard GMS sustainability. We evaluated four GMSs—pre-emergence soil-active herbicides (PreHerb), post-emergence herbicide (PostHerb), a turfgrass cover crop (Sod), and hardwood bark mulch (Mulch)—in an apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard over 16 years of continuous observation. There were no consistent long-term trends in fruit yields among GMSs, although during the first 5 years, yields were lower in trees on Sod. Tree growth was greater in PostHerb and Mulch than in Sod during the first 5 years, and during the next decade, trees in Mulch plots were consistently larger than in other GMSs. Total soil nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content, C-to-N ratios, and essential plant nutrients were much greater in the Mulch soil after 16 years of treatments. Long-term responses of trees to groundcover vegetation indicated that apple trees respond adaptively to compensate for weed and grass competition. Year-round elimination of surface vegetation with residual soil active herbicides may be unnecessary or even detrimental for orchard productivity and soil fertility in established orchards. Post-emergence herbicides that reduce weed competition primarily during the summer months may offer an optimal combination of weed suppression and soil conservation.
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Petit, Laetitia, Galle Pagny, Fabienne Baraige, Anne-Ccile Nignol, David Zhang, and Patrick Fach. "Characterization of Genetically Modified Maize in Weakly Contaminated Seed Batches and Identification of the Origin of the Adventitious Contamination." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 4 (2007): 1098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.4.1098.
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Abstract So far, relatively few genetically modified plants (GMPs) have been planted in the European Union (EU). However, in France, seed batches weakly contaminated by unidentified GM materials have recently been detected among commercial maize seeds (14 seed batches positive out of 447 analyzed). We have developed a 3-step approach to precisely identify the genetic modifications detected in such maize seed batches. First, to isolate GMPs derived from the contaminated seed batches, 10 000 maize seeds of each batch were planted and screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on 100-plant batches, then on 10-plant subbatches, and finally, plant by plant. In a second step, specific identification of the individual GMPs was performed. Finally, to determine the origin of the contamination, each individual GMP was analyzed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The results showed that all batches were contaminated by few GM seeds, having a GM content <0.1%. Finally, 12 individual GMPs have been isolated from 17 plant pools that were tested positive either for P35-S and/or T-Nos. MON810 and T25 transformation events approved for cultivation in the EU were detected in 7 individual GMPs. The other seed batches were contaminated by genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that are not approved in the EU, including GA21 or the stacking MON810/T25. Presumable identification of T14 was also achieved following sequencing of 1 individual GMP. The data also showed that most of the seed batches were contaminated by several transformation events. Finally, analysis of SSR markers indicated that the contaminations were essentially due to cross-pollination in the seed production process.
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Kneidinger, Bernd, Cristina Marolda, Michael Graninger та ін. "Biosynthesis Pathway of ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-Heptose in Escherichia coli". Journal of Bacteriology 184, № 2 (2002): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.2.363-369.2002.
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ABSTRACT The steps involved in the biosynthesis of the ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose (ADP-l-β-d-heptose) precursor of the inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have not been completely elucidated. In this work, we have purified the enzymes involved in catalyzing the intermediate steps leading to the synthesis of ADP-d-β-d-heptose and have biochemically characterized the reaction products by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. We have also constructed a deletion in a novel gene, gmhB (formerly yaeD), which results in the formation of an altered LPS core. This mutation confirms that the GmhB protein is required for the formation of ADP-d-β-d-heptose. Our results demonstrate that the synthesis of ADP-d-β-d-heptose in Escherichia coli requires three proteins, GmhA (sedoheptulose 7-phosphate isomerase), HldE (bifunctional d-β-d-heptose 7-phosphate kinase/d-β-d-heptose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase), and GmhB (d,d-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase), as well as ATP and the ketose phosphate precursor sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. A previously characterized epimerase, formerly named WaaD (RfaD) and now renamed HldD, completes the pathway to form the ADP-l-β-d-heptose precursor utilized in the assembly of inner core LPS.
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Tas, Mürsel, Melek Balci, Alev Yüksel, and Nese Sahin Yesilçubuk. "Consumer awareness, perception and attitudes towards genetically modified foods in Turkey." British Food Journal 117, no. 5 (2015): 1426–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2014-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate awareness and perception of GM foods of Turkish consumers living in Istanbul, Turkey. Design/methodology/approach – A consumer survey consisting of 23 questions has been prepared. Totally 1,315 people participated in the survey. Awareness of the consumers about genetically modified organisms, willingness to purchase GM foods, acceptability of GM foods by consumers and legislations and information sources were assessed in the questionnaire. Nonparametric test were applied in order to unravel demographic differences. Findings – The results of the survey showed that consumers generally know what genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are, but they do not have enough information about the genetic modification process. The main concerns of consumers about GMFs are their carcinogenic effects to human. In addition, corn was found to be the most concerned GMF. The usage of GMOs in health sector and in preventing environmental pollution were the most approved areas by the consumers, whereas the majority of consumers disapproved the use of genetic modifications in food applications. Research limitations/implications – A limitation of this study is the sample including high percentage of educated young consumers. Hence, the survey can be improved and applied to higher number of participants living in different regions in Turkey for being more representative for all Turkish consumers. Practical implications – Some suggestions for food producers and food policy makers are also provided in this study. Originality/value – There has been little research concerning Turkish consumers’ attitude and knowledge towards gene technology and GMFs. Also, there has not been a similar survey in the province of Istanbul.
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Yao*, Shengrui, Ian A. Merwin, Janice E. Thies, and George S. Abawi. "Groundcover Management Systems Influence Soil Microbial Community Composition in an Apple Orchard." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 842C—842. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.842c.
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An apple (Malus domestica cv. Empire on M9/MM111 rootstock) orchard groundcover management systems (GMSs) study has been underway since 1992 in Ithaca, N.Y. Four GMS treatments are applied each year in 2-m wide tree-row strips: Pre-emergence herbicides (Pre-H: diuron + norflurazon + glyphosate); Post-emergence herbicide (Post-H: glyphosate); mowed-sod (Grass); and composted hardwood bark mulch (Mulch) treatment. The soil (silty clay loam) physical and chemical conditions have been monitored continuously. In May and Sept. 2003, we sampled topsoil beneath trees in each GMS and used PCR-DGGE combined with sequencing to characterize soil microbial community composition. Mulch had more culturable soil bacteria than the Pre-H treatment. Soil in Grass plots had the most culturable soil fungi. Soil microbial respiration rates were higher in Mulch than Grass and herbicide GMSs. Surface vegetation in the Grass and Post-H plots strongly influenced soil bacterial community composition. In Principal Component Analyses, Post-H and Grass treatments comprised one variance cluster, and Pre-H and Mulch treatments another. The soil fungal community was less diverse (fewer DGGE bands) than the bacterial community, and was less affected by GMS. Treatments with more surface vegetation (Post-H and Grass) also had more free-living and phytonematodes than Pre-H and Mulch. A total of 47 clones from 12 DGGE bands yielded 31 unique DNA sequences. Of these, 15 were novel sequences with no matches in the GenBank (NCBI) database. Another 10 (27 clones) could be matched with known fungal species at 96-100% identity. The primer pair used, ITS1F/ITS2, amplified a considerable number of Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, but there was no amplification for Zygomycetes and Oomycetes.
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Gu, Ying, Yong Chen, Jiameng Ma, Zhongyu Ren, Huaran Li, and Hyunshik Kim. "The Influence of a Table Tennis Physical Activity Program on the Gross Motor Development of Chinese Preschoolers of Different Sexes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052627.
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Gross motor locomotion is the basis of various sensory motor locomotion. Interventions helping preschoolers develop gross motor skills (GMS) could provide a solid foundation for complex motor skills. This study analyzed a table tennis physical activity program’s influence on preschoolers’ GMS development with 104 preschoolers (experimental group (EG): N = 52, 25 boys, 27 girls; control group (CG): N = 52, 25 boys, 27 girls). The EG conducted table tennis physical activities three times per week for 12 weeks. Preschoolers’ GMSs were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (second edition). After 12 weeks, both the male and female EGs had significantly improved scores for GMS, locomotor subtest, gallop, hop, leap, slide, object control subtest, strike a stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch, overarm throw, and underhand roll (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001). The female EG also showed significant improvement for the run, horizontal jump, and catch in the post-test. Both the male and female EGs significantly outperformed the control group in their post-test scores for GMS, locomotor subtest, object control subtest, strike a stationary ball, overarm throw, and underhand roll (p < 0.05). The female EG also showed significant differences in slide scores (p < 0.05). Therefore, table tennis physical activities can promote preschoolers’ GMS development, especially object control skills. The research results provide an empirical basis for preschoolers’ physical education. Meanwhile, our findings have important implications for preschoolers’ GMS development and table tennis’ popularization in Chinese kindergartens.
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Baiyewu, Olusegun, Abdulkareem Jika Yusuf, and Adefolakemi Ogundele. "Depression in elderly people living in rural Nigeria and its association with perceived health, poverty, and social network." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 12 (2015): 2009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001088.
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ABSTRACTBackground:The relationship between late-life depression, poverty, social network, and perceived health is little studied in Africa; the magnitude of the problem remains largely unknown and there is an urgent need to research into this area.Methods:We interviewed community dwelling elderly persons of two rural areas in Nigeria using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30). Those who scored 11 and above on the GDS-30 were further interviewed using Geriatric Mental State Schedule (GMSS). Diagnosis of depression was based on the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10) and GMSS-Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy (GMMS-AGECAT).Results:A total of 458 community dwelling elderly persons participated in the study of which 57% were females. Mean age of the participants was 73.65(±7.8) years (95% CI 72.93–74.37). The mean GDS-30 and MMSE scores were 4.15(±4.80) and 21.73(±4.67), respectively. A total of 59 and 58 participants had depression based on ICD-10 criteria and GMSS-AGECAT, respectively. Agreement between ICD-10 and AGECAT diagnoses was κ = 0.931. By multiple logistic regression analysis, late-life depression was significantly associated with financial difficulties (Odds ratio 4.52 and bereavement Odds ratio 2.70).Conclusion:Late-life depression in this cohort is associated with health and socio-economic factors that are worth paying attention to, in a region of economic deprivation and inadequate healthcare.
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Paldus, Josef, and Xiangzhu Li. "Can We Avoid the Intruder-State Problems in the State-Universal Coupled-Cluster Approaches While Preserving Size Extensivity?" Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 69, no. 1 (2004): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20040090.
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Following the analysis of principal bottlenecks in the extension of the single-reference (SR) coupled-cluster (CC) methodology to the multireference (MR) case, we review and discuss some recent developments that facilitate the use of general model spaces (GMSs) within the state universal (SU) or Hilbert space MR CC formalism. The use of a GMS improves our ability to avoid the intruder state problems. This feature is further enhanced by generalizing the idea of the externally corrected (ec) SR CC formalism to the MR situations. In this latter approach we employ the cluster analysis to extract the most important higher-than-pair cluster amplitudes from a suitable set of known wave functions. Similarly to the SR case, the most convenient external source is represented by wave functions that are obtained via a modest size MR configuration interaction (CI), which employs an N-dimensional reference space. The resulting higher-than-pair cluster amplitudes are subsequently used in the SU CCSD method that is based on an M-dimensional GMS avoiding intruders. We discuss general aspects of these developments from various viewpoints and provide selective illustrations of the key concepts and ideas.
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Atucha, Amaya, Ian A. Merwin, Chandra K. Purohit, and Michael G. Brown. "Nitrogen Dynamics and Nutrient Budgets in Four Orchard Groundcover Management Systems." HortScience 46, no. 8 (2011): 1184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.8.1184.
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Excessive nitrogen (N) applications can increase surface and water contamination, and leaching losses may occur when N fertilizer rates are too high relative to crop demands and soil N availability. Quantifying nutrient inputs, cycling, and outputs from orchards provides a method to measure surplus of nutrients, particularly N, that may leach or runoff. We conducted a long-term study to develop N budgets based on observed nutrient dynamics under four groundcover management systems (GMSs) with and without N fertilization. Four GMS treatments were randomly assigned to 12 plots and maintained since 1992 in 2-m-wide strips within tree rows: pre-emergence residual herbicide (PreHerb), post-emergence herbicide (PostHerb), mowed-sod (Sod), and hardwood bark mulch (Mulch). We measured system N inputs in fertilizer, mulch biomass, rain, and irrigation water; N outputs in harvested fruit, surface runoff, and subsurface leaching; and internal N cycling from surface vegetation, soil mineralization, leaf fall, and pruned wood. For the year with N fertilizer (2005), the overall N balance was positive (inputs exceeded outputs) in all GMSs but greater in the PostHerb and Mulch treatments. In the year without N fertilizer (2007), the overall N balance was negative for PreHerb and PostHerb and positive for Mulch and Sod treatments. Soil mineralization and recycling groundcover biomass accounted for greater than 60% of internal N fluxes, and harvested fruit represented greater than 70% of N outputs from the system during both years. During the year with N fertilizer, N losses were 1% to 4% and 18% to 22% through surface runoff and subsurface leaching, respectively. During the year without fertilizer, surface runoff N losses were twice the subsurface leaching N losses in all GMSs.
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BORROW, R., A. J. FOX, P. C. RICHMOND, et al. "Induction of immunological memory in UK infants by a meningococcal A/C conjugate vaccine." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 3 (2000): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003787.
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The induction of immunological memory to serogroup A and C polysaccharides in UK infants immunized with three doses of a meningococcal A/C oligosaccharide CRM197 conjugate vaccine was investigated. Forty UK infants vaccinated previously with three doses of a meningococcal A/C oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine at 2, 3 and 4 months of age, were revaccinated at a mean age of 145·6 weeks with either a 10 or 50 μg dose of licensed meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine. Serogroup-specific antibody and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum bactericidal assays, respectively. Following challenge, anti-serogroup A and C polysaccharide antibody levels rose from pre-booster geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of 3·1 and 2·1 μg/ml respectively to 19·6 and 21·0 μg/ml 1 month post-booster. Serum bactericidal antibody geometric mean titres (GMTs) for serogroups A and C increased 156- and 113-fold from 2·1 and 7·1 pre-booster respectively to 327·4 and 800·7 post-booster. A serogroup A control group of 45 children received a 10 μg dose of licensed meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine (with no prior history of serogroup A vaccination) had serogroup A SBA GMTs of 2·3 pre- vaccination rising to 8 post-vaccination with corresponding GMCs of 0·8 and 10·8 μg/ml. These rises in SBA following serogroup A/C conjugate vaccination are indicative of immunological priming.
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Merwin, Ian A., John A. Ray, Tammo S. Steenhuis, and Jan Boll. "Groundcover Management Systems Influence Fungicide and Nitrate-N Concentrations in Leachate and Runoff from a New York Apple Orchard." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 2 (1996): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.2.249.
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Commercial apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in the northeastern United States receive heavy pesticide inputs and are often located on well-drained soils near surface and groundwater resources. Nonpoint-source water pollution by agrichemicals has been monitored in agronomic crop systems and simulated using computer models and laboratory soil columns, but inadequately studied at field scale in orchards. We monitored the concentrations of agrichemical tracers, nitrate-N, and benomyl fungicide in water samples from two apple orchards under mowed sodgrass (Mowed-Sod), shredded bark mulch (Bark-Mulch), preemergence residual herbicides (Resid-Herb), and postemergence herbicide (Post-Herb) groundcover management systems (GMSs). In one orchard, we evaluated subsurface spatial patterns and flow rates of a weakly adsorbed blue dye (pesticide analog) and potassium bromide (nitrate analog) under trees after six years of Post-Herb and Mowed-Sod treatments. Nitrate and pesticide tracers leached more rapidly and in higher concentrations under Post-Herb treatments, apparently via preferential macropore flowpaths such as root channels, soil cracks, and macrofauna burrows. At another orchard, we monitored subsurface leaching and surface runoff of benomyl and nitrate-N on a whole-field scale. Peak concentrations of benomyl (up to 29 mg·liter-1) and nitrates (up to 20 mg·liter-1) were observed in subsoil leachate under Resid-Herb plots during 1993. In 1994, nitrate concentrations were greater in leachate from all GMSs, with upper ranges from 48 to 66 mg·liter-1, while benomyl concentrations were lower in all GMSs compared with the previous summer. In surface water runoff during 1993, the highest benomyl concentrations (387 mg·liter-1) and most frequent outflows occurred in Resid-Herb plots. During 1994, benomyl runoff was more frequent in both herbicide GMSs, with concentrations up to 61 mg·liter-1 observed in the Post-Herb plots. Weather patterns, irrigation intensity, differing soil conditions under each GMS, and the turfgrass/clover drive lanes affected the relative frequency and concentrations of benomyl and nitrate leaching and runoff. Preferential bypass flow appeared to be a major subsurface leaching pathway, and erosion sediment an important factor in surface movement of these agrichemicals. Our studies suggest that nitrate-N and benomyl fungicide may be more prone to leaching or runoff from orchard soils under some herbicide GMSs in comparison with mowed sodgrass or biomass mulch systems.
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Ray, John A., Ian A. Merwin, and Warren C. Stiles. "604 PB 220 GROUNDCOVER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND PREPLANT FERTILIZERS INFLUENCE PEACH TREE GROWTH, YIELD, MICRONUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND UPTAKE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 518f—518. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.518f.
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Growth, nutrient uptake, and yield of peach (Prunus persica) trees was evaluated in various groundcover management systems (GMSs) for three years, with and without preplant soil additions of Zn, B, and Cu. In July 1990, micronutrients (none, or 135kg Zn·ha-1+100kg Cu·ha-1+1.1kg B·ha-1) were incorporated into the upper 20 cm of a silty clay-loam soil (pH 6.7, 4% organic matter), and a fine-leaf fescue (Festuca ovina) turf was established. Trees were planted Apr. 1991, and four GMS treatments (wood-chip mulch, pre-emergence herbicide, post-emergence herbicide, and mowed turf) were superimposed upon the “+/-” micro-nutrient preplant treatments. Extractable Zn, Cu and B concentrations were greatly increased in soil of plots which had received preplant amendments. Peach leaf content of Zn, Cu and B was also greater in preplant fertilized plots in the year of planting. However, in subsequent years only leaf B (in 1992) and leaf Zn (in 1993) continued to respond positively to preplant soil treatments. No significant interactions were observed between GMS and micronutrient availability or uptake. Peach growth and yield were not affected by preplant treatments, but were substantially greater in mulch and pre-emergence herbicide plots compared with the mowed fescue turfgrass.
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Yao, Shengrui, Ian A. Merwin, and Michael G. Brown. "Apple Root Growth, Turnover, and Distribution Under Different Orchard Groundcover Management Systems." HortScience 44, no. 1 (2009): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.1.168.
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Minirhizotrons were used to study root emergence, turnover, and depth distribution of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) rootstocks (M.9/MM.111) under four groundcover management systems (GMSs)—pre-emergence herbicide (Pre-H), postemergence herbicide (Post-H), mowed sod grass (Grass), and hardwood bark mulch (Mulch)—that had been maintained since 1992 in an orchard near Ithaca, NY. Two root observation tubes were installed on both sides of one tree in three replicates for each GMS treatment. Roots were observed by camera at 2- to 3-weekly intervals during the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003 and from whole tree excavations in Apr. 2000. Tree growth and yield observations from 1992 to 2003 showed that Mulch and Post-H treatments produced more tree growth and higher yields than other treatments during most years; the Grass treatment usually had the smallest trees and lowest yields. More root emergence was observed in a light crop year (2002) than in a heavy crop year (2003). Pre-H treatment trees had more total roots and new roots than all other treatments, and trees in Grass plots had fewer total roots than others. Trees in Mulch plots had more shallow roots, and trees in Grass plots had more deep roots than others. Root diameter was positively correlated with overwintering root survival. The Pre-H treatment trees had greater root mortality than other trees during an unusually hot and dry growing season (2002) and this was attributed to higher shallow soil temperatures in this treatment. The GMS treatments affected root number and root depth distribution patterns. Despite microsprinkler irrigation, hot, dry weather conditions coincided with decreased root growth, increased root mortality, and reduced root median lifespan. GMS treatments affected root growth, turnover, and distribution at this orchard, and these differences were linked with long-term trends in tree growth and fruit production in this study.
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Chen, Bai Ning, Feng Chen, and Xu Li. "Research on Heat Compensation Control of Giant Magnetostrictive Material in the Micro Feed." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.186.
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This paper present a Giant Magnetostrictive Actuators (GMA) which used magnetostrictive characteristics of Giant Magnetostrictive Material (GMM) and is applied on Micro displacement of precision instrument. Since GMM is influenced by temperature and the electrified coils generating magnetic field are the main sources of heat in GMA, so the temperature impacts factors on the output displacement of magnetostrictive material are analyzed firstly, and also a control method based on existing magnetostrictive actuators is redesigned, while model is established according to the relation between output displacement and voltage values. Finally a solution is proposed about heat compensation control in GMA, and also adds a water cooling system to the cavity of GMA and controls the temperature of cooling water by Single Chip Microcomputer (SCM) according to the detected temperature of magnetostrictiverod; therefore compensations for the GMAs feed displacement are allocated. Displacement closed-looped PID controls are used to tests, which can proves that the heat compensation control system of GMA can lower the impact of increasing temperature on GMMs magnetostriction coefficient and increase positioning accuracy.
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Victor, N., M. Blettner, and R. Haux. "ISCB-GMDS-99." Methods of Information in Medicine 40, no. 02 (2001): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634480.
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Maeseele, Pieter. "NGOs and GMOs." Javnost - The Public 16, no. 4 (2009): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2009.11009014.
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Nunes-Alves, Cláudio. "GMOs in lockdown." Nature Reviews Genetics 16, no. 3 (2015): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3909.
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Nunes-Alves, Cláudio. "GMOs in lockdown." Nature Reviews Microbiology 13, no. 3 (2015): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3443.
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W., G. "GMs." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 37, no. 1 (1996): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049603700104.
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Yang, Kaishuai, Chuanguo Zhang, Xiaohong Zheng, Xianlong Wang, and Zhi Zeng. "The stability of graphene-based Möbius strip with vacancy and at high-temperature." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 31 (2018): 1850350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218503502.
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The structural and electronic properties of mono-vacancy (MV) defect in graphene-based Möbius strip (GMS) are studied in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) combined with the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Two kinds of MV defects are observed: the 59-type MV (a configuration with one pentagon and one nonagon ring) located at the curved areas of Möbius strip, and the 5566-type MV (a configuration with two pentagon and two hexagon rings) with one sp3 hybridized carbon appeared in the twisted areas. The 5566-type MV defect is the most stable configuration at 0 K, while the DFT-MD calculations show that it is unstable at room-temperature and will transform into a 59-type MV. Additionally, the melting behavior of GMSs is investigated through empirical potential MD simulations, and we find that their melting temperatures are about 2750 K, which is lower than that of carbon nanotubes and graphene.
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Schlett, András, and Judit Beke. "Food security and GMOs." Studia Mundi - Economica 2, no. 1 (2015): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18531/studia.mundi.2015.02.01.94-102.
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Torres, Ramon, Paul Snoeij, Dirk Geudtner, et al. "GMES Sentinel-1 mission." Remote Sensing of Environment 120 (May 2012): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.028.
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Parr, Doug. "The lessons of GMOs." Materials Today 7, no. 12 (2004): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(04)00617-0.
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Bradley, David. "Battery boost with GMOs." Materials Today 19, no. 5 (2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2016.04.006.
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Stokes, T. "GMAs: genetically modified art." Trends in Plant Science 6, no. 1 (2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01853-7.
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Saegusa, Asako. "Japan to label GMOs." Nature Biotechnology 17, no. 9 (1999): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/12792.
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Dorrell, Sharon. "Medicines from safer GMOs?" Molecular Medicine Today 6, no. 6 (2000): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1357-4310(00)01723-8.
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Meldolesi, Anna. "Vatican panel backs GMOs." Nature Biotechnology 29, no. 1 (2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0111-11.
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Abbasi, Jennifer. "Kill Switches for GMOs." Scientific American 313, no. 6 (2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1215-36.
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Alberts, B., R. Beachy, D. Baulcombe, et al. "Standing Up for GMOs." Science 341, no. 6152 (2013): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1245017.
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TULLO, ALEX. "IMPACT OF GM’S BANKRUPTCY." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 23 (2009): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n023.p008.
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Holmes, Christina. "GMOs in the laboratory." Focaal 2006, no. 48 (2006): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/092012906780646343.
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This article explores the lack of controversy over genetically modified objects (GMOs) in the daily life of a research laboratory in Canada. Scientific perceptions of GMOs and the types of knowledge valued in scientific research contribute toward an absence of discussion on the wider social implications of GMOs. Technical and epistemic knowledge are crucial for the success of a scientific project, whereas discussion of the social values involved may be allocated to particular settings, people, or research stages. GMOs, within scientific circles, are seen as many individual projects with different goals, rather than as a single object. Therefore, according to this view, it is inappropriate to be opposed to or to support GMOs in general, without first ascertaining the specifics of a particular project. How then are scientists engaged in seemingly local, distinct projects seen as globally defending this technology? Scientific expertise unevenly translates into political voice, transforming into silences as well as debates.
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Shepherd, Richard, L. J. Frewer, and P. Sparks. "Consumer views on GMOs." Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 64, no. 3 (1995): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280640320.
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Dunlop, Claire. "GMOs and regulatory styles." Environmental Politics 9, no. 2 (2000): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644010008414528.
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Jöckel, K. H. "Special Topic GMDS 2009." Methods of Information in Medicine 49, no. 06 (2010): 599–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625366.
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Meldolesi, Anna. "Italian minister axes GMOs." Nature Biotechnology 18, no. 12 (2000): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/82273.
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Erjavec, Karmen, Jožica Zajc, Melita Poler Kovačič, Jelka Šuštar Vozlič, Samo Uhan, and Luka Juvančič. "Attitudes Towards Genetically Modified Organisms in Slovenia: Between Knowledge and Myths / Stališča Do Genetsko Modificiranih Organizmov V Sloveniji: Poznavanje In Miti." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 52, no. 3 (2013): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2013-0021.
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Abstract Objective: Because existing studies examining the impact of knowledge on people’s attitudes towards genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have had contradictory results, the goal of this study was to explore the attitudes that the population of Slovenia has towards GMOs and how knowledge affects their attitudes. Methods: In January 2012, a telephone survey was conducted researching attitudes towards GMOs and knowledge about them on a representative sample of the population of Slovenia (N=446). Results: The results revealed a predominantly negative attitude towards GMOs, regardless of their type, application and geographical distance; perceptions of the negative impact of GMOs on an individual’s health were particularly strong. The majority of respondents (59.5%) had moderate knowledge about GMOs, while a largeshare (30.4%) had poor knowledge of the topic. They had better objective knowledge about topics linked to formal education or legislation and a weaker understanding of mass media myths. Correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance showed a statistically significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes towards GMOs. The respondents with better objective knowledge (who gave the correct answers to test questions) had a less firm and a more positive attitude towards GMOs and vice versa. The respondents who lacked objective knowledge but expressed subjective knowledge (they were convinced that their answers were correct) on average had a more negative attitude towards GMOs compared to those who lacked subjective knowledge. Conclusions: This finding leads to the conclusion that knowledge, particularly relating to media myths about GMOs, has an important role in forming attitudes towards the impact of GMOs on an individual’s health.
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Zhang, M., J. Kainulainen, M. Mattern, M. Fang, and Th Henning. "Star-forming content of the giant molecular filaments in the Milky Way." Astronomy & Astrophysics 622 (February 2019): A52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732400.
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Context. Through observations numerous giant molecular filaments (GMFs) have been discovered in the Milky Way. Their role in the Galactic star formation and Galaxy-scale evolution of dense gas is unknown. Aims. We investigate systematically the star-forming content of all currently known GMFs. This allows us to estimate the star formation rates (SFRs) of the GMFs and to establish relationships between the SFRs and the GMF properties. Methods. We identified and classified the young stellar object (YSO) population of each GMF using multiwavelength photometry from near- to far-infrared. We estimated the total SFRs assuming a universal and fully sampled initial mass function and luminosity function. Results. We uniformly estimate the physical properties of 57 GMFs. The GMFs show correlations between the 13CO line width, mass, and size, similar to Larson’s relations. We identify 36 394 infrared excess sources in 57 GMFs and obtain SFRs for 46 GMFs. The median SFR surface density (ΣSFR) and star formation efficiency (SFE) of GMFs are 0.62 M⊙ Myr−1 pc−2 and 1%, similar to the nearby star-forming clouds. The star formation rate per free-fall time of GMFs is between 0.002−0.05 with the median value of 0.02. We also find a strong correlation between SFR and dense gas mass that is defined as gas mass above a visual extinction of 7 mag, which suggests that the SFRs of the GMFs scale similarly with dense gas as those of nearby molecular clouds. We also find a strong correlation between the mean SFR per unit length and dense gas mass per unit length. The origin of this scaling remains unknown, calling for further studies that can link the structure of GMFs to their SF activity and explore the differences between GMFs and other molecular clouds.
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Mizuno, Norikazu. "The properties of molecular clouds across the Magellanic System." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S256 (2008): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308028469.
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AbstractMost stars form in Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) and regulate the evolution of galaxies in various respects. The formed stars affect the surrounding materials strongly via their UV photons, stellar winds, and supernova explosions, which lead to trigger the formation of next-generations of stars in the GMCs. It is therefore crucial to reveal the distribution and properties of GMCs in a galaxy. The Magellanic System is a unique target to make such detailed comprehensive study of GMCs. This is because it is nearby and the LMC is nearly face-on, making it feasible to unambiguously identify associated young objects within GMCs. Recent millimeter and sub-millimeter observations in the Magellanic System have started to reveal the distribution and properties of the individual GMCs in detail and their relation to star formation activities. From the NANTEN CO surveys, three types of GMCs can be classified in terms of star formation activities; Type I is starless, Type II is with H ii regions only, and Type III is associated with active star formation indicated by huge H ii regions and young star clusters. The further observations to obtain detailed structure of the GMCs by Mopra and SEST and to search for the dense cores by ASTE and NANTEN2 in higher tansition lines of CO have been carried out with an angular resolution of about 5 to 10 pc. These observations revealed that the differences of the physical properties represent an evolutionary sequence of GMCs in terms of density increase leading to star formation. Type I and II GMCs are at the early phase of star formation where density does not yet become high enough to show active star formation, and Type III GMCs represent the later phase where the average density is increased and the GMCs are forming massive stars.
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van der Knaap, Jan A., Elena Kozhevnikova, Karin Langenberg, Yuri M. Moshkin, and C. Peter Verrijzer. "Biosynthetic Enzyme GMP Synthetase Cooperates with Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 7 in Transcriptional Regulation of Ecdysteroid Target Genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 3 (2009): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01121-09.
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ABSTRACT Drosophila GMP synthetase binds ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) and is required for its ability to deubiquitylate histone H2B. Previously, we showed that the GMPS/USP7 complex cooperates with the Polycomb silencing system through removal of the active ubiquitin mark from histone H2B (H2Bub). Here, we explored the interplay between GMPS and USP7 further and assessed their role in hormone-regulated gene expression. Genetic analysis established a strong cooperation between GMPS and USP7, which is counteracted by the histone H2B ubiquitin ligase BRE1. Loss of either GMPS or USP7 led to increased levels of histone H2Bub in mutant animals. These in vivo analyses complement our earlier biochemical results, establishing that GMPS/USP7 mediates histone H2B deubiquitylation. We found that GMPS/USP7 binds ecdysone-regulated loci and that mutants display severe misregulation of ecdysone target genes. Ecdysone receptor (EcR) interacts biochemically and genetically with GMPS/USP7. Genetic and gene expression analyses suggested that GMPS/USP7 acts as a transcriptional corepressor. These results revealed the cooperation between a biosynthetic enzyme and a ubiquitin protease in developmental gene control by hormone receptors.
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Merwin, Ian A., and Warren C. Stiles. "Orchard Groundcover Management Impacts on Apple Tree Growth and Yield, and Nutrient Availability and Uptake." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 2 (1994): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.209.
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This study compared various conventional and alternative orchard groundcover management systems (GMSs)—including a crownvetch “living mulch” (CNVCH), close-mowed (MWSOD) and chemically growth-regulated (GRSOD) sodgrasses, pre-emergence (NDPQT) and two widths of postemergence (GLY1.5 and GLY2.5) herbicides, hay-straw mulch (STMCH), and monthly rototillage (tilled)—during 6 years in a newly established apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) planting. Trunk cross-sectional area and fruit yield were higher in STMCH, GLY, and NDPQT, intermediate in tilled, and lower in GRSOD, MWSOD, and CNVCH treatments after 5 years. Despite N and K fertilizer applications, extractable soil N and leaf N concentrations were reduced under MWSOD and GRSOD, and soil K, P, and B concentrations were greater under STMCH. Leaf K concentrations were usually highest in STMCH trees, even when heavily cropped; leaf K declined below the sufficiency range in GLY, NDPQT, and tilled trees as they began to bear fruit. Leaf Ca was marginally deficient in all trees and was unaffected by GMS. Foliar Mn, Zn, and B concentrations declined rapidly in all treatments during 2 years without micronutrient fertilizers. Leaf Cu was higher in herbicide and tilled treatments where seasonal soil water content was intermediate (22% to 27%) and lower where soil was very wet or dry for most of the 1988 growing season. Multiple regression analysis indicated that leaf N and B and soil organic matter in 1990, and mean soil water content during the unusually dry Summer 1988, were the best predictors of fruit yield in 1990. Phytophthora root rot and meadow vole depredation were serious problems in STMCH and CNVCH trees. GMSs greatly affected tree establishment, nutrition, and yield; each system involves tradeoffs among important short- and long-term impacts on the orchard agroecosystem.