Zeitschriftenartikel: „Global Biodiversity Governance“

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Lubbe, W. D., und Louis J. Kotzé. „Holistic Biodiversity Conservation in the Anthropocene: A Southern African Perspective“. African Journal of International and Comparative Law 27, Nr. 1 (Februar 2019): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2019.0260.

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In the Anthropocene the loss of biodiversity is set to become increasingly critical. Our law and governance institutions have been unable to halt this worrying trend. One of the reasons for this regulatory deficiency is that global law and governance pertaining to biodiversity are fragmented. In response to the need for a greater integration of law and governance directed at the protection of an integrated biosphere and as a measure to counter fragmentation, we argue that global biodiversity law and governance should be based on the connectivity conservation approach. While the debate about connectivity could occur in various geographical contexts, we focus for our present purposes on regional biodiversity governance in Southern Africa. It is our central hypothesis that adopting a holistic approach to biodiversity conservation in this region might go a long way towards preventing the human encroachment on biodiversity that typifies the Anthropocene.

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Jinnah, Sikina. „Marketing Linkages: Secretariat Governance of the Climate-Biodiversity Interface“. Global Environmental Politics 11, Nr. 3 (August 2011): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00067.

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In this article I argue that, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), led by its autonomously entrepreneurial Executive Secretary, influences overlap management by strategically linking biodiversity and climate change issues. Specifically, the Secretariat marketed (filtered, framed, and reiterated) strategic frames of the biodiversity-climate change interface that reframed biodiversity from a passive victim of climate impacts, to an active player in climate response measures (i.e. adaptation). This reframing is significant in that a major hurdle to selling the benefits of biodiversity conservation to countries with more pressing development concerns has been the perceived limited relevance of conservation to human well-being. In emphasizing biodiversity's role in human adaptation and security, the Secretariat has begun to shape member state discourse surrounding the biodiversity-climate change linkage. Ultimately aimed at enriching our emerging theoretical understanding of the role of international bureaucracies in global governance, this article illuminates: (1) how the Secretariat understands and manages biodiversity-climate linkages; (2) the origins of the Secretariat's understanding and activities surrounding this issue; and (3) how Secretariat participation in overlap management is beginning to influence CBD political processes and outcomes.

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Coolsaet, Brendan, Neil Dawson, Florian Rabitz und Simone Lovera. „Access and allocation in global biodiversity governance: a review“. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 20, Nr. 2 (17.04.2020): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-020-09476-6.

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Jiren, Tolera Senbeto, Julia Leventon, Nicolas W. Jager, Ine Dorresteijn, Jannik Schultner, Feyera Senbeta, Arvid Bergsten und Joern Fischer. „Governance Challenges at the Interface of Food Security and Biodiversity Conservation: A Multi-Level Case Study from Ethiopia“. Environmental Management 67, Nr. 4 (16.02.2021): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01432-7.

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AbstractEnsuring food security while also protecting biodiversity requires a governance system that can address intra- and intersectoral complexity. In this paper, we sought to explore the governance challenges surrounding food security and biodiversity conservation through an empirical study in Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiopia. We used bottom-up snowball sampling to identify stakeholders and then held semi-structured interviews with 177 stakeholders across multiple levels of governance. We also conducted 24 focus group discussions with local people. Data were transcribed and thematically analyzed for its contents. Challenges in the structure of institutions and policy incoherence were the key challenges identified for the governance of food security and biodiversity conservation. The challenges around institutional structure included incompatibilities of the nature of governing institutions with the complexity inherent within and between the two sectors examined. Incoherences in policy goals, instruments, and contradictions of policy output relative to the actual problems of food security and biodiversity further hampered effective governance of food security and biodiversity conservation. Notably, many of the challenges that influenced an individual sector also posed a challenge for the integrated governance of food security and biodiversity conservation, often in a more pronounced way. Based on our findings, we argue that governance in our case study area requires a more integrated and collaborative approach that pays attention to institutional interplay in order to ensure institutional fit and consistency across policy goals.

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Johnson, David, Christopher Barrio Froján, Nicholas Bax, Piers Dunstan, Skipton Woolley, Pat Halpin, Daniel Dunn et al. „The Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative: Promoting scientific support for global ocean governance“. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29, S2 (Oktober 2019): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3024.

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Shim, Jae-Mahn, und Eunjung Shin. „Drivers of ratification rates in global biodiversity governance: local environmentalism, orientation toward global governance, and peer pressure“. Environmental Politics 29, Nr. 5 (13.06.2019): 845–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1630070.

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Aksoy, Zuhre. „Local–Global Linkages in Environmental Governance: The Case of Crop Genetic Resources“. Global Environmental Politics 14, Nr. 2 (Mai 2014): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00226.

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The loss of biodiversity is a global environmental problem that poses important governance challenges. Effective governance of crop genetic resources as a component of biodiversity is essential, given that such resources are the building blocks of today's modern agriculture. This article examines the formal governance framework in place for crop genetic resources, as embodied in the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and compares this to alternative modes of governance proposed by peasants' organizations such as Via Campesina. The author argues that the existing formal governance framework falls short of providing an effective mechanism for the conservation of crop genetic resources. Alternative governance mechanisms may more effectively connect the local and the global in a way that recognizes the contributions of local communities to conserving genetic resources in centers of diversity, and re-embeds their control over agricultural production processes.

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Stoett, Peter. „Framing Bioinvasion: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Security, Trade, and Global Governance“. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 16, Nr. 1 (19.12.2010): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01601007.

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Liang, Bryan A. „Global governance: Promoting biodiversity and protecting indigenous communities against biopiracy“. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology 17, Nr. 3 (August 2011): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jcb.2011.16.

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Eklund, Johanna, Anni Arponen, Piero Visconti und Mar Cabeza. „Governance factors in the identification of global conservation priorities for mammals“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, Nr. 1578 (27.09.2011): 2661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0114.

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Global conservation priorities have often been identified based on the combination of species richness and threat information. With the development of the field of systematic conservation planning, more attention has been given to conservation costs. This leads to prioritizing developing countries, where costs are generally low and biodiversity is high. But many of these countries have poor governance, which may result in ineffective conservation or in larger costs than initially expected. We explore how the consideration of governance affects the selection of global conservation priorities for the world's mammals in a complementarity-based conservation prioritization. We use data on Control of Corruption (Worldwide Governance Indicators project) as an indicator of governance effectiveness, and gross domestic product per capita as an indicator of cost. We show that, while core areas with high levels of endemism are always selected as important regardless of governance and cost values, there are clear regional differences in selected sites when biodiversity, cost or governance are taken into account separately. Overall, the analysis supports the concentration of conservation efforts in most of the regions generally considered of high priority, but stresses the need for different conservation approaches in different continents owing to spatial patterns of governance and economic development.

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BART, JONATHAN. „:The International Politics of Bird Conservation: Biodiversity, Regionalism and Global Governance“. Auk 125, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.125.1.246.

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Warner, Robin. „Strengthening Governance Frameworks for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Southern Hemisphere Perspectives“. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, Nr. 4 (07.11.2017): 607–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-13204064.

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Abstract The southern hemisphere is dominated by oceanic influences with 80% of its surface area consisting of ocean space. It hosts abundant marine biodiversity, which is under increasing pressure from activities such as fisheries and shipping as well as multiple sources of marine pollution and climate change impacts. The process initiated by the un General Assembly Resolution 69/292 to develop the elements of an international legally binding instrument (ilbi) for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction has the potential to contribute to a more integrated and cross-sectoral system of oceans governance at a global and regional scale. This article examines key features of the existing global and regional ocean governance framework in the southern hemisphere and how the anticipated ilbi might relate to existing ocean governance frameworks.

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De Lucia, Vito, Christian Prip, Kristine Dalaker Kraabel und Raul Primicerio. „Arctic Marine Biodiversity in the High Seas between Regional and Global Governance“. Arctic Review on Law and Politics 9 (2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v9.1470.

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Lockwood, Michael, Julie Davidson, Marc Hockings, Marcus Haward und Lorne Kriwoken. „Marine biodiversity conservation governance and management: Regime requirements for global environmental change“. Ocean & Coastal Management 69 (Dezember 2012): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.07.015.

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Thoyer, Sophie, und Laurence Tubiana. „Political economy of international negotiations on biodiversity: players, institutions and global governance“. International Journal of Biotechnology 4, Nr. 2/3 (2002): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbt.2002.000190.

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Thayyil, Naveen. „Constructing global data: Automated techniques in ecological monitoring, precaution and reification of risk“. Big Data & Society 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 205395171877940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951718779407.

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Automatic aggregation of large-scale data is increasingly conceived as central in the production of ecological knowledge. This article examines the implications of the employment of automation techniques and ‘data-driven analysis’ in long-term biodiversity monitoring. What are the pathways and paradoxes in the possible public acceptance of automated data-sets as a trustworthy source for use in global protection and regulation of biodiversity? This article suggests that the precautionary discourse aid topdown measures for the public acceptability of the use of such techniques. Automated biodiversity monitoring offers distinctive advantages to further precautionary goals in terms of a faster, cost-effective and less messy way of collecting data, at a large scale over long periods of time. However, it contradicts other values implied through precaution – for instance the opacity and reification of the construction of risk. How do the specific forms of data-making relate with specific forms of risk governance, and what implications does this have for helping us to understand appropriate ways of political representation in governance? Can paradoxes attendant to introducing a form of construction of data help understand the nature of the exercise of governmental power? [Box: see text]

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Holland, Robert A., Kate Scott, Paolo Agnolucci, Chrysanthi Rapti, Felix Eigenbrod und Gail Taylor. „The influence of the global electric power system on terrestrial biodiversity“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, Nr. 51 (02.12.2019): 26078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909269116.

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Given its total contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, the global electric power sector will be required to undergo a fundamental transformation over the next decades to limit anthropogenic climate change to below 2 °C. Implications for biodiversity of projected structural changes in the global electric power sector are rarely considered beyond those explicitly linked to climate change. This study uses a spatially explicit consumption-based accounting framework to examine the impact of demand for electric power on terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity globally. We demonstrate that the biodiversity footprint of the electric power sector is primarily within the territory where final demand for electric power resides, although there are substantial regional differences, with Europe displacing its biodiversity threat along international supply chains. The relationship between size of individual components of the electric power sector and threat to biodiversity indicates that a shift to nonfossil sources, such as solar and wind, could reduce pressures on biodiversity both within the territory where demand for power resides and along international supply chains. However, given the current levels of deployment of nonfossil sources of power, there is considerable uncertainty as to how the impacts of structural changes in the global electric power system will scale. Given the strong territorial link between demand and associated biodiversity impacts, development of strong national governance around the electric power sector represents a clear route to mitigate threats to biodiversity associated with efforts to decarbonize society over the coming century.

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Brenton-Rule, Evan C., Rafael F. Barbieri und Philip J. Lester. „Corruption, development and governance indicators predict invasive species risk from trade“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, Nr. 1832 (15.06.2016): 20160901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0901.

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Invasive species have an enormous global impact, with international trade being the leading pathway for their introduction. Current multinational trade deals under negotiation will dramatically change trading partnerships and pathways. These changes have considerable potential to influence biological invasions and global biodiversity. Using a database of 47 328 interceptions spanning 10 years, we demonstrate how development and governance socio-economic indicators of trading partners can predict exotic species interceptions. For import pathways associated with vegetable material, a significantly higher risk of exotic species interceptions was associated with countries that are poorly regulated, have more forest cover and have surprisingly low corruption. Corruption and indicators such as political stability or adherence to rule of law were important in vehicle or timber import pathways. These results will be of considerable value to policy makers, primarily by shifting quarantine procedures to focus on countries of high risk based on their socio-economic status. Further, using New Zealand as an example, we demonstrate how a ninefold reduction in incursions could be achieved if socio-economic indicators were used to select trade partners. International trade deals that ignore governance and development indicators may facilitate introductions and biodiversity loss. Development and governance within countries clearly have biodiversity implications beyond borders.

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Simoncini, Riccardo. „Governance objectives and instruments, ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation: the Chianti case study“. Regional Environmental Change 11, Nr. 1 (18.02.2010): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0112-x.

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‘t Sas-Rolfes, Michael, Daniel W. S. Challender, Amy Hinsley, Diogo Veríssimo und E. J. Milner-Gulland. „Illegal Wildlife Trade: Scale, Processes, and Governance“. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44, Nr. 1 (17.10.2019): 201–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033253.

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Illegal wildlife trade (IWT) has increased in profile in recent years as a global policy issue, largely because of its association with declines in prominent internationally trafficked species. In this review, we explore the scale of IWT, associated threats to biodiversity, and appropriate responses to these threats. We discuss the historical development of IWT research and highlight the uncertainties that plague the evidence base, emphasizing the need for more systematic approaches to addressing evidence gaps in a way that minimizes the risk of unethical or counterproductive outcomes for wildlife and people. We highlight the need for evaluating interventions in order to learn, and the importance of sharing datasets and lessons learned. A more collaborative approach to linking IWT research, practice, and policy would better align public policy discourse and action with research evidence. This in turn would enable more effective policy making that contributes to reducing the threat to biodiversity that IWT represents.

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Shah Habibullah, Muzafar, Badariah Haji Din und Siow-Hooi Tan. „Impact of Climate Change on the Number of Threatened Species: International Evidence“. Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies 1, Nr. 2 (31.12.2019): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/rope.v1i2.1134.

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Global warming is the price for economic development. Rapid industrialization produces greenhouse gases that trap the heat and make the earth warmer. The rise in temperature and changes in precipitation resulted in extreme weather conditions. Global climate change affects both physical and biological environments and the impacts on biodiversity is directly and indirectly. The direct effects of climate change includes the increased in temperature and precipitation that affect individual organisms, populations, species distribution and ecosystem compositions and functions. The indirect effects of climate change are through increased salinity and extreme weather events such as floods, cyclones and droughts that will have a profound negative impacts on the forest and biodiversity. The present study investigates the impact of climate change on the number of threatened species as proxy for biodiversity loss using a cross-national data consisting of 98 countries. We have estimated the impact of temperature, precipitation and the number of natural disasters occurrences on the number of threatened species, in particular birds, fishes, mammals, plants and reptiles. As control variables, we have considered government effectiveness (proxy for good governance) and the level of economic development (proxy for wealth). By employing Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with robust standard error and quantile regressions analyses, our results suggest that all three climate change indicators – temperature, precipitation and the number of natural disasters occurrences increase the number of threatened species (biodiversity loss). Higher economic development also affect the number of threatened species positively. On the other hand, good governance such as government effectiveness reduces the number of threatened species. Thus, practicing good governance, promoting conservation of the environment and the control of greenhouse gasses would able to mitigate biodiversity loss.

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Freestone, David. „Sustainable Development, Ocean Governance and Marine Protected Areas“. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 4, Nr. 2 (11.12.2019): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00402002.

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By 2020, at least ten percent of the global oceans should be subject to area-based protection according to the target agreed by the parties to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 (Aichi Biodiversity Targets) and reiterated in 2015 Sustainable Development Goal 14.5. This paper looks at the Sustainable Development Goals and the evolution of the concept of Sustainable Development, distinguishing it from international environmental law. Then it looks at the way in which the goals relate to ocean governance and the current lacunae in the system established by the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and the negotiations within the UN to address the issue of the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in area beyond national jurisdiction. In particular, it looks at the sectoral approaches to area-based protection in areas beyond national jurisdiction, where currently iucn reports that only 1.18% is protected.

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Bertoldi, Márcia Rodrigues, und Ádria Tabata De Moraes Damasceno. „A conservação da biodiversidade na Amazônia e a Governança Transnacional Ambiental: o Programa Áreas Protegidas da Amazônia (ARPA) e a experiência local com o Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange (PNCO) / Biodiversity conservation in the Amazon and Transnational Environmental Governance: the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA) and the local experience with the Cabo Orange National Park (CONP)“. Revista de Direito da Cidade 12, Nr. 4 (10.12.2020): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2020.50889.

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ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar o Programa de Áreas Protegidas da Amazônia (ARPA) como plano de iniciativa global que visa atender a conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade conforme o objetivo ambiental da Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica de 1992. Em especial, analisa-se a unidade de conservação Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange (PNCO), atendida pelo ARPA que possui um sistema de gestão fundado na governança transnacional ambiental. Para isso, a pesquisa é elaborada utilizando o método dedutivo, o caráter qualitativo e emprega o procedimento bibliográfico-documental para seu desenvolvimento. Dessa forma, seguindo o ideal de governança transnacional em prol da proteção e conservação da biodiversidade no bioma amazônico através do Programa ARPA, com consolidação na gestão local no PNCO, é possível refletir que a participação de diferentes atores sociais (nacionais e internacionais) em unidades de conservação e, sobretudo, o financiamento de projetos, favorecem a cooperação repousada na solidariedade e responsabilidade comum para a salvaguarda de um bem comum.Palavras-chave: Conservação e Utilização Sustentável da biodiversidade. Governança Transnacional Ambiental. ARPA. PNCO. Princípio Responsabilidade. Solidariedade Internacional. AbstractThis article aims to analyze the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA) as a global initiative plan that aims to meet the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity according to the environmental objective of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. In particular, it is analyzed the Cabo Orange National Park conservation unit, which is served by ARPA, that has a management system based on transnational environmental governance. For that, the research is elaborated using the deductive method, the qualitative character, and it uses the bibliographic-documental procedure for its development. Thus, following the ideal of transnational governance for the protection and conservation of biodiversity in the Amazon biome through the ARPA Program, with consolidation of the local management in the CONP, it is possible to reflect that the participation of different social actors (national and international) in units conservation and, above all, the financing of projects favor cooperation based on solidarity and common responsibility to safeguard a common good.Keywords: Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity. Transnational Environmental Governance. ARPA. CONP. Principle of Responsibility. International Solidarity.

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Hrabanski, Marie. „The biodiversity offsets as market-based instruments in global governance: Origins, success and controversies“. Ecosystem Services 15 (Oktober 2015): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.010.

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Campbell, Lisa M., Catherine Corson, Noella J. Gray, Kenneth I. MacDonald und J. Peter Brosius. „Studying Global Environmental Meetings to Understand Global Environmental Governance: Collaborative Event Ethnography at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity“. Global Environmental Politics 14, Nr. 3 (August 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_e_00236.

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This special issue introduces readers to collaborative event ethnography (CEE), a method developed to support the ethnographic study of large global environmental meetings. CEE was applied by a group of seventeen researchers at the Tenth Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) to study the politics of biodiversity conservation. In this introduction, we describe our interests in global environmental meetings as sites where the politics of biodiversity conservation can be observed and as windows into broader governance networks. We specify the types of politics we attend to when observing such meetings and then describe the CBD, its COP, challenges meetings pose for ethnographic researchers, how CEE responds to these challenges generally, and the specifics of our research practices at COP10. Following a summary of the contributed papers, we conclude by reflecting on the evolution of CEE over time.

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Lee, Sang Hun, Yi Hyun Kang und Rong Dai. „Toward a More Expansive Discourse in a Changing World: An Analysis of Political Leaders’ Speeches on Biodiversity“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 5 (08.03.2021): 2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052899.

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Speeches delivered in the Conference of the Parties (COPs) to the Convention on Biological Diversity represent leading discourses about biodiversity conservation. The discourse shared by high-level politicians is especially influential in the financing and decision-making process of global biodiversity governance. However, the speeches given in the COPs have not been the subject of systematic analyses until now. This study analyzes the host countries’ speeches given at the six most recent COPs and investigates which discourses have been expressed in the speeches. The regulatory discourse that views nature as a resource was found to be the dominant discourse, while other discourses that view nature as a scientific object or a spiritual entity were represented only marginally. As the need for a transformational policy for biodiversity conservation is growing amid a global pandemic, it is essential to deepen our understanding of the dynamics and complexity of nature and reflect it in the policy process. This study suggests that more balanced discourse on biodiversity may earn broader audiences’ consensus on biodiversity conservation.

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Nago, Minette, und Symphorien Ongolo. „Inside Forest Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Congo Basin under Global Environmental Governance“. Forests 12, Nr. 5 (24.04.2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050525.

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The growing global interest in biodiversity conservation and the role of forestland sustainability in climate change mitigation has led to the emergence of a new specific field of global environmental governance that we called ‘forest diplomacy’. With the largest tropical forest area after the Amazon, Congo Basin countries (CBc) constitute a major negotiation bloc within global forest-related governance arenas. Despite this position, CBc seem embedded in a failure trap with respect to their participation in forest diplomacy arenas. This paper examines the major causes of the recurrent failures of CBc within forest diplomacy. A qualitative empirical approach (including key informant interviews, groups discussion, participant observation, and policy document review) was used. From a conceptual and theoretical perspective, this research combines global and political sociology approaches including environmentality and blame avoidance works. The main finding reveals that the recurrent failures of CBc in forest diplomacy are partly due to the lack of strategic and bureaucratic autonomy of CBc that strongly depend on financial, technical, and knowledge resources from Western cooperation agencies or consultancy firms. Our discussion highlights that this dependency is maintained by most of the key actor groups involved in forest diplomacy related to CBc, as they exploit these failures to serve their private interests while avoiding the blame of not reducing deforestation and biodiversity loss in the Congo Basin.

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Krozer, Yoram, Frans Coenen, Jenica Hanganu, Maia Lordkipanidze und Madalina Sbarcea. „Towards Innovative Governance of Nature Areas“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 24 (18.12.2020): 10624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410624.

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How can the governance of nature areas foster the sustainability of ecosystems? This is discussed with regard to larger threats on ecosystems despite larger global nature areas that reach 19 million km2 of land along with larger costs per area unit. Moreover, monetization of nature with payments for ecosystem services is sometimes demanded for justification of the nature areas; however, this does not resolve the threats but faces scientific and ethical scrutiny. An alternative is the governance that incubates sustainable innovations in the nature areas for broad dissemination which generates interests in the sustainability of ecosystems. Opportunities are due to demands for ethical products, ecotourism and images of nature which generate USD 1100 billion in global markets. Sustainable innovations of using reed for insulation walls, furniture panels and upholstery in the EU can generate a few hundred million dollars in addition to present roof thatching, fodder and fuels if good functional qualities of the reed products are developed. Their functionalities can be supported by the inclusive economics, CO2 storage, treatment of water pollution, richer biodiversity, and other ethical qualities. The governance of nature areas can prevent the present deadlock but needs the development of technical and entrepreneurial capabilities.

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Huang, Chun-Wei, Robert I. McDonald und Karen C. Seto. „The importance of land governance for biodiversity conservation in an era of global urban expansion“. Landscape and Urban Planning 173 (Mai 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.01.011.

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Atalan-Helicke, Nurcan, und Becky Mansfield. „Seed Governance at the Intersection of Multiple Global and Nation-State Priorities: Modernizing Seeds in Turkey“. Global Environmental Politics 12, Nr. 4 (November 2012): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00290.

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Given their value for both agriculture and biodiversity, seeds are the target of controversial efforts to establish intellectual property rights and variety protections that regulate sale, exchange, and breeding of genetic resources. This article examines seed governance in Turkey, a country in which many farmers continue to rely on “traditional” wheat varieties. It analyzes the tensions and ambiguities in seed governance that arise at the intersection of Turkey's goals of development and diverse priorities imposed by international frameworks. Seed governance is the product of an open-ended process of strategic elaboration among constituencies involved in trade, agriculture, development, and conservation. Although contradictions among international regulations present an array of choices, many countries including Turkey adopt laws that favor commercialization and privatization. This convergence results not simply from imposition of regulation from above, but also from developing countries' adoption of dominant global perspectives on the “modern” seed and agricultural progress.

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Dutkiewicz, Jan. „Important Cows and Possum Pests“. Society & Animals 23, Nr. 4 (24.08.2015): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341371.

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This paper examines how New Zealand’s conservation discourses and strategies have, since the launch of its Biodiversity Strategy at the turn of the millennium, created and sustained a local taxonomy of species rooted in the overlapping but often clashing logics of biodiversity protection, cultural patrimony, and economic growth. This paper focuses on the taxonomy of introduced land mammals, suggesting that classificatory maneuvers pertaining to introduced species demarcate a specific space of legitimized action with regards to animals while shaping global biodiversity discourses to fit a specific local context. Following the work of Timothy Luke on environing and building on Michel Foucault’s concept of biopower, this paper argues that in propagating a specific national discourse about biodiversity, species, and economic interests—rooted in what I term bio-nationalism—the Biodiversity Strategy has helped expand the scope of governance of New Zealand’s human and nonhuman populations.

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Futhazar, Guillaume. „The Diffusion of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and Its Aichi Biodiversity Targets within the Biodiversity Cluster: An Illustration of Current Trends in the Global Governance of Biodiversity and Ecosystems“. Yearbook of International Environmental Law 25, Nr. 1 (2014): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvv061.

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Fernández, John E., und Marcela Angel. „Ecological City-States in an Era of Environmental Disaster: Security, Climate Change and Biodiversity“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 14 (09.07.2020): 5532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145532.

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Recently, there has been increasing evidence of the emergence of systemic strains that threaten international cooperative efforts on global issues, especially climate change, biodiversity loss and security. Non-state actors have responded by declaring their commitment to work together alongside nations as climate agreements struggle to deliver the necessary global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, conservation goals are not met, and security issues diversify. A principal constituent of the world’s non-state actors are cities. With many cities now home to more than 10 million individuals and several cities of more than 20 million, the urban world has come to dominate the global economy as well as the resource needs and environmental burdens imposed upon the planet by our species. Urban economies are responsible for more than half of global greenhouse gas emissions and substantially affect the world’s biodiversity by driving the extraction of resources and the degradation of global natural capital. Cities have become concentrators of diverse risk that complicate and broaden global security priorities. Cities are also crucibles of innovation in technology, business and governance and strong alliances between the world’s cities have formed to address the challenges of climate change, biodiversity and more. This paper asserts the unique potential for cities to assume a greater role in global priorities, including climate change, biodiversity loss and a realignment of security priorities. The transformative changes required in these three domains calls for a renewal of the city as a semi-autonomous neo-state, an ecological city-state.

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Warner, Robin. „Oceans of Opportunity and Challenge“. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 3, Nr. 2 (01.11.2018): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00302002.

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Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction cover approximately forty percent of the planet’s surface. They host abundant marine biodiversity, which is under increasing pressure from activities such as fisheries and shipping as well as multiple sources of marine pollution and climate change impacts. The process initiated by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 69/292 to develop the elements of an international legally binding treaty (ILBI) for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) has the potential to contribute to a more integrated and cross sectoral system of oceans governance at a global and regional scale. This article reviews the outcome of the Preparatory Committee meetings on the ILBI including areas of convergence and divergence among the negotiating parties. As the process enters the inter-governmental conference phase, it also examines how the anticipated ILBI might enhance existing ocean governance frameworks.

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Fransen, Luc, Jelmer Schalk, Marcel Kok, Vivek Voora, Jason Potts, Max Joosten, Philip Schleifer und Graeme Auld. „Biodiversity Protection through Networks of Voluntary Sustainability Standard Organizations?“ Sustainability 10, Nr. 12 (23.11.2018): 4379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124379.

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This paper explores the potential for voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) organizations to contribute to policy-making on biodiversity protection by examining their biodiversity policies, total standard compliant area, proximity to biodiversity hotspots, and the networks and partnerships they have in place that can support policy-making on biodiversity protection. The analysis undertaken is based on Social Network Analysis data, in combination with information from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Standards and Biodiversity Review and the International Trade Centre (ITC) Standards Map on the focus and operation of VSS organizations. The significance of agriculture-focused private governance for global biodiversity policy and their relationship towards other forms of nongovernmental, governmental, and inter-governmental biodiversity policy are examined and described. We argue that, at present, a number of key agriculture-focused VSS organizations are important policy actors to address biodiversity because of their elaborate biodiversity policies, total compliant areas, and proximity to biodiversity hotspots. However, at present, most of these VSS organizations have relatively few ties with relevant governmental and inter-governmental biodiversity policymakers. The actor composition of their inter-organizational networks currently reflects a focus on nongovernmental rather than governmental organizations while substantively they focus more on development than on environmental protection issues.

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Githiru, Mwangi, und Josephine Njambuya. „Globalization and Biodiversity Conservation Problems: Polycentric REDD+ Solutions“. Land 8, Nr. 2 (19.02.2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020035.

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Protected areas are considered the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation, but face multiple problems in delivering this core objective. The growing trend of framing biodiversity and protected area values in terms of ecosystem services and human well-being may not always lead to biodiversity conservation. Although globalization is often spoken about in terms of its adverse effects to the environment and biodiversity, it also heralds unprecedented and previously inaccessible opportunities linked to ecosystem services. Biodiversity and related ecosystem services are amongst the common goods hardest hit by globalization. Yet, interconnectedness between people, institutions, and governments offers a great chance for globalization to play a role in ameliorating some of the negative impacts. Employing a polycentric governance approach to overcome the free-rider problem of unsustainable use of common goods, we argue here that REDD+, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate change mitigation scheme, could be harnessed to boost biodiversity conservation in the face of increasing globalization, both within classic and novel protected areas. We believe this offers a timely example of how an increasingly globalized world connects hitherto isolated peoples, with the ability to channel feelings and forces for biodiversity conservation. Through the global voluntary carbon market, REDD+ can enable and empower, on the one hand, rural communities in developing countries contribute to mitigation of a global problem, and on the other, individuals or societies in the West to help save species they may never see, yet feel emotionally connected to.

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MacKinnon, K., K. Richardson und J. MacKinnon. „Protected and other conserved areas: ensuring the future of forest biodiversity in a changing climate“. International Forestry Review 22, Nr. 1 (01.06.2020): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820829523943.

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Biodiversity loss and climate change are two of the greatest environmental challenges of our times and are inextricably interlinked. The most significant drivers of forest and biodiversity loss are habitat loss and fragmentation due to land use changes and overexploitation. These changes will be exacerbated by climate change with increasing land degradation and more conversion of forests to meet increasing demands for agriculture and forest resources. Protected areas are the cornerstones of biodiversity conservation. Currently terrestrial protected areas cover about 15 percent of the world's land surface but this is inadequate to fully represent global biodiversity, with many forest ecosystems poorly represented in protected area networks. Ensuring effective biodiversity conservation post-2020 will require both expansion of formal reserve systems and recognition and support for other effective conservation measures, under a diverse range of governance and management regimes. Expanding forest conservation efforts will not only protect biodiversity but is increasingly recognised as an efficient and cost-effective strategy to help societies to cope with climate change and its impacts.

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Friedman, Andrew. „Beyond “not undermining”: possibilities for global cooperation to improve environmental protection in areas beyond national jurisdiction“. ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, Nr. 2 (30.01.2019): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy192.

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Abstract States have committed to “not undermine” relevant existing legal instruments, bodies, and frameworks in their negotiations over a new, legally binding instrument concerning biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). An agreed interpretation of “not undermine” will most likely be expressed through the institutional model adopted by this new instrument. Potential models should be evaluated in light of limitations on existing regional and sectoral ocean governance organizations, which may suggest governance gaps that the new instrument may fill. This article revisits the textual analysis of “not undermine” undertaken by Scanlon (2018) to explore its implications for the institutional models available to the new instrument. It reviews the practice of regional fishery management organizations as presented by Scanlon to identify areas where the new instrument might address persistent challenges. Finally, it suggests several potential models for the new instrument that might avoid “undermining” whereas improving governance outcomes in ABNJ. It concludes that a global institution with consultative links to existing organizations may provide the most logical means of implementation.

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Chan, Nicholas. „“Large Ocean States”: Sovereignty, Small Islands, and Marine Protected Areas in Global Oceans Governance“. Global Governance 24, Nr. 4 (10.12.2018): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02404005.

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Abstract Small island states are typically portrayed as vulnerable and insignificant actors in international affairs. This article traces the emerging self-identification of “large ocean states” that these small island states in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are now employing, juxtaposing their miniscule landmass and populations with the possession of sovereign authority over large swathes of the world’s oceans. Such authority is increasingly being exercised in the context of biodiversity conservation through expanding marine protected areas (an element of both the Sustainable Development Goals and the Aichi Targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity) as an expression of “ecological responsibility.” This new exercise of green sovereignty reinforces state control over spaces previously governed only at a distance, but control made possible only through compromises with nonstate actors to fund, monitor, and govern these MPAs.

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Seddon, Nathalie, Alexandre Chausson, Pam Berry, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Alison Smith und Beth Turner. „Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, Nr. 1794 (27.01.2020): 20190120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120.

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There is growing awareness that ‘nature-based solutions' (NbS) can help to protect us from climate change impacts while slowing further warming, supporting biodiversity and securing ecosystem services. However, the potential of NbS to provide the intended benefits has not been rigorously assessed. There are concerns over their reliability and cost-effectiveness compared to engineered alternatives, and their resilience to climate change. Trade-offs can arise if climate mitigation policy encourages NbS with low biodiversity value, such as afforestation with non-native monocultures. This can result in maladaptation, especially in a rapidly changing world where biodiversity-based resilience and multi-functional landscapes are key. Here, we highlight the rise of NbS in climate policy—focusing on their potential for climate change adaptation as well as mitigation—and discuss barriers to their evidence-based implementation. We outline the major financial and governance challenges to implementing NbS at scale, highlighting avenues for further research. As climate policy turns increasingly towards greenhouse gas removal approaches such as afforestation, we stress the urgent need for natural and social scientists to engage with policy makers. They must ensure that NbS can achieve their potential to tackle both the climate and biodiversity crisis while also contributing to sustainable development. This will require systemic change in the way we conduct research and run our institutions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.

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Bánki, Olaf, Markus Döring, Ayco Holleman und Wouter Addink. „Catalogue of Life Plus: innovating the CoL systems as a foundation for a clearinghouse for names and taxonomy“. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (28.05.2018): e26922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26922.

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In 2015, the global biodiversity information initiatives Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL), Barcode of Life Data systems (BoLD), Catalogue of Life (CoL), Encyclopedia of Life (EOL), and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) took the first step to work on the idea for building a single shared authoritative nomenclature and taxonomic foundation that could be used as a backbone to order and connect biodiversity data across various domains. At present, the Catalogue of Life is being used by BHL, BoLD, EOL, and GBIF, but each extend the CoL with additional data to meet the specific backbone services required. The goal of the CoL+ project is to innovate the CoL systems by developing a new information technology infrastructure that includes both the current Catalogue of Life and a provisional Catalogue of Life (replacing the current GBIF backbone taxonomy), separates scientific names and taxonomic concepts with associated unique identifiers, and provides some (infrastructural) support for taxonomic and nomenclatural content authorities to finish their work. The project’s specific objectives are to establish a clearinghouse covering scientific names across all life; provide a single taxonomic view grounded in the consensus classification of the Catalogue of Life along with candidate taxonomic sources, show differences between sources, and provide an avenue for feedback to content authorities while allowing the broader community to contribute, and establish a partnership and governance, allowing a continuing commitment after the project’s end for a clearinghouse infrastructure and its associated components, including a roadmap for future developments of the infrastructure. establish a clearinghouse covering scientific names across all life; provide a single taxonomic view grounded in the consensus classification of the Catalogue of Life along with candidate taxonomic sources, show differences between sources, and provide an avenue for feedback to content authorities while allowing the broader community to contribute, and establish a partnership and governance, allowing a continuing commitment after the project’s end for a clearinghouse infrastructure and its associated components, including a roadmap for future developments of the infrastructure. As result of the project we expect to have a shared information space for names and taxonomy between the Catalogue of Life, nomenclator content authorities (e.g. IPNI, ZooBank) and several global biodiversity information initiatives.

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Fuentes-George, Kemi. „Neoliberalism, Environmental Justice, and the Convention on Biological Diversity: How Problematizing the Commodification of Nature Affects Regime Effectiveness“. Global Environmental Politics 13, Nr. 4 (November 2013): 144–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00202.

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Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is becoming a dominant approach in generating political and societal support for conservation of globally important biodiversity. PES assumes that corporate actors and policymakers will be more likely to support environmental action if convinced of the economic rationale of doing so. However, by process-tracing two biodiversity projects funded by the Global Environment Facility in Jamaica and Mexico, I argue that linking biodiversity conservation to neoliberal economics reifies a short-term, exploitative view of the environment. Economic calculations about biodiversity will not persuade corporate actors and policymakers to abandon short-term exploitation. Moreover, commodifying nature under the neoliberal paradigm undermines other perspectives on the value of nature, notably those rooted in cultural, historic, subsistence and aesthetic paradigms. In turn, this restricts the ability of populations not integrated into major economic markets to participate in governance and influence what “effective” regime implementation looks like at the local level.

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Hancock, Trevor, Anthony G. Capon, Uta Dietrich und Rebecca Anne Patrick. „Governance for health in the Anthropocene“. International Journal of Health Governance 21, Nr. 4 (05.12.2016): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-08-2016-0041.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the pressing issues facing health and health systems governance in the Anthropocene – a new geological time period that marks the age of colossal and rapid human impacts on Earth’s systems. Design/methodology/approach The viewpoint illustrates the extent of various human induced global ecological changes such as climate change and biodiversity loss and explores the social forces behind the new epoch. It draws together current scientific evidence and expert opinion on the Anthropocene’s health and health system impacts and warns that many these are yet unknown and likely to interact and compound each other. Findings Despite this uncertainty, health systems have four essential roles in the Anthropocene from adapting operations and preparing for future challenges to reducing their own contribution to global ecological changes and an advocacy role for social and economic changes for a healthier and more sustainable future. Practical implications To live up to this challenge, health services will need to expand from a focus on health governance to one on governance for health with a purpose of achieving equitable and sustainable human development. Originality/value As cities and local governments work to create more healthy, just and sustainable communities in the years ahead, health systems need to join with them as partners in that process, both as advocates and supporters and – through their own action within the health sector – as leading proponents and models of good practice.

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DAHL, ARTHUR LYON. „Island conservation issues in international conventions and agreements“. Environmental Conservation 44, Nr. 3 (17.04.2017): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000224.

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SUMMARYIn this review, I look at governance beyond the national level and consider how well island conservation issues are addressed in international conventions and agreements, both global and regional. I focus primarily on small island developing states (SIDS) and look at conventions to which they are parties, in which their needs are specifically mentioned and which have actions directly targeted to SIDS. I also discuss the evolution of international soft law in agreements and action plans to respond to island issues, the role of the secretariats that have been set up by international conventions to support SIDS conservation action and the protection and recognition provided to island protected areas listed under international conventions. The review shows that international governance has increasingly responded to island needs for biodiversity conservation, often with the active participation of SIDS themselves. However, the multiplication of international agreements and their requirements has often surpassed the capacity of island countries to implement them, requiring further adaptations in order to address this problem. The regional organizations of SIDS help to provide an interface with global conventions and international organizations. There remain a number of gaps and challenges that still need to be addressed in order to halt the erosion and hopefully encourage the restoration of island biodiversity.

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Vanhulst, Julien, und Adrián E. Beling. „Mapping Environmental/Sustainable Governance Research in Chile: A Bibliometric and Network Analysis“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 11 (07.06.2021): 6484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116484.

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In light of increasing concerns about the efficacy of environmental governance (EG) to address the global sustainability challenges of the Anthropocene era, more integrative, transversal, and far-reaching approaches, referred to here as sustainability governance (SG), are gaining ground both in governance praxis and in research. Empirical and methodological challenges emerge from this conceptual analytical cleavage between EG and SG. Through a combination of bibliometric and network analysis, the objective of this article is to explore the structure and trends in the field of EG/SG research in Chile, internationally regarded as the posterchild of Latin-American EG/SG, and derive empirical insights to feed the analytical distinction between EG and SG that informs global debates about ways forward towards an effective governance in the Anthropocene. Our results show that scientific research on EG/SG has experienced a significant increase since the 1990s. We find that while the topical range of the field is broad, including water governance, biodiversity conservation, environmental institutions, climate change and energy issues, and environmental conflicts and justice, key cross-cutting socio-economic and cultural dynamics underpinning the prevalent, yet fundamentally unsustainable, ways of life and economic model are virtually absent from the field, against their growing presence in diagnoses of “sustained unsustainability”.

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Lazdinis, Marius, Per Angelstam und Imantas Lazdinis. „Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity in a Post-Soviet Governance Model: Perceptions by Local Actors in Lithuania“. Environmental Management 40, Nr. 1 (26.04.2007): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0387-8.

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Gill, G. N., N. Chowdhury und N. Srivastava. „Biodiversity and the Indian Judiciary: Tracing the Trajectory“. BRICS Law Journal 8, Nr. 2 (25.07.2021): 10–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-10-40.

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The Covid-19 narrative spotlights the necessity to conserve biological diversity (biodiversity) including ecosystems and wildlife. Biodiversity problems are global, and associated governance issues range beyond geographical and spatial boundaries. The globalisation and internationalisation of biodiversity concerns have resulted in the emergence of biodiversity legal frameworks designed to conserve and sustainably use our planet’s biological resources. As an “organic and evolving discipline,” biodiversity laws are increasingly important and affect the Earth’s natural systems that support human life. The article analyses the judicial space that makes, interprets and enforces laws that conserve and support the sustainable use of biodiversity. The proactive, creative judiciary, acting as amicus environment, has produced a major shift in the Indian environmental landscape. The use of public interest litigation (PIL) in both environmental and biodiversity matters is welcomed by the senior judiciary (Supreme Court and High Courts) and also by the specialised environmental tribunal, National Green Tribunal (NGT). The terminological reach of the popular descriptive words, environment, nature and ecology, on occasions including biodiversity, introduced matters litigated in the courts and tribunal. The combination of legal, scientific, and technical expertise in the three judicial fora recognize and consider conservation and protection of biodiversity as an inextricable part of life. The article follows the chronological path of biodiversity litigation, i.e. pre 1992–2002; then 2002–2010 and finally 2010–2020 and examines significant aspects of the three decades of biodiversity litigation.

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Burke, Anthony. „Blue Screen Biosphere: The Absent Presence of Biodiversity in International Law“. International Political Sociology 13, Nr. 3 (26.07.2019): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ips/olz015.

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Abstract From the social contract theory of Hobbes and Locke to the United Nations Charter, the sovereign state has formed the fulcrum of political order and law. Yet in the Anthropocene, this humanist political containment fails to grapple with humanity's dangerous enmeshment with the ecological systems of planet Earth. This article addresses one aspect of this dilemma by focusing on the international law and governance of biodiversity, which presents a “blue screen” biosphere: a material simulation that enables a double disappearance of biodiversity from the text of international law and from the actuality of the world. Through a critique of the figure of the “natural resource,” the article finds that the founding texts of international environmental law entrench a twofold humanism-as-statism that simultaneously supports the geopower of the state to facilitate the capitalist appropriation of the nonhuman and imports the modern metaphysics of the human domination of nature into international customary law. Such legal-political ontologies block a path to a more hopeful system of global ecological law and governance based on the “rights of nature” that might be able to honor the intrinsic value of the biosphere as a rich, agentic, and communicative whole, fundamental to the Earth's survival.

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Gray, Noella J., Rebecca L. Gruby und Lisa M. Campbell. „Boundary Objects and Global Consensus: Scalar Narratives of Marine Conservation in the Convention on Biological Diversity“. Global Environmental Politics 14, Nr. 3 (August 2014): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00239.

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The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) continues to promote marine protected areas (MPAs) as a preferred tool for marine biodiversity conservation, in spite of concerns over their effectiveness and equity. However, explanations for this consensus on the utility of MPAs focus primarily on their measurability and ignore the ways in which they are conceptualized through ongoing governance processes. Drawing on the results of collaborative event ethnography at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the CBD, this paper adopts the concepts of boundary objects and scalar narratives to analyze the ways in which consensus on MPAs is produced, in spite of conflicting understandings of MPA forms and functions. Both a local narrative of participatory MPAs and a global narrative of science driven high seas conservation articulate a regional scale as ideal for MPA governance, although with different priorities. Ultimately, consensus at the CBD is enabled only by accommodating competing visions of MPAs.

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Harrop, Stuart. „Holistic and Leadership Approaches to International Regulation: Confronting Nature Conservation and Developmental Challenges. A Reply to Farnese“. Transnational Environmental Law 3, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2014): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204710251400017x.

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AbstractInternational nature protection law has developed without a coherent plan, with disparate governance instruments each largely evolving within their own separate sphere. Yet, many other issues are closely linked to the challenges of nature degradation, such as developmental challenges, climate change, food security and food safety, disease prevention, and rural poverty. These interconnections have partly been recognized in Agenda 21 and more recently in the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. This response commentary draws on and extrapolates further the conclusions of Patricia Farnese in ‘The Prevention Imperative’, published in this issue ofTransnational Environmental Law, and argues for a more coherent approach and effective leadership in this area of global regulation, along with a more flexible and holistic approach to governance responses.

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