Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Glass grid“

In combination with the composite material technology, add the glass fiber grid into gussasphalt deck pavement system to form glass fiber grid reinforced gussasphalt. Analysis shows that adding the grid can increase the bending performance. Three point bending test was did to do verification and results were indicate that glass fiber grid can improve the anti-bending strength and anti-bending strain in high temperature.

Blotting times for conventional cryoEM specimen preparation complicate time-resolved studies and lead to some specimens adopting preferred orientations or denaturing at the air–water interface. Here, it is shown that solution sprayed onto one side of a holey cryoEM grid can be wicked through the grid by a glass-fiber filter held against the opposite side, often called the `back', of the grid, producing a film suitable for vitrification. This process can be completed in tens of milliseconds. Ultrasonic specimen application and through-grid wicking were combined in a high-speed specimen-preparation device that was named `Back-it-up' or BIU. The high liquid-absorption capacity of the glass fiber compared with self-wicking grids makes the method relatively insensitive to the amount of sample applied. Consequently, through-grid wicking produces large areas of ice that are suitable for cryoEM for both soluble and detergent-solubilized protein complexes. The speed of the device increases the number of views for a specimen that suffers from preferred orientations.

This paper reports and discusses the results of experiments performed on masonry barrel vaults strengthened externally with a composite material. The vaults characterized by 125-mm thickness, 2000-mm internal span and 730-mm rise, were built of solid clay bricks and lime mortar. As a strengthening glass fiber grids or carbon fiber grids were used. They were embedded in a polymer-cement mortar at the vaults extrados. The main aim of presented research was to determine load-carrying capacity and examine failure modes of tested specimens. The results of performed tests show that observed failure modes depended on reinforcement ratio of strengthening layer. The specimen strengthened with one layer of glass fiber grid failed due to fibers rupture, whereas the vault strengthened with carbon fiber grid failed due to sliding along a mortar joint just above the abutment.

Creating an accurate awareness of the environment using laser scanners is a major challenge in robotics and auto industries. LiDAR (light detection and ranging) is a powerful laser scanner that provides a detailed map of the environment. However, efficient and accurate mapping of the environment is yet to be obtained, as most modern environments contain glass, which is invisible to LiDAR. In this paper, a method to effectively detect and localise glass using LiDAR sensors is proposed. This new approach is based on the variation of range measurements between neighbouring point clouds, using a two-step filter. The first filter examines the change in the standard deviation of neighbouring clouds. The second filter uses a change in distance and intensity between neighbouring pules to refine the results from the first filter and estimate the glass profile width before updating the cartesian coordinate and range measurement by the instrument. Test results demonstrate the detection and localisation of glass and the elimination of errors caused by glass in occupancy grid maps. This novel method detects frameless glass from a long range and does not depend on intensity peak with an accuracy of 96.2%.

Questions often come up concerning the best way to prepare powders for electron diffraction analysis in the TEM. This is actually fairly simple:1) Take an oxide powder, grind it up with mortar and pestie and take a carbon coated grid and swipe it across the fnes. Two glass slides can also use to grind up the powder.2) A number of materials can be evaporated onto a carbon coated grid or onto a cleaved NaCI sample and then float that off on water onto a grid.3) A molybdenum wire can be smoked in air to provide crys tals. If the wire is left in the smoke long enough, there will probably be enough crystal to cover a grid. Heat the wire across the terminals of an evaporator or heat with a torch to generate the white smoke. Thus MoO3 sample will pro- vide a good rotation calibration sample. Magnesium can also be burned to produce MgO crystals.

While investigating the silicide formation reaction between thin bilayers of amorphous Si (a-Si) and Cr, an unintended interaction occurred between the specimens and the supporting TEM grids. In an attempt to understand this phenomenon, the interaction between a single film of a-Si and TEM grids made of Cu, Ni, Au and Mo were investigated by in situannealing in a Siemens Elmiskop 101. The 60 nm films, prepared by e-beam evaporation of pure Si onto glass substrates, covered with an acetone-soluble release agent, were amorphous.In Fig. 1 the interaction between the a-Si film and a Cu TEM grid is shown. Areas I, II, III and IV in (a) show different stages of the interaction, area IV being closest to the Cu grid bar, and area I being pure a-Si. The reaction started at about 600°C by crystallisation of the a-Si film at different spots in contact with the grid bars, and fanned out from these nucleation sites (area II).

The grid-scored foams contribute significantly to the overall mechanical properties of the sandwich structures, such as aerofoil shell structure of wind turbine blades which are subjected to different loads under operating conditions. The goal of the present paper is to examine the four-point bending, flatwise and edgewise compression and in-plane shear behaviour of sandwich panels composed of composite face sheets of E-glass/ bisphenol-A epoxy resin and plain and grid-scored PVC foams. The four-point bending failure load of the grid-scored foamed sandwich beams increased by 28.1% compared to the plain foamed ones. The flatwise compression strength of samples with grid-scored foam increased by 546% compared to plain foamed samples. The resin grids contributed to an increase in the flat-wise compression stress inducing the core crushing. Under the edgewise compression load, using the grid-scored foam increased the maximum load values by only about 2.9% relative to the plain foam. The reason for this small difference can be addressed as the facings are more effective in carrying the edgewise loadings. With the use of the grid-scored foam, an increase of 38.2% was obtained in-plane shear strength compared to plain foamed sandwich beams. The resin grids improved bonding between the facings and PVC foam.

The manufacture of foam glass from waste glass recycling is a way that fits with the objective of environmental protection and maximum recycling of household waste. The energy savings achieved through the use of cullet result in a decrease in air pollution, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), and reduced the price of glass. Normal 0 21 false false false FR X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 The purpose of this study is to identify the range of foaming gas evolution and its influence on the material developed. This analysis was performed using a type apparatus NETZSCH STA 409PC. The analyzes were performed on the same operating conditions of sample preparation at a temperature of 850 °C with a heating rate of 6.5 °C / min The product has excellent thermal properties, which favors its use in the construction industry. Reuse of this waste has far-reaching, it is not limited to energy saving in the manufacture of building materials on an industrial scale, but it contributes significantly to protecting the environment s accentuating the companion against pollution. Thermal insulation can both reduce your energy consumption for heating and / or air conditioning and increase your comfort. But that's not all: the insulation is also environmentally beneficial because, by reducing consumption, it helps preserve energy resources and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Thus, the thermal insulation is interesting in terms of environmental protection, comfort and financial savings. <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

This paper reports on the flexural performance of an innovative composite grid panel composed of glass fiber-reinforced polymer face skins and deep glass fiber-reinforced polymer ribs with a trapezoidal cross-section. Three-point and four-point bending experiments were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the composite grid panels under concentrated loads. Compared with the composite grid panels without skins, maximum increases in the ultimate load, and initial bending stiffness of the composite grid panels of approximately 68.2% and 306.7%, respectively, were achieved with the existence of both upper and lower skins. Furthermore, an analytical analysis was carried out to predict the initial bending stiffness and mid-span deflection of the composite grid panels. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed that the analytical model accurately predicted the flexural performance of the composite grid panels subjected to three-point and four-point bending. Failure mechanism maps were constructed to predict the mechanical response and failure modes of the composite grid panels. Moreover, the validated model was used in a parametric analytical study to further estimate the effects of various parameters on the flexural performance of the composite grid panels. The results demonstrated that the initial bending stiffness can be significantly improved by increasing the trapezoidal section ratio, face skin thickness, and grid height.

Interlayer reinforcement systems represent a valid solution to improve performance and extend the service life of asphalt pavements, reducing maintenance costs. The main issue is that the presence of reinforcement may hinder the full transmission of stresses between asphalt layers, reducing the overall pavement bearing capacity. This study aimed at evaluating the mechanical behavior of geogrid-reinforced asphalt interlayers under cyclic shear loading. To this purpose, a trial section, characterized by three types of interface (reinforced with carbon fiber grid, reinforced with glass fiber grid and unreinforced), was built. Cores were taken from the trial section to carry out shear-torque fatigue tests. Static Leutner shear tests were also performed on cored specimens having the same interface configuration. From data gathered in the present study, shear-torque fatigue tests have proved to be a powerful tool for investigating reinforced specimens. Results clearly ranked the investigated materials, showing that the glass fiber grid has the lowest shear fatigue performance in comparison with the other two interfaces at 20 °C. However, the shear fatigue resistance of glass fiber grid increases significantly at 10 °C. Finally, an interesting correlation was found between cyclic and static shear test results that should be better investigated in future studies.

A series of experiments were performed in a mixing box in order: (1) to investigate the applicability of phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) to discriminate fluid and sediment particle sizes and velocities in sediment-laden turbulent flows; and (2) to relate the size and amount of sediment in suspension to the grid-generated turbulence. Natural impurities within the water provide excellent “seeding” to represent the fluid and can be easily discriminated from spherical glass beads (75-355 μm) used as sediment. Slight asphericity in the glass beads results in larger grain size ranges determined by PDA compared to the nominal sieved sizes. The mean, root-mean-square and skewness of the vertical fluid velocities increase at higher grid oscillation frequencies but decrease with distance from the grid. Similarly, the size and amount of suspended sediment increase with grid oscillation frequency and decrease with distance from the grid. The suspension of sediment is shown to be dependent on the magnitude and anisotropy of the fluctuating vertical component of velocity. Phase Doppler anemometry offers a unique methodology to investigate the complex links between the transport of sediment and the turbulent flow field.

Scaling effects in the manufacture and testing of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy grid-stiffened structures have been investigated in this study. Four nominally identical scaled sizes of mold have been manufactured, in which the length, width, height, and internal channel sizes were varied to achieve ¼, ½, ¾ and full-scale stiffened structures. The panels were manufactured on a glass mold using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding technique, enabling the flow front to be monitored throughout the filling process. Grid-stiffened beams were removed from the cured panels and tested in flexure on scaled bending fixtures. The vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding manufacturing study on the four scaled sizes indicated that resin infusion incurred more rapidly in the smallest mold, possibly due to difficulties in accurately cutting the glass fabric, which in turn reduced the effective areal density of the fabric, thereby modifying its effective permeability. The flow rates and velocities of the resin fronts in the larger mold sizes were similar, suggesting that an appropriately scaled mold can be used to successfully predict the infusion process in more representative structures. Flexural tests on the grid-stiffened samples highlighted a similar response in the three largest samples, with the smallest sample again offering a modified response. Similar failure mechanisms, including fracture of the grid structure, debonding at the skin-core interface, and flexural failure in the center of the sample, were observed in all of the samples.

The latest developments in the field of materials to improve the physical and chemical properties is the use of physical modification of polymeric materials. The specimens of polyepoxy and composites on the base metal oxides CdO, PbO, Cr2O3 have been studied by methods of thermal and dielectric analysis. Blending physical fields during curing samples stimulates reduction of activation energy, but also contributes to the glass transition temperature and confirms the conclusion set conformational change in the interstitial fragments forming a grid Chemical oxirane polymers under the influence of external physical fields. Differences tanhesa dielectric loss determined topological structure changes due to the influence of external factors on the reaction polipryyednannya and forming a three-dimensional grid. Blending physical fields during curing samples stimulates reduction of activation energy, but also contributes to the glass transition temperature and confirms the conclusion set conformational change in the interstitial fragments forming a grid Chemical oxirane polymers under the influence of external physical fields. Differences tangents dielectric loss determined topological structure changes due to the influence of external factors on the reaction polyaddition and forming a three-dimensional grid.

This work attempts to evaluate the influence of substrate conductivity on electrochromic and electrochemical properties of Ni(OH)2/PVA composite films, including coloration and bleaching rate. The conductivity of FTO glass was improved by depositing a silver gird with differing line densities. For deposition of the silver lines, aerosol jet printing method was used. As a result, few electrochromic films were deposited onto bare FTO glass and FTO glass with silver grid deposited onto it. In order to investigate deposited electrochromic films, the cyclic voltammetry with simultaneous recording of the optical characteristics is used. The optical characteristics of films were rather close to each other. At the same time, their electrochemical properties are different. It is found that the additional peaks observed is that of silver, which is electrochemically active in used potential window. In addition it was observed that during electrochemical cycling of Ni(OH)2/PVA deposited on substrates with silver grid, the last changed color from shiny metallic to black color. It is proposed that color changes of silver grid caused by silver transforming to Ag2O or AgO and back to metallic silver. It is found, that for small areas of electrochromic platings, substrate resistivity has a negligible effect on coloration and bleaching rates. The coloration and bleaching rates for Ni(OH)2/PVA films deposited onto the bare substrate, the substrate with a silver grid (1 cm cell size) and the substrate with a silver grid (0.5 cm cell size) were: –1.45, –1.71, –1.40 and 1.1, 0.75, 0.84 %∙s-1. It is suggested that the effect of substrate conductivity will clearly be seen when the physical sizes of substrate increase. Also it was underlined that for further experiments for effect definition of substrate resistivity on electrochromic properties inherit conductive materials should be used

Cable-braced grid shell is new single-shell form that is preferable to structural characteristics of glass skylight. Due to the cross diagonal cables arranged in the grid plane, the whole structure becomes a hybrid structure with superior mechanical properties, which combines advantages of rigid structure and advantages of flexible structure. Through finite element analysis, a circular steel tube cable-braced grid shell that has a span of 50 meters and with initial imperfections, is taken as an example in the paper. Numerous effects on the stability of cable-braced grid shell, such as load distribution form, height-to-span ratio, cross-sectional area of component and prestressed cable, are taken into comparison. The main factors which have effects on the stability of cable-braced grid shell are demonstrated, as a practical research reference for the future development of cable-braced grid shell.

The use of fluorescent probes is becoming more and more common in cell biology. It would be useful if we were able to correlate a fluorescent structure with an electron microscopic image. The ability to definitively identify a fluorescent organelle would be very valuable. Recently, Ying Ren, Michael Kruhlak, and David Bazett-Jones devised a clever technique to correlate a structure visualized in the light microscope, even a fluorescing cell, with transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Two keys to the technique of Ren et al are the use of grids (as used in the TEM) with widely spaced grid bars and the use of Quetol as the embedding resin. The grids allow for cells to be identified between the grid bars, and in turn the bars are used to keep the cell of interest in register throughout the processing for TEM. Quetol resin was used for embedding because of its low auto fluorescence and sectioning properties. The resin also becomes soft and can be cut and easily peeled from glass coverslips when heated to 70°C.

<p>A transparent grid array antenna of 28 GHz frequency is presented. The radiating element of the antenna is made of ITO thin film and printed on a glass as the dielectric substrate. The simulation of the antenna executed by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software demonstrated at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G band applications. This antenna then compared to the rectangular microstrip patch antenna of the same operating frequency. Structural parameters of the proposed antenna were optimized based on parametric studies done. Grid array antenna gives better performance as it gives 35.7% lower return loss with -43.88 dB, better efficiency and gain with a gain of 7.358 dB, which is more than 40% increases.</p>

In this research, the nonwoven fabrics were made of 50 % high-tenacity polyester fiber and 50 % low melting polyester fiber, after which the nonwoven fabrics were thermal-treated at 110 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, 140 °C and 150 °C for 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min and 5 min. Next, two layers of nonwoven fabrics were laminated with a layer glass (GF) fiber plain fabric or a layer of Nylon 66 grid, forming the sandwich structure. The nonwoven/ GF composite fabrics and the nonwoven/ Nylon 66 grid composite fabrics were also reinforced by needle-punching and thermal treatment, after which the two composite fabrics were measured with tensile strength and stab-resistant strength. Meanwhile, two layers of nonwoven fabrics needle-punched served as the control group. According to the results, Nylon 66 grid and glass fibers plain fabrics were both good at strengthening, the former reinforced the tensile strength of the composite fabrics and the later heightened the stab-resistant strength of the composite fabrics.

ABSTRACTWe employed ultrasonic spray deposition method for production of high quality FTO thin film TCOs to be employed in a silver embedded grid type and monolithic type dye sensitized solar modules. Produced films exhibited dense and crystalline structure with homogeneous coverage on solar glass substrates. Obtained resistivity and light transmission values of FTO are comparable to commercially available FTO coated glasses used widely in the industry. After optimization of the chemistry and deposition conditions, 10x10 cm sized glass substrates could be produced for large area photovoltaic modules. Produced FTO films were used to construct monolithic type and parallel type dye sensitized solar modules. Monolithic modules yielded 1.61% active area efficiency value. In order to enhance the active area of the parallel type modules, silver grid lines were embedded in glass substrate and FTO coating was deposited on the lines. Due to this effective design, we achieved 2.42% efficiency on the total area of the 55x55 mm sized module compared to 2.90% active area efficiency, proving that this design is suitable for enhancing efficiency values of parallel type dye sensitized solar modules.

In the study, three-dimensional, grid-like silicate-based bioactive glass scaffolds were manufactured using a robotic deposition technique. Inks were prepared by mixing 13-93 bioactive glass particles in Pluronic® F-127 solution. After deposition, scaffolds were dried at room temperature and sintered at 690°C for 1 h. The surface of the sintered scaffolds was coated with graphene nanopowder (1, 3, 5, 10 wt%) containing poly(ε-caprolactone) solution. The in vitro mineralization ability of the prepared composite scaffolds was investigated in simulated body fluid. The surface of the simulated body fluid-treated scaffolds was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the hydroxyapatite formation. Mechanical properties were tested under compression. Results revealed that graphene coating has no detrimental effect on the hydroxyapatite forming ability of the prepared glass scaffolds. On the other hand, it decreased the compression strength of the scaffolds at high graphene concentrations. The prepared grid-like bioactive glass-based composite scaffolds did not show toxic response to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. It was shown that stem cells seeded onto the scaffolds attached and proliferated well on the surface. Cells seeded on the scaffolds surface also demonstrated osteogenic differentiation under in vitro conditions in the absence of transforming growth factors.

The article deals with the effect of an acidic environment on the mechanical properties of a Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) grid. GFRP composites are prone to the absorption of surrounding media which are either of a liquid or gaseous state, and this may result in the degradation of their mechanical properties. The effect of an acidic environment is examined on specimens cut from a GFRP grid. The specimens were stored in an acidic bath (pH scale 2 – 2.5) for a period of 0 (reference specimen), 1000, 2000 and 6000 hours. The temperature of the acidic bath was 60°C. The specimens were then tested using three‒point bending and the interlamination shear strength test. During the tests, the load and deformation of the specimens were monitored and flexural strength instead and modulus of elasticity were determined. The characteristics of the specimens exposed to the acidic environment were compared with those of the reference specimen. The experiment demonstrated the effect an acidic environment can have on the properties of GFRP material.

Significant advances have been accomplished in the field of Through Glass Via (TGV) technology; enabling a new generation of electronic designs that achieve higher performance, while leveraging low cost system solutions. Through-hole creation methods in glass have been optimized for mass production with consistent via diameter, shape and wall chemistry/morphology. This has enabled the development of unique copper via metallization materials that exhibit very high conductivity, thermal expansion matching (with borosilicate glass) and hermeticity in the 10E-10 Atm.cc/sec range (Ultra-High Vacuum Hermeticity). Further developments in Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) for glass wafers with copper vias, surface sensitization and metal deposition techniques, have enabled thin film metallization on both sides of the glass wafer for fine line redistribution layers (RDL). The thin film RDL is compatible with the TGV with excellent continuity in conductivity. The RDL metallization is plated to allow flip chip, land grid array, wire-bond, solder, or other interconnection methods. The paper will discuss the technical, material and process challenges in each of the areas mentioned above which enable a hermetically sealed glass package. Detailed data and experimental results will be discussed.

The metallization grid pattern is one of the most important design elements for high-efficiency solar cells. This paper presents a model based on the unit cell approach to accurately quantify the power losses of a specialized interdigitated metallization scheme for polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass superstrates. The sum of the power losses can be minimized to produce an optimized grid-pattern design for a cell with specific parameters. The model is simulated with the standard parameters of a polycrystalline silicon solar cell, and areas for efficiency improvements are identified, namely, a reduction in emitter finger widths and a shift toward series-interconnected, high-voltage modules with very small cell sizes. Using the model to optimize future grid-pattern designs, higher cell and module efficiencies of such devices can be achieved.

Rosalind Krauss’s landmark essay of 1979 on the grid form in art characterized the grid in equivocal terms as centrifugal and centripetal, as structure and framework, and most significantly for this discussion, as a vehicle for the conjunction of art and spirit. The grid provided artists with a means to surreptitiously reintroduce the spiritual into an art form that appeared, on the surface, to be wholly material. Taking her essay as its basis, this article looks at the work of two contemporary artists known for their adoption of the grid as a guiding motif. In recent years James Hugonin and Gerhard Richter have each produced a stained-glass window for the church using a grid system, here discussed in the terms set out in Krauss’s foundational text. Writing on the grid, it is said, has produced “reams and reams of artspeak” yet little in the way of sustained reflection on this visual tendency in art for the church. This article seeks to redress this oversight with reference to two particularly striking examples.

In this paper, design of solar energy harvesting system which integrated in building glass window was proposed. The location as the design reference is Bandar Lampung Building. Bandar Lampung Building uses 90% of the glass on the outside walls building with facing the sunrise and sunset. The design solar energy harvesting system was consisted of solar glass and electronic power system. Solar glass using several mini PV affixed on the glass with space in between, so partially of sunlight pass into the room. The solar energy harvesting system used for DC house network and not connected to the grid system. The solar energy harvesting is also equipped with power electronic system such as MPPT, lead acid battery, and DC-DC converter. The design of solar energy harvesting system is using calculative method based on secondary data several references for this case. Area of the solar glass reaches 16.32 m2 for 1 office room scale. The ratio between PV and room glass about 0.35. The power average of the solar glass on the glass building with facing to the sunrise is about 74.35 W, and then the average power of the solar glass with facing to the sunlight about 161.32W.

Milled carbon fibers added S-glass epoxy composites were fabricated using milled carbon fibers as fillers. Milled carbon fibers having five different lengths namely 7, 20, 60, 200 and 400 µm were used to fabricate five different S-glass epoxy composites. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope studies of S-glass epoxy composites indicated that milled carbon fibers having 400 µm length settled at weave openings as large clusters besides spreading on the tow surfaces at the interfilament undulations. Milled carbon fibers having 200 µm length were found to form smaller clusters at weave openings with an array of interconnected network in the resin-rich grid zones on the tow surfaces at the interfilament undulations. Milled carbon fibers having 60 µm and further lower lengths were found to get arrested at the interfilament undulations with random orientations without interconnectivity. Electromagnetic properties namely permittivity, loss tangent, and reflection loss of the fabricated composites measured in the range of 8 GHz to 18 GHz indicated that controlled agglomeration of the milled carbon fibers with interconnectivity is required for observing increase in the electromagnetic properties. This study indicated that S-glass epoxy composites added with milled carbon fibers having 400 µm length can show better conductivity due to increased interconnectivity but cannot effectively absorb incident microwave energy due to their inability to confine within the resin-rich grid zones as well as increased reflections from the large clusters that are formed at weave openings.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">We study the effects of woven structures on the dynamic mechanical properties and vibration properties of the fabric composites. Five typical weaving sets including the ordinary plain weaved and the warp interlocked were adopted in fabric processing. The composites plates with the same thickness were prepared by epoxy resin curing, and their fibre volume fractions were examined. Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) and vibration test technique were used to reveal the dynamical behaviours of specimens in different frequencies of vibration. The storage modulus, the loss tangent, the natural frequency and damping ratio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were obtained. The result showed that the woven structure have a strong effect on the fibre volume fraction, resin-rich area and the warp architectures of the composites, which determines the performances of the composites in vibration.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Defence Science Journal, 2011, 61(5), pp.499-504</strong><strong><strong>, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.61.296</strong></strong><br /></span></span></p>

We investigated a novel artificial metamaterial that includes two plates of quartz glass dielectric material and a Ag microstructure sandwiched between the two plates. The Ag grid layer was designed and subsequently prepared by tape casting and screen printing. The transmission characteristics of this metamaterial were able to be controlled by adjusting the geometry parameters of the Ag grid such as the width of the strip and the size of the unit cell. Our work has demonstrated the possibility that the ceramic metamaterial can be used as a transmission material capable of work at high temperatures below the melting point of the metal.

This paper deals with the experimental behavior of two masonry vaults strengthened externally with a composite material. Thickness, internal span and rise of the vaults were 120 mm, 2000 mm and 730 mm, respectively. Masonry was made of solid clay bricks and lime mortar. An alkali-resistant coated glass fiber grid embedded in a cement-based matrix was used as strengthening material. The tensile strength of the glass grid as specified by its manufacturers was about 45kN/m. Both of the tested vaults were strengthened at their extrados. Expanded clay aggregate or lightweight concrete were used as a backfill. The vaults were tested under monotonic vertical loads applied at a quarter span. The main aim of the research presented here was to develop a strengthening method acceptable for vaults with frescoes, to determine the load-carrying capacity and to examine failure modes of the tested specimens. The results of the tests show that observed failure modes depend on the backfill configuration.

The emblematic entrance pavilion for the Expo 2017 in Astana is the so-called ‘Sphere’, which with its 80-m diameter is worldwide the largest closed sphere completely covered with glass. The continuous external surface of the Sphere was designed to be built with spherically curved glass panels of parallelogramic shape. The panels are fixed at their perimeter to a structural grid of bent round tubes of steel. This secondary grid is fixed in turn to a coarser primary structural grid at evenly spaced supports. The purpose of this article is to give insight into the constructive geometry design of the Sphere. One of the main targets of ‘geometric design for production’ is to specify the geometry of a construction in such a way that fabrication and installation procedures can be simplified and carried out with a minimum of effort, cost and time. The main measure for the Sphere was to simplify the basic grid by replacing all original three-dimensional free-form curves with series of interconnected circular arcs. Thus, a typical curved tubular segment could be bent on the plane with a constant radius. A further approach to get a simple and sound construction eliminating geometric torsion and minimising eccentricities among construction subsystems, for example, glazing, sealing, fixings and substructure, was the extensive usage of conical systems inherent in the geometry of the sphere for orienting and positioning the various subsystems components. These two geometric simplification measures were determinant for the practical and economic implementation of the construction, fabrication and installation of the Sphere.

This paper reports the experimental results to evaluate in-plane shear performance of insulated concrete sandwich panel (ICSP) with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) grid shear connectors. The variables considered in this study are the grid size (35 and 53mm) of GFRP shear connectors and the types of insulation (expanded polystyrene, EPS and extruded polystyrene with special slots, XPSS). For loading in-plane shear force to interface between inner and outer wall of ICSP system, the ICSP specimens were supported vertically at the bottom edge of the two concrete outer walls by steel blocks. The test results indicate that ICSP with XPSS developed higher shear flow strengths in ICSP with EPS when 35mm spacing of GFRP grid is used. Also, the test results indicated that as the grid spacing of GFRP shear connector decreases, the shear flow strength of ICSP with XPSS insulation was higher, but the shear flow strength of ICSP with EPS insulation was lower.

ABSTRACT To generate initial conditions for cosmological N-body simulations, one needs to prepare a uniform distribution of simulation particles, the so-called pre-initial condition (pre-IC). The standard method to construct the pre-IC is to place the particles on the lattice grids evenly spaced in the three-dimensional spatial coordinates. However, even after the initial displacement of each particle according to cosmological perturbations, the particle distribution remains to display an artificial anisotropy. Such an artefact causes systematic effects in simulations at later time until the evolved particle distribution sufficiently erases the initial anisotropy. In this paper, we study the impacts of the pre-IC on the anisotropic separate universe simulation, where the effect of large-scale tidal field on structure formation is taken into account using the anisotropic expansion in a local background (simulation volume). To quantify the impacts, we compare the simulations employing the standard grid pre-IC and the glass one, where the latter is supposed to suppress the initial anisotropy. We show that the artificial features in the grid pre-IC simulations are seen until z ∼ 9, while the glass pre-IC simulations appear to be stable and accurate over the range of scales we study. From these results we find that a coupling of the large-scale tidal field with matter clustering is enhanced compared to the leading-order prediction of perturbation theory in the quasi-non-linear regime in the redshift range 5 ≲ z ≲ 15, indicating the importance of tidal field on structure formation at such high redshifts, e.g. during the epoch of reionization.

This contribution reports on recent advances in the utilization of vacuum glass in contemporary window construction. Generally speaking, vacuum glazing consists of two glass panes with an evacuated interstitial space. To maintain the functionality of the glazing, a vacuum-tight edge seal and a grid of distance-holding pillars are required. Vacuum glazing features a first-rate thermal performance as it significantly reduces conductive and convective heat transport rates. In comparison to multi-pane insulation glasses of comparable thermal performance, vacuum glass products feature a reduced weight and construction depth. However, the application of vacuum glass in windows requires a critical rethinking of the current practice of window construction, especially with regard to thermal bridges and the related surface condensation risk at the glass/frame-construction joints. Specifically, the glass edge seal, which can be considered to be the weak spot of vacuum glass in terms of heat transfer, requires an insulating cover that is not provided in typical insulation glass frame configurations. Further relevant aspects to be considered include the structural stability of window constructions with vacuum glass, the acoustical performance, and issues regarding usability. In this context, the present contribution highlights the methodology and findings of two recent research projects (MOTIVE, FIVA) that addressed window construction requirements with regard to vacuum glazing deployment.

A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid filled with 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) on an octadecyltrichloro silane-coated glass substrate in aqueous media was developed to construct a urea biosensor by coating poly(acrylicacid-b-4-cyanobiphenyl-4-oxyundecylacrylate) (PAA-b-LCP) at the aqueous/5CB interface and immobilizing urease covalently to the PAA chains.

The operating characteristics of a number of recent, commercially available inductively coupled plasma (ICP) nebulizer designs have been compared. The operating characteristics studied included bulk efficiency, primary and tertiary aerosol production, and analyte response by ICP-AES. Several concentric glass nebulizers along with a slurry and a dual-platinum-grid nebulizer were investigated. In all cases, tertiary aerosol production was found to be the best indicator of the analytical performance of the nebulizer. Of the nebulizers studied, the dual-platinum-grid nebulizer was found to generate the largest quantity of aerosol and to possess the most compatible droplet-size distribution for use with an ICP.

Based on the research and design activities conducted at Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic this paper deals with the basic information on problems of the design and actual behaviour of selected FRP structural components for civil engineering. In particular, the recorded experimental studies are focused mainly on the design assessment of glass-fibre grid flooring components. The design criteria for structural FRP parts of load-carrying systems should verify especially the final displacements. Thus, in general, the ultimate limit state of structural system is not only the problem of ultimate strength but namely the problem of accordant final displacements. The analysis of test results gives data for verification of numerical modelling and of conventional design criteria. Considering the specific character of structural all-FRP systems, for the structural design the recognition of the deflection advancement can be decisive.

The formation of gas-filled bubbles, which is one of the indicators and quantitative criteria for radiation degradation of the surface layer of K-208 glass irradiated by 20-keV electrons, and the effect of ITO (Indium tin oxide) film deposited on the glass, are investigated. Using atomic force microscopy, the nucleation of oxygen bubbles in the surface layer of glass irradiated with a fluence (Φ) of the order of 1015 cm–2 at a particle flux density (φ) of 2·1010 cm–2·s–1 was detected. Gas-filled bubbles appear on the surface of samples with an ITO film at Φ ≥ 4·1015 cm–2 in smaller amounts but larger sizes than on glass without a film. The formation of oxygen bubbles is explained by the formation of a negative charge region in the surface layer of the irradiated glass, in the field of which sodium ions migrate, which plays a key role in the release of non-bridge oxygen atoms. Migration and aggregation of liberated oxygen atoms in defective places in the glass grid leads to the formation of gas-filled bubbles.

Many areas of Europe, especially Italy, Greece, Slovenia and other Balkan States, are generally associated with earthquakes. In the last two decades Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) have gained an increasing interest, mostly for upgrading, retrofitting and repair of masonry and timber structures belonging to the architectural heritage. Recent researches demonstrated that masonry constructions or single structural elements are likely to be effectively repaired or enhanced in their mechanical properties using FRPs. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to study the long-term behavior of composite grids, made of E-CR glass fibers and epoxy-vinylester resin, subjected to harsh environmental factors including fatigue loading and ageing in aqueous solution. The paper presents new original test results on the relationship between the durability and the governing material properties of GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers) grids in terms of tensile strength and axial strains, using specimens cut off from GFRP grids before and after ageing in aqueous solution. The tensile strength of a GFRP grid was measured after conditioning in alkaline bath made by deionized water and Ca(OH)2, 0.16% in weight, solution. The reduction in terms of tensile strength and Young’s modulus of elasticity compared to unconditioned specimens is illustrated and discussed. This degradation indicated that extended service in alkaline environment under fatigue loads may produce reductions in the GFRP mechanical properties which should be considered in design, where cyclic loads and aggressive conditions are prevented in service life.

The temperature distribution and thermal resistance of a facedown PBGA (Plastic Ball Grid Array) package assembled on a FR-4 epoxy glass PCB (Printed Circuit Board) are presented. By varying the thickness of the copper heat spreader and organic substrate, an optimum PBGA package is designed. The effect of power and ground planes in the PCB and the size of PCB on the thermal performance of the PBGA is also given. Furthermore, the warpage (deflection) of the package under thermal loading is predicted.

The effect of heat-spreader sizes on the temperature distribution, thermal resistance, and cooling power of a set of cost-effective cavity-down plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages assembled on a FR-4 epoxy glass printed circuit board (PCB) is presented. The sizes of these packages are 35 × 35 mm and 40 × 40 mm with 4 and 5 rows of solder balls.